International economic relations characterize the forms of communication and methods of influence of all countries of the world in the field of economic cooperation in the system of the world economy. The structure of international economic relations, reflecting international relations, includes the following real processes:

international trade goods and services;

international movement capital, technology and foreign investment;

International migration work force;

International trade in financial instruments (currency, securities, loans) and international settlements;

International relationships in the field of information, R&D, etc.

Economic policy states;

Let's start studying the course with world trade. World trade is the sphere of international commodity-money relations, a specific form of exchange of goods and services between a buyer and a seller. different countries. The main trends in the development of world trade:

Rapid renewal of the product range associated with the emergence of knowledge-intensive industries and high technology products on the markets;

The deepening of the international division of labor and specialization increases the exchange of parts and assemblies that are manufactured at enterprises in different countries. The final product is the result of specialization, cooperation and foreign trade;

A special place in modern world trade is occupied by trade in the results of intellectual property: patents, know-how, licenses;

Significantly increased the volume of trade between developed countries and with approximately the same scientific and technical potential;

The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) has increased. They account for more than 60% of foreign trade.

World trade is characterized by three indicators:

Foreign trade turnover

Commodity structure

Geographic structure

Foreign trade turnover is the sum of the value of exports and imports of a country. The cost volume is calculated for a certain period of time at current prices using current rates. The physical volume of foreign trade is calculated at constant prices and makes it possible to make the necessary comparisons and determine the real dynamics.

Commodity structure of world trade by the beginning of the XXI century. has undergone significant changes:

The share of food, raw materials and fuel decreased from 2/3 of the world trade turnover (the first half of the 20th century) to ¼ of the trade turnover.

The share of manufacturing products increased from 1/3 to ¾ of the turnover.

More than 1/3 of all world trade is currently trade in machinery and equipment.

The exchange of services has increased significantly: scientific, technical, commercial, financial and credit, etc.

New types of services appeared: engineering, leasing, consulting, information and computing services.

Geographic structure of world trade.

In international practice, all countries of the world are divided into three main groups: developed countries with market economy, countries in transition and developing countries.

According to the classification of the research service of the IMF, 29 countries are classified as developed, the same number are in transition, and 125 are developing countries.

To share developed countries accounts for 56.3% of world GDP and 75.1% of world exports of goods and services. They are home to only 15.4% of the world's population. Developing countries cover 78% of the world's inhabitants, produce only 37.6% of world GDP, and export only 20.3% of the world's goods and services. Among the developed countries, the leader is the United States, whose share in world GDP is 21.4% of the world; among developing countries is China, whose GDP is 12.1% of the world. Russia retains its leadership only among countries with a transitional policy. The share of Russian GDP accounts for 2.6% of the world's GDP, Russian citizens make up only 2.4% of the world's population.

As the facts testify, the center and the periphery are quite clearly visible in the structure of the world economy.

Hierarchical structure world economy does not mean once and for all the given distribution of places. There is a process of gradual penetration of individual countries of the periphery into the center. Among them, the so-called newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia stand out noticeably ( South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, etc.) and some countries Latin America(Brazil, Argentina), standing on the threshold of joining the group of industrialized countries.

The deepening interdependence of the countries of the center and the periphery, despite the contradictory nature of this process, will increasingly contribute to the integration of national economies into the world economy.

The classification of countries adopted in 1980 requires a more differentiated approach. The main differences between "developed" and "less developed" countries are largely manifested in per capita income. The per capita income level is an indicator of the degree of industrial and social economic development countries.

The poorest countries, which are still called underdeveloped, are characterized by a low degree of industrialization, limited mechanization of agricultural production, low capital-labor ratio and low per capita incomes. These countries are home to 27% of the world's population and account for 6% of world income. MOST OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THE VERGE OF WARNING: per capita income is generally 6-7% of that in the US. The poorest countries are located in Africa - Somalia, Ethiopia, Ghana, etc.

The group of developing countries proper is poor, but accumulating capital and developing their industry and market mechanisms of management. They have fairly large urban populations and stable, though not high, per capita income growth. Their per capita income varies within 10-30% of the US level. The countries of this group are located on all continents and include part of the countries of the Middle East, India, Egypt, Mexico. They make up 17% of the world's population and account for 11% of world income.

The group of newly industrialized countries is characterized by rapidly developing industry and dynamic per capita income, which reaches 50% of the US level. Trinidad, Israel, South Korea can serve as an example of such countries. Together they make up 3% of the inhabitants of the Earth and receive 3% of the world's income.

Developed countries have a high-tech and highly specialized industry, which allows them to receive high per capita incomes. This includes USA, Canada, countries Western Europe, Australia, Japan, New Zealand. Per capita incomes in these countries (except Switzerland) are somewhat lower than in the United States.

Until recently, about 33% of the world's population lived in socialist countries and received approximately 28% of world income. Deep reforms on the way to a market economy, carried out since the early 1990s, have changed the status of these states. As is known, during the period 1992-2002 GDP in Russia decreased by 40%. At present, as a result of the external economic conjuncture, the situation is changing towards economic growth.

Foreign trade is the main form of world economic relations. In terms of dynamics and cost indicators, it is ahead of the growth of world production, the movement of capital and other types of foreign economic relations, which is one of the most important characteristics modern world economy. The growth rates of international export-import operations exceed the growth rates of the main segments of world production, incl. industrial goods, minerals and agricultural products.

The increasing importance of trade in the world economy, as well as its intensive development, are due to the objective process of globalization and the increased interdependence of most countries of the world. Significant progress in the development of the international division of labor contributed to the intensification of world commodity exchange.

In the field of trade exchange, international regimes and multilateral agreements were developed within the framework of the WTO, an international organization operating on the basis of a multilateral agreement that establishes the principles and rules of world trade. The activities of the WTO are aimed at the liberalization of export-import operations and, in particular, at the reduction and elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers.

The significant liberalization of the foreign trade policy of the developing countries, the expansion of the scale of trade between them and, in addition, the preservation of a favorable conjuncture in the markets of industrial products in many developing and newly industrialized countries contributed to a further increase in international trade. The revolution in the field was also significant. information technologies and means of telecommunications. The value of exports of office and telecommunications equipment since the early 1990s. almost doubled and reached in 1998 almost 15% of the total value of world trade.

An important factor in the growth of world trade is a significant increase in the re-export of manufactured goods manufactured in developing countries using components and materials imported under trade agreement systems.

IN last years there have been significant changes in the structure of world trade. In particular, the share of communication and information technology services has increased significantly, while the share of trade in commodities and agricultural products has been declining.

Certain changes are also taking place in the geographical distribution of world trade. The trade of developing countries is gradually growing, but the volume of goods flows from the newly industrialized countries is growing at an especially rapid pace.

Among the countries with economies in transition, China's foreign trade is developing more dynamically, which allowed the country to enter the top ten largest trading powers in the world.

At the same time, a significant part of the world trade turnover - about a third of the world's export-import transactions - falls on the leading industrialized countries (USA, Germany and Japan). France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, and Belgium are among the largest trading countries in the world.

"Modern tendencies in the development of world trade" and others

The main trends in the development of world trade

International economic relations characterize the forms of communication and methods of influence of all countries of the world in the field of economic cooperation in the system of the world economy. The structure of international economic relations, reflecting international relations, includes the following real processes˸

International trade in goods and services;

International movement of capital, technology and foreign investment;

international labor migration;

International trade in financial instruments (currency, securities, loans) and international settlements;

International relations in the field of information, R&D, etc.

Economic policy of the state;

Let's start studying the course with world trade. World trade is the sphere of international commodity-money relations, a specific form of exchange of goods and services between the buyer and seller of different countries. The main trends in the development of world trade˸

Rapid renewal of the product range associated with the emergence of knowledge-intensive industries and high technology products on the markets;

The deepening of the international division of labor and specialization increases the exchange of parts and assemblies that are manufactured at enterprises in different countries. The final product is the result of specialization, cooperation and foreign trade;

A special place in modern world trade is occupied by trade in the results of intellectual property˸ patents, know-how, licenses;

Significantly increased the volume of trade between developed countries and with approximately the same scientific and technical potential;

The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) has increased. They account for more than 60% of foreign trade.

Three indicators characterize world trade˸

Foreign trade turnover

Commodity structure

Geographic structure

Foreign trade turnover is the sum of the value of exports and imports of a country. The value volume is calculated for a certain period of time at current prices using current rates. The physical volume of foreign trade is calculated at constant prices and makes it possible to make the necessary comparisons and determine the real dynamics.

Commodity structure of world trade by the beginning of the XXI century. has undergone significant changes

The share of food, raw materials and fuel decreased from 2/3 of the world trade turnover (the first half of the 20th century) to ¼ of the trade turnover.

The share of manufacturing products increased from 1/3 to ¾ of the turnover.

More than 1/3 of all world trade is currently trade in machinery and equipment.

The exchange of scientific, technical, commercial, financial and credit services, etc. has increased significantly.

New types of services appeared: engineering, leasing, consulting, information and computing services.

Geographic structure of world trade.

In international practice, all countries of the world are divided into three main groups: developed countries with market economies, countries with economies in transition and developing countries.

According to the classification of the research service of the IMF, 29 countries are classified as developed, the same number are in transition, and 125 are developing countries.

The main trends in the development of world trade - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Main trends in the development of world trade" 2015, 2017-2018.

Course work

on the topic of:

"The main trends in the development of world trade".

Moscow

2010

Page Introduction 3

Chapter 1. The main directions of development of world trade.

clause 1.1 general characteristics modern international 5

trade.

p.1.2 Liberalization and protectionism. 8

p.1.3 Regionalism and regional structure in modern

system. 10

Clause 1.4 Branches of international trade. 16

Chapter 2. Analysis of the main indicators of foreign trade. Clause 2.1 Commodity structure of exports. 19

Clause 2.2 Commodity structure of imports. 26 Chapter 3. Changing the position of countries in the world market and

their world economic relations with Russia. p.3.1 Russian-Asian economic relations. 30 p.3.2 Russian-American trade relations. 31

Conclusion 39

Bibliography 41

Introduction.

One of the most remarkable features in the development of international economic relations of the 20th century is the strengthening of the role and importance in them since the beginning of the 60s of the former colonies and dependent territories - the current developing states, or as they are often called "liberated states", countries of the "third world" , "countries of the South", countries of the "Periphery".

Developing countries are becoming full-fledged and one of the most important subjects of international economic relations. The formation and development of young states was accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in the international economy. These changes were expressed in the growth of international trade and economic relations, the emergence of new commodity and financial markets, and the intensification of capital and financial flows. Developing countries have loudly declared the need to improve the global economic order, on the observance of the principles of equality in international business.

For this group of countries, the origin of the economy has its own specifics, arising from the development of their culture and economy. Given the constant growth in the number of developing countries and their enormous specific gravity in the population of the world, it is obvious that they are of great, and in a number of parameters - key importance for all mankind.

An important role that determines the position of developing countries in the world economy is played by foreign economic relations. Their development profiles not only the relationship with other subsystems, but also the degree of impact of the latter on the domestic market.

Participation in world trade is one of the necessary conditions obtaining financial and technological resources to ensure economic growth. The foreign trade of developing countries is characterized by high growth rates and significant changes in the commodity structure, reflecting shifts in the economy. A qualitatively new feature of their exports was the growing share of finished industrial products. Certain shifts were also outlined in the geographical orientation of foreign trade. One indicator of this has been the expansion of South-South trade relations among the developing countries themselves. From the end of the 80s. Developing countries are ahead of developed countries in terms of foreign trade growth rates.

This topic is quite relevant today. Its relevance lies in the fact that today the trade turnover of developing countries is increasing every year. The question arises whether the developing countries, given the current dynamics of international trade, will be able to dominate the world market, or whether the industrialized countries will take all possible measures to prevent the entry of third world countries into the world's leading markets.

In this term paper my main goal is to review the current state of trade in developing countries and try to determine the prospects for their further development. And also in the course of the analysis, nevertheless, answer the question: “What measures are developing countries taking to change their position in the world market?”. There are several points of view in modern literature. That is why this topic is very interesting for me and in the course of its research, I would like to form my own opinion, which serves as an answer to this question.

For a more complete disclosure of this topic, I have identified the main tasks:

Studying the direction of development of world trade;

Analysis key indicators trade;

Consideration of world economic relations between developing countries and Russia;

Chapter 1. The main directions of development of world trade.

1.1 General characteristics of modern international trade.

The need for foreign trade is caused by the uneven development of various industries in different countries. The products of the most dynamically developing industries, which cannot be sold on the domestic market, are exported abroad.

Structural shifts taking place in the economies of states under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution (STR), specialization and cooperation of industrial production enhance the interaction of national economies, which contributes to the intensification of international trade.

External, or international, trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries, associated with the general internationalization of economic life and the intensification of the international division of labor in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution.

Since the second half of the twentieth century, when international exchange acquires the so-called. "explosive nature", world trade is developing at a high pace. The evolution of foreign trade in the second half of the XX century. characterized by overcoming the main consequences of the disorganization of world trade, the political decolonization of most of the newly-free countries, shifts in the world market in connection with the scientific and technological revolution, fuel and raw materials, monetary, financial and economic crises.

At the present stage of development of the world economy, there is a tendency towards an unlimited expansion of the size of production, while the capacity of the domestic market is limited by the solvency of the population. Therefore, production inevitably outgrows the boundaries of domestic demand and the entrepreneurs of each country are fighting hard for foreign markets. Due to the ever-increasing consumption of raw materials, all the resources available in the world are needed by almost every country in the world.

According to research by the World Trade Organization (WTO), for every 10% growth in world production, there is a 16% increase in world trade, and thus creating more favorable conditions for its development. When there are disruptions in trade, the development of production also slows down. 1

The pace of development of world trade has increased significantly over the past two decades. The increase in the pace of trade development has affected many developing countries, most of which, however, have experienced only modest growth. In particular, the share of the least developed countries in international trade decreased from 1.7% in 1970 to 0.6% in 2007.

Differences in trade development between states are largely explained by the type of trade in which they are engaged. High value-added goods and services, especially if high technology and highly skilled personnel are used to produce them, can significantly increase trade profits, as some East Asian states have demonstrated. Poverty in these countries has fallen by 40% by the start of the 21st century, and GDP per capita has tripled over the past two decades.

Particular attention should be paid to the consequences of the development of international trade for the economies of countries with a changing supply of factors of production. Increasing the export of raw materials for developing countries may not always lead to a favorable result. Expansion of raw material exports for countries the economic growth which is associated mainly with this resource, can lead to a deterioration in the terms of trade and a decrease in the well-being of the nation. The rapid increase in exports of raw materials leads to such a fall in world prices for this product that it offsets the positive effect of economic growth.

The organization of international trade, its structure and dynamics largely characterize the national economy, its problems and development prospects. Many factors influence the dynamics of world trade turnover. This is the expansion of production, the deepening of the international division of labor, the phase of the world economic cycle and other components that affect aggregate demand developed countries. These countries are the main exporters and importers of goods and services, and most of their trade is in mutual trade. Crediting, liberalization of foreign trade, integration, exchange rate and other factors also influence the dynamics of world trade.

The interest of individual countries in expanding their international relations is explained by the need to sell products on international markets, the need to obtain certain goods from outside, and, finally, the desire to extract higher profits due to the use of cheap labor and raw materials from developing countries.

Modern world trade has the following features:

the unprecedented scope of international commodity exchange under the influence of scientific and technological revolution and the deepening of its internationalization. The growth in the volume of international trade is caused by such factors as a radical change in the structure of the energy balance of developed industrial countries, an increase in the consumption of petroleum products, an increased demand for machinery in connection with the industrialization of agriculture, as well as an increase in the pace of industrial, transport and energy construction in developing countries. This was facilitated by the expansion of foreign trade exchange between industrialized countries, which is largely due to the creation of regional trade and economic blocs as a result of the integration process;

progressive changes in the geographical distribution of international trade, which is manifested in an increase in the share of developing countries in international trade;

dynamic development of international trade;

a change in the trade structure of exports under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, which accelerated the objective process of the international division of labor and caused an increase in the exchange of high technology products, finished goods and services. In general, changes in the structure of commodity exports are characterized by the fact that in recent years the share of finished products has been steadily increasing, the share of which is more than 2/3 of the value of world trade;

the emergence of new industries and industries, which caused the growing dependence of a number of countries on the import of certain types of raw materials, especially non-ferrous metals, oil, and gas;

the establishment under the influence of scientific and technological revolution of deep and stable technological ties between enterprises of different countries for the production of products of the machine-building, chemical, electrical and electronic industries.

Modern international trade is gradually losing its inherent features of simple implementation on foreign market a certain surplus of production and is increasingly reduced to pre-agreed deliveries of goods between cooperating enterprises in different countries.

56. The main trends in the development of modern international trade.

The increasing importance of trade in the world economy, as well as its intensive development, are due to the objective process of globalization and the increased interdependence of most countries of the world. Significant progress in the development of the international division of labor contributed to the intensification of world commodity exchange. The growth rates of international export-import operations exceed the growth rates of the main segments of world production, incl. industrial goods, minerals and agricultural products.

In the field of trade exchange, international regimes and multilateral agreements were developed within the framework of the WTO, an international organization operating on the basis of a multilateral agreement that establishes the principles and rules of world trade. The activities of the WTO are aimed at liberalization export-import operations and, in particular, the reduction and elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers.

The significant liberalization of the foreign trade policy of the developing countries, the expansion of the scale of trade between them and, in addition, the preservation of a favorable conjuncture in the markets of industrial products in many developing and newly industrialized countries contributed to a further increase in international trade. The revolution in information technology and telecommunications was also significant.

Today, an important factor in the growth of world trade is a significant re-export growth manufactured goods manufactured in developing countries using components and materials imported under trade agreement systems.

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the structure of world trade. In particular, significantly increased share of services means of communication and information technology, at the same time the share of trade in commodities and agricultural products is declining.

Certain changes are also taking place in the geographical distribution of world trade. Gradually growing trade in developing countries, but the volume of goods flows from new industrial countries.

At the same time, a significant part of the world trade turnover - about a third of the world's export-import transactions - falls on the leading industrialized countries (USA, Germany and Japan). France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands, and Belgium are among the largest trading countries in the world.

Modern international trade is characterized by the following features, reflecting the direction and dynamics of its development:

1. The growth rate of international trade exceeds the growth rate of world industrial production and world GDP. Such high rates of its growth (approximately 9-11% per year) are due to a number of factors - the emergence of new industries and the radical reconstruction of old ones; deepening international specialization and cooperation under the influence of | STD; liberalization of international trade - the abolition of its quantitative restrictions and the reduction of customs duties; active involvement in world trade new groups of countries (formerly backward).

2. The predominance of developed countries in the export and import of goods. Developed countries account for about 2/3 of the value of world exports. Among the world's largest exporters are the United States, Germany, Japan and France. Developing states, including countries with economies in transition, account for 1/3 of world exports, respectively. Major exporters among these countries - China, Russia, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong. In most cases, the largest exporters are also the world's largest importers.

3. The growing participation in international trade of international integration groups, the active development of foreign trade of the states included in these associations.

4. Increase in the share of developing countries in world trade, primarily due to NIS.

5. Significant expansion of the range of goods involved in international trade. This process is caused, first of all, by the constantly increasing differentiation of industries (now their number exceeds 300).

6. Growth in the share of manufacturing products and reduction in the share of raw materials and food products. In the commodity structure of world exports, 3/4 is accounted for by manufacturing products, and its share is increasing. For raw materials and food products, respectively, about 1 / 4.

7. Specific dynamics of prices for products sold on the world market. Commodity prices fluctuate wildly and tend to fall during periods of economic crisis (demand from consumer industrial companies falls). Prices for manufactured goods exported mainly by developed countries are more stable and often rise even during periods of cyclical downturns in production.

8. The main subjects of international trade are TNCs.

9. Countertrade is intensively developing - a situation where trade on a barter basis is practiced on the world market. Counter transactions account for 20-30% of all world trade. The practice of countertrade in modern conditions in most cases is explained by the shortage of foreign exchange funds among the participants in trading operations.

For Russia, it is necessary to take measures to expand exports, relying on domestic engineering, switching it from a metal-intensive nomenclature to a capital-intensive one, and to a chemical-forestry complex. According to some economists, Russia has missed its chance to occupy the niche of industrial products of medium technical complexity on the world market. In the late 80s - early 90s. the level of Russian enterprises made it possible to produce inexpensive durable goods: household appliances, electrical equipment. These goods could be in rather wide demand in the countries of the CIS, Eastern Europe, North Africa. However, this niche was successfully occupied by China, Korea, and Brazil. In the foreign market, Russia can compete only in solving targeted issues - to supply complex equipment, military-industrial complex products, to build nuclear power plants and metallurgical plants.

It is clear that in order to change the structure of Russian exports, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of Russian products, including in the domestic market. And this, in turn, will affect the structure of Russian imports.