Each profession has a system of value preferences that set the goal, meaning and direction for specialists working in a particular field. The purpose and objectives of professional activity follow from the corresponding value systems that are at the heart of this profession. At the same time, professional values, on the one hand, are the concretization of social values, i.e. reflect the moral guidelines and preferences of the whole society at a given moment of its development; - on the other hand, professional values ​​exist within the framework of a certain profession and play the role of a regulatory mechanism for a specific professional activity. The interaction between professional groups and society is carried out as follows: professions recognize, support and protect certain, selected social values, and society, in turn, authorizes the existence of the profession and provides it with public recognition.

In modern literature, professional activity is most often defined as a type of labor activity, or a type of labor that arises as a result of the professional differentiation of human labor. Hence, the content of the employee's professional activity appears as the content of his functions performed in accordance with the division of labor, moreover, the process of professional labor consists of interconnected and interacting material and personal components.

Professional activity in modern society is a complex, internally structured, multifaceted phenomenon. The following aspects of professional activity are most relevant:

• 1) The economic aspect - is characterized from the standpoint of qualifications, pay, economic sector, functions and working conditions, as well as forms of training, the timing required to obtain vocational training etc. From an economic point of view, the content of professional activity is interpreted depending on the use of technical means - automated, mechanized, manual. personality professional activity
• 2) The sociological aspect is based on the analysis of professional activity in terms of the type of work, the level of its payment, the prestige of a particular type of professional activity, its impact on the social structure of society.
• 3) The psychological aspect of professional activity includes the allocation next round problems: the interaction of technology and man, the communication of workers in the process of labor, the study of the psychological qualities that a representative of a particular profession should possess and other psychological phenomena that arise in the process of a person's professional activity.
• 4) The ethical aspect is based on the sphere of moral relations of people in the process of professional activity, their moral and value attitudes, behavioral guidelines, moral and ethical criteria for actions performed in the course of the implementation of their professional duties.

As E.M. Ivanov, professional activity is a complex multi-attribute object, which is a system, the integrating or systematizing component of which is the subject of labor, and it is he who determines the qualities of the system. “The technical improvement of the labor process, which is constantly taking place, makes serious changes in organizational structure human professional activity. The tools of labor, the technological regime, professional tasks, the relationship of workers are changing. labor collective, production rates, etc. Objective changes in a specific labor process and professional preparedness of a specialist, as well as personal attitudes, needs, interests, individual typological features determine the restructuring of the psychological structure of a person's professional activity.

The influence of professional activity on the development of a person is so great that some authors believe that the scope of the concept of "professional activity" is much broader than the concept of "labor activity", and it is the latter that should be considered one of the forms of a person's professional activity - labor activity is "only a part, although the most important, the diverse forms of activity of the profession, aimed not only at the object of labor, but also at the social environment and at itself.

Undoubtedly, the professional activity of a person is aimed not only at the subject of labor. In the course of professional activity taking place in certain socio-economic conditions, under the influence of the subject, material and social environment, a person’s personality is formed, a special professional type of personality is formed with certain value orientations, norms of activity and communication, character traits and other psychological and social characteristics. However, the statement about the complete inclusion of the subject field of the concept of "labor activity" in the content of the category "professional activity" seems to us incorrect. It is enough to note that labor activity is not connected only with the professional activity of a person. Outside professional labor activity of a person is diverse and, like professional activity, significantly affects the formation and development of personality.

An attempt to synthesize the psychological aspects of the study of professional activity was made by V.D. Shadrikov, having created the scheme of the “Psychological system of activity”. He identified the following main functional blocks of this system:

• 1) motives of professional activity;
• 2) goals of professional activity;
• 3) program of activities;
• 4) information bases of activity;
• 5) making a decision;
• 6) subsystems of professionally significant qualities.

According to the researcher, it is the motivational block in the system of professional activity that is the most mobile and decisive: “... along the entire path of professionalization, there are significant changes in the motivational sphere. The critical moments in the genesis of motivation are the adoption of a profession and the disclosure of the personal meaning of activity.

The external characteristic of professional activity is carried out through the concepts of the subject and object of labor, the subject, conditions and means of activity. The subject of labor is a set of things, processes, phenomena with which the subject, in the course of activity, practically or mentally interacts. Means of labor - a set of tools that can enhance a person's ability to recognize the features of the object of labor and influence it. Working conditions - a system of social, psychological, sanitary and hygienic and physical characteristics of activity.

The internal characteristic of activity involves a description of the processes and mechanisms of its mental regulation, its structure and content, as well as the operational means of its implementation.

Types of professional activity

Activities for employment contract(labor activity)

Professional activity within the framework of civil law relations

Professional entrepreneurial activity

Professional service activity

1. The concept of professional activity

1.1. Legislative regulation of professional activity

Basic concepts of professional activity

In the legislation of the Russian Federation there is no legal definition of the concept of "professional activity", although this term is used quite widely. Thus, the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991 N 1032-1 “On Employment in the Russian Federation” enshrines the right of citizens to professional activities outside the territory of the Russian Federation (Article 10). This right includes the independent search for work and employment outside the territory of the country.

This term is found in the electoral legislation, according to which, election campaigning is the dissemination of information about the activities of candidates not related to their professional activity or the performance by them of their official (official) duties.

The Federal Laws regulating the civil service refer to professional service activities, and the Federal Law “On Service in the Customs Authorities of the Russian Federation” refers to professional activities in the implementation of the functions, rights and obligations of customs authorities that are part of the system of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the term "professional activity" is found in laws regulating labor, constitutional and administrative relations. At the same time, it does not have a single content. Moreover, the legislation allows for its various interpretations. Thus, it follows from the electoral legislation that professional activity is a purely labor activity that does not coincide with official work. For administrative legislation, the concept of “professional service activity” is a single category.

In the theory of law professional activity refers to activities carried out on the basis of special knowledge and skills, requiring certain training and education. Professional service activities are associated with the performance, as a rule, as the main activity of special official powers for remuneration paid at the expense of the relevant budget.

Professional activity –this is the type of labor activity that is the main source of income for a person who owns a complex of special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and work experience.

The presence of a certain profession in a person is evidence that he can competently perform this type of work. Many professions are divided into specialties.

In Russian legislation, "Professional activity" receives legal regulation for the types of activities of various specialties, and the subjects of professional activity are individuals who carry out professional activities regulated by Russian laws.

Speciality- this is a type of occupation within one profession, a narrower classification of professional activity that requires specific knowledge, skills, acquired as a result of education and ensures the formulation and solution of narrower professional tasks. Persons who own a certain specialty are subdivided according to qualifications.

Employee Qualification- this is the level of professional readiness, depending on the amount of knowledge, skills, experience and skills he has, necessary to perform a certain job with the greatest efficiency and quality.

Job title- this is an established set of duties and rights corresponding to them, which determines the place and role of an employee in an organization.

Engaging in professional activity is possible only after appropriate registration, and for certain types of activity, state registration and (or) licensing is required. Otherwise, the most adverse consequences may occur. For example, for the implementation of illegal business activities without registration or without a special permit, if such activity caused major damage, criminal liability is provided (Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Subjects of professional activity

Professional activity can be carried out by a person as a specialist, leader (manager), representative of the authorities or as an official.

Specialist- a person with special knowledge, skills in a particular field of activity.

A specialist in management functions is a leader (manager).

Head of the organization(manager) a person is recognized who permanently, temporarily or by special authority performs organizational and administrative or administrative and economic duties in a commercial organization, regardless of the form of ownership, as well as in a non-profit organization that is not a state body, local self-government body, state or municipal institution.

Most leaders of organizations labor law, are employees - hired managers. But the legal position of the head in the field of labor relations is determined not only by the employment contract, but also by laws, other regulatory legal acts on labor, as well as constituent documents. These acts define both the rights of managers and their duties.

On the one hand, the manager as an employee is subject to all the guarantees provided for by labor legislation, the obligation to ensure which lies with his counterparty under an employment contract - the employer. On the other hand, the manager - a hired manager in his activities for the management of labor and capital, carried out on behalf of the owner of the organization, must be guided by the provisions of not only labor, but also civil, tax, administrative and other legislation, which is an integral part of his labor function. In this regard, it can be stated that the head is a special subject of an administrative offense and a criminal offense. At the same time, the manager as an employee is brought to administrative and criminal liability precisely for failure to fulfill his duties stipulated by the employment contract. So, for violation of labor protection legislation, the head can be brought to administrative (Article 5.27 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) or criminal (Article 143 of the Criminal Code) liability. Specifically to stimulate the conscientious performance by managers of their labor duties, the Code of Administrative Offenses formulates a rule on liability for improper management of a legal entity (see Article 14.21 of the Code of Administrative Offenses).

Officials persons are recognized who permanently, temporarily or by special authority perform the functions of a representative of the authorities or perform organizational, administrative, administrative and economic functions in government bodies, local governments, state and municipal institutions, state corporations, as well as in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations of the Russian Federation.

Persons holding public positions of the Russian Federation are understood to mean persons holding positions established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws for the direct execution of the powers of state bodies.

Persons holding public positions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are understood to mean persons holding positions established by the constitutions or charters of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the direct execution of the powers of state bodies.

government representative an official of a law enforcement or regulatory body, as well as another official endowed in accordance with the procedure established by law with administrative powers in relation to persons who are not in official dependence from him, is recognized.

Types of professional activity

1. Sphere of realization of professional activity

Professional activity can be implemented in various organizational and legal forms. A person who has special knowledge in any area of ​​public relations can realize himself in labor relations with an employer or in civil law relations when performing works and services specified by the contract. The legislation of the Russian Federation allows the combination of these forms of activity. Special specificity has a professional service activity, implemented in the sphere of state and municipal government. Persons who are state and municipal employees, as a rule, are not entitled to engage in other types of paid activities.

Along with professional activity, entrepreneurial activity stands out. At the same time, professional activity and individual entrepreneurial activity in Russian legislation are considered as of the same order. This allows us to single out the fourth type of professional activity - entrepreneurial activity, carried out on the basis of existing special (professional) knowledge.

Thus, a person with special (professional) knowledge has the right to carry out his activities in order to generate income in four forms:

Labor activity (on the basis of an employment contract);

Activities on the basis of a civil law contract;

Official activity (state or municipal service);

Entrepreneurial activity (as legal entity or individual entrepreneur).

2.2. Legislative types of professional activity

IN Russian law V last years received detailed regulation of certain types of special (professional) activities. For each of them, a special law has been adopted that regulates the mode of implementation of this activity. In particular, the following types of professional activity are distinguished:

Journalistic professional activity;

Professional activity in the securities market (brokerage, dealership, management securities, clearing, depository activities, maintaining the register of securities holders, organizing trading in the securities market)

Professional activity of insurers;

Professional physical culture and sports activities;

Activities of lawyers, notaries;

Customs activities;

Rescue activities (rescue);

Professional activities of a judge, investigator, prosecutor, deputy, etc.

Audit activity;

Banking;

Appraisal activities, etc.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS PROFESSION, PROFESSIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS, PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY, PROFESSIONALISM

© 2010 A.A.Angelovsky South Ural State University

The article was received by the editors on May 14, 2010

This article presents a categorical analysis of the social phenomenon of professionalism. The characteristic of professional consciousness as a subjective component of the profession is given, the mechanism of the objective transition of professional consciousness into professional activity is demonstrated,

Keywords Keywords: profession, professional consciousness, professional activity, professionalism.

The concepts of "professional", "professionalism" are widely used in modern scientific, socio-political and everyday vocabulary. A truly scientific understanding of a person today means the disclosure of his humanistic essence, his ability to "jump" into a new civilization, for the implementation of which, as the modern thinker A.S. activity to which a person has devoted his entire working life and his humanistic moral qualities.

The initial category for the concepts of "professional" and "professionalism" is the category of "profession". S.I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” gives many interpretations of the term “profession” (lat. professio - the main occupation, specialty, from profiteer - I declare my business), which is defined as “the main occupation of labor activity”; "specialty ... a separate branch of science, technology, craftsmanship"; "sphere of knowledge, activity, work"; service as a source of income. quality, method of execution”; "duty. a range of actions assigned to someone and unconditional to perform”; "career. the path to success, a prominent position in society, in the service field, as well as the very achievement of such a position. Such a diversity in interpretation, of course, testifies not only to the richness of the Russian language, but also reflects the multidimensional nature of the social phenomenon itself.

Based on this definition of the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, we can conclude that the profession unites people engaged in this type of work, having similar knowledge, skills and interests related to work. In addition, if a particular person has a special system of knowledge, abilities, skills, for which this society allocates a special number of functions, gives a name and delimits it from other types of activity.

sti, it is also said that he has a profession. We can say that a profession is a kind of activity that is necessary for society and gives a person the opportunity to exist and develop.

Close in the subject field to the category of "profession" are the concepts of "career" and "specialty". Moreover, the concept of "career" reflects the professional dynamics in society, and the concept of "specialty" - the internal structure of professional activity. In a broad sense, a career is defined as a general sequence of stages of a person's professional development in the main areas of life (mainly in the labor sphere), including the dynamics of the socio-economic situation, status-role characteristics, forms of social activity in labor

activities.

Close in meaning to the concept of "profession" is the category of "qualification". Qualification is often understood as a particular profession, specialty, skill or quality necessary for the implementation of a particular job, a condition for performing certain tasks. There is also a slightly different interpretation of the qualification, according to which it is a set of trainings, approbations and tests that allow the person who has mastered them to issue a diploma, to award an appropriate degree at the end of such training, etc.4.

The ratio of the categories "specialty", "specialization", "qualification", their relationship with the concept of "profession" can be determined on the basis of the dialectic of the general, particular and singular. Specialty means a type of occupation within one profession and corresponds to the special category. Specialization as a singular indicates specific form organization of professional activity within the framework of a particular specialty. Qualification reflects the quality, level of training, skill of a specialist. Thus, specialty, specialization and qualification are

Angelovsky Aleksey Anatolyevich, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Deputy Director of the Linguistic Center Email: ale-anselovskii@:yandex. T

1 CaptoA.S. Professional ethics. Part 1. - M.: 1997. - From 4.

2 Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: 1990. - S. 777.

3 social management. Dictionary / Ed. V.I. Dobrenkova, I.M. Slepenkova. - M.: 1994. - P.67.

4 Oxford Wordpower Dictionary. Edited by Sally Wehmeier. - Oxford University Press, 1996. - P.746.

elements of the profession as a general, characterizing its individual facets.

In our country, the study of professions has long been developed within the framework of economic science. Researchers-economists usually defined a profession as a kind of activity that requires certain training and is a source of livelihood. The first such approach was in the 1920s. formulated by S.G. Strumilin 5.

"Activity" approach, i.e. definition of a profession as a type of labor activity is still the most common. In the latest edition of the Economic Dictionary, a profession is also defined as a type of labor activity that requires special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and work experience6. This approach has become widespread in the sociological sciences. The well-known sociologist V.A. Yadov defines a profession as “... a type of activity that requires special knowledge and training in a fairly wide area of ​​material and spiritual production and imposes responsibility on the representatives of this type of activity for the effective performance of duties in the system of social division of labor”7. In the sociological analysis of professional activity, the emphasis is on the social meaning and social purpose of the profession.

The social significance of the profession is also emphasized by B.G. Ananiev, who considers the profession as a type of specific social and production activity, which at any moment has a certain historical content and

certain place in common system public

production.

The study of professional phenomena is quite successfully carried out in the psychological literature, within the framework of the psychology of professions and acmeology. Psychologists consider psychological factors formation and development of professional self-awareness, analyze the role of professional activity in the development of the individual, emphasize the social significance of the institution of professional activity. A prominent modern researcher in the psychology of professions, E.A. Klimov, emphasizes that in its social meaning, a profession should be considered as a form of defining and limiting the sphere of labor activity of people, having normatively set goals and subject area, a system of means of labor and methods of action, labor functions, subject and social

5 Radaev V.V., Shkaratan O.I. social stratification. -M.: 1995.

6 Economic Dictionary / Ed. A.I. Arkhipova. - M.: 2001. - S. 458.

7 Socio-psychological portrait of an engineer / Ed. V.A.Yadova. - M.: 1977. - S. 103.

8 Ananiev B.G. Man as an object of knowledge. - L.: 1969. - S. 45 - 47.

new working conditions.

The analysis of foreign scientific literature shows that the understanding of the profession in it is also ambiguous. For many authors, it is typical to focus on the subjective-psychological aspect of the profession: the profession is understood as a combination of individual qualities of a person. In some works, mainly in dictionaries, a profession is defined as the unity of a person's knowledge and abilities, manifested in his ~10 objective and spiritual activities.

In the structural-functional model of the profession, the function of relaying the cultural values ​​of society within the framework of a particular professional activity plays a decisive role. T. Parsons wrote: “I understand a profession as a category of role, the occupation of which is based on perfect possession and entrusted responsibility for any important part of the cultural tradition of a society, including responsibility for its perpetuation and future development”11.

However, in most foreign works, the profession is defined as a special type social group with pronounced content characteristics and specific social functions. Thus, the American researcher E. Greenwood identifies the following content components of the profession: 1) the power that representatives of a particular professional group have; 2) influence in society, authority; 3) system of special knowledge, education; 4) the presence of a community of professionals, a kind of corporate-bureaucratic structure that establishes a system of rules and norms of behavior for persons who identify themselves with this profession; 5) professional culture12.

As a result of the analysis of the above and other definitions of the concept of "profession" in modern scientific literature, the following approaches can be distinguished, reflecting the essential features of the profession itself: 1) activity (economic) approach: a profession as a socially significant type of labor activity of people, determined by the division of labor and its functional content; 2) stratification (sociological) approach: a profession as a large group of people united by one type of occupation, labor activity; 3) personal (psychological) approach: a profession as a qualitative certainty of a person, a set of specific (general and specific) knowledge, skills, and personal qualities of a person.

Most profession definitions also contain five main characteristics. First, a profession is a relatively long

9 Klimov E.A. Introduction to the psychology of work. - M.: 1988. -S. 10.

10 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 6th ed. Oxford, 1976. - P. 885.

11 Self-regulation and prediction of social behavior of the individual / Ed. V.A.Yadova. - L.: 1979. - S. 14 - 15.

12 Grenwood E. Attributes of a Profession, Social work. 1957. - P. 44 - 45.

solid, autonomous, and not short-term performance of a certain activity. Secondly, it is an activity that requires special education and skills. Thirdly, professional activity leads to certain professional behavior both within certain professions and outside them. Fourthly, the performance of professional activity leads to the formation of professional interest, which is often carried out through professional associations and prescriptions for representatives of certain professions (on the basis of which the norms of professional morality and customs arise). Fifthly, the desire of a representative of one profession in relation to representatives of other professions to show a special status both in the sense of organization and in the public sense, which leads to the identification of the individual with the profession to which he belongs.

The social meaning of the profession, from our point of view, is that a representative of a particular profession must comply with the requirements imposed on him by society, which are both specific-personal and general social in nature. The profession as a social phenomenon exists through the specific real activity of people who own the appropriate methods of action, are able to perform their professional functions, that is, to achieve some objective goals that they face as specialists of a certain profile.

Each profession has a system of value preferences that set the goal, meaning and direction for specialists working in a particular field. The purpose and objectives of professional activity follow from the corresponding value systems that are at the heart of this profession. At the same time, professional values, on the one hand, are the concretization of social values, i.e. reflect the moral guidelines and preferences of the whole society at a given moment of its development; - on the other hand, professional values ​​exist within the framework of a certain profession and play the role of a regulatory mechanism for a specific professional activity. The interaction between professional groups and society is carried out as follows: professions recognize, support and protect certain, selected social values, and society, in turn, authorizes the existence of the profession and provides it with public recognition.

The scientific analysis of the profession as a social phenomenon also implies, in our opinion, the identification of the objective and subjective aspects of the profession. So, the above elements of the profession, noted by Greenwood, are objective. Obviously, the subjective aspect includes professional knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as social norms, values, ideals addressed to the individual and assimilated by him in the course of the relevant activity or in preparation for it. Thus, sub-

The objective component of the profession consists in the identification and development of professional consciousness.

Professional consciousness, as a form of social consciousness, is a set of basic social requirements, ideals, ideas addressed to specific profession and designed to regulate the professional relations of people and correlate narrowly professional requirements with social attitudes. The socio-philosophical analysis of professional consciousness, in our opinion, implies the consideration of this phenomenon as an ideal formation in the system of social relations, as a socially significant phenomenon, which is a complex combination of moral and psychological mechanisms and socially significant components.

Professional consciousness is a systemic formation, the subject of which is a specific professional activity and the function of which is the regulation of this sphere of human social activity. Thus, the concept of “professional consciousness” denotes that part of social consciousness that arises in its structure as a projection of the specialization of labor experience of specific professional groups as a result of the social division of labor13. The professional consciousness of society is specialized, i.e. actually exists as a set of specific professional sections that differ from each other. Different sections of professional consciousness reflect the specifics of a particular profession and differ depending on the professional affiliation of a group or individual. Nevertheless, all aspects of professional consciousness are united both by virtue of their common function - to reflect and determine the vital activity of a professional group - and due to their common nature: they are all formed by concretizing general social norms in relation to the interaction of a given professional group with society in the course of implementation by members this group of their professional duties.

In the structure of professional consciousness, one can single out normative and individual-personal aspects. The normative aspect can be traced in the system of professional ideology, i.e. a set of requirements that society imposes on professional specialists, as well as a system of norms that regulate the relationship of specialists among themselves.

The individual-personal aspect of professional consciousness manifests itself as professional psychology, i.e. individual beliefs of specialists, the system of their views related to work and their own vision of their professional duties that has become part of the worldview image. The individual-personal aspect of

13 Lazutina G.V. Professional ethics of a journalist. - M.: 2000. - S. 79.

professional consciousness in modern scientific literature is often characterized as professional consciousness of the individual, or professional self-consciousness, and is considered as part of the general self-consciousness of the individual, which is the development of the individual's ideas about his professional qualities ah, which she needs for her professional activities.

The formation of professional consciousness is an essential condition for readiness for a certain professional activity: the formation of professional consciousness reflects the process of formation of a professional personality. The content of professional consciousness includes a system of conscious professionally necessary generalized and operational knowledge about the goals, means, plans and programs of professional activity, about the objects and subjects of professional interaction, about the parameters and norms for evaluating the effectiveness of professional activity.

The specificity of professional consciousness, the presence in it of certain groups of elements depends on the content of professional activity within a particular profession. However, the professional consciousness of representatives of one profession includes a number of common components due to the nature of professional activity. For a developed professional consciousness, the carrier of which is a professional, as a rule, the presence of the following components is characteristic:

o The epistemological component - theoretical and historical knowledge of the scientific foundations necessary for this type of professional activity, assimilated by members of the professional community, ideas about the subject of professional activity, its place in society, about the functions and principles of this profession. At the same time, the epistemological component of professional consciousness provides not for the mechanical assimilation of a certain amount of knowledge, but for the inclusion of this knowledge in the worldview of a specialist.

o Practical component - includes practical skills, rules and norms of professional activity, reflecting the features of the process of this type of professional work. The practical component of professional consciousness is formed in the process of professional activity and is a kind of work experience. It is closely related to the level of development of social knowledge and scientific and technological progress.

o The axiological component is the foundation of professional morality of representatives of this profession - professional and moral values ​​and patterns of behavior that are the result of a specialist choosing such a variant of professional behavior in which the motives and moral attitudes of the individual as a member of the professional community can be realized. The axiological component of professional consciousness is often

comes spontaneously and represents an intuitive generalization of the professional and moral experience of practical and theoretical activity representative of a particular profession. However, its formation is influenced by professional ethics as a normative-documentary expression of the morality of a professional group.

In the process of labor activity, professional consciousness is objectified into professional activity. At the same time, professional consciousness, being objectified into professional activity, includes not so much the desire for a certain professional ideal as the orientation of a specialist towards the honest performance of his duties. Professional behavior, therefore, lies in the decency of a specialist, his conscientious attitude to work, and, mainly, in accordance with his behavior to a moral standard, a canon, which is “painted” in the invisible code of a given professional group or organization, and sometimes in a completely visible one. ethical and legal code embodying the general cultural and professional value minimum.

The definition of the category "professional activity", its correlation with the category "profession" depends on the approach used by various authors to the analysis of professional phenomena. Within the framework of the activity approach, the subject field of the concept of "profession" coincides with the meaning of the concept of "professional activity": the profession is defined, as noted above, as a type of human labor activity. Considering a profession from the point of view of activity implies the allocation of subjective and objective components in its structure. The subject of professional activity is the individual, the specialist as the bearer of the profession, the object is the subject area of ​​professional work.

When using the stratification approach in defining professional activities, the authors usually proceed from the fact that people are united in professional groups based on the performance of the same or similar types of activities. As the main characteristics of professional activity, supporters of this approach cite: specialization and delimitation from other types of activity within the framework of the division of labor; relatively long-term use of the established method of performing tasks; source of income that ensures the existence of individuals. The process of differentiation of professional activity is reflected in the emergence of various specialties as a broader and more stable type of social division of labor, which leads to the complication of the social structure of society.

Within the framework of the personal approach, the categories “profession” and “professional activity” are correlated as follows: a profession is defined as a readiness to perform socially expedient activities that transform the subject

world and revealing the creative, intellectual and spiritual potential of the individual to the maximum. How social process it is associated with certain objects, tools and results of labor, which become a means of human activity, i.e. a means of transforming nature, creating social relations, and by this very means individual development person. The social and humanistic meaning of professional activity lies in the fact that it provides ample opportunities for the full realization of a person. Professional activity, more than any other type of human activity, involves the whole personality, which is both a product and a regulator of activity. A person can embody in the product of his labor his own attitude towards the world, people, society, specific areas of human activity. Thus, within the framework of this approach, professional activity acts as a way of expressing and developing the social ties of a person and his inner world.

Among the various types social activities human professional activity occupies a special place. It is professional activity that forms the main form of activity of the subject; a significant part of a person’s life is devoted to it. For most people, this type of activity provides an opportunity not only to satisfy a wide range of personal needs, but also to reveal their abilities, to assert themselves as a person. “Professional activity, filling more than 2/3 of a person’s conscious life, thereby determines its essence as the basis for the development of the personality itself. The richness of the internal structure of a person largely depends on his activity, and the profession is the main, most essential

its venous, purposeful part. In modern literature, professional activity is most often defined as a type of labor activity, or a type of labor that arises as a result of the professional differentiation of human labor. Hence, the content of the employee's professional activity appears as the content of his functions performed in accordance with the division of labor, moreover, the process of professional labor consists of interconnected and interacting material and personal components.

Professional activity in modern society is a complex, internally structured, multifaceted phenomenon. The following aspects of professional activity are most relevant: 1) The economic aspect is characterized from the standpoint of qualifications, remuneration, the economic sector, functions and working conditions, as well as forms of training, the time required to receive professional training, etc. With economy

14 Seiteshev A.P. Professional orientation of the individual. Theory and practice of education. - Alma-Ata: 1990. - S. 89.

From a logical point of view, the content of professional activity is interpreted depending on the use of technical means - automated, mechanized, manual. 2) The sociological aspect is based on the analysis of professional activity in terms of the type of work, the level of its payment, the prestige of a particular type of professional activity, its impact on the social structure of society. 3) The psychological aspect of professional activity includes the identification of the following range of problems: the interaction of technology and man, the communication of workers in the process of work, the study of the psychological qualities that a representative of a particular profession should possess and other psychological phenomena that arise in the process of professional activity of a person. 4) The ethical aspect is based on the sphere of moral relations of people in the process of professional activity, their moral and value attitudes, behavioral guidelines, moral and ethical criteria for actions performed in the course of the implementation of their professional duties.

As E.M. Ivanova notes, professional activity is a complex multi-attribute object, which is a system, the integrating or systematizing component of which is the subject of labor, and it is he who determines the qualities of the system. “The technical improvement of the labor process, which is constantly taking place, makes serious changes in the organizational structure of a person’s professional activity. The tools of labor, the technological regime, professional tasks, the relationship of workers in the labor collective, production standards, etc. are changing. ... Objective changes in a specific labor process and professional preparedness of a specialist, as well as personal attitudes, needs, interests, individual typological features determine the restructuring of the psychological structure of a person's professional activity

The influence of professional activity on the development of a person is so great that some authors believe that the scope of the concept of "professional activity" is much broader than the concept of "labor activity", and it is the latter that should be considered one of the forms of a person's professional activity: labor activity is "only a part of , although the most important, of the diverse forms of activity of the profession, aimed not only at the object of labor, but also at the social environment and at itself”16.

Undoubtedly, the professional activity of a person is aimed not only at the subject of labor. In ho-

15 Ivanova E.M. Fundamentals of psychological study of professional activity. - M.: 1987. - S. 76.

16 Kostenko N.V., Ossovsky V.L. professional values

activities. - Kyiv: 1986. - S. 75.

de professional activity taking place in certain socio-economic conditions, under the influence of the subject, material and social environment, a person’s personality is formed, a special professional type of personality is formed with certain value orientations, norms of activity and communication, character traits and other psychological and social characteristics. However, the statement about the complete inclusion of the subject field of the concept of "labor activity" in the content of the category "professional activity" seems to us incorrect. It is enough to note that labor activity is not connected only with the professional activity of a person. Non-professional labor activity of a person is diverse and, like professional activity, significantly affects the formation and development of personality.

An attempt to synthesize the psychological aspects of the study of professional activity was made by V.D. Shadrikov, who created the scheme of the “Psychological system of activity”. He singled out the following main functional blocks of this system: 1) the motives of professional activity; 2) goals of professional activity; 3) program of activities; 4) information bases of activity; 5) making a decision; 6) subsystems of professionally significant qualities. According to the researcher, it is the motivational block in the system of professional activity that is the most mobile and decisive: “... along the entire path of professionalization, there are significant changes in the motivational sphere. Critical moments in the genesis of motivation are the adoption of a profession and

covering the personal meaning of activity.

The interaction between the subject-bearer of the profession and the subject of his professional activity is quite complicated. On the one hand, under the influence of changes in the social division of labor, factors of the modern technical process, existing professions undergo changes, and with them the structure of the personality of a specialist changes; on the other hand, a person as an active subject himself creates and transforms the subject field of his professional activity and thereby creates new professions. In the specialized literature at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention was paid to the idea of ​​forming a profession as a special activity in accordance with the personal qualities of a person. For example, O. Lipmann developed the idea of ​​Pannenborg, who established the fact that an artist formed his profession in accordance with his own individuality. Lipmann extended this phenomenon to the process of professional activity as a whole: “The fact is that one can understand and perform the same profession differently, for example, a doctor, and, depending on the warehouse of individuality, one or the other quality

17 Shadrikov V.D. Problems of systemogenesis of professional activity. - M.: 1982. - S. 32 - 48.

in one case will be necessary, in another - essential, and sometimes - indifferent

personal".

The subject of professional activity, as noted above, is a person who has the necessary professional knowledge, skills and abilities and implements them in the course of the objective transformation of the surrounding world. In the research literature, the bearer of the profession is characterized as a "professional" or "specialist".

"Professional" is defined in the explanatory dictionary as "a person who has made some occupation his permanent profession." In the sociological dictionary, the concept of “professional” is interpreted as follows: a professional is “an individual whose main occupation is his profession; specialist in his field, having the appropriate training and qualifications. Accordingly, "professionalism" is understood as the degree of mastery of professional skills by an individual, hence in the literature, and in everyday perception, such personality characteristics as "high professionalism", "low professionalism" are common. It is necessary to mention one more, linguistic interpretation of the term "professionalism". Professionalisms are words associated with the peculiarities of the work of people of a particular specialty, profession. The concepts of "professional" and "specialist" are most often used as synonyms, in the sense of "owner of the profession." Within the framework of this approach, "professionalism" is understood as a clearly fixed qualification. Qualification is interpreted precisely as a condition for the preparedness of a specialist for the corresponding work. Since qualification is most often understood as a quality professional level specialist, professionalism can be interpreted as a high-level qualification.

The authors of the English sociological dictionary published in Kazan, revealing the essence of the category "professional", list the following main characteristics of it as a representative of a special social stratum: 1) employment based on the use of skills based on theoretical knowledge; 2) specialized education and training in these skills; 3) special competence guaranteed by passing the exam; 4) the existence of a certain code of conduct that ensures professional identity; 5) performance of certain duties for the benefit of society; 6) membership in a professional

18 Lipmann Otto. Psychology of professions. Academy. - Petrograd: 1923. - S. 33.

19 Sociological Dictionary / Per. from English. - Kazan: 1997. - S.

status and independence in work. It is easy to see that within the framework of this approach, professionalism is understood narrowly - as the ability of an individual to carry out professional activities in accordance with the knowledge and practical skills acquired during special training, i.e. possession of a certain skill that allows a person to take a certain place in the social structure, to acquire social status. From our point of view, for such an operational interpretation of the phenomenon professional excellence, the ability to successfully implement professional activities, the key to which is the appropriate level of education and practical skills, it would be more appropriate to use the concepts of "specialization" and "specialist".

Such a socio-operational approach to the concept of "professionalism" is characteristic of modern foreign sociology. Moreover, if in the first half of the XX century. successful professional activity and the desire to improve professional skills were considered by Western sociologists as predominantly altruistic, i.e. motivated by service to society, and not by personal gain (Flexner, 1915), then already in 1966 T. Parsons argued that, based on knowledge and experience, a professional has power over non-professionals, therefore, the driving force behind professional development is often a person’s desire to advance in social ladder, raise your 1 "20 professional status.

In the second half of the XX century. In Western sociology, professionalism is seen as a condition for the unity and autonomy of professional communities, which makes it possible to get rid of competitive approaches and guarantee high material rewards for representatives of these communities, exclude extraneous judgments about work and ensure guaranteed tenure for those who are admitted to this profession21. According to many researchers, only professionals are able to judge whether the work was done properly, and a professional organization can serve to protect the professionals rather than the client. Thus, from the point of view of Western sociologists, professionalism is determined not only by the totality of skills and abilities of the bearer of the profession (i.e., the professional potential of the individual), but, mainly, by belonging to a certain social stratum, stratum of society - and he, in turn, is one of the most important criteria social differentiation and an actual factor of social mobility of modern society.

In modern domestic literature, the

20 Parsons T. Societies: evolutionary and comparative perspectives.

New Jersey: 1966.

21 Big explanatory sociological dictionary / Ed. David Geri, Julia Geri. Per. from English. T.2. - M.: 1999. - P.105

There is a different, broader interpretation of the terms "professional" and "professionalism". In the works of Russian professionalists, emphasis is placed on the axiological aspect of professionalism, which is interpreted as a quality of a person or, more rarely, as a quality of the professional activity itself. The Modern Dictionary of Economics (1997) notes that “Professionalism is high skill,

deep mastery of the profession, high-quality training

professional performance".

In the Sociological Encyclopedia (2003), professionalism is defined as the degree of development of a person's professional qualities within a certain

lazy specialty. The main indicators of professionalism include: 1) excess of normative and average indicators by a person (in terms of production volume, labor productivity, product quality, use of working time); 2) the creative activity of the individual, associated with the activity, and aimed at a non-stereotypical solution production tasks contributing to the improvement of the quality and quantity of labor products (participation in rationalization and invention, improvement of the organization of labor, initiative, search for untapped reserves); 3) the development of the personality itself in the process of labor activity.

Quite often, in the research literature, professionalism is identified with activity, understood as its type, requiring certain skills, knowledge, and skills24. The activity approach to the concept of professionalism is also indicated in the book by G.V. Lazutina, who rightly notes that a developed society knows two forms of organizing activity: amateurism and professionalism. Any activity is born as amateurish, amateurishness is the first phase of the development of activity and the first, initial form of its organization. The specificity of amateur activity lies in the fact that it is carried out by a person according to his personal inclination, outside the framework of any official duties, without special training and without rigid responsibility for the result.

Professional activity is formed in the process of social division of labor on the basis of amateur, but does not absorb it, both forms of activity continue to exist in parallel. Having become a new occupation for a person, professional activity acquires new features: it proceeds in the form of the performance of relevant official duties, is associated with responsibility for the result, and requires special training, i.e. turns into a profession. Add to this,

22 Modern Economic Dictionary (authors: Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.). - M.: 1997. - S. 262.

23 Sociological Encyclopedia. In 2 vols. - M.: 2003. V.2. - S. 276.

24 Sakharov V.F., Sazonov A.D. Professional orientation of schoolchildren. - M.: 1982.

25 Lazutina G.V. Professional ethics of a journalist. - M.:

2000. - S. 65 - 66.

that the most important moment in the transformation of amateur activity into a professional one can be considered the professional self-determination of the individual, which is determined by the degree of self-esteem of oneself as a specialist in a certain profession, as well as a moral attitude towards one's professional activity, moral responsibility to the consumer for the quality of the product produced in the course of performing professional duties - material or spiritual . Thus, professionalism is the result of the development of professional activity and the formation of professional consciousness.

The greatest research experience in the field of professionalism has been accumulated in the psychological sciences. Within the framework of the psychological approach to this problem, professionalism is considered primarily through the prism of the psycho-physiological and functional-psychological qualities of the individual. So, for E.A. Klimov, professionalism is a special psychological state of the individual: “we will understand professionalism not as just a new highest level of knowledge and human results in this field of activity, but as a certain system

organization of consciousness, the human psyche ... ".

Despite the psychological, individual and personal nature of the above definition of professionalism, it demonstrates a departure from the narrow operational understanding of professionalism only as a set of certain qualities. Similarly, but in a broader socio-psychological context, he understands the professionalism of A.K. Markov. “The professionalism of a person is not only the achievement of high professional results, not only labor productivity, but also the indispensable presence of psychological components - a person’s internal attitude to work, the state of his mental qualities ... When considering and evaluating a person’s professionalism, it is of great importance that what value orientations does it come from, . what are their internal resources voluntarily and by inner conviction

invests in his work.

In her analysis of professionalism, A.K. Markova identifies two aspects of this phenomenon: motivational-goal-setting (what motives induce a person, what meaning he sees in professional activity, what goals he personally seeks to achieve) and operational ( professional tools, skills, abilities). However, the author practically does not consider the socio-psychological component of professionalism, limiting himself to a detailed study of the individual-personal disposition of this problem.

26 Klimov E.A. The image of the world in different types of professions. - M.: 1995. - S. 9 - 10.

27 Markova A.K. Psychology of professionalism. - M.: 1996. -S. 39 - 40.

within the framework of acmeology, which has been actively developing in our country in recent years, as a science of the conditions and factors that ensure the highest level of achievement in any activity. Obviously, in relation to professional activity, such a higher level is professionalism. In this context, many authors consider professionalism as a quality of professional activity determined by personal capabilities: “Professionalism is the highest standard of professional activity that characterizes the personal capabilities of the performer, his freedom to choose the most convenient and appropriate ways of activity for a particular situation. The basis of professionalism is created by the highest qualification, master

stvo and goal-setting in labor activity ".

In the works of A.V. Kirichenko, professionalism is defined as the highest stage in the development of a person as a subject of knowledge, labor and communication. The main criterion for the level of professionalism is the degree of relevant knowledge, skills, abilities and mental properties of a specialist to modern achievements of science and practice in this field29.

Within the framework of this approach, which, in our opinion, can be characterized as evaluative or acmeological, professionalism emphasizes the quality of an individual, a subject in a certain area of ​​socially useful activity. Professionalism reflects changes in skills, abilities, qualifications in the direction of the requirements for a person by profession, in accordance with the scientific, technical and intellectual development of society. The essence of professionalism is professional progress from choosing a profession to mastering it, achieving professional excellence, creative success. As a personality quality, it is defined as individually conscious positions and behavior associated with work experience and activities throughout a person’s life, actualizing to varying degrees the abilities of a specialist, and, finally, receiving public recognition and a certain assessment, expressed in social position.

The main criteria of professionalism in this sense include: the competence of employees, i.e. their knowledge of the matter; availability of the necessary education, experience, skills, advanced training system; regular, systematic and creative performance of functions and operations; stability of service relations; following the rules professional ethics etc. The acmeological definition of professionalism seems to be fair, at the same time, in this

28 Zazykin V.G., Chernyshev A.P. Acmeological problems of professionalism. - M.: 1993. - S. 46.

29 Kirichenko A.V. Acmeological impact in the professional activities of civil servants (Theory, methodology, technology). - M.: 1999.

In this definition, attention is focused only on the personal, subjective component of professionalism, both the social determinations of professional activity and professional development related to the quality of the social and professional environment, and the moral motivation of a person’s professional behavior remain outside the scope of research.

In modern research literature, an attempt is also made to single out as a subject of professionalism not a person as a carrier of a profession, but “staff” - a collective subject of professional activity30. Accordingly, professionalism within the framework of this approach is interpreted as an integral characteristic of a goal-setting, motivated and effective work activity that requires special training and appropriate organizational and managerial conditions for its implementation. “The structure of meaning-life goal-setting and the motivation of labor associated with it determine the socio-typological structure of the professionalism of the staff as a collective subject of professional activity. Consequently, professionalism as a qualitative characteristic of activity, in turn, is characterized not by a continuum, but, above all, by a socio-typological orientation of the subject of professional activity.

However, comprehensive scientific study of professionalism cannot be reduced either to assessing the professional qualities of a person as an individual subject of professional activity, or to assessing the quality of the professional activity itself and

its collective subject. Despite the rather extensive research literature on this issue, the social aspect of professionalism remains practically unexplored.

Summarizing the above, we note that professionalism today is necessary condition self-realization of a person in society. It presupposes not a one-sided professional, highly specialized formation of a human personality, when a person's non-professional life is impoverished and emasculated, but a harmonious and comprehensive development of a person as a full-fledged member of modern society with its complex structure of social ties and interactions. True professionalism is thus based on other essential personality traits, while at the same time, it, in turn, affects the formation and development of these traits, affects the degree of their manifestation in a person’s life and activities.

IN modern conditions the role of professionalism, as well as objective and subjective factors contributing to the realization of the ideas of true freedom, is immeasurably increasing professional self-determination person. All this points to the need for a comprehensive scientific research this complex, multifaceted sociocultural phenomenon.

30 Kalacheva T.G. Professionalism of civil servants of the subject of the federation: methodological and methodical approach to problem analysis. - Nizhny Novgorod: 1998. - S.31 -32.

"PROFESSION", "PROFESSIONAL CONSCIENCE", "PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY", "PROFESSIONALISM": NOTION ANALYSIS

© 2010 A.A.Angelovskiy

South Ural State University

The article reveals a categorical analysis of professionalism as a social phenomenon. It focuses on the professional conscience as a profession subjective component and shows the professional conscience objective transition to professional activity.

Keywords: profession, professional conscience, professional activity, professionalism.

Angelovskiy Aleksey Anatolievich, Candidate of Pedagogy, Linguistic center Deputy Director. E-mail: ale-anselovskij@yandex. en

The psychological theory of activity can be conditionally divided into two areas - the actual theory of activity and the theory of the subject of activity. If the first considers the problems of the psychological structure, mechanisms and patterns of activity as such, then the second is connected, first of all, with the study of the so-called subjective determinants of activity. These are the factors that underlie the effective implementation of activities and are associated with the characteristics of its subject. These include motivation, orientation, the degree of preparedness of the subject - his " training"(professional competence), etc. However, the main place among them is occupied by those individual, personal qualities of the subject that are necessary and sufficient for the normative implementation of a particular activity. They are designated in the theory of activity by the concept of professionally important qualities (PVK). In connection with their decisive role in the mental organization of activity, it is necessary to consider some of their main features.

Professionally important qualities - these are the individual properties of the subject of activity, which are necessary and sufficient for its implementation at a normatively set level and correlate with at least one of its main effective parameters (quality, productivity, reliability). The function of professionally important ones can be not only mental, but also extra-psychic properties of the subject - somatic, biological, morphological, constitutional, typological, neurodynamic, etc. For example, elementary " physical strength and endurance» - a pronounced PVK of many types of activities. For a more complete disclosure of the specifics and features of the PVK, it is advisable to dwell on their main classifications.

So, first of all, there are four main groups of individual qualities that form the structure of professional suitability. These are, firstly, the absolute PVK - the properties necessary to perform the activity as such at the minimum allowable, or normatively specified, "average" level. Secondly, these are relative PVK, which determine the possibility for the subject to achieve high (“ above-standard”) quantitative and qualitative performance indicators (“ PVC craftsmanship"). Thirdly, in the role of important subjective determinants of activity and, consequently, in the role of PVK, adequate motivational readiness for the implementation of a particular activity has recently been considered. It has been proven that it can significantly compensate for the insufficient level of development of many other STCs (but not vice versa!). Finally, fourthly, the so-called anti-PVC are distinguished - properties, the presence of which acts as a professional contraindication to a particular activity.

Further, any activity is characterized by certain basic performance parameters - first of all, quality and productivity. In psychological studies it has been proved that various individual qualities of the subject are necessary to ensure them. The professionally important qualities of these parameters partially overlap, but more often they do not completely coincide with each other, and sometimes they enter into antagonistic relationships. In the latter case, the same PVC is such in terms of ensuring the quality of activities and anti-PVC - in terms of ensuring productivity.

One of the important results of the study of the internal control system was the establishment that any activity is carried out on the basis of a specific system of internal control. This means that each activity requires a certain set of PVCs; the latter, however, is not a side by side, "mechanical" sum of qualities, but their regularly organized system. Functional interrelations of compensatory and assistive types are established between individual PVKs; the PVK system itself acts as a certain symptom complex of subjective properties, specific to this or that activity. It is not set in finished form, but is formed by the subject in the course of mastering the activity. In this case, the degree of integration of such SVC systems usually significantly increases. Those STCs that are characterized by the greatest connection with activity parameters (correlation with them) are called leading. And the STCs, which have the largest number of intrasystem connections with other qualities, i.e. characterized by the greatest "structural weight" and, therefore, occupy a central place in the entire system of qualities, are called basic. They may not correlate significantly with performance parameters; however, they are no less and often more important for its implementation. They can be detected using a special analysis method - the method of finding the STC intercorrelation matrices.

Not all STCs are associated with activity parameters in a simple - linear - dependence, i.e. dependence of the type "the higher the level of PVK, the more effective the activity." A number of PVK are connected with the parameters of activity by a non-linear dependence of the optimum type: these parameters take the highest values ​​not at the maximum, but at some average - optimal - levels of PVK development. For example, managerial activity is most effective at some, albeit rather high, but still not the maximum level of development of reflexivity as the STC of this activity.

Along with this, the so-called PVK of development of activity and PVK of execution are separated. The former are most important for effective, i.e. high-quality and fast, mastery of the subject of activity; the second - for its given level as such. These two groups of PVK also partially coincide, and partially differ.

For a wide range of activities, it is relevant to differentiate the PVK into those that act as such in normal conditions its implementation, and those that are necessary in complicated, and often in extreme conditions its implementation.

Finally, it has been proven that for many types of professional activity it is necessary to distinguish between those individual qualities that are "responsible" for its own performing part, and those that are necessary for perception - the reception of professionally significant information. In this regard, it is customary to talk about the performance and informational PVCs.

Thus, it can be seen that general structure PVK as the main subjective determinants of activity turns out to be quite complex and internally differentiated. It includes a number of main categories of PVK, the presence of which is the main condition for the effective implementation of professional activities.

For the actual performance of professional activity, each person must have a number of psychological qualities necessary for this profession, these qualities are interpreted as professionally important qualities. Thus, professionally important qualities include the individual mental and personal qualities of the subject, which are necessary and sufficient for the implementation of a particular productive activity. In addition to the actual mental properties (individual psychological characteristics), certain functions of professionally important qualities can also be performed by some extra-psychic properties of the subject - somatic, constitutional, typological, neurodynamic, etc. For example, physical strength and endurance are an example of pronounced professionally important qualities (PVC) for many activities.

According to A.V. Karpov, professionally important qualities (PVK) are divided into 4 main groups, which together form the structure of professional suitability:

· absolute PVK - the properties necessary to perform the activity as such at the minimum allowable or normatively specified, average level;

Relative STCs, which determine the possibility for the subject to achieve high ("excessive") quantitative and qualitative performance indicators ("Skill SECs");

motivational readiness for the implementation of a particular activity. It has been proven that high motivation can significantly compensate for the insufficient level of development of many other STCs (but not vice versa);

anti-PVC: properties that are contrary to one or another type of professional activity. The structure of professional suitability implies a minimum level of their development or even the absence. In contrast to the qualities of the first three groups, they correlate with activity parameters significantly, but negatively.

Psychologists have established that any activity is carried out on the basis of the PVK system, which is a set of peculiar symptom complexes of subjective properties specific to a particular professional activity. Symptom complexes are formed in the subject in the course of mastering the relevant activity and contain specific subsystems of the STC that ensure the implementation of each next stage of professional activity (formation of the "motive-goal" vector, activity planning, processing of current information, conceptual model, decision-making, actions, verification results, correction of actions).

In all types of activity, it is customary to distinguish between those individual qualities that are actually responsible for its performance, and those that are necessary for the perception and reception of professionally significant information. Therefore, it is customary to talk about the performance and information PVCs.

So, we can give the following definition of PVK. Professionally important qualities (PVK) are the individual properties of the subject of activity, which are necessary and sufficient for the implementation of this activity at a normatively specified level.

For future skilled workers and specialists, the most important condition for the formation of the EEC is properly organized at school, and then in primary and secondary institutions. vocational education professional orientation.

Main directions vocational guidance are professional information, professional consultation, professional selection (selection), professional adaptation. Each of these areas, to one degree or another, involves the study of professionally important personality traits. Thus, professional information acquaints various groups of the population with modern views production, the state of the labor market, the needs of the economic complex for qualified personnel, the content and prospects of the market for professions, the forms and conditions for their development, the requirements for professions for a person, the opportunities for professional and qualification growth and improvement in the process of labor activity.

Today we have to state that the efforts of teaching staff in career guidance work, unfortunately, do not give the desired results. The interest of students in the once considered prestigious professions machine operator, builder, electrician, etc. There are various reasons for this, but not the least role is played by shortcomings in the joint career guidance work of schools, vocational schools, lyceums and production, as well as poor consideration of the psychophysiological characteristics of students. One of the shortcomings is the advertising, inviting nature of many of the events held at the general education school and professional lyceum. Often these events are limited to campaigning for a profession, showing the attractive aspects of certain specialties. At the same time, many questions of career counseling remain unanswered. What is the complexity of this or that profession? What are the psychophysical requirements for it? What are the requirements for the general and special abilities of a person who has chosen a particular specialty? Indeed, it often happens that in a professional lyceum a beginner is either disappointed in his profession because of the discrepancy between his ideas about it and the actual nature and content of work, or the psychophysical data and health of a young worker turn out to be contraindicated in the chosen profession or specialty. In practice, this, as a rule, leads to a change of profession, as a result of which both young people and society as a whole bear moral and material costs. Eliminate these shortcomings in the first place with the help of properly delivered professional advice.

The consultation is advisory in nature. In the process of it, the correspondence of the state of health of young people to professional requirements, the level of psychological readiness of the individual to master this profession is fixed. In order to take into account professional contraindications and determine the profession that best suits the personal abilities and interests of a person, professional selection and professional selection are carried out.

Professional selection is the determination of the degree of professional suitability of a person for a particular profession (job) or position in accordance with regulatory requirements.

There are four aspects of professional selection: medical, physiological, pedagogical and psychological. Medical professional selection is made on the basis of medical procedures for measuring the level of development and formation of the human body and its individual functional systems. Physiological selection takes into account the specific functional state of a person: the degree of his fatigue and performance, exposure to stressful factors, the ability to function effectively in conditions of risk, night shifts, information uncertainty. Pedagogical professional selection is aimed at assessing the formation of the employee's special knowledge, the development of his skills and practical professional skills. Psychological selection is implemented with the help of verbal tests and questionnaires, instrumental methods, personality projective tests, interviews. Such selection is aimed at identifying and evaluating the inclinations and abilities of a person, his value orientations, professional orientation, motivation, interests and preferences.

Professional selection is the provision of recommendations to a person on possible areas of professional activity that are most appropriate to his psychological, psychophysiological and physiological characteristics, based on the results of psychological, psychophysiological and medical diagnostics. A person is selected a profession, a professional sphere and those specialties that most of all correspond to his individual psychological characteristics for the full realization of his potential in labor activity.

In vocational schools, professional selection and professional selection act as a special form of labor expertise. It should be borne in mind that for the qualitative conduct of both the first and second forms of examination, the main tasks are:

prevent a person from entering a job for which he has contraindications (he is not capable of age, health status, education, psychophysiological data);

select the most efficient people for work in this profession, who can perform labor duties in their specialty without harming their health;

Determine what type of work this or that person is most capable of, in order to recommend this or that type of activity to him.

If in professional selection the first two tasks are mainly solved, and the third task is performed in the interests of the first two, then in professional selection the main task is the third of the above.

Psychological professional selection is expedient and effective under the following conditions:

the presence of an objective socio-economic necessity (for example, the presence a large number free workers for certain professional vacancies);

the presence of a certain range of professions in which the professional suitability of an employee is of great importance for him to achieve high labor efficiency (for example, the work of an operator, which requires special psychological selection of workers according to the stress resistance factor);

· the presence of a developed and tested system of selection ("batteries" of diagnostic methods compiled in accordance with the principles of validity, reliability, complementarity and interchangeability);

Availability of specialists trained for professional selection and having practical experience in the organization and implementation of professional selection procedures.

An important goal of career guidance activities is satisfaction with a specific professional activity and professional adaptation. Professional, industrial and social adaptation is a system of measures that contribute to the professional development of an employee, the formation of appropriate social and professional qualities, attitudes and needs for active creative work, and the achievement of a high level of professionalism.

The formation of the professionalism of an employee occurs on the basis of the action of two groups of factors - objective and subjective. Objective factor - these are the requirements, norms and restrictions put forward by the profession to the work of a person and the presence of certain properties and characteristics (professional knowledge, skills, professionally significant qualities). TO subjective Factors include the employee's inclinations, abilities, motivation and level of claims, self-esteem and psychological protection from mistakes and failures.

It should be noted that professional suitability is based on professionally important personal qualities that are formed in the course of a long-term work activity of an employee. The inclinations, the potential to carry out one or another specific activity, due to the individual psychological properties of the personality, are inherent in a person from the very beginning.

Simultaneously with the formation of professionally important qualities, the professional thinking of a person develops, his professional type is formed with the corresponding value orientations, character, individual characteristics of professional behavior and lifestyle in general.

Thus, the analysis of the literature shows that any activity is implemented on the basis of the PVK system. This means that each activity requires a certain set of PVK, which is their naturally organized system. The PVK system acts as a certain set of subject properties specific to a particular activity. It is not set in finished form, but is formed by the subject in the course of mastering the activity.