KIBANOV ARDALYON YAKOVLEVICH

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Personnel Management, State University of Management, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation

Kibanov Ardalyon Yakovlevich Born on June 10, 1939 in the town of Usolye, Perm Region. In 1957-1958 - mechanic at the Bereznikovsky nitrogen fertilizer plant in the Perm region. 1958-1961 – service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. 1961-1966 – student of the Moscow Engineering and Economic Institute named after. S. Ordzhonikidze. 1966-1968 engineer-economist of the department of scientific organization of production, labor and management of the Saratov plant "Generator". 1968-1971 – graduate student at the Moscow Engineering and Economic Institute named after. S. Ordzhonikidze. 1971-1990 – assistant, associate professor, dean of the special faculty of retraining, dean of the school of production management of the State Academy of Management named after. S. Ordzhonikidze.

The first years after graduation (1966-1975) A.Ya. Kibanov was engaged production activities and conducted scientific research in the field of improving the efficiency of production management systems. This activity allowed him to prepare and defend his Ph.D. thesis (1972) and publish a number of scientific articles, brochures and monographs.

In 1975-1990 AND I. Kibanov completed a series scientific research in the field of organizational and economic problems of forming management systems for an enterprise and its personnel using functional cost analysis (FCA). To work in this direction, a special scientific group was initially created, and then a research laboratory at the Department of Personnel Management, in which, under the leadership of A.Ya. Kibanov conducted 15 research projects, the results of which were implemented at enterprises in various industries. He was the first in Russia to apply functional cost analysis to enterprise and personnel management systems. Developed guidelines and projects of control systems for a number of enterprises in the mechanical engineering industries were implemented using FSA. The results of the study were presented at the All-Union Competition named after. ON THE. Voznesensky "On better job on Improving the Management System of Enterprises and Associations” in 1988 and were awarded two diplomas: for first and second place.

The research results are summarized in the doctoral dissertation “Organizational and economic problems of forming a management system machine-building enterprise: analysis, design and evaluation”, a number of scientific articles, brochures, reports, textbooks, teaching aids and monographs.

From 1990 to 2105 A.Ya. Kibanov is the head of the department, at the same time (1991-1996) – dean of the faculty of master’s training at the State University of Management.

Department of Personnel Management of the State University of Management, which was founded and since its inception headed by A.Ya. Kibanov was the first in Russia to begin training specialists in the field of personnel management.

Since the 90s, the main scientific interests of A.Ya. Kibanov focused on theoretical, methodological and practical problems of personnel management in organizations in market conditions.

Kibanov A.Ya. – a major specialist in the field of managing an organization and its personnel. In numerous works, he developed the concept and philosophy of personnel management in Russian conditions, deeply and comprehensively substantiated organizationally - economic principles and patterns of formation of the personnel management system and personnel policy. Developed and implemented a methodology for functional cost analysis in the field of personnel management. In the works of Kibanov A.Ya. the basis for the formation of a personnel management system, personnel policy and personnel management strategy is outlined, the technology of personnel management of the organization is disclosed, including: requirements for candidates for replacement vacant position, their business and personal assessment, career guidance and adaptation, career management and professional advancement of personnel, training, personnel behavior and assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of its activities.

A holistic view of the organization’s personnel management based on a complex of interrelated categories and concepts was finally formed in the first encyclopedia in Russia (Personnel Management: Encyclopedia / Edited by Prof. A.Ya. Kibanov. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009. - 554 p. .), containing an interpretation of about 3,500 terms and phrases, covering almost all problems and issues of personnel management.

For the period 1990 - 2014. under the leadership and with the participation of Kibanov A.Ya. software packages have been developed academic disciplines specialization "Human Resources Management", specialty "Human Resources Management", direction "Human Resources Management". The team of the department he heads is the developer of State educational standards of higher vocational education all three generations in the field of personnel management: 1st generation - the State educational standard of training in the specialization "Human Resource Management" within the specialty "Economics and Production Management", and later - the specialty "Organization Management" (1992–1999); 2nd generation - State educational standard for training in the specialty “Human Resources Management” (2000–2016); 3rd generation - Federal State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education in the field of training “Human Resource Management” for bachelor’s and master’s degrees (since 2011).

Works of Kibanov A.Ya. in the field of personnel management use widely known. AND I. Kibanov is the author of 365 scientific and educational works with a total volume of over 1,200 printed pages, including: 19 monographs, 50 textbooks and teaching aids (of which 7 textbooks and 4 teaching aids are stamped by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation), over 250 scientific articles. Kibanov A.Ya. is a laureate of the competition for the best scientific book of 2006, held by the Foundation for the Development of Domestic Education.

Under the leadership of A.Ya. Kibanova defended over 40 candidate and doctoral dissertations.

Under the educational and methodological guidance of Kibanov A.Ya. The activities of the “Human Resources Management” section of the Educational and Methodological Association for Education in Management were carried out. The section unites more than 150 Russian universities that train students in the specialty and direction of “Human Resources Management”.

Kibanov A.Ya. was the chairman of the dissertation council for the defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate and doctor of science, a member of two dissertation councils, and a member of the organizing committee of a number of all-Russian and international scientific conferences.

AND I. Kibanov was a member of the academic council of the Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship in social sphere and the Academic Council of the State University of Management.

Kibanov A.Ya. - was the chairman of the editorial board and Chief Editor magazine "Kadrovik", which was included in the list of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications of the Higher Attestation Commission. He was also the editor-in-chief of the magazine “Personnel and Intellectual Resources Management in Russia”, created in 2012.

Kibanov A.Ya. was the initiator and manager of projects to create educational television feature films: “ Vacant position"(in the discipline "Organizational Personnel Management") and "Taming the Breed" (in the discipline "Conflictology"), acting as a screenwriter and producer. The creation of films was a bold innovation in the methodology of teaching disciplines in the specialty of personnel management, which makes it possible to significantly reduce classroom time while improving the quality of training. In 2006, the film “Vacant Place” was awarded the Government Prize Russian Federation in the field of education. At the international film festival "Golden Knight" in 2008, the film "Taming the Breed" was awarded a Diploma "For the creative embodiment of acute social themes", and in 2009 at the international film festival of detective films - a Diploma in the category "Crime and Punishment".

AND I. Kibanov conducted active expert activities.

In 1994-1996 AND I. Kibanov was a member of the expert council and head of the expert group on problems civil service under the Administration of the Federal Public Service of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. He took part in the development of the concept of state personnel policy and civil service in the Russian Federation and programs for their implementation on the instructions of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as the concept of state order for training and advanced training of federal civil servants. His scientific publications and developments were used, in particular, in preparing the speech of the President of the Russian Federation at the Civil Registry of Civil Registry on issues of management, public service and personnel policy in Russia and in preparing the national report for the 50th session of the UN State Assembly “Public Administration and Development”.

In 1997 Kibanov A.Ya. participated in the work of commissions of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation as a scientific expert on verification of target and effective use federal budget funds for scientific research in various institutions and organizations of the Russian Federation. He also conducted classes with deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation on personnel management issues.

In 2006-2007 worked as a member of the Commission for the formation of Standards of professional activity in the field HR management, created by the National Union of Personnel Officers.

IN last years life of A.Ya. Kibanov was: an expert of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; expert of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation; expert of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, expert of the Ministry of Labor and social protection Russian Federation.

Much attention Kibanov A.Ya. devoted to social activities.

He organized and headed the regional public organization promoting the study of problems and education in the field of personnel management “Personnel” (ROO “Personnel”).

A significant milestone in uniting the scientific and pedagogical potential in the field of personnel management in Russia was the activity of the National Union of Organizations for Training Personnel in the Field of Personnel Management (National Union “Personnel Management”), the founder of which was A.Ya. Kibanov. The National Union unites about 100 educational institutions and other organizations whose subject of activity is to jointly ensure high standards and quality of personnel training for all levels of personnel management, ensuring that scientific research in the field of personnel management is developed ahead of practice.

Kibanov A.Ya. has public awards: the Order of Lomonosov for outstanding services and great personal contribution to the development of domestic science and education, the medal “15 years of the first department of personnel management in Russia” and “20 years of the first department of personnel management in Russia”, the Honorary Badge “For Contribution to Science” about labor in Siberia".

Kibanov A.Ya. awarded: honorary badge of the USSR Scientific and Technical Society, certificates of honor; medals: “Veteran of Labor” and “850 Years of Moscow”, “Federation Council. 15 years”, “For contribution to the development of local self-government”, with gratitude from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Kibanov A.Ya. is an Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation.

Scientific and pedagogical activity Kibanova A.Ya. received high praise at the federal and regional levels. Kibanov A.Ya. - twice laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation Prize in the field of education (1997, 2006), laureate of the Voronezh Region Administration Prize (2006). Kibanov A.Ya. was an assistant to a deputy of the State Duma of two convocations, a member of the Writers' Union of Russia.

Photo 1. Kibanov A.Ya. - laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation Prize in the field of education (1997)

Photo 2. Kibanov A.Ya. — laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation Prize in the field of education (2006)

In 2014, the scientific school “Personnel Management” of the State University of Management, the founder and director of which was A.Ya., received official recognition. Kibanov. His students and followers became members of the scientific school: leading scientists of the department of personnel management, doctors of science, professors, associate professors, assistants of leading universities in Russia, dozens of managers and specialists of personnel management services Russian organizations real sector of the economy. Vice-rectors, deans, heads of departments of personnel management of Russian universities.

4. Makashov I.N., Ovchinnikova N.V., Chistyakova K.A. Ethics and culture of management - M.: Publishing house “Sputnik+”, 2010.-427p: ill.

Omelchenko, N. A. Ethics of state and municipal service: textbook for bachelors / N.A. Omelchenko. – 5th ed. reworked and additional – M.: Yurayt Publishing House, 2013. – 408 p. – Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

Omelchenko, N. D. Ethics and culture of management in the system state power and civil services: textbook. allowance / N. A. Omelchenko. - M.: State University of Education, 2010.

7. Osipova, I. N. Ethics and culture of management: textbook. allowance / I. N. Osipova. - M.: FORUM, 2011.

8. Parliamentary ethics in Russia // Collection of materials of the State Duma Commission of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on ethics. - M., 2002.

10. Professional ethics: textbook allowance/answer. ed. M. I. Rosenko. - St. Petersburg, 2006.

11. Rawls, J. Theory of justice / J. Rawls. - Novosibirsk, 1995.

12. Sutor, B. Small political ethics [V. Sutor. Kleine Politische Ethik]. Bonn: Bundeszentrale fur politische Bildung, 1997 (translation by S. Kurbatova, K. Kostyuk). Access mode: http://krotov. info/lib_sec /18_s/sut /or.htm

SEMINAR No. 3

Topic 4. Ethics and economics: ethical aspects economic activity

Questions and tasks for control

3. What are the main arguments for and against social responsibility of business?

4. What are modern approaches to the problem of the relationship between the state and business. What are the main ethical aspects of this relationship?

1. Guseinov, A. A. Ethics: textbook / A. A. Guseinov, R. G. Apresyan. - M.: Gardariki, 2006.

2. Zolotukhina-Abolina, E. V. Modern ethics: textbook allowance / E. V. Zolotukhina-Abolina. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - Rostov n/d: MarT, 2005.

3. Ionova, A. I. Ethics and culture government controlled: textbook allowance / A. I. Ionova. - M.: RAGS, 2005.

4. Kibanov A.Ya., Zakharov D.K., Konovalova V.G., Ethics business relations: Textbook / Ed. AND I. Kibanova. - 2nd ed., rev. and additional.. - M.: Infra-M, 2011. - 424 p. (Higher education).

5. Makashov I.N., Ovchinnikova N.V., Chistyakova K.A. Ethics and culture of management - M .: Publishing house "Sputnik +", 2010.-427s: ill.

6. Omelchenko, N.A. Ethics of state and municipal service: a textbook for bachelors / N.A. Omelchenko. – 5th ed. reworked and additional - M. : Yurayt Publishing House, 2013. - 408s. – Series: Bachelor. Basic course.

7. Omelchenko, N. A. Ethics and culture of management in the system of state power and civil service: textbook. allowance / N. A. Omelchenko. - M.: State University of Education, 2010.

8. Osipova, I. N. Ethics and management culture: textbook. allowance / I. N. Osipova. - M.: FORUM, 2011.

9. Petrunin, Yu. Yu. Business ethics: textbook / Yu. Yu. Petrunin, V. K. Borisov. - 4th ed. - M.: TK Velby; Prospect, 2007.

10. Professional ethics: textbook. allowance/answer. ed. M.I. Rosenko. - St. Petersburg, 2006.

HIGHER EDUCATION

series founded in 1 9 9 6

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation State University Management

I.E. VOROZHEYKIN A.YA. KIBANOV D.K. ZAKHAROV

CONFLICTOLOGY

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as a textbook

for higher education students educational institutions students studying in the specialties “Organization Management”, “Human Resources Management”,

"State and municipal administration"

Moscow INFRA-M

UDC 331.1(075.8) BBK 65.240я73

Reviewers:

Department of Management by human resourses Russian Economic Academy named after. G.V. Plekhanov

Deputy Director of the Labor Institute of the Ministry of Labor and social development RF,

Honored Economist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Economics, Prof. Zubkova A.F.

B75 Vorozheikin I.E., Kibanov A.Ya., Zakharov D.K. Conflictology: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2004. - 240 p. - (Higher education).

ISBN 5-16-000964-7 (rev.)

ISBN 5-16-000256-1 (reg.)

The textbook presents scientific and applied knowledge about conflicts, the sources of their occurrence, the structure and stages of development, forms of manifestation, functions and significance in the socio-economic and other spheres of society. Issues of conflict management, selection of optimal methods for preventing and overcoming conflict situations, and the role of a manager in the prevention and resolution of conflicts are considered.

The book is intended for students of economic universities studying in the specialty and direction “Management”, “Management in the social sphere”, “State and municipal management”, as well as for graduate students and teachers of management disciplines.

© I.E. Vorozheikin, A.Ya. Kibanov, D.K. Zakharov, 2002

knowledge. Her main subject of study is the social nature, causes, types and dynamics of conflicts, ways, methods, means of their prevention and regulation.

I As an important branch of social science and human studies, conflictology arose, was formed and is currently developing in close connection with social philosophy, sociology, psychology, political economy, history, law, ethics, and a number of other social and ^ humanities. It relies on the achievements of these sciences and synthesizes everything that directly relates to its subject.

Having an initially complex nature, conflictology is in line with the deepening of humanitarian education. Its study, without a doubt, expands the circle and raises the bar of knowledge about man and society, promotes a comprehensive understanding of the problems of social interaction, and the use of effective ways to solve them.

to The practical application of conflictology is caused by the fact

It is a simple everyday circumstance that, while agreeing with the widespread statement “a bad peace is better than a good quarrel,” people nevertheless “cannot avoid disharmony or do without conflicts. Often, conflict turns out to be not only inevitable, but also an acceptable “conclusion” from the current situation. situations, perhaps the only way to restore the disturbed balance in relationships between people, to allow them to come to an agreement regarding joint affairs, private and common interests, and norms of behavior.

I- If this is the case, you need to learn to recognize the objective and subjective nature of conflicts, their immediate causes and motives, to navigate the forms in which conflicts occur and in what ways they are resolved, and to master the art of managing them. This task is especially important for managers and leaders at any level. It can, perhaps, be argued that for them to be able to behave correctly in conflict conditions, to be able to manage “conflicts is just as necessary as the ability to read and write.

There is no doubt that conflictology has an applied orientation along with its theoretical significance. This area of ​​science really helps to recognize conflicts and take appropriate measures to prevent and resolve them. It makes it possible to better navigate the complexities of social life, look for optimal solutions in conflict situations, find the most effective ways influence on the behavior of people, one way or another involved in the conflict Confrontation.

Hence the demand for conflictology in many life circumstances, when solving very specific problems.

Information gleaned from this area of ​​social and humanitarian knowledge facilitates the choice of means in order to maximize the positive potential of conflicts and at the same time minimize their negative consequences.

Conflict management is necessary for all types of management activities. With regard to management, its main purpose is to encourage the leader to look at conflict situations, as they say, with open eyes, not to be content with intuition and common sense, but to follow certain, scientifically established rules and methods of conflict management in working with people.

The scientific approach presupposes systematically organized, fundamentally structured, methodologically accurate knowledge about the subject (in this case, about conflicts), an orientation towards the knowledge of the laws of the real world and the comprehension of objective truth. Any science, including conflictology, is constructive, designed for the possibility practical application acquired knowledge, for the development and implementation of new projects. Scientific management social processes, including the regulation of conflicts, is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of analytical calculation, systematic and multilateral influence on the participants in social relations and interaction, and the practical application of recommendations verified by science.

Ordinary knowledge, no matter how extensive it may be, is inferior to scientific knowledge. Such knowledge about conflicts is nothing more than a simple sum of various but superficial information about our subject; it does not penetrate into the depths of the phenomena of social life, it only states facts and previous experience. That is why common sense and intuition, based on instinct and insight, are limited in their capabilities, although they can be useful in recognizing, preventing and resolving conflict situations, helping to pragmatically adapt to circumstances and find a practically acceptable way out of the conflict, if so. it happened.

Of course different types conflict clashes, the manifestations of excessive social tension in them are studied not for the sake of satisfying curiosity and simply enriching knowledge about the vicissitudes of life, but in order to master the methods (techniques and rules) of conflict prevention and resolution, to gain a concrete understanding of conciliation procedures that allow to the consent of participants in labor disputes, property litigation, and other social conflicts. It is important to be prepared to characterize and evaluate appropriate styles of conflict behavior, create and maintain a high culture of communication, mutual understanding and cooperation, functional and social partnership in relationships between people.

The main thing, of course, is to learn not only to recognize conflicts and anticipate their consequences, but also to manage them, clearly foreseeing them.

one hundred tasks and functions of such management. At the same time, of course, the role of the leader in conflict situations, his intellectual, volitional and emotional qualities, which are required for the prevention and resolution of conflicts, are highlighted.

Teaching aids are intended to help those who seek to master the basics of scientific knowledge about conflicts. Among this kind of guides (see List of recommended literature), one of the first to become famous was the small book “Attention: Conflict!” Its authors are F.M. Borodkin and N.M. Koryak, addressing mainly the heads of enterprises, hoped to form in them a constructive attitude towards conflicts. They managed to convincingly, in a popular science form, show that conflict is one of the means of management, without owning or neglecting which the manager always reduces the effectiveness of managerial activity.

The textbook by E.A. also pursues the same goal. Utkin “Conflictology: theory and practice.” Considering the main ways, forms and methods of preventing conflict situations, as well as resolving conflicts that have arisen with the least economic, social and moral costs from them, the author addresses both students modern management, and to everyone involved in it in Russia.

The manuals published in our country in recent years are devoted to the application of conflictology mainly to one side of public life. Thus, the book by A.G. Zdravomyslov “The Sociology of Conflict”, as the title already implies, highlights sociological aspects, its content includes an analysis of socio-political processes in modern Russia. Tutorial“Fundamentals of Conflictology”, edited by V.N. Kudryavtseva focuses on the legal problems of conflictology, the appropriate methods for determining the participants in conflicts, their interaction and reaching agreement on the principles of consensus. “Conflictology” edited by A.S. Karmina considers intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, interethnic and other types of conflicts primarily from a psychological point of view, among the most effective technologies for resolving conflict situations, giving priority to mediation - negotiations with the participation of an intermediary.

A prominent place is given to conflicts in a number of manuals on personnel work. This is evidenced, for example, by the books of V.R. Vesnin “Practical personnel management” and V.P. Pugachev "Personnel management of the organization", as well as university textbooks on personnel management, published under the editorship of A.Ya. Kibanova, T.Yu. Bazarov and B.L. Eremina.

Educational publications by foreign authors translated into Russian are also of interest. Some of them are attractive and useful primarily because they are prepared by management specialists. For example, in our economic universities American

textbook “Fundamentals of Management” by M. Meskon, M. Albert and F. Khedouri. The section of this lengthy book on group dynamics and leadership includes an extensive chapter on conflict and stress management. It covers the nature, types and causes of conflicts in organizations, the process of their deployment, structural and interpersonal ways resolving conflict situations.

“Lead without conflict” - this is the title under which the work of German management psychology specialists W. Siegert and L. Lang reached Russian readers. The authors of this brilliantly written book consider management functions as a task of personal development in the conditions of transition from technocratic and administrative-bureaucratic management methods to humanistic ones. They pay primary attention to the prevention of conflicts, relieving psychological tension among personnel, and interaction between people in a spirit of cooperation.

This textbook, offered to the attention of readers, provides a systematic summary of scientific and applied knowledge about conflicts. The textbook opens with a brief historical overview of the formation of the foundations of conflictology. This is followed by a presentation of theoretical approaches to defining conflict and its functions. In accordance with the requirements of the State educational standard of higher professional education of the Russian Federation, the typology of conflicts, the sources and immediate causes of conflict situations, the structure and stages of development of conflicts, the various forms of their manifestation, the role and significance in the socio-economic and other spheres of society are revealed.

Much attention is paid to the prevention and resolution of conflicts, the choice of styles of behavior in conflicts and methods of their resolution, the creation of conditions for effective management conflicts. In this case, the basic methods of prevention, the application of regulations and the implementation of conciliation procedures, the role and personal example of the leader in overcoming conflicts and stress are used.

For ease of use of the book for educational and methodological purposes, tests, tables, drawings and sample documents are provided, all chapters end with a list test questions and tasks. A list of recommended literature on the subject is provided.

The authors prepared the textbook according to a single plan. Everyone did their part of the work: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Prof. I.E. Vorozheikin - Introduction, ch. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, 5.2 and 5.3 Ch. 5, 10.1 and 10.2 ch. 10, Brief terminological dictionary; Doctor of Economics, prof. AND I. Kibanov (head of the team of authors) - Ch. 8 and 9, Brief terminological dictionary, test; Ph.D., Associate Professor D.K. Zakharov - 5.1 ch. 5, ch. 7, 10.3 Ch. 10, Brief terminological dictionary, test.

CONFLICTS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT

Chapter 1. FORMATION OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF CONFLICTOLOGY

1.1. Building knowledge about conflicts

Conflicts as an essential aspect of social connections, interactions and relationships of people, their behavior and actions have always, from time immemorial, attracted the inquisitive attention of people. Evidence of this is the mythology and religion of different peoples, folklore and monuments of ancient literature, the judgments of ancient and medieval thinkers, the achievements of the social and human sciences.

Take, for example, the plot with the “apple of discord” and the “judgment of Paris” in Greek mythology. This is a poetic story about how the goddess

Discord and enmity, Eris threw a golden apple with a laconic inscription “to the most beautiful” on the banquet table, and three influential goddesses who were among the feasting people argued about who the apple was intended for: Hera - the wife of Zeus, the supreme Olympian goddess; Athena - goddess of wisdom and just war; Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty. To resolve the dispute, they turned to Paris, the young prince from Troy. He gave preference to Aphrodite, recognizing her as the most beautiful of the goddesses...

The biblical story about the discord between Cain and Abel, the sons of Adam and Eve, is impressive. The conflict between them occurred when the brothers made sacrifices to God, each according to their occupations: Cain as a farmer “from the fruits of the earth”; Abel is like a shepherd “of the firstlings of his flock.” God reacted favorably to Abel’s gift, but “he did not despise Cain and his gift.” This circumstance greatly upset the latter and made him jealous and envy of his brother. There was a quarrel that ended tragically - with the murder of Abel...:

One can also recall Russian epics. Reflecting the events that took place during the formation Ancient Rus', they colorfully tell about the defense of the borders of their land from enemies, the socio-political conflicts of that time, the heroic exploits of Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, who defeated

in difficult confrontations between the Nightingale the Robber, the Foul Idol and other monsters...

Has long been groped the connection between the explanation of conflicts and the understanding of the essence of man and society. Because The roots of conflictology go back to ancient times, to the origins of social philosophy.

Thus, Confucius - the famous sage of Ancient China - back in the 6th century. BC. in his sayings he argued that anger and arrogance, and with them conflicts, are generated, first of all, by inequality and the dissimilarity of people. He said: “It is difficult for a poor man not to harbor malice

And It’s easy for a rich person not to be arrogant.” Self-interest, an unbridled desire for profit, stubbornness, deceit, flattery, and rhetoric also harm normal communication. On the contrary, a strict attitude towards oneself and condescension towards others, respect for superiors are useful.

And elders, favor to the simple and small. Therefore, the sage instructed, it is necessary to improve morals, eliminate vices, avoid quarrels, and ensure that “there are no lawsuits.” Humanity, above all kindness, justice, sincerity, and benevolence, keeps us from evil thoughts and actions.

Answering the question of what constitutes humanity, Confucius explained: it means “to conduct oneself with respect at home, to treat one’s business well and to deal honestly with others”; behave in public as if meeting an important person; not to do to others what they do not want to do to themselves; do not cause grumbling either in the family or in the country. One must pay for evil with justice, and for good with good.

Confucius himself, as it seemed to his many disciples, had undoubted merits, he was “affectionate, kind, respectful, thrifty and compliant.” At least four shortcomings were alien to him: “a tendency to speculate, excessive categoricalness, stubbornness, selfishness.”

At the same time as Confucius, the ancient Greek dialectical philosopher Heraclitus made an attempt to rationally comprehend the nature of the conflict. He believed that everything in the world is born through enmity and strife. Conflicts seemed to him as an important property, an indispensable condition of social life, for confrontation, including war, is “the father of everything and the king of everything.”

Heraclitus's ideas about conflict and struggle as the basis of all things were shared by other materialist philosophers of antiquity. At the same time, some of them (for example, Epicurus) expressed the idea that hostile clashes, with their grave consequences, would ultimately convince people to live in peace and harmony.

I" Conflicts were also paid attention to by such outstanding minds of antiquity as Plato and Aristotle, who lived in the 5th-4th centuries BC. They believed: man is by nature a social being; an individual person is only a part of a broader !# whole - society; the social principle inherent in a person gives him the ability to mutual understanding and cooperation with

other people.

"" At the same time, a tendency towards enmity, hatred and Vasily was not excluded. In his treatise "Politics" Aristotle pointed to the sources of strife (conflicts), which, in his opinion, consisted in the inequality of people in the possession of property and the receipt of honors, jgt also in arrogance, fear, neglect, intrigues, dissimilarity of Characters, excessive exaltation of some and humiliation of others.

i; : It should be noted that collectivism in its primitive, crude, and often forced forms for a long time, until the Renaissance, prevailed in public relations. It was consecrated by religion, Christianity, for example, professed the biblical idea of ​​man as the creation of God, of his internal bifurcation - a consequence of original sin, of the confrontation in society between the “good” sent down to people from above and the “evil” inevitable in earthly life.

Individualism rose into powerful force. As one of the main principles of social interaction and morality, it has become a kind of catalyst for socio-economic transformations, creating conditions for creative aspirations and self-affirmation of the individual. This found expression in Western European huma baseness, postulates Protestant Christiansnatural science

law and social contract, ideas of early liberalism.

"* For example, Thomas More, Erasmus of Rotterdam, Francis Bacon and

Other humanists spoke out with a sharp condemnation of medieval unrest, social unrest and bloody civil strife. They stood up for peace and good harmony between people, recognizing them as a decisive factor in the development of society.

John Law, Thomas Tobbs, and other zealots of bourgeois freedoms, private forms of life, and equality of starting opportunities held a different point of view, markedly different from the humanists. They believed that man is a separate, valuable being,

for whom other people are only his habitat. In relation to society, priority belongs to the individual. The natural state of social relations is a "war of all against all", in which people act as either enemies or partners.

According to these judgments, conflicts are predetermined by the natural equality of people both in their abilities and in their requirements. The impossibility of actually satisfying all the claims at once creates in the relationship between them conflict situations. Of course, the path to agreement is not closed, but cooperation is possible not due to the natural properties of a person, as ancient thinkers believed, but as a result of coercion, the threat of punishment for disobedience, violation of the social contract.

XVIII century - the Age of Enlightenment - did not bring significant changes in the dissonance of judgments regarding the causes of conflicts and measures to overcome them. Perhaps quite characteristic in this regard is the opinion of Adam Smith, the founder of classical political economy. In his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments, he was a consistent supporter of a certain degree of egoism, i.e. “self-love”, but with the indispensable harmony of selfish interests with the general aspirations of people for well-being and happiness.

Smith believed that the main reason that drives a person in an effort to improve his position, to increase his social status, is to "distinguish himself, attract attention, attract approval, praise, sympathy, or receive the benefits that accompany them." Subsequently, in the world-famous "Study on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations", he put economic interests at the forefront instead of moral relations between people, considering, however, the main thing that a person's priority concern for his own material well-being should not be an obstacle to the common good. so that the thought of the welfare of the whole society prevails over personal motives.

The author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments definitely proceeded from the premise that “man can only exist in society” and “has a natural inclination to social condition", and therefore for him "respect for general rules morality is actually the so-called sense of duty.” Noting that prudence, justice, and philanthropy are the qualities that bring the greatest benefit to people, Smith wrote: “Our own well-being impels us to prudence; the well-being of our neighbors motivates us to justice and philanthropy; justice keeps us away from everything that can harm the happiness of our neighbors, while love of humanity encourages us to do what can promote it.”