An integral part of the economy of any society is economic activity, as a set of relationships that develop in social and production system countries. Economic activity is an activity individuals and various enterprises and organizations carried out within the framework of current legislation and associated with production or trade, provision of services or performance of a certain type of work in order to satisfy the social and economic interests of not only the owner, but also

Its definition of the economic activity of an enterprise, as key basis economy of the country, received back in Ancient Greece, when the theory about the creation of various benefits for the life of society and its development first arose.

The basis of any modern state is the economic activity of enterprises producing a variety of products, as well as organizations carrying out various scientific developments, Scientific research. In addition to the main production, economic activities are also carried out by auxiliary productions, which organize sales and provide marketing services, as well as after-sales service for manufactured products, and numerous service organizations.

Modern economics as an economic activity includes various branches of material and intangible production, and is a very complex organism that constantly ensures the livelihoods of the entire society and each individual. Everything consists of two key points - production and distribution. These two areas of activity are inextricably linked, since only manufactured products can show the final result as a result of its delivery to the final consumer.

To solve the main country and economic activity in particular, the most important thing is to determine the most rational use all resources and proper organization distribution of the results obtained to meet the needs of the entire society. For this purpose, basic economic issues are resolved.

The first question is what to produce? This is the choice of basic goods to meet the needs of the population. Since resources, both natural and human, are limited, and needs are unlimited, the task government agencies and private corporations is to determine the optimal set of goods and services necessary to solve society's problems.

The second question is how exactly to produce, using what means? This is a matter of technological and scientific development. When solving this issue, the main thing is to choose the most rational one so that highest speed and efficiency in obtaining results from invested funds and resources.

The third question is - for whom to produce? It is necessary to determine the end consumer, his goals, needs and possible consumption volumes. This is a key issue for conducting any production and economic activity, since it is this that reveals the efficiency of using resources and incurred costs at all stages of the journey to the final consumer.

The listed issues presuppose the conduct of planned economic activities, competent management, as well as the need to monitor the results obtained. For this purpose, enterprises constantly conduct statistical, accounting and analysis of the results obtained.

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….

2. MAIN PART……………………………………………………

2.1 THEORETICAL PART………………………………………………………..

2.1.1 ANALYSIS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR

INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES………………… …

2.2 PRACTICAL PART…………………………………………………………...

2.2.1 AGGREGATE BALANCE………………….………

2.2.2. ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE

BALANCE SHEET ASSETS………………………………………….

2.2.3. ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE

PASSIVE BALANCE…………………………………………

2.2.4. FINANCIAL STABILITY ANALYSIS

ENTERPRISES……………………………………………………………………

2.2.5. RELATIVE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

SUSTAINABILITY……………………………………………………………...

2.2.6. LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS AND

Solvency of the enterprise……………….

2.2.7. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS…………….

3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………

4. REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..

5. APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………….

1. INTRODUCTION

Transition to market economy requires enterprises to increase production efficiency, competitiveness of products and services based on the implementation of achievements scientific and technological progress, effective forms of management and production management, overcoming mismanagement, enhancing entrepreneurship, initiative, etc.

An important role in the implementation of this task is given to the analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises. With its help, the development paths of the enterprise are selected, plans are developed and management decisions, as well as monitoring their implementation, identifying reserves for increasing production efficiency, evaluating the results of the activities of the enterprise, its divisions and employees

Analysis financial and economic the state of the enterprise begins with a study of the balance sheet, its structure, composition and dynamics. To fully understand the balance sheet, you need to consider the following questions:

Basic concepts of balance;

Meaning and functions of balance

Balance sheet structure

First, let's define the balance sheet.

The balance sheet is information about financial situation economic unit at a certain point in time, reflecting the value of the enterprise’s property and the cost of financing sources

In economics, the balance sheet is the main source of information. With it you can:

Familiarize yourself with the property status of the business entity;

Determine the solvency of the enterprise: whether the organization will be able to fulfill its obligations to third parties - shareholders, creditors, customers, etc.

Determine the final financial results work of the enterprise, etc.

The balance sheet is a way of reflecting in monetary form the state, placement, and use of an enterprise’s funds in relation to sources of financing. In form, the balance sheet consists of two sections, Assets and Liabilities, the results of which are equal to each other; this equality is the most important sign of the correctness of the balance sheet.

The structure of the balance sheet is such that the main parts of the balance sheet and their items are grouped in a certain way. This is necessary to perform analytical studies and assess the structure of assets and liabilities.

When performing a balance sheet analysis, the following must be considered:

Financial information included in the balance sheet is historical in nature, i.e. shows the position of the enterprise at the time of reporting;

In conditions of inflation, there is a biased reflection of the results of economic activity in the time interval;

Financial statements provide information only at the beginning and end of the reporting period, and therefore it is impossible to reliably assess changes occurring during this period.

Another important aspect of analyzing the balance sheet structure is determining the relationship between the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, since in the process production activities There is a constant transformation of individual elements of the asset and liability balance sheet. Each liability group is functionally linked to a balance sheet asset, for example, loans are intended to replenish working capital. Some portion of long-term liabilities finances both current and non-current assets. The same interaction is observed in the case of repayment of external obligations. Current assets must exceed short-term liabilities, that is, part of the current assets pays off short-term liabilities, the other part pays off long-term liabilities, and the rest goes to replenish equity capital.

2. MAIN PART

2.1 THEORETICAL PART

ANALYSIS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES.

To assess the level of labor productivity, a system of generalizing, specific and auxiliary indicators is used.

To general indicators include the average annual, average daily and average hourly output per worker, as well as the average annual output per worker in value terms.

Private indicators - This is the time spent on producing a unit of a certain type of product (product labor intensity) or the production of a certain type of product in physical terms per man-day or man-hour.

Supporting indicators characterize the time spent on performing a unit of a certain type of work or the amount of work performed per unit of time.

The most general indicator of labor productivity is average annual production output per worker. Its magnitude depends not only on the output of workers, but also on specific gravity the latter in the total number of industrial production personnel, as well as on the number of days they worked and the length of the working day (Fig. 1).

From here average annual production per employee can be represented as a product of the following factors:

GW = UD * D * P*SV. (1)

The influence of these factors is calculated using the methods of chain substitution, absolute differences, relative differences or the integral method.

Rice. 1 . Interrelation of factors determining the average annual output of an enterprise employee

Must be analyzed change in average hourly output as one of the main indicators of labor productivity and a factor on which the level of average daily and average annual output of workers depends. The value of this indicator depends

from factors associated with changes in the labor intensity of products and their valuation. The first group of factors includes such as the technical level of production, organization of production, unproductive time spent due to defects and their correction. The second group includes factors associated with changes in the volume of production in terms of value due to changes in the structure of products and the level of cooperative supplies. To calculate the influence of these factors on average hourly output, the method of chain substitutions is used. In addition to the planned and actual level of average hourly output, it is necessary to calculate three conditional indicators of its value.

The first conditional indicator of average hourly output must be calculated under conditions comparable to the plan (for productive hours worked, with a planned product structure and with a planned technical level of production). To obtain this indicator, the actual volume of production of marketable products should be adjusted by the amount of its change as a result of structural changes and cooperative supplies ∆VPstr, and the amount of time worked - by unproductive time spent (Tn) and above-plan time savings from the implementation of scientific and technological progress measures (Te), which must first be determined. Calculation algorithm:

SVusl = (VPf±∆VPstr)/(Tf-Tn±Te)

If we compare the obtained result with the planned one, we will find out how it changed due to the intensity of labor in connection with the improvement of its organization, since the other conditions are the same:

Second conditional indicator differs from the first in that when calculating it, labor costs are not adjusted for Tae

Svusl2=(VPf± ∆VPstr)/(Tf-Tn)

The difference between the obtained and previous results will show the change in average hourly output due to above-plan time savings due to the implementation of scientific and technological progress measures

Third conditional indicator differs from the second in that the denominator is not adjusted for unproductive time:

SVuslZ= (VPf ± A∆VPstr) / Tf

The difference between the third and second conditional indicator reflects the impact of unproductive time on the level of average hourly output.

If we compare the third conditional indicator with the actual one, we will find out how the average hourly output has changed due to structural changes in production.

Big role In studying the influence of factors on the level of average hourly output, the techniques of correlation and regression analysis play a role. IN multifactor correlation model of average hourly output can be turned on the following factors: capital-labor ratio or energy-labor ratio; percentage of workers with highest qualification, average service life of equipment, the share of advanced equipment in its total cost, etc. The coefficients of the multiple regression equation show how many rubles the average hourly output changes when each factor indicator changes by one in absolute terms. In order to find out how the average annual output of workers has changed due to these factors, it is necessary to multiply the resulting increases in average hourly output by the actual number of man-hours worked by one worker:

∆ГВхi = ∆СBxi, * Дф * Пф.

To determine their influence on the average annual output of a worker, it is necessary to multiply the resulting increases in the average annual output of workers by the actual share of workers in the total number of production and industrial personnel: ∆GWxi = ∆GWx *Udf

To calculate the influence of these factors on changes in production volume, the increase in the average annual output of an employee due to the i-th factor should be multiplied by the actual average number of industrial production personnel:

∆VPxi = ∆GVxi *PPP or change in average hourly output due to i-th factor multiplied by the actual length of the working day, the number of days worked by one worker per year, the share of workers in the total number of workers and average number employees of the enterprise:

∆VPxi = ∆SVhi *Pf *Df *UDf *PPPf. (2)

You can achieve increased productivity by:

a) reducing the labor intensity of products, i.e. reducing labor costs for its production by introducing scientific and technical progress measures, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, replacing outdated equipment with more progressive ones, reducing losses of working time and others in accordance with the plan of organizational and technical measures;

b) more complete use production capacity enterprises, since when production volumes increase, only the variable part of working time costs increases, and the constant part remains unchanged. As a result, the time required to produce a unit of output is reduced.

RSV = SVv - Saf = (VPf+RVP)/(Tf-R↓T+Td)-(VPf/Tf)

Where R T NE ~ reserve for increasing average hourly output; SVd, SVf - respectively, the possible and actual level of average hourly output; R T VP - reserve for increasing gross output through the implementation of scientific and technical progress measures; Tf- actual expenditure of working time to produce the actual volume of products; P^T - reserve for reducing working time due to mechanization and automation production processes, improving labor organization, increasing the level of qualifications of workers, etc.; Td- additional labor costs associated with increasing production output, which are determined for each source of reserves for increasing production, taking into account the additional amount of work required to develop this reserve and production standards.

To determine the reserve for increasing production output, it is necessary to multiply the possible increase in average hourly output by the planned working time fund for all workers:

RVP=RSV*TV

2.2 PRACTICAL PART

2.2.1 AGGREGATE BALANCE

For analytical studies and qualitative assessment dynamics of the financial and economic condition of the enterprise, it is recommended to combine balance sheet items into separate specific groups - an aggregated balance sheet. The aggregated balance sheet type is used to determine important characteristics financial condition enterprises and calculation of a number of basic financial ratios.

In fact, the aggregated balance sheet involves a certain regrouping of balance sheet items to highlight borrowed funds that are homogeneous in terms of repayment terms.

Based on the aggregated balance of items in Section II of the liability balance sheet, the values ​​of Kt and Kt are obtained

Considering that long-term loans and borrowed funds are allocated primarily to the acquisition of fixed assets and capital investments, we transform the original balance sheet formula

Z+Ra =((Is+Kt)-F)+ (Kt+Ko+Rp)

From this we can conclude that, subject to the limitation of reserves and costs Z by the value (Is+Kt)-F

Z<(Ис+Кт)-F

The solvency condition of the enterprise will be met, i.e. cash, short-term financial investments and active settlements will cover the short-term debt of the enterprise (Kt+Ko+Rp)

Thus, the ratio of the cost of material working capital and the values ​​of own and borrowed sources of their formation determines the stability of the financial condition of the enterprise.

The total amount of inventories and expenses Z of the enterprise is equal to the total of section II of the balance sheet asset.

On the left side of the equation there is a difference between the working capital of the enterprise and its short-term debt, on the right side by the value of the Et indicator. Thus, these transformations make it possible to establish reasonable relationships between indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise.

Table No. 1 Balance sheet of the enterprise (in aggregated form).

2.2.2. ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BALANCE ASSET ASSET

Assets usually mean property in which money is invested. The items and sections of the balance sheet are arranged depending on the degree of liquidity of the property, that is, on how quickly a given asset can acquire monetary form.

Analysis of the asset makes it possible to establish the main indicators characterizing the production and economic activities of the enterprise:

1. The value of the enterprise’s property, the overall balance sheet.

2. Immobilized assets, summary of section I of the balance sheet

3. Cost of working capital, summary of section II of the balance sheet

Using analysis, you can get the most general idea of ​​the qualitative changes that have taken place, the structure of the asset, as well as the dynamics of these changes.

Table No. 2 Analysis of the composition and structure of the balance sheet asset

After analyzing the data in analytical table No. 2, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The total value of property decreased during the reporting period by 1.68% (100-98.32), which indicates a decline in the economic activity of the enterprise;

Decrease in property value by 25.48 rubles. was accompanied by internal changes in the asset: with a decrease in the value of non-current assets by 23.06 (a decrease of 1.9%), there was also a decrease in working capital by 2.42 (a decrease of 0.79%)

The decrease in the value of non-current assets in general was due to a decrease in intangible assets by 1.26% and a decrease in the value of working capital by 27.82%.

There was a decrease of 3.97 points in settlements with debtors.

Cash also increased by 29.4 points.

Based on the general assessment of the balance sheet asset, a decrease in the productive potential of the enterprise was revealed, which is regarded as a negative trend.

2.2.3. ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF LIABILITY BALANCE

For a general assessment of the property potential of the enterprise, an analysis of the composition and structure of the enterprise's liabilities is carried out.

The liabilities of the balance sheet reflect the sources of financing of the enterprise's funds, grouped as of a certain date according to their ownership and purpose. In other words, the passive shows:

The amount of funds invested in the economic activities of the enterprise;

The degree of participation in the creation of the organization's property.

Liabilities to owners constitute an almost constant part of the balance sheet liability that is not subject to repayment during the organization's activities.

An important aspect of the analysis of the balance sheet structure is the determination of the relationships between the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, since in the process of production activities there is a constant transformation of individual elements of the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. Each passive group is functionally related to an asset. Non-current assets are related to equity and long-term liabilities, and current assets are related to short-term liabilities and long-term liabilities.

It is believed that a normally functioning enterprise should have current assets exceeding short-term liabilities. The other part pays off long-term obligations, the remaining goes to replenish equity capital

Table No. 3 Analysis of the composition and structure of the balance sheet liabilities.

The data in Table No. 3 indicates that the decrease in property value is mainly due to a decrease in the enterprise’s own funds. Own capital decreased by 25.48 rubles

It should also be noted that the company practically does not attract long-term borrowed funds, i.e. there is no investment in production. Noteworthy is the fact that in the composition of short-term liabilities, a significant amount is occupied by accounts payable in the absence of short-term bank loans, i.e. financing of working capital comes mainly from accounts payable. Its share in the structure of the enterprise's liabilities decreased to 62.86%.

In general, there is low autonomy of the enterprise (the share of equity capital was 35.22%) and a low degree of use of borrowed funds.

2.2.4. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

One of the main tasks of analyzing the financial and economic condition is the study of indicators characterizing the financial stability of the enterprise. The financial stability of an enterprise is determined by the degree to which reserves and costs are provided by own and borrowed sources of their formation, the ratio of the volumes of own and borrowed funds and is characterized by a system of absolute and relative indicators

In the course of production activities at the enterprise, there is a constant formation (replenishment) of inventories. For this purpose, both own working capital and borrowed funds (long-term and short-term loans and borrowings) are used; By analyzing the compliance or inconsistency (surplus or deficiency), funds for the formation of reserves and costs, absolute indicators of financial stability are determined.

Table No. 4 Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise.

Continuation of table No. 4

The data in Table No. 4 gives us the opportunity to understand that this enterprise is in a critical situation, this is determined by the conditions:

three-dimensional indicator S=(0.0.0)

A financial crisis is the brink of bankruptcy: the presence of overdue accounts payable and receivable and the inability to repay them on time. In a market economy, if this situation is repeated several times, the enterprise faces the risk of declaring bankruptcy.

This conclusion was made based on the following conclusions:

Inventories and costs are not covered by own working capital

The main reason for the deterioration in the financial position of the enterprise is that its own working capital and the total amount of sources of formation (Eå) decreased by 94.73%.

2.2.5. RELATIVE INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL STABILITY

The main characteristic of the financial and economic condition of an enterprise is the degree of dependence on creditors and investors. It is desirable that the financial structure of the organization should have a minimum of equity capital and a maximum of borrowed capital. Borrowers assess the sustainability of an enterprise by the level of equity capital and the likelihood of bankruptcy.

Financial stability depends on the state of own and borrowed funds.

The analysis is carried out by calculating and comparing the obtained coefficient values ​​with established basic values, as well as studying their dynamics from changes during the reporting period.

Table No. 5 Calculation and analysis of relative financial stability ratios.

Continuation of table No. 5

Based on the data in Table No. 5, we can conclude that financial independence is high. This is confirmed by the high value of the autonomy coefficient (Ka). Despite the decrease in the property potential of the enterprise by 1.75%, it managed to maintain its financial position. However, there is a decrease in the agility coefficient; it decreased by 7.4%, and at the end of the year its value was 1.26. This is due to the fact that most of the funds are invested in non-current assets, which is confirmed by the low value of the ratio of mobile and immobilized funds (Km/i).

2.2.6. ANALYSIS OF LIQUIDITY AND SOLVENTABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE.

The need to analyze balance sheet liquidity arises in market conditions due to increasing financial restrictions and the need to assess the creditworthiness of an enterprise. Balance sheet liquidity is defined as the degree to which an enterprise's liabilities are covered by its assets, the period of transformation of which into cash corresponds to the period of repayment of liabilities.

Asset liquidity is the inverse value of balance sheet liquidity based on the time of transformation of assets into cash. The less time it takes for a given type of asset to acquire a monetary form, the higher its liquidity.

Analysis of balance sheet liquidity consists of comparing funds for an asset, grouped by the degree of their liquidity and arranged in descending order of liquidity, with liabilities for a liability, grouped by their maturity dates and arranged in ascending order of maturity.

Table No. 6 Analysis of liquidity of the enterprise's balance sheet.

Continuation of table No. 6

The assets of this balance sheet were filled out by the accountant without taking into account some factors, which led to the table not matching the assets of the balance sheet.

The data in Table No. 6 makes it clear to understand and evaluate not only the enterprise, but also how the balance sheet was filled out.

Having analyzed this table, we will see that this enterprise lacks the most liquid, quickly selling and difficult to sell assets, but there are too many slowly selling assets.

The percentage of coverage of obligations is very small, which gives a negative characteristic of this enterprise.

2.2.7. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS.

The need to analyze cash flows is due to the fact that in business activities sometimes a rather paradoxical situation arises when a profitable enterprise cannot make payments to its employees.

The main purpose of cash flow analysis is to assess the ability of an enterprise to generate cash in the amount and time frame necessary to implement planned expenses. The solvency and liquidity of an enterprise often depend on the real cash turnover of the enterprise in the form of a flow of cash payments passing through the accounts of the business entity.

Table No. 7 Calculation and analysis of liquidity ratios

Having analyzed table No. 7, we see that:

In the reporting period, the cash balance increased by 0.05 rubles. and at the end of the period amounted to 0.44 rubles.

Accounts receivable decreased by 3.54, which amounted to 85.74 at the end, and inventories increased by 1.07.

3. CONCLUSION

Having carried out a fairly thorough analysis of the enterprise on its balance sheet, it is possible to give a complete description of the operation of the enterprise in the reporting period.

This is clearly shown in this course project.

After all, after analyzing the balance sheet of the enterprise, it became clear to us that the enterprise almost does not carry out transactions, take at least the current account, it changed by 0.05 thousand rubles during the reporting period. The situation is similar with other operations at this enterprise.

Having made all the calculations and conclusions, it becomes clearly clear that this enterprise is in a critical situation and that if measures are not taken by the management of this enterprise in the near future, then most likely the enterprise will not face a happy fate, namely bankruptcy.

4. REFERENCES

Theory of economic analysis.

Edited by Bakanov M.I., Sheremet.A.D.

Financial analysis method

Finance and statistics MOSCOW 1993

Edited by Sheremet.A.D Saifulin R.S.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise

MINSK1998 IP "Ecoperspective"

Edited by Savitskaya G.V.

Financial and economic condition of the enterprise

MOSCOW 1999

Edited by Bykodorov V.L. Alekseev P.D.

On the analysis of the payment ability and liquidity of the enterprise

Accounting 1997№11

Edited by Fazevsky V.N.

Any enterprise operates in a macro- and microenvironment. It has a whole set of resources that are used in the process of activity. These are technical and technological, spatial, information, personnel, financial and many others. In this regard, the economic activities of the organization must be analyzed. This is a labor-intensive process, but it is of great practical importance. It is useful to give a definition. The economic activity of an enterprise consists of carrying out financial, production and investment processes, as well as providing them with the necessary resources. This term is especially important for economic analysis, since it is its subject.

Economic activity of the enterprise. Main types

The economic activity of any enterprise can be divided into primary and reproduction. The first group includes processes and tools directly related to the production process. Reproduction of fixed assets takes the form of capital investments. This includes capital construction, the process of purchasing and repairing fixed assets, etc. In other words, the second group includes all business operations aimed at restoring, replenishing, and modernizing facilities.

Economic activity. Indicators for analysis

Any enterprise is studied from different angles to obtain a complete picture of its condition. For these purposes, different indicators are used. It is necessary to take into account the specifics of the organization, its industry and other factors. The volumes of production costs, production costs, gross volumes, and also can be used as indicators. commercial products, financial results of operations, the profit of the enterprise, its profitability, the presence or absence of an investment component and many others. There are complex relationships between all these elements. The economic indicator itself is not considered as a whole, but as a result of the influence of various factors on it. Management personnel have to constantly monitor the slightest changes in actual results in comparison with their planned values. Some problems that arise can be solved by applying a simple algorithm of actions, while others require serious and detailed study.

Any of us, living in society, constantly encounters a wide variety of economic problems on our way. One of them is the satisfaction of needs (food, education, clothing, recreation). It should also be mentioned the need to choose a particular field of activity, whether there are enough funds to purchase the desired product, and much more. So we can say that economics is an integral part of the life of a modern person. We regularly use economic terminology in our speech without noticing it. For example, money, expenses, income, salary level and many others. Enterprises, in turn, are the basis of the economy, since they produce various goods, perform work and services.

In conditions of market relations, an enterprise is the main link of the entire economy, since it is at this level that the products needed by society are created and the necessary services are provided.

An enterprise is an independent, organizationally separate economic entity in the production sphere of the national economy that produces and sells products, performs industrial work or provides paid services.

The enterprise has a specific name - plant, factory, combine, mine, workshop, etc.

Any enterprise is a legal entity, has a complete accounting and reporting system, an independent balance sheet, settlement and other accounts, a seal with its own name and a trademark (brand).

The main goal (mission) of the creation and operation of an enterprise is to obtain the maximum possible profit through the sale to consumers of manufactured products (work performed, services provided), on the basis of which the social and economic needs of the workforce and owners of means of production are satisfied.

Based on the overall mission of the enterprise, company-wide goals are formed and established, which are determined by the interests of the owner, the amount of capital, the situation within the enterprise, the external environment and must meet the following requirements: be specific and measurable, time-oriented, achievable and mutually supported.

Each enterprise is a complex production and economic system with multifaceted activities. The most clearly identified areas that should be considered the main ones are:

1) comprehensive market research (marketing activities);

2) innovative activities (research and development, introduction of technological, organizational, managerial and other innovations into production);

3) production activities (manufacture of products, performance of work and provision of services, development of nomenclature and assortment adequate to market demand);

4) commercial activities of the enterprise in the market (organization and promotion of sales of manufactured products, services, effective advertising);

5) logistics support for production (supply of raw materials, materials, components, provision of all types of energy, machinery, equipment, containers, etc.);

6) economic activity of the enterprise (all types of planning, pricing, accounting and reporting, organization and payment of labor, analysis of economic activities, etc.);

7) after-sales service for products for industrial, technical and consumer purposes (commissioning, warranty service, provision of spare parts for repairs, etc.);

8) social activities (maintaining working and living conditions of the workforce at an appropriate level, creating a social infrastructure of the enterprise, including its own residential buildings, canteens, medical and health and preschool institutions, vocational schools, etc.)

The activities of the enterprise are regulated by numerous legal acts, the main of which are: the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the enterprise, the charter of the enterprise and the collective agreement regulating the relations of the workforce with the administration of the enterprise.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation on an enterprise determines the procedure for the creation, registration, liquidation and reorganization of an enterprise.

According to existing legislation, an enterprise can be created by the owner or by decision of the workforce; as a result of the forced division of another enterprise in accordance with antimonopoly legislation; as a result of the separation of one or more structural divisions from an existing enterprise, as well as in other cases.

The enterprise is included in the state register of Russia from the date of its registration. To carry out this procedure, an application, a founder’s decision on creation, a charter and other documents according to the list determined by the Government of the Russian Federation are required.

Liquidation and reorganization of an enterprise are carried out by decision of the owner and with the participation of the workforce, or by decision of a court or arbitration, as well as in the following cases: it is declared bankrupt; if a decision is made to prohibit the activities of the enterprise; if a court decision invalidates the constituent documents and in other cases.

The management of the enterprise is carried out in accordance with the charter based on a combination of the rights of the owner and the principles of self-government of the workforce. The owner may delegate his rights to manage the enterprise to the enterprise council or to another body provided for by the enterprise charter and representing the interests of the owner and the workforce.

The property of the enterprise consists of fixed assets and working capital, as well as other valuables, the value of which is reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise. The sources of its formation are:

– monetary and material contributions from the founders;

– income from core and other activities;

– income from securities; loans from banks and other lenders;

– capital investments and subsidies from budgets;

– revenues from denationalization and privatization of property;

– gratuitous or charitable contributions from enterprises, organizations and citizens and other sources.

The enterprise uses and disposes of the property at its own discretion: sells, donates, exchanges or leases.

A general indicator of the financial results of an enterprise’s economic activity according to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is profit (income), the procedure for using which is determined by the owner.

The enterprise independently determines the wage fund without restrictions on its growth by government bodies, the minimum wage for employees (cannot be less than the poverty line established by Russian legislation), establishes forms, systems and amounts of wages and other types of income for employees.

The enterprise independently plans its activities and determines development prospects based on the demand for its products. The plans are based on contracts concluded with consumers of products, works, services, and suppliers of material and technical resources.

The company sells its products at prices and tariffs established independently or on a contractual basis. In settlements with foreign partners, contract prices are used in accordance with the conditions and prices of the world market.

Issues of social development, including improving working conditions, life and health of members of the work collective and their families, are resolved by the work collective with the participation of the owner in accordance with the charter of the enterprise, the collective agreement and legislative acts of Russia.

The state guarantees the observance of the rights and legitimate interests of the enterprise: provides it with equal legal and economic conditions for business, regardless of the form of ownership; promotes the development of the market and regulates it through economic laws and incentives, implements antitrust measures; provides preferential conditions to enterprises that introduce advanced technologies and create new jobs.

The enterprise is responsible for violation of contractual obligations, credit, settlement and tax discipline, product quality requirements, and environmental pollution. The enterprise must ensure production safety, sanitary and hygienic standards and requirements to protect the health of its employees, the population and consumers of its products.

Control over individual aspects of the enterprise’s activities is carried out by: the state tax administration, tax police and government bodies entrusted with supervision of production, labor, fire and environmental safety, and other bodies determined by Russian legislation.

The enterprise operates on the basis of the Charter, which is approved by the owner of the property, and for state enterprises - also with the participation of the workforce.

The charter of the enterprise defines: the owner and full name of the enterprise, its location, the subject and purpose of its activities, management bodies and the procedure for their formation, the competence and powers of the labor collective and its elected bodies, the procedure for the formation of property, the conditions for reorganization and termination of the enterprise.

The charter may include provisions: on labor relations; on the powers, procedure for creation and structure of the enterprise council; about the trademark, etc.

2 The essence of purchase and sale contracts, supply. Organization of contract work at the enterprise

The subject of the contract is a thing (goods). Thus, this contractual model is focused, first of all, on the alienation in rem of material objects for compensation. At the same time, the design of the purchase and sale agreement can also be used to regulate relations regarding the alienation of property rights (clause 4 of Article 454 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Alienation of real rights under a sales contract is obviously impossible due to the fact that this contradicts the nature of these rights (Clause 4, Article 454 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). One of the exceptions may be the alienation of a share in the right of common ownership. The only essential condition of a purchase and sale agreement in the Russian Federation is its subject matter. Agreeing on the terms of the item means establishing the name and quantity of the product. The price is not an essential condition, and if it is not established in the contract, it is determined according to the rules of Art. 424 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (similar goods under similar conditions).

Signs of a purchase and sale agreement are consensual, bilateral, compensated, mutually binding, non-fiduciary, non-public, mutually agreed upon, unlimited.

A supply contract is an agreement of the parties under which the supplier - seller, engaged in business activities, undertakes to transfer, within a specified period or terms, the goods produced or purchased by him to the buyer for use in business activities or for other purposes.

The agreement is a consensual, compensated, bilateral agreement. This agreement has a number of distinctive features. Firstly, it should be noted that there is a peculiarity in the subject composition of this agreement, which is that only a person engaged in entrepreneurial activity can act as a supplier: an individual entrepreneur or a commercial organization. Secondly, one of the essential terms of the supply agreement is the supplier’s obligation to deliver the goods within the specified period or terms. Therefore, the supply agreement involves both a one-time wholesale sale of goods on time, and the wholesale sale of goods in separate batches over a long period of time (determined terms), as well as the transfer of a specific item within a specified period. Thirdly, it is essential for what purpose the buyer purchases goods from the supplier, because under a supply agreement the buyer purchases goods for use in business activities (for industrial processing and consumption, for subsequent sale and other professional activities) or for activities not related to with personal, family, home use of the product.

The parties to the supply agreement are the supplier and the buyer. On the supplier side, as a rule, there are commercial organizations and individual entrepreneurs, and the buyers are any persons, but most often legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.

The supply agreement is concluded in writing. It is concluded in such a way as the exchange of documents between the parties. If the parties to the agreement are two citizens (entrepreneurs), and the total amount of goods supplied does not exceed 1000 rubles, then the agreement can be concluded orally.

The purpose for which the contract is concluded is the subject of the transaction, the mutual rights and obligations of the parties are its conditions, the set of conditions is its content.

The role of the agreement as a universal regulator of economic relations, a comprehensive instrument of commerce and economic activity is well known. On the other hand, an agreement between specific parties makes it possible to capture and streamline their subtle relationships, relieving the legislator of this overwhelming and unnecessary function.

Therefore, the Civil Code provides only a general description of contracts and a list of basic conditions, leaving the parties the opportunity to specify and expand the provisions included in each specific contract as much as they wish. Corporate regulations should provide the same freedom.

The law gives organizations the right to independently choose counterparties and perform on their behalf actions that have legal force in the development and implementation of obligations under contracts.

Contractual work at an enterprise refers to activities usually carried out in two cycles:

– conclusion of contracts (preparation, execution, agreement of terms with counterparties);

– organizing the execution of contracts (operational activities, accounting, control, evaluation of progress and results).

This work is a type of legal activity, since it is based on legal norms (centralized and corporate), and the result of its first cycle - an agreement - itself becomes a legally binding document.

If an enterprise acts as a supplier (seller, performer), then, as a rule, the planning department or sales department, or a specially formed contract department, is responsible for the execution and implementation of the contract. If the enterprise is a buyer (customer), then work, depending on the subject of the contract, is carried out in the services responsible for logistics, organization of capital construction, equipment repair, etc.

The two named types of contractual work must correspond to: the content of corporate acts, the specialization of lawyers, the distribution of responsibilities between employees of the legal department of the enterprise. You should pay attention to the stage of contractual work.

The range of issues resolved in the process of concluding and executing contracts is specific to each enterprise, but this process itself is uniform in the sense that it has the following typical stages.

1. Preparation for concluding contracts. Stages: pre-contractual contacts with possible counterparties; development of basic conditions (signing of preliminary agreements - agreements of intent); preparation of contract documentation forms; drawing up a plan for a contractual campaign (with a large number of potential contractors).

2. Assessment of the grounds for concluding contracts. It is based mainly on an analysis of the production and commercial situation in which the enterprise and each of its potential counterparties find themselves. The decision to refuse to enter into an agreement in the presence of a preliminary agreement must be justified, and before the counterparty takes actions related to material costs.

3. Drawing up contracts. Stages: project development; settlement of disagreements; specification of the content of concluded contracts; their modification or termination.

Projects are developed, as a rule, by the service responsible for conducting contractual work, and, together with a protocol of disagreements or other similar documentation, are transferred for comprehensive verification to departments involved in production logistics, financial and legal support of the enterprise. The traditional form of checking the compliance of projects with the interests and capabilities of the enterprise is approval.

4. Bringing the contents of contracts to the executors. Possibly in the following forms: transfer of contractual documentation to interested parties, which is usually certified by their signature; transferring copies or extracts of these documents to departments of the enterprise; publication of systematized information on the main terms of contracts (inventory of orders, delivery plans, etc.).

5. Execution control. It aims to maintain work within the parameters that meet the terms of the contracts, for which data on the progress of work is compared with the stipulated indicators. Control can be selective, continuous, periodic, constant.

6. Evaluation of the results of contract execution. It consists of: conclusions about success (failure) by comparing the actually achieved indicators with the goals of the transactions; analyzing the results for the possibility of applying incentives or sanctions to the performers; developing measures that can improve the execution of contracts.

The most difficult issue is, perhaps, the question of the normative regulation of contractual work.

The peculiarity of contractual work is that it is based on local regulations, that is, those that are adopted directly by the enterprises themselves. These acts, without repeating the general provisions on contracts contained in the current legislation, allow:

– take into account the specific features and operating conditions of the enterprise, and are intended to determine the list and functions of the enterprise divisions conducting contractual work;

– establish the content of the actions performed, the order and timing of their implementation;

– consolidate schemes for the execution of contractual documentation and forms of accounting for the execution of contracts;

– determine measures to stimulate the proper execution of contracts and the responsibility of structural units and officials for violation of contractual obligations;

– provide for the responsibilities of specific employees, their rights and obligations.

It should be borne in mind that local regulations can be both complex in nature (for example, Regulations on the conduct of contract work, Instructions on the procedure for conducting contract work) and reflect only part of the stages (for example, Instructions on the procedure for filing claims and lawsuits for failure to fulfill obligations ). However, there is a limit beyond which standardization loses its meaning - excessive detail gives rise to “dead” rules. Corporate acts regulating the conduct of contractual work are approved by the head of the enterprise.

When developing instructions (provisions), one should neither reproduce nor re-systematize legal norms. This leads, firstly, to the separation of the created acts from the real structuring of contractual work at the enterprise, and secondly, to a distortion of the meaning of the law. Such corporate acts should not provide for rules governing relations with counterparties, since this is the subject of contractual regulation with them.

Forms (blanks) of contractual documentation are developed as appendices to local regulations. The contents of these forms reflect the main details and terms of the future agreement. To a certain extent, they facilitate and speed up the process of concluding contracts. Therefore, it is very important to ensure their timely development. However, it should be noted that the forms of contractual documentation are of an auxiliary nature. In the process of concluding contracts and agreeing on its terms, the parties can make changes and additions to them: exclude certain clauses from them, include others, etc.

Particular attention should be paid to the role of the legal service in contractual work at the enterprise. The legal service of the enterprise summarizes and analyzes contractual practice. This is necessary to identify shortcomings in the organization of a contractual campaign and develop measures to eliminate and prevent them. The conclusions drawn as a result of the generalization are used when concluding new contracts.

It is important to emphasize that the participation of legal advisers in contractual work is not episodic, but permanent. It is not limited to familiarizing employees involved in contractual work with the relevant regulations. Lawyers organize and actively participate in the preparation of local regulations and all contractual documentation. The legal adviser is obliged to review and endorse all legal acts of the enterprise, express his comments and suggestions on them so that these acts express the most optimal solution based on knowledge of the specific economic situation and current legislation.

When checking draft legal documents or participating in the preparation of orders, instructions, provisions, contracts and other legal documentation on contractual work, the legal service should pay attention to ensuring that they do not contain illegal terms and conditions. Only after such verification can drafts of these documents be endorsed by the legal service.

The legal service should participate in determining the structure of the enterprise’s contractual relations based on the need to establish more rational contractual relations. It is necessary to keep in mind that the structure of contractual relations may depend on the specific area of ​​specialization for a given enterprise, organizational structure (the presence of independent enterprises, production units within the production association) and the distribution of functions between its economic divisions, on the technological features of production, etc.

Having received the draft agreement for verification, the legal adviser must see whether it is drawn up correctly in substance and form. When endorsing a draft agreement, you should, in addition, pay attention to the reflection in it of all essential conditions, the completeness and clarity of the text of the agreement, which does not allow for different interpretations.

In cases where the division of the enterprise that received the draft agreement has comments on its terms, the agreement is drawn up with a protocol of disagreements. The legal department, if it did not participate in the preparation of the protocol of disagreements, must, when endorsing the draft agreement, check the legality and correctness of the preparation of the protocol of disagreements. When considering the counterparty’s comments set out in the protocol of disagreements, the legal department must pay attention to the legality and motivation of the proposed comments, as well as objections to them from interested departments of the enterprise.

The effectiveness of contractual work depends to a large extent on accounting and control of the execution of business contracts.

Properly organized accounting is an important element of the system of measures to prevent violations of obligations. It should ensure the creation of a documentary base for analyzing the reasons for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, taking measures to prevent and eliminate them, facilitate the correct consideration of claims and claims of counterparties, and ensure the reliability of data in statistical reporting on the fulfillment of contractual obligations.

In practice, such accounting is carried out by keeping a journal. This journal contains sections that indicate, for example, under a supply contract, such data as the details of the counterparty, numbers and dates of contracts, specifications, orders, orders, the volume of products to be supplied and delivery dates, the name of the shipped products and the date of shipment, numbers of transport documents, payment requests and other information.

Control functions over the proper fulfillment of contractual obligations must be carried out by all services related to the conduct of contractual work. For the same purposes, special services for monitoring the fulfillment of obligations may be formed. The legal service of enterprises is especially important in this work. She must develop and implement measures that contribute to the flawless execution of the terms of the contract, and coordinate in this regard the activities of all parts of the enterprise.

Accounting and control must also be maintained over the improper fulfillment of contractual obligations by counterparties. And here the legal service, along with other structural units, should organize the prompt collection of the necessary information about violations of contractual obligations. This will make it possible to timely identify and not leave without attention a single case of improper execution of contracts, reduce the time gap between the violation and the application of liability to the debtor, and increase the accuracy and quality of the prepared claim and claim materials.

The basis for concluding a contract is the principle of freedom of contract. Citizens and legal entities enter into contractual relations of their own free will and in their own interests; they are free to establish their rights and obligations and to determine any terms of the contract that do not contradict the law.

These provisions are designed to ensure the normal functioning of civil circulation, a necessary condition for which is the equality of its participants.

The development of a free market sometimes requires the adoption of non-standard decisions, and therefore modern legislation provides parties to an agreement with the right to enter into agreements, both provided for and not provided for by law or other legal acts. In addition, the parties may enter into an agreement that contains elements of various agreements provided for by law or other legal acts (mixed agreement). In this case, the relations of the parties under a mixed agreement will be applied in the relevant parts to the rules on contracts, the elements of which are contained in the mixed agreement, unless otherwise follows from the agreement of the parties or the essence of the mixed agreement. However, one should caution against hasty and ill-considered experimentation in concluding such agreements. To draw them up, a fairly high legal qualification is required. Otherwise, if a dispute arises under such an agreement, the parties may be in for an unpleasant surprise when the court determines the law applicable to this agreement and it turns out that the relations of the parties, including liability for violation of their obligations under this agreement, are not established as the parties expected . That is, before inventing “new” provisions of the contract, it is necessary to make sure that the law does not establish mandatory requirements for the preparation of these terms of the contract. Otherwise, it may turn out that the law provides for some other consequences than those that the parties were counting on.

The parties to the agreement may determine its terms at their own discretion in all cases where the content of the relevant term is not determined by law or other legal act of a strictly mandatory nature (mandatory norms). That is, the principle of “freedom within the law” applies.

Analysis of financial and economic activities plays an important role in increasing the economic efficiency of the organization, in its management, and in strengthening its financial condition. It is an economic science that studies the economics of organizations, their activities from the point of view of assessing their work in implementing business plans, assessing their property and financial status and in order to identify untapped reserves for increasing the efficiency of organizations.

The adoption of justified, optimal ones is impossible without first conducting a comprehensive, in-depth economic analysis of the organization’s activities.

The results of the economic analysis are used to establish reasonable planning targets. Business plan indicators are set based on the actual achieved indicators, analyzed from the point of view of opportunities for their improvement. The same applies to rationing. Norms and standards are determined on the basis of previously existing ones, analyzed from the point of view of the possibilities of their optimization. For example, standards for the consumption of materials for the manufacture of products should be established taking into account the need to reduce them without compromising the quality and competitiveness of products. Consequently, analysis of economic activity helps to establish reasonable values ​​for planned indicators and various standards.

Economic analysis helps to improve the efficiency of organizations, the most rational and efficient use of fixed assets, material, labor and financial resources, the elimination of unnecessary costs and losses, and, consequently, the implementation of a savings regime. An immutable law of management is to achieve the greatest results at the lowest cost. The most important role in this is played by economic analysis, which allows, by eliminating the causes of unnecessary costs, to minimize and, therefore, maximize the amount received.

The analysis of economic activity plays a great role in strengthening the financial condition of organizations. The analysis makes it possible to determine the presence or absence of financial difficulties in an organization, identify their causes and outline measures to eliminate these causes. The analysis also makes it possible to state the degree of solvency and liquidity of the organization and predict the possible bankruptcy of the organization in the future. When analyzing the financial results of an organization's activities, the causes of losses are established, ways to eliminate these causes are outlined, the influence of individual factors on the amount of profit is studied, recommendations are made for maximizing profits through the use of identified reserves for its growth, and ways of using them are outlined.

The relationship of economic analysis (analysis of economic activity) with other sciences

First of all, the analysis of financial and economic activities is related to. Among all the information used in conducting business, the most important place (more than 70 percent) is occupied by information provided by accounting and. Accounting forms the main indicators of the organization’s activities and its financial condition (, liquidity, etc.).

Analysis of economic activity is also associated with statistical accounting (). The information provided by statistical accounting and reporting is used to analyze the organization's activities. In addition, economic analysis uses a number of statistical research methods. Economic analysis is interrelated with auditing.

Auditors carry out verification of the correctness and validity of the organization’s business plans, which, along with accounting data, are an important source of information for conducting economic analysis. Further, auditors carry out a documentary check of the organization’s activities, which is very important to ensure the reliability of the information used in economic analysis. Auditors also analyze the profit, profitability and financial condition of the organization. Here audit comes into close interaction with economic analysis.

Analysis of economic activity is also associated with intra-farm planning.

Business analysis is closely related to mathematics. Research is widely used in this process.

Economic analysis is also closely connected with the economics of individual sectors of the national economy, as well as with the economics of individual industries (mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical industry, etc.

Analysis of economic activity is also interconnected with such sciences as , . In the process of conducting economic analysis, it is necessary to take into account the formation and use of cash flows, the peculiarities of the functioning of both own and borrowed funds.

Economic analysis is very closely related to the management of organizations. Strictly speaking, the analysis of the activities of organizations is carried out with the aim of implementing, on the basis of its results, the development and adoption of optimal management decisions that ensure increased efficiency of the organization's activities. Thus, economic analysis contributes to the organization of the most rational and effective management system.

Along with the specific economic sciences listed, economic analysis is certainly associated with. The latter sets out the most important economic categories, which serves as a methodological basis for economic analysis.

Goals of analyzing financial and economic activities

In the process of conducting economic analysis, it is carried out identifying improvements in the efficiency of organizations and ways of mobilization, that is, the use of identified reserves. These reserves are the basis for the development of organizational and technical measures that must be carried out to activate the identified reserves. The developed measures, being optimal management decisions, make it possible to effectively manage the activities of the objects of analysis. Consequently, analysis of the economic activities of organizations can be considered as one of the most important management functions or, as the main method of justifying decisions on the management of organizations. In the conditions of market relations in the economy, the analysis of economic activity is designed to ensure high profitability and competitiveness of organizations both in the near and longer term.

The analysis of economic activity, which arose as balance sheet analysis, as balance sheet science, continues to consider as the main direction of research precisely the analysis of the financial condition of the organization on the balance sheet (using, of course, other sources of information). In the context of the transition to market relations in the economy, the role of analysis of the financial condition of the organization increases significantly, although, of course, the importance of analysis of other aspects of their work is not diminished.

Methods for analyzing economic activity

The method of analyzing economic activity includes a whole system of methods and techniques. providing the opportunity for scientific research of economic phenomena and processes that make up the economic activities of the organization. Moreover, any of the methods and techniques used in economic analysis can be called a method in the narrow sense of the word, as a synonym for the concepts “method” and “technique”. Analysis of economic activity also uses methods and techniques characteristic of other sciences, especially statistics and mathematics.

Method of analysis is a set of methods and techniques that provide a systematic, comprehensive study of the influence of individual factors on changes in economic indicators and the identification of reserves for improving the activities of organizations.

1. The use of tasks (taking into account their validity), as well as standard values ​​of individual indicators as the main criterion for assessing the activities of organizations and their financial condition;
2. The transition from assessing the organization’s activities based on the overall results of the implementation of business plans to detailing these results according to spatial and temporal characteristics;
3. calculating the influence of individual factors on economic indicators (where possible);
4. Comparison of the indicators of this organization with the indicators of other organizations;
5. Integrated use of all available sources of economic information;
6. Generalization of the results of the economic analysis and a summary calculation of identified reserves for improving the organization’s activities.

In the process of analyzing economic activity, a large number of special methods and techniques are used, in which the systematic, complex nature of the analysis is manifested. Systemic nature of economic analysis is manifested in the fact that all economic phenomena and processes that make up the activities of the organization are considered as certain aggregates, consisting of individual components connected with each other and as a whole with the system, which is the economic activity of the organization. When carrying out the analysis, the relationship between the individual components of these aggregates, as well as these parts and the aggregate as a whole, is studied, and finally, between the individual aggregates and the activities of the organization as a whole. The latter is considered as a system, and all of its components listed are considered as subsystems of various levels. For example, an organization as a system includes a number of workshops, i.e. subsystems, which are aggregates consisting of separate production areas and workplaces, that is, subsystems of the second and higher orders. Economic analysis studies the interrelations of the system and subsystems of various levels, as well as the latter among themselves.

Analysis and assessment of business performance

Analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise makes it possible to assess the effectiveness of the business, that is, to establish the degree of efficiency of the functioning of this enterprise.

The main principle of business efficiency is to achieve the greatest results at the lowest cost. If we detail this situation, we can say that the effective operation of an enterprise occurs when the cost of producing a unit of product is minimized in conditions of strict adherence to technology and production and ensuring high quality and quality.

The most general performance indicators are profitability, . There are private indicators that characterize the effectiveness of individual aspects of the functioning of an enterprise.

• efficiency of use of production resources available to the organization:
  • fixed production assets (here the indicators are , );
  • (indicators - personnel profitability, );
  • (indicators - , profit per one ruble of material costs);
• efficiency of the organization's investment activities (indicators - payback period of capital investments, profit per one ruble of capital investments);
• efficiency of use of the organization's assets (indicators - turnover of current assets, profit per one ruble of the value of assets, including current and non-current assets, etc.);
• efficiency of capital use (indicators - net profit per share, dividends per share, etc.)

Actually achieved private performance indicators are compared with planned indicators, with data for previous reporting periods, as well as with indicators of other organizations.

We present the initial data for analysis in the following table:

Indicators characterizing certain aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise have improved. Thus, capital productivity, labor productivity and material productivity have increased, therefore, the use of all types of production resources available to the organization has improved. The payback period for capital investments has decreased. The turnover of working capital has accelerated due to increased efficiency of their use. Finally, there is an increase in the amount of dividends paid to shareholders per share.

All these changes that took place compared to the previous period indicate an increase in the efficiency of the enterprise.

As a general indicator of the effectiveness of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, we use the level as the ratio of net profit to the amount of fixed and current production assets. This indicator combines a number of private performance indicators. Therefore, changes in the level of profitability reflect the dynamics of the efficiency of all aspects of the organization’s activities. In the example we are considering, the level of profitability in the previous year was 21 percent, and in the reporting year it was 22.8%. Consequently, an increase in the level of profitability by 1.8 points indicates an increase in business efficiency, which is expressed in the comprehensive intensification of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

The level of profitability can be considered as a general, integral indicator of business efficiency. Profitability expresses a measure of the profitability of an enterprise. Profitability is a relative indicator; it is much less susceptible to the influence of inflation processes than the absolute profit indicator and therefore more accurately shows the efficiency of the organization. Profitability characterizes the profit received by the enterprise from each ruble of funds invested in the formation of assets. In addition to the profitability indicator under consideration, there are others, which are covered in detail in the article “Analysis of Profit and Profitability” of this site.

• general economic factors. These include: trends and patterns of economic development, achievements of scientific and technological progress, tax, investment, depreciation policies of the state, etc.
• natural-geographical factors: location of the organization, climatic features of the area, etc.
• Regional factors: economic potential of a given region, investment policy in this region, etc.
• industry factors: the place of a given industry within the national economic complex, market conditions in this industry, etc.
• factors determined by the functioning of the analyzed organization - the degree of use of production resources, compliance with the cost-saving regime for the production and sale of products, the rationality of organizing supply and marketing activities, investment and pricing policy, the most complete identification and use of on-farm reserves, etc.

Improving the use of production resources is very important for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise. Any of the indicators we named that reflect their use ( , ) is a synthetic, generalizing indicator that is influenced by more detailed indicators (factors). In turn, each of these two factors is influenced by even more detailed factors. Consequently, any of the general indicators of the use of production resources (for example, capital productivity) characterizes the efficiency of their use only in general.

In order to reveal true effectiveness, it is necessary to carry out more detailed measurements of these indicators.

The main private indicators characterizing the efficiency of the enterprise should be considered capital productivity, labor productivity, material productivity and working capital turnover. Moreover, the latter indicator, compared to the previous ones, is more generalizing, directly related to such performance indicators as profitability, profitability, profitability. The faster the working capital turns over, the more efficiently the organization functions and the greater the amount of profit received and the higher the level of profitability.

Acceleration of turnover characterizes the improvement of both the production and economic aspects of the organization’s activities.

So, the main indicators that reflect the effectiveness of an organization are profitability, profitability, and level of profitability.

In addition, there is a system of private indicators that characterize the effectiveness of various aspects of the organization’s functioning. Among the private indicators, the most important is the turnover of working capital.

Systematic approach to the analysis of financial and economic activities

Systems approach to the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise assumes her study as a certain totality, as a single system. The systems approach also assumes that an enterprise or other analyzed object must include a system of various elements that are in certain connections with each other, as well as with other systems. Consequently, the analysis of these elements that make up the system should be carried out taking into account both intra-system and external connections.

Thus, any system (in this case, the analyzed organization or other object of analysis) consists of a number of subsystems interconnected. At the same time, this same system, as a component, as a subsystem, is included in another system of a higher level, where the first system is in interconnection and interaction with other subsystems. For example, the analyzed organization as a system includes a number of workshops and management services (subsystems). At the same time, this organization as a subsystem is part of any branch of the national economy or industry, i.e. higher level systems, where it interacts with other subsystems (other organizations included in this system), as well as with subsystems of other systems, i.e. with organizations from other industries. Thus, the analysis of the activities of individual structural divisions of the organization, as well as individual aspects of the latter’s activities (supply and sales, production, financial, investment, etc.) should not be carried out in isolation, but taking into account the relationships existing in the analyzed system.

In these conditions, economic analysis must, of course, be systematic, complex and multifaceted.

The economic literature discusses the concepts of “ system analysis" And " comprehensive analysis" These categories are closely interrelated. In many ways, systematicity and complexity of analysis are synonymous concepts. However, there are also differences between them. Systematic approach to economic analysis involves an interconnected consideration of the functioning of individual structural divisions of the organization, the organization as a whole, and their interaction with the external environment, that is, with other systems. Along with this, a systematic approach means an interconnected consideration of various aspects of the activity of the analyzed organization (supply and sales, production, financial, investment, socio-economic, economic-ecological, etc.). Systematic analysis is a broader concept compared to its complexity. Complexity includes the study of individual aspects of the organization’s activities in their unity and interconnection. As a result, complex analysis should be considered as one of the fundamental parts of systems analysis. The generality of the complexity and systematic analysis of financial and economic activities is reflected in the unity of the study of various aspects of the activities of a given organization, as well as in the interconnected study of the activities of the organization as a whole and its individual divisions, and, in addition, in the use of a general set of economic indicators, and, finally, in integrated use of all types of information support for economic analysis.

Stages of analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise

In the process of conducting a systematic, comprehensive analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, the following stages can be distinguished. At the first stage The analyzed system should be divided into separate subsystems. It should be borne in mind that in each individual case the main subsystems may be different, or identical, but having far from identical content. Thus, in an organization that manufactures industrial products, the most important subsystem will be its production activity, which is absent in a trading organization. Organizations providing services to the public have so-called production activities, which are sharply different in essence from the production activities of industrial organizations.

Thus, all functions performed by a given organization are performed through the activities of its individual subsystems, which are identified at the first stage of a systemic, comprehensive analysis.

At the second stage a system of economic indicators is being developed that reflects the functioning of both individual subsystems of a given organization, that is, the system, and the organization as a whole. At the same stage, criteria for assessing the values ​​of these economic indicators are developed based on the use of their normative and critical values. And finally, at the third stage of a systematic, comprehensive analysis, the relationships between the functioning of individual subsystems of a given organization and the organization as a whole are identified, and the economic indicators that express these relationships are determined and are influenced by them. For example, they analyze how the functioning of the labor and social affairs department of a given organization will affect the cost of production, or how the investment activities of the organization affected the amount of balance sheet profit it received.

Systems approach to economic analysis provides an opportunity for the most complete and objective study of the functioning of this organization.

In this case, one should take into account the materiality and significance of each type of identified relationships, the specific weight of their influence on the overall amount of change in the economic indicator. If this condition is met, a systematic approach to economic analysis provides opportunities for the development and implementation of optimal management decisions.

When conducting a systematic, comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to take into account that economic and political factors are interconnected and have a joint impact on the activities of any organization and its results. Political decisions made by legislative bodies must necessarily be in accordance with legislative acts regulating economic development. True, at the micro level, that is, at the level of individual organizations, it is very problematic to give a reasonable assessment of the influence of political factors on the performance of an organization and to measure their influence. As for the macro level, that is, the national economic aspect of the functioning of the economy, here it seems more realistic to identify the influence of political factors.

Along with the unity of economic and political factors, when conducting a system analysis, it is also necessary to take into account the interconnectedness of economic and social factors. Achieving the optimal level of economic indicators is currently largely determined by the implementation of measures to improve the socio-cultural level of the organization's employees and improve their quality of life. In the process of analysis, it is necessary to study the degree of implementation of plans for socio-economic indicators and their relationship with other performance indicators of organizations.

When conducting a systematic, comprehensive economic analysis, one should also take into account unity of economic and environmental factors. In modern conditions of enterprise activity, the environmental side of this activity has acquired very important importance. It should be borne in mind that the costs of implementing environmental protection measures cannot be considered only from the standpoint of short-term benefits, since the biological damage caused to nature by the activities of metallurgical, chemical, food and other organizations may in the future become irreversible, irreparable. Therefore, during the analysis process, it is necessary to check how plans have been implemented for the construction of treatment facilities, for the transition to waste-free production technologies, for the beneficial use or implementation of planned returnable waste. It is also necessary to calculate reasonable amounts of damage caused to the natural environment by the activities of this organization and its individual structural divisions. The environmental activities of the organization and its divisions should be analyzed in connection with other aspects of its activities, with the implementation of plans and the dynamics of key economic indicators. At the same time, cost savings on environmental protection measures in cases where it is caused by incomplete implementation of plans for these measures, and not by more economical expenditure of material, labor and financial resources, should be recognized as unjustified.

Further, when conducting a systematic, comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to take into account that obtaining a holistic view of the organization’s activities can only be achieved by studying all aspects of its activities (and the activities of its structural divisions), taking into account the interrelations between them, as well as their interaction with external environment. Thus, when carrying out the analysis, we fragment the holistic concept - the activities of the organization - into separate component parts; then, in order to check the objectivity of analytical calculations, we carry out algebraic addition of the results of the analysis, that is, individual parts that together should form a holistic picture of the activities of this organization.

The systematic and comprehensive nature of the analysis of financial and economic activities is reflected in the fact that in the process of its implementation, a certain system of economic indicators is created and directly applied, characterizing the activities of the enterprise, its individual aspects, and the relationships between them.

Finally, the systematic and comprehensive nature of economic analysis is expressed in the fact that in the process of its implementation the entire set of information sources is used in an integrated manner.

So, the main content of the systems approach in economic analysis is to study the influence of the entire system of factors on economic indicators based on the intra-economic and external connections of these factors and indicators. In this case, the analyzed organization, that is, a certain system, is divided into a number of subsystems, which are separate structural units and individual aspects of the organization’s activities. In the process of analysis, the entire system of sources of economic information is used comprehensively.

Factors for increasing the efficiency of an organization's activities

Classification of factors and reserves for increasing the efficiency of an organization’s economic activities

The processes that make up the financial and economic activities of an enterprise are interconnected. In this case, the connection can be direct, immediate, or indirect, mediated.

The financial and economic activities of the enterprise, its effectiveness are reflected in certain. The latter can be generalized, that is, synthetic, as well as detailed, analytical.

All indicators expressing the financial and economic activities of the organization are interconnected. Any indicator and a change in its value are influenced by certain reasons, which are usually called factors. So, for example, the volume of sales (realization) is influenced by two main factors (they can be called first-order factors): the volume of output of commercial products and the change in the balance of unsold products during the reporting period. In turn, the magnitudes of these factors are influenced by second-order factors, that is, more detailed factors. For example, the volume of output is influenced by three main groups of factors: factors associated with the availability and use of labor resources, factors associated with the availability and use of fixed assets, factors associated with the availability and use of material resources.

In the process of analyzing the activities of an organization, it is possible to identify even more detailed factors of the third, fourth, and also higher orders.

Any economic indicator can be a factor influencing another, more general indicator. In this case, the first indicator is usually called a factor indicator.

Studying the influence of individual factors on economic indicators is called factor analysis. The main types of factor analysis are deterministic analysis and stochastic analysis.