* The calculations use average data for Russia

GENERAL INFORMATION

Textiles are products made from flexible, soft fibers and threads (fabric, wadding, nets, etc.), usually made from yarn on loom. Textiles also include matter that is not fabric: knitwear, felt, modern non-woven materials, etc.

Textile industry is a group of light industry branches engaged in the processing of plant (cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf, jute, ramie), animal (wool, silk from silkworm cocoons), artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, threads, and fabrics. It includes the following types of industry:

cotton

woolen

silk

woolen

silk

• hemp and jute

Textiles are one of the main materials used in light industry. Until the end of the 19th century, only natural materials were used in the textile industry - cotton, wool, silk. Then, artificial (based on natural polymers) and synthetic (from hydrocarbon raw materials) fibers became increasingly widespread.

CLASSIFIER OKVED

According to the all-Russian classifier of species economic activity(OKVED), textile production belongs to the section 17 of the same name, which has the following major subsections:

17.1 "Spinning" textile fibers»

17.2 “Weaving production”

17.3 “Finishing of fabrics and textile products”

17.4 “Production of finished textile products, except clothing”

17.5 “Production of other textile products”

17.6 “Production of knitted fabric”

17.7 “Production of knitted products”

ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN THE INDUSTRY

Today, the situation in the world is such that the bulk of textile production is concentrated in developing countries that have sufficient quantities of raw materials (for example, cotton) and cheap labor. Developed countries, importing fabrics, make ready-made garments from them, which are then exported to developing countries. At the same time, territorially, the production itself, which belongs to a developed country, may be located in another state.

The light industry of the USSR covered all stages of production - from the production (growing) of raw materials to the manufacture of garments. Today, the domestic light industry is experiencing serious difficulties, primarily associated with the uncompetitiveness of products in terms of price - Asian countries, using cheap labor, offer significantly cheaper products. At the same time, the quality of Russian fabrics is often significantly higher. The share of domestic products today is no more than 30% of the market. It is almost impossible to determine the quantity more accurately due to the presence of “gray” imports. According to experts, the only competitive segment is the production of workwear, supported by government orders.

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At the same time, Russian manufacturers are experiencing a shortage of capital for the development and modernization of enterprises. Demand is significantly reduced due to the crisis state of the economy. Indices of consumer sentiment and business confidence have reached record lows in the past two years. The worst forecasts are associated with the textile and clothing industries.

Some hopes are raised by the course towards import substitution, however, most enterprises are not ready for it due to the lack of sufficient production capacity, and also due to the high share of imported components in production - from raw materials to equipment. Against the backdrop of the weakening ruble, this becomes critical for the industry.

Some experts do not see the point in locating the full production cycle in Russia and call for repeating world practice, in particular, the development of textile imports from China, as well as the location of clothing production there.

However, the Russian Government plans to develop programs for the development and subsidization of the industry. In particular, there is a draft program for the development of light industry until 2025, according to which the share of Russian products should increase from 25% to 50%. The analysis carried out as part of the development of this program shows that the synthetic fiber production segment has the greatest potential, which can be based on an already existing petrochemical complex. This will give 2.5 times greater effect than the development of natural textile production.

Based on the results of the analysis, 4 main strategic directions development of light industry, one of which relates directly to the textile industry: “the creation in Russia of the production of chemical (synthetic and artificial) fibers with an export orientation, primarily through the development of polyester and viscose fibers and threads. Reorientation of mass textile production to synthetic materials (including both textiles for clothing products and technical textiles). The total effect from the implementation of this direction is 0.19% of GDP, 0.12% of which is the effect from the development of the technical textiles segment.”

The advantage of Russia in this case is its geographical proximity to the main markets for polyester fibers - the CIS countries, China, Turkey, etc. The CIS countries have the greatest export potential - 60-70 thousand tons of exports from the Russian Federation by 2025 and Europe - 100-150 thousand tons. The production volume of polyester fibers in Russia can reach 950 thousand tons, which will meet 80% of domestic demand.

Another promising material is viscose, which is a cheaper alternative to cotton. The raw material for viscose, cellulose, is produced in Russia in sufficient quantities. The export potential of viscose is great. The volume of viscose fibers and threads produced in Russia can reach up to 600 thousand tons, providing up to 80% of local consumption and exporting up to 400 thousand tons to the CIS countries, Europe, Turkey, and Africa.

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The main demand for synthetic fabrics is in domestic and foreign markets can provide technical textiles. The global technical textiles market is estimated at $130 billion and grows by an average of 3% annually. The volume of the Russian technical textile market in 2012 was estimated in physical terms at 320 thousand tons, and in monetary terms at 77 billion rubles.

Technical textiles have many areas of use: in clothing, agriculture, furniture production, industry, construction, etc. The state plans to develop a number of measures to specifically support the segment and protect it from external influences.

ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM THE FEDERAL STATISTICS SERVICE

Rosstat data, which the service receives by collecting official data from market participants, may not coincide with data from analytical agencies, whose analytics are based on surveys and the collection of unofficial data.

Figure 1. Dynamics financial indicators industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 2. Dynamics financial ratios industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

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According to the Federal Service state statistics, between 2007 and 2015. There is a stable trend of revenue growth in the industry. Since data on sales volumes in physical terms is not available, it is not possible to conclude whether revenue is growing only due to higher prices, or whether sales volumes in units are also growing. At the same time, gross margin and return on sales are also growing. A particularly sharp increase occurred in 2015. These data differ to some extent from data from independent sources.

The indicators of accounts receivable (in 2015 + 67% compared to 2007) and accounts payable (in 2015 + 101% compared to 2007) increased significantly, which indicates problems in mutual settlements with customers and suppliers. High accounts receivable may indicate a shortage working capital, which can be covered through loans. The dynamics of the debt-to-equity ratio confirms this conclusion: the debt-to-equity ratio increased from 3.66 times in 2007 to 5.62 times in 2015.

Figure 3. Accounts receivable and payable by industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles.

Figure 4. Shares of regions in gross industry revenue in 2015

CONCLUSION

Despite the positive data from Rosstat, the textile industry in Russia is in a declining state due to the low level of product competitiveness. The market is filled with cheap products from Southeast Asia, most of which are “gray” imports.

Some experts believe that the solution to their current situation is to adopt the experience of developed countries importing textile products. The Government of the Russian Federation, however, has developed programs for the support and development of light industry, including textiles, as its integral part. It is planned to develop a specialized segment of polyester fabrics.

Overall, even with successful process reorganization of the industry, we can hardly expect its growth in the next 5-7 years. The technologies used in the industry are highly labor and capital intensive.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution higher professional education

North Caucasus State Technical University

Nevinnomyssk Technological Institute (branch)

COURSE WORK

in the discipline Industry Economics

Subject: Prospects for the development of the textile and clothing industryslennosti in Russia until 2015

Nevinnomyssk 2010

• Introduction
• 1. General characteristics of the light industry of the Russian Federation
• 2. Territorial structure of light industry of the Russian Federation
• 2.1 Principles of industrial location
• 2.1.1 Light industry in the Central Federal District
• 2.1.2 Light industry in other federal districts
• 3. Problems and prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation
• 3.1 Characteristics of light industry. Assessment of the state and trends of its development
• 3.2 Problems of development of light industry of the Russian Federation
• 3.3 Prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation
• 3.4 Draft strategy for the development of light industry in Russia for the period until 2015
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
• Appendix A

Introduction

Light industry is an industry for the production of consumer goods, which must meet the needs of the country's population. The main task of the light industry is to meet the growing needs of all segments of the population.

Today, the share of light industry in the country's total production is about 1.3%, which is very small for this industry. To understand the reasons for such a low share of total production, it is necessary to analyze the state of the industry and the problems of its development. To increase the share percentage, it is necessary to find ways to develop this industry.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2009 N 623 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 31, 03.08.2009);

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 3, 2009 N 798 (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, N 41, 10/12/2009).

Decides:

1. Approve the attached Rules for the provision in 2009 of subsidies to organizations of the light and textile industry to reimburse part of the costs of paying interest on loans received from Russian credit institutions (clause as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 10, 2009 N 100; as amended by Government Decree Russian Federation dated October 3, 2009 N 798 - see previous edition).

2. To establish that the provision of subsidies to organizations in the light and textile industries to reimburse part of the costs of paying interest on loans received from Russian credit organizations is carried out if the provision of such subsidies is provided for federal law on the federal budget for the corresponding year and for the planning period in relation to loans received during the period determined by this federal law.

The purpose of this work is to analyze development problems and propose prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation.

The work consists of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The main part consists of three sections. The first section outlines the general theoretical foundations, the second section contains a brief description of the territorial structure of light industry, the third section discusses the problems of the industry, ways to solve them and prospects for development.

To write this work, we mainly used popular science magazines, as well as official documents and textbooks. An analysis of the literature has shown that the state of light industry is not given due attention, and the material presented does not give a complete picture of the light industry of the country as a whole.

1. General characteristics of the light industry of the Russian Federation

Light industry is one of the sectors of the complex producing consumer goods. This industry is a manufacturing industry and produces products for the population: fabrics, clothing, shoes, knitwear, hosiery and fur products, hats, textiles and leather haberdashery. In addition, light industry enterprises provide the supply of fabrics and cord for the production of tires and cores steel ropes for coal mines and metallurgical industry, filter and sieve fabrics for the food, chemical and electrical industries, fabrics and other products for agriculture, fabrics for transport belts used in all industries in Russia. Thus, light industry enterprises, along with consumer goods, produce raw materials and auxiliary materials for other industries National economy.

In the light industry there are 20 research institutes, which are specialized in accordance with groups of industries and serve the textile, knitwear, clothing, leather and footwear and fur sub-industries. The institutes have their own developments, many of which have received recognition at annual international salons inventions. But at the same time in last years There has been a tendency to destroy the scientific and technical potential and the previously effectively functioning system of training specialists, which is primarily due to insufficient funding.

Light industry affects the overall economic situation in the country because, firstly, it is an industry with a rapid turnover of capital; secondly, its technological cycle draws into its sphere Agriculture, chemical industry and other industries.

The raw material base of Russia's light industry is underdeveloped, because does not meet the industry's needs for raw materials.

The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. Flax growing is in a difficult situation: the crops of long flax are being reduced, and its yield is falling. Flax growing is distributed unevenly: over 60% of the harvested raw materials are in the Central Federal District, 25% in the Northwestern District, and only 15% in all the rest. Flax growing today is sole supplier domestic plant raw materials, and prices for flax fiber are the lowest of all types of fiber.

At the moment, the needs of the flax industry for raw materials are met through imports, and the main supplier of flax is Belarus.

Natural wool comes mainly from sheep. Behind Lately their number in Russia has decreased, and the quality of wool has deteriorated. Only wool coming from breeding farms fully meets all quality requirements, but little such wool is supplied, since it is the breeding stock that has decreased the most.

Light industry could provide itself almost completely with natural leather raw materials, but a significant part of it is exported from Russia.

The raw materials for the production of twisted products (twine, ropes) are hemp, jute and sisal. Hemp is made from the stems of hemp, the cultivation of which has been declining since 1960, while jute and sisal are imported from abroad.

Cotton is not grown in Russia, therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, the developed cotton industry is entirely based on imported raw materials. Raw cotton comes mainly from Uzbekistan, also from Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, a small part comes from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.

In addition to natural raw materials, light industry uses synthetic and chemical fibers, artificial leathers supplied chemical industry. The starting materials for their production are petroleum products, natural gas, coal tar. The main delivery areas are the Central and Volga Federal Districts.

The structure of light industry includes about 30 sub-sectors, which can be combined into three main groups:

Textile industry, which includes linen, cotton, silk, wool, knitting, as well as primary processing of flax, wool, net knitting industry, felting, production nonwovens and others.

Garment industry.

Leather and footwear industry, which also includes fur.

The factors for locating light industry enterprises are varied and each industry has its own characteristics, but the following main ones can be identified:

Labor resources. This factor provides a large number of people and highly qualified specialists.

Raw material factor. This factor primarily influences the location of enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials. For example, enterprises for the primary processing of leather are located near large meat processing plants. Consumer factor. Finished products of the clothing industry are less transportable compared to raw materials. For example, fabrics are economically more transportable than finished products. In the textile industry, on the contrary, finished products are more transportable than raw materials. For example, when washed, wool becomes 70% lighter.

Textile industry.

The main branch of light industry in Russia is the textile industry. Despite the fact that it belongs to the typical “old industries”, in the era scientific and technological revolution textile fiber production has not decreased. The textile industry accounts for about 70% of the total volume of sales commercial products of the entire light industry of Russia.

The main products of the industry are fabrics, which are used to meet the needs of the population and are used as raw materials and auxiliary materials in the clothing, footwear, food industries, in mechanical engineering and other industries.

Cotton industry is a leading branch in the structure of the textile industry. Historically, the main area of ​​concentration of the cotton industry is the Central Federal District. The reasons for this location of the industry were many years of experience in the development of the linen, silk and cloth industries, the availability of equipment and qualified labor, the presence of consumers, and the availability of transport. These factors led to the growth of the cotton industry in the Moscow and Ivanovo provinces. Currently, the leading factors for the location of the industry are the availability of consumers, the availability of skilled labor and the provision of employment in heavy industrial areas.

In the structure of the textile industry, the linen industry is also distinguished. Today, 70% of the fabrics produced in our country are fabrics for industrial and technical purposes. There is not enough production of costume and dress fabrics. Flax is also used to make waterproof workwear, tarpaulin for covering equipment, tents, fire hoses, etc.

Initially, the industry was located near flax-producing areas, but currently the raw material factor plays a lesser role. Of primary importance for locating an enterprise in the area is the provision of qualified personnel, and the primary processing of flax is concentrated in flax-growing areas.

Wool industry produces a variety of products: household fabrics, blankets, carpets, etc. The bulk of woolen fabrics is used for personal consumption and only 5% is used for technical purposes.

Garment industry.

Garment industry enterprises are distributed more evenly throughout the country than textile industry enterprises. They are available in almost every region and mainly satisfy the internal needs of the region. The main factor in locating enterprises in the clothing industry is consumer. This is due to the fact that it is more economical to transport fabrics rather than finished products. Typically, clothing manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in large industrial centers.

In recent years, the Russian clothing industry has been quite successfully cooperating with foreign countries, using the form of international cooperation, i.e. placing orders for Russian enterprises for the production of clothing based on models and materials from foreign countries. Foreign manufacturers are attracted to our country by the high level of vocational training specialists and at the same time low labor costs, as well as territorial proximity to the Western market. For Russian manufacturers of the clothing industry, cooperation with foreign manufacturers allows them to improve the quality of products and make them more competitive in the domestic and world markets.

2. Territorial structure of light industry of the Russian Federation

Light industry, compared to other branches of production, has a less pronounced territorial structure, since there are some enterprises in almost every district. However, it is possible to identify specialized areas, especially in the textile industry, producing a certain range of products. For example, the Ivanovo region specializes in the production of cotton products and ranks first in Russia in terms of production volume. The Central Federal District specializes in the production of all branches of the textile industry, and only in this federal district is light industry a branch of specialization. Most often, sub-sectors of light industry complement the economic complex of the region.

Further, in characterizing enterprises in different regions, statistical data on the volume of output for each enterprise is used. To understand how large a share an enterprise occupies in the production structure, it is necessary to know the total production volumes. Statistical data are presented based on the results of the light industry in the first half of 2003. In total, clothing industry enterprises produced products worth 12,505 million rubles.

2.1 Principles of industrial location

The location of industry is one of the forms of social division of labor, expressed in spatial distribution industrial enterprises and production on the territory of an economic region, republic or country as a whole. It acts as important factor increasing efficiency social production. The correct geographical location of industrial enterprises is a prerequisite for the effective use of natural resources and labor resources country, reducing irrational transportation of products and strengthening Russia's defense capability, better meeting the needs of the population, and increasing their well-being. In the process of placement industrial production not only purely economic, but also socio-political problems are being solved - overcoming significant differences between city and countryside, increasing economic level development of formerly backward regions of the country, the growth of highly qualified national personnel in them.

The principles of industrial location represent the initial scientific principles that guide the state in its economic policy in the field of planned placement of productive forces.

The most important principle of industrial location is to bring industrial production closer to sources of raw materials, to areas of consumption, provided that the necessary products are produced with minimal expenditure of social labor.

Ensuring the rapid pace of expanded reproduction and growth in the productivity of social labor requires the widespread deployment of industrial production throughout the country and an increasingly even distribution of industry.

The uniform distribution of industrial production throughout the country based on industrial specialization and the use of all natural resources and labor resources should be considered as one of the fundamental principles of industrial location. The uniform distribution of industry is a qualitative feature of the development of this important sector of the national economy. Bringing industry closer to sources of raw materials and a more uniform distribution of production throughout the country makes it possible to avoid excessively long-distance transportation of raw materials, fuel, materials and finished products to the places of their consumption. Transportation over long distances causes transport costs, which significantly increase the cost of production and reduce economic efficiency industrial production.

The increasingly uniform distribution of industry throughout the country, however, does not mean that all branches of industry must develop in all economic regions. Some industries gravitate towards areas where mineral deposits occur, others - towards sources of agricultural raw materials, and others - towards areas of consumption. The task of locating these industries is to develop them in areas that have the necessary economic and natural prerequisites.

An important principle of the distribution of productive forces is the rational territorial division of labor with the aim of the most effective specialization of individual economic regions by industry and the creation of territorial production complexes.

The essence of the territorial division of labor lies in the purposeful planned formation of the economy of all economic regions of the country on the basis of the planned placement of material production, constantly improving industry specialization, rationalization of production and social infrastructure, rationalization of inter-industry, inter-district and intra-district production relations.

The basis for the economic development of the economic regions of our country is industry. The creation in each region of a complex of industries, clearly specialized in accordance with the natural and economic characteristics of this region, most fully satisfying national and intra-regional needs, is the most important component of the entire comprehensive development of the regional economy and plays a leading role in this development.

The integrated development of regions, combined with the elimination of irrational transportation of raw materials and finished products, ensures equalization of the levels of economic development of all regions of the country.

The principle of production location is the international division of labor based on economic integration. With the development of the world economic system, this principle is becoming increasingly important in the distribution of industry both throughout the system and in each of its member countries. The division of labor ensures the most rational development of the economy of each country and the specialization of individual states in those industries for which they have the most favorable natural, economic and social conditions.

Along with the stated economic principles, the practice of locating certain industries also takes into account other circumstances that are historically transitory in nature, but have great social, political or defense significance.

The impact of these principles on the specific process of industrial location is carried out through a number of factors that can be divided into three main groups: natural-economic, technical-economic and economic-political. The provision of districts acts as an independent factor of placement vehicles and their technical level.

2.1.1 Light industry in the Central Federal District

The development of light industry in this district is due to history. There is a large scientific and technical base, qualified personnel, high consumer demand and availability of transport, as well as providing employment in heavy industrial areas.

The Central Federal District accounts for 1/3 of light industry production in the Russian Federation.

The Central Federal District is the main concentration area of ​​the cotton industry. Over 90% of all cotton fabrics in the Russian Federation are produced here. The first place is occupied by the Ivanovo region, 70% of Russian cotton fabrics are produced here. IN Ivanovo region There are about 40 cotton industry enterprises, followed by Moscow and the Moscow region in terms of production volume. Here the cotton industry is represented by the Orekhovsky plant, the Glukhovsky plant and others. It is worth noting the large enterprise Trekhgornaya Manufactory, which produced products worth 41 million rubles in the first half of 2003. Cotton industry enterprises are also located in the Ivanovo, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tver, and Yaroslavl regions.

The Central Federal District is the main region for the production of linen fabrics. The main production centers are Vyazniki (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Vyazma (Smolensk region).

The production of woolen fabrics is developed in the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo region (Shuya) and others.

In the Central Federal District there are enterprises producing clothing industry products. In the Moscow region there are enterprises "Bolshevichka", "Firm "Cheryomushki", "PTSHO Salyut" (Moscow region). According to the results of the first half of 2003, they produced products worth 282, 112 and 87 million rubles, respectively. In the Vladimir region - “Vyaznikovskaya Garment Factory” with a product output of 69 million rubles, “Children’s Clothing” with a product output of 68 million rubles, “Sobinovskaya Garment Factory” with a product output of 64 million rubles. In the Ivanovo region - “Ivango Sewing Factory” with production worth 71 million rubles. Here are the largest enterprises that produce products worth over 40 million rubles.

2.1.2 Light industry in other federal districts

As mentioned above, light industry has a less pronounced territorial structure and, usually, complements the economic complex of the region. If in the Central Federal District it is an industry of specialization, then in other federal districts it has not become such. However, it is possible to identify places with the greatest concentration of light industry enterprises.

Enterprises producing linen industry products are located in the Northwestern Federal District, in the Pskov and Vologda regions, 3.3% of Russia's linen fabrics are produced here. There are also enterprises in the Volga, Ural and Siberian federal districts. The largest of them are located in Kazan, Kirov, Yekaterinburg and Biysk.

The second place in the production of woolen fabrics is occupied by the Volga and Ural Federal Districts. The main enterprises are concentrated in the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk and Penza regions.

Unlike enterprises in the textile industry, enterprises in the clothing industry are distributed more evenly throughout the country. They exist in almost every region of the country, but there are the largest ones. These are enterprises such as “Gloria-Jeans Corporation” with the production of products worth 1592 million rubles and “Donetsk Manufactory” with the production of products worth 181 million rubles, located in Rostov region. Also, large enterprises are the Pskov garment factory “Slavyanka” with the production of products worth 309 million rubles; "Grammer" with the production of products worth 178 million rubles, located in the Kaliningrad region; "Elegant" with the production of products worth 136 million rubles, located in the Ulyanovsk region; the Sinar enterprise with the production of products worth 127 million rubles, located in the Novosibirsk region and others.

3. Problems and prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation

In 1999 and 2000, light industry enterprises used the created opportunities to expand import substitution, increasing the growth rate of production volumes to 20% annually.

However, since 2001, the light industry experienced a slowdown in production growth, and then its reduction, and the financial and economic indicators of the industry deteriorated.

In order to understand what this is connected with, it is necessary to consider the problems of the development of light industry.

light industry industry Russia

3.1 Characteristics of light industry. Assessment of the state and trends of its development

After the crisis of 1998, the growth rate of production of all types of fabrics compared to the previous year was 20.9% in 2000, 12.7% in 2001, in 2003 it decreased to 3%, and in 2004 the growth rate was already negative value - 95.6 percent.

The greatest decrease in growth rates over the period 2000-2004 occurred in industries that provide normal conditions for human life, namely: in the clothing, knitwear and footwear industries, the growth rate of product output decreased in 2004 compared to 2000, respectively by 29.5 to 9 and by 13.9 points.

And only starting from the second half of 2005, the industry overcame the trend of falling production volumes and achieved good results at the end of 2006.

But already in 2007, the growth trend in production compared to previous years not only slowed down, but in some cases product groups(fabrics, knitwear and footwear), the growth rate of output volumes was negative. This indicates an unstable and spasmodic trend in the development of light industry, not only by year, but also by type of product, Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Dynamics of growth rates in production volumes of the main types of light industry products.

In 2007, 2.7 billion m2 of fabrics were produced, which is 2.4% less than in the previous year. The volume of production of cotton fabrics decreased by 3.9% (the decrease was caused by market saturation in bed linen and a reduction in its output by 18.3%). The production of woolen fabrics decreased by 1.7% and linen fabrics by 18.7% (the reduction is due to a drop in demand for linen fabrics on the foreign market, about 75% of the volume of which was exported in the form of raw materials). Currently, market conditions have changed, the demand for fabrics with improved consumer properties and fashionable design, the share of which in the industry’s product range is still insignificant, has increased, which also affected production volumes.

The volume of shipped goods in current prices for the period 2005-2007 increased 1.3 times, for the nine months of 2008 - by 15.9% compared to the level of the corresponding period in 2007 and amounted to 128.7 billion rubles.

The dominant position in the commodity structure of goods sold is occupied by products of the textile industries (cotton, wool, linen, silk, knitwear, non-woven materials, etc.), the share of which in the volume of shipped products amounted to 53.7%, and the share of clothing, leather and fur products, footwear and other industries - 46.3 percent.

The dynamics of the growth rate of textile, clothing and fur production for the period 2006-2008 is clearly shown in Fig. 2.

Fig.2. Growth rates of textile, clothing and fur production

It should be noted that the growth in the production of a number of light industry goods in recent years is associated with the improvement of the taxation system, because the possibility of producers switching to a simplified taxation system contributed to their exit from the “shadow”.

During the analyzed period, the structure of commercial output also improved, in the total volume of which the share of finished products for the population (clothing, knitted and fur products, shoes) increased, the volume of high-quality natural and artificial leather for shoes and leather goods increased, and new types of medical products appeared , Fig.3.

Fig.3 Structure of commercial output of light industry products in 2007 - 2008

A slight deterioration in the activity of light industry in 2008 is evidenced by the increase in the share of unprofitable enterprises (Table 1) and the low level of utilization of production capacity.

Table 1. Share of unprofitable enterprises in light industry activities

The level of production capacity utilization in the main industries is characterized by the following indicators:

- cotton - 70.1%, linen - 35.9%,

- wool - 33.0%, silk - 36.1%,

- knitwear - 51.0%, footwear - 54.0%

In the context of annual growth in production costs, underutilization of production capacity brings losses to the industry and creates an irrational structure of its balance sheet, in which non-current assets occupy about 90 percent.

3.2 Problems of development of light industry of the Russian Federation

The main reason for the crisis in the light industry is the technological backwardness of most enterprises, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of products. To get out of this situation, activation is necessary innovation activity, main task which is the implementation and use of the results scientific research and developments at enterprises. An analysis of the situation in the field of innovation activity showed that the demand for basic scientific and technical achievements and technologies is quite low, which increases the technological lag of the industry. The innovative activity of enterprises is mainly hampered by a lack of financial resources; other reasons include too high costs for innovation and long payback periods.

To enhance innovation activity, the following measures are necessary:

1. Improving the regulatory system on the part of the state, in order to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise;

2. Economic support for enterprises involved in innovation activities;

3. Support for innovation at the regional level;

4. Development of international cooperation in the field of innovation.

To improve innovation activities, it is necessary to have research institutes.

There are also staffing problems. Firstly, there is a shortage of qualified senior and mid-level specialists. Secondly, the lack of knowledge and initiative among many managers necessary for the successful transfer of production from command-administrative methods of functioning to market and successful development enterprises in modern conditions. This problem can be solved by training new and retraining old personnel.

For a separate branch of light industry, there is a problem of the raw materials market. First of all, this is a problem in the textile industry, the main raw material for which is cotton. In Soviet times, the main suppliers of cotton were Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but with the collapse of the USSR, economic ties were also disrupted. Due to the desire of the former Soviet republics to earn more money, raw materials were supplied at dumping prices outside the former Union, which reduced the supply of cotton to Russia. This problem can be solved by reducing the share of cotton products and changing the production structure.

3.3 Prospects for the development of light industry in the Russian Federation

Despite the existence of serious problems in the development of light industry, there are also promising areas of development.

It should be noted that today Russia has a sufficient raw material base for light industry, which can be used with greater efficiency. Already, Russia can almost completely satisfy the needs of enterprises for flax fiber, leather and fur raw materials, artificial fibers, threads, and wool. It is necessary to resolve the issues of producing sufficient quantities of synthetic fibers and threads.

One of promising directions development will be a change in the structure of production of the textile industry, a decrease in the share of cotton and an increase in the share of linen products. This requires widespread development of flax processing processes not only at flax industry enterprises, but also at cotton industry enterprises. In the future, the following tasks must be solved:

Creating a reliable base of domestic natural raw materials by increasing gross flax harvests, as well as releasing flax from the production of technical products;

Replacement of part of the purchased cotton fiber at cotton industry enterprises with flax fiber through the development of new technologies;

Development of export potential through the supply of flax, as well as high-quality linen fabrics and finished products.

Likewise, for promising development The industry needs to improve the quality of its products and make them competitive with imported goods. This requires the modernization of production and the development of the scientific and technical industry. In the near future, it is advisable to develop existing techniques and technologies in the direction of existing technological equipment, allowing for a more complete use of domestic natural and chemical raw materials in order to expand the range, improve the quality, and competitiveness of products.

For the future development of light industry, it is necessary to increase the investment attractiveness of production. For this, an appropriate regulatory framework is necessary; it should be profitable for an entrepreneur to invest financial resources in light industry enterprises. On the one hand, in light industry the turnover of funds occurs 2-4 times, which in itself is already profitable. But besides this, it is necessary to change the financial and legal policy of the state in relation to light industry. On the part of the state, the priority measures aimed at creating conditions for the development of the industry will be:

1. reduction of import customs duties on highly efficient technological equipment for light industry not produced in the Russian Federation;

2. optimization of customs duties on raw materials and supplies used by light industry enterprises;

3. inclusion in existing and developing federal target programs of the most important work aimed at introducing new technologies in light industry

4. suppressing the illegal import of light industrial goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and improving the mechanism for receiving and using humanitarian aid;

5. suppression of illegal production of light industry products

6. intensification of work on the implementation of measures that contribute to improving the supply of raw materials to light industry."

Also, government activities are aimed at supporting the export of products, as evidenced by the Concept for the development of state financial support for the export of industrial products, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 14, 2003 No. 1493-r.

3.4 Draft strategy for the development of light industry in Russia for the period until 2015

The development strategy for the light industry of Russia for the period until 2015 was developed in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 3, 2008 No. Pr-1369 and the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 15, 2008 No. VP-P9-4244.

The Strategy is understood as a set of target functions, principles and decisions, interconnected in terms of tasks, implementation deadlines and resources, which must be implemented in plans of measures and complex activities of a regulatory, legal, economic, scientific, technical and organizational nature, in innovative, regional and budgetary target programs, in individual projects.

Strategy:

- determines the goals, objectives, main directions of long-term socio-economic development of the light industry, taking into account the challenges of the coming period, structural changes and ways of its transformation into a competitive and dynamically developing industrial complex, receptive to innovation;

- ensures coordination of actions of executive and legislative authorities at various levels in making decisions on supporting light industry at the state level in priority areas of industry development;

It serves as a conceptual basis for the development of small businesses in the industry, stimulating pilot projects and the most important state-important investment projects for modernization and technical re-equipment in the production of high-tech, market-demanded new generation products based on the use of public-private partnerships.

When developing the Strategy and activities, the following were taken into account:

National interests of Russia (increasing the level and quality of life of the population, the health of the nation, the strategic and economic security of the state, ensuring high rates of industrial growth and creating potential for the future development of the Russian economy);

Proposals of federal executive authorities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and business, expressed at a meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation, held on June 20, 2008 on the issue of raising the light industry economy, identifying ways and means to increase its competitiveness in the market of consumer goods, technical textiles and strategic products appointments; the most important legislative and regulations, defining state policy in light industry for the medium and long term.

Proposals from constituent entities of the Russian Federation, industry research institutes, public organizations and associations on the necessary measures to support the industry in priority areas and problematic issues;

Features of the light industry as an object of expected impact and the starting conditions of its activity at the present stage to determine the targets for its development for the period until 2015.

The following materials served as the basis for the development of the Strategy:

- goals, target indicators, priorities and main objectives of long-term state policy in the social sphere, in the field of science and technology, as well as structural transformations in the economy, provided for in the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015 dated November 17, 2008 N 1662-р;

- the main directions for the development of light industry, approved by the participants of the meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation on June 20, 2008 (Ivanovo);

- regional programs, concepts and clusters for the development of light industry, official sources of information;

- “Methodological recommendations for developing strategies for the development of industrial sectors” (dated July 30, 2004, MF-P13-4480).

The Strategy is based on the transition of light industry to an innovative development model aimed at increasing its competitive advantages and increasing the output of high-quality products of a new generation. Special attention devoted to the issues of protecting the domestic market from illegal trafficking of goods, technical re-equipment and development of industry science, import substitution and export, providing the industry with material and raw materials and professional personnel.

To implement the Strategy, it is planned to involve venture funds, an innovation fund, grants, own funds enterprises, subsidies and budget financing R&D, mega-projects and others innovative projects, ensuring the competitive level of the industry, as well as investments from domestic and foreign investors, commercial banks and insurance companies.

The mechanism for solving problems and implementing the Strategy’s activities is comprehensive, systemic and strategically targeted in nature and covers all types of light industry activities: from deep processing of raw materials to the production of finished goods and their promotion to sales markets.

The development of the Strategy was carried out using the program-target forecasting method, the choice of which was determined by:

- integrating goals, solving industry problems using systemic methods, minimizing risks and ensuring the feasibility of the Strategy’s measures through harmonization of resources and tasks, and the absence of duplication in their solution;

-combining economic and administrative management levers to ensure the implementation of the Strategy’s activities within the established time frame.

As a result of the implementation of the Strategy, economic conditions will be created for an increase in production volumes of competitive products by 2015 to the 2008 level by 3.8 times and an increase in exports by 4.2 times, the volume of which in 2015 will be about 3.5 billion US dollars.

Implementation of the Strategy’s measures will increase competitiveness Russian companies, strengthen positions and conquer new segments in the domestic and foreign markets. Share of domestically produced products in Russian market must be at least 50%. At least 80% of Russian light industry products must be innovative and patent protected (trademark, utility model). This will help ensure economic and environmental security, increase Russia’s defense capability, develop regions, and create new jobs.

The strategy is intended to become one of the main instruments of state policy in solving the problems of light industry and attracting investment for its effective development for the period until 2015. It must interconnect the task of effective development of the most important sector Russian economy meeting the needs of the country's citizens, law enforcement agencies and departments, related industries industrial complex Russia in high-quality and affordable consumer goods, in products for technical and strategic purposes.

Conclusion

Having analyzed the state of the industry, we can propose the following areas of development:

1) carrying out technological modernization of light industry enterprises and ensuring, on this basis, stable innovative development of the industry;

2) ensuring deep processing of domestic raw materials, both natural (linen, wool, leather and fur) and chemical fibers and threads;

3) reduction in imports of raw materials from abroad;

4) legislative provision of a sustainable position for domestic producers through state regulation.

5) ensuring the protection of the domestic market from competition from illegally imported products;

6) ensuring protection of the domestic market from competition of low-quality products;

7) solving the problem of staffing, training and retraining of specialists.

The implementation of the main directions will improve the efficiency of the industry, ensure a transition to an innovative path of development, modernize enterprises, increase the competitiveness of products and the share of domestic goods on the Russian market, and expand the export capabilities of light industry.

Expanding the market for domestic light industry goods will help improve the economic situation in the country, as well as increase the share of light industry in total production.

Bibliography

1. Andronova L.N., Gerasimenko O.A., Kapitsyn V.M. Ways for the textile industry to emerge from the crisis. // Problems of forecasting. 2008. No. 2.

2. Borisov A.S. On scientific, technical and innovative problems of light industry. // Industry of Russia. 2007. No. 8.

3. Zhivetin V.V. State and prospects for the development of textile and light industry. // Industry of Russia. 2008. No. 6.

4. Zhukov Yu.V. On state support for the export of industrial products. // Garment industry. 2006. No. 6.

5. Zverev S.M., Smolnikova G.N., Yampolskaya N.Yu. Necessity government controlled quality and competitiveness of products.// Leather and footwear industry. 2008. No. 1.

6. Regional economy. Tutorial for universities./ Ed. T.G. Morozova. M.: UNITY, 2006.

Appendix A

Light industry of the Irkutsk region.

The region's light industry includes the organizations OJSC Sewing Firm "ViD", LLC PKF "Revtrud", LLC "Bratskaya Garment Factory", LLC "Telminskaya Garment Factory", LLC "Blik", LLC "Spetsobuv". The leather and footwear industry is represented by the Irkutsk tannery for the primary processing of leather, the Usolsky chrome plant, which supplies raw materials for the Irkutsk shoe factory(Angara company), a factory for the production of felted shoes.

In Irkutsk there is a large fur raw materials factory, which receives furs for primary processing from Siberia and the Far East.

Table 2. Dynamics of production in light industry of the Irkutsk region

The volume of shipped products in 2005 amounted to 424.8 million rubles, the weighted average index of industrial production in 2005 was 104%.

Main problems:

1. Annually increasing imports of light industrial goods from the countries of Southeast Asia, Germany and the CIS countries. At the same time, the growth rate of imports of goods is faster than the growth rate of production in the region.

2. Inefficient use of production capacity in some organizations (load percentage - no more than 50%).

3. Wear of technological equipment (its active part).

4. Low level of management.

5. Low wages.

6. The inability of light industry organizations to obtain long-term loans for 10-15 years to replenish working capital, technical re-equipment of production and production of competitive products.

7. The absence of textile mills in the region, the location of the main producers of raw materials and materials in the European part of the Russian Federation.

Today the industry is characterized by backward production base specialized enterprises, weak competitiveness of domestic goods in terms of “price - quality - design”, the reasons for which are:

- weak development of the Russian Fashion Industry, its lag behind European and world trends by 2-3 years;

- high production costs due to the high cost of raw materials, dyes, TVV and accessories (a large share of which are imported from abroad) in the cost of production and high energy costs, the prices of which are unreasonably growing at an extremely fast pace, Fig. 4.

Fig.4 Industry average structure of production costs in light industry in 2007 - 2008, %

Table 3. The main tasks of the development of light industry in the region and ways to solve them

Carrying out measures to increase the output of competitive products, preserve jobs, and grow wages, an increase in tax deductions is provided for by organizations annually in the business plans (investment projects) they develop. Currently, long-term investment projects for the technical re-equipment of production at OJSC Sewing Firm ViD, LLC Spetsobuv, LLC Blik. Mutual obligations between the regional administration and light industry organizations are enshrined in annual Agreements, the implementation of which ensures the solution of the tasks set for the current year.

Growth of production in light industry of the Irkutsk region.

In 2005, for the first time in the last five years, production growth was observed in the light industry of the Irkutsk region.

In the industries “Textile and clothing production” (for large and medium-sized enterprises) the growth was 102%, in the “Production of leather, leather products and footwear production” - 111.9%. In Russia, these figures were 97.8% and 98.5%, respectively. In the subjects of the Siberian Federal District: Krasnoyarsk Territory (95.2% and 91.9%), Kemerovo Region (58% and 63%), Novosibirsk region(85.7% and 45.7%), Altai Territory (88.3% and 83.6%). Positive results were achieved thanks to the focused work of the department for the development of the industrial complex. More efficient use of regional budget funds has been ensured. As a result, 38 million rubles (48%) of those provided for in the regional budget for 2005 were placed in the form of regional government orders at light industry enterprises in the region.

In 2004, this amount amounted to 20 million rubles (27%).

In 2005, the regional budget provided 145 million rubles for the purchase of soft equipment. Most of these funds are planned to be sent in the form of government orders to light industry enterprises in the Angara region. This will increase the growth of production volumes and development of light industry enterprises in our region.

At the same time, the department for the development of the industrial complex is completing work on agreeing on a draft agreement between the regional administration and light industry enterprises of the region. Securing relevant obligations in the agreement will ensure effective work enterprises subject to mandatory government support. This will ensure this year that the industrial production index reaches 105-107%, the preservation of four thousand jobs and an increase in tax deductions to 10%.

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A difficult case of light industry

What measures are needed to revive the Russian light industry? Most often, most people associate the concept of light industry with something frivolous. What is a shirt compared to nuclear icebreaker? One mid-range airliner, say a Boeing 767-300ER, costs approximately $115.5 million. To earn the same amount, it is necessary to produce and sell 5.77 million pieces of the average polo T-shirt. However, if you look closely at the details, the picture begins to play completely different colors.

In the world's largest economy China(GDP at PPP $21.2 trillion for 2016) to the share of light industry accounted for 21%. This is only 2% less than what the Middle Kingdom receives from agriculture, and half of the total share of the country's manufacturing industry. Only Portugal– 22%. Other countries have less: Italy – 12%, Germany – 6%, USA- 4%. But given the size of their economies, this is still significant money and a significant contribution to overall employment. working population. The latter is especially important given the current crisis trends both in the global economy and in the Russian economy. Thus, the issue of the development of light industry in the Russian Federation is of particular importance, including because this industry differs significantly higher rates of return from investment compared to heavy industry, automotive or computing.

Chinese garment factory in Ganzhou

World practice shows that a new radio-electronic plant pays for itself in an average of 5–6 years, while a garment factory reaches self-sufficiency within 2.5–3 years. And in terms of investment capacity it much lower, than a new rolling mill.

In addition, light industry products are bed linen, clothing, shoes, that is, goods literally everyday demand, not much different in essence from food. Why then the share of Russian light industry from 11.9% in 1990 fell to 1% and only recently barely reached 1.5% of GDP?

International division of “light” labor

Before embarking on an analysis of the prospects for the development of the domestic economy, it is necessary to consider the external conditions that affect the availability of opportunities and the dynamics of processes in general.

In the most general terms, the global light industry is represented by the following key areas: textile, footwear and clothing, of which the textile industry occupies the main place (over 65%). An important distinguishing feature of the industry is the progressive unevenness in the distribution of income from the sale of finished products.

If a century ago raw material producers received up to 50% of revenue, and manufacturers of semi-finished products and accessories took up to 25%, then today it’s over 60% of profit is generated by production finished products And sales channels, and the share of feedstock accounts for less than 10%.

The latter is especially important, since it directly indicates an extremely high degree of competition, which is preventing the simple and rapid revival of the production of necessary types of raw materials in Russia. If leather dressing is tied to animal husbandry, which, in addition to skins, also produces meat and milk, then the cultivation of cotton and silk is closely connected with climatic conditions, which in China, Taiwan, South Korea, India, Turkey and even Central Asia are significantly better than Russian ones.

Therefore, it is not surprising that 30% of cotton fabrics in the world are produced by China, 14% by Malaysia, 10% by India, 7% by Turkey. Of the 30–35 billion m² of global production of cotton fabrics per year, Russia’s share is only 1.4 billion. Not the least role here was played by the Soviet orientation of the textile industry to flax, wool and silk, the share of which in modern world consumption has decreased to 10% and continues to decline . For example, the total consumption of wool fabrics in 2015 was only 3 billion m².

In turn, there is a rapid growth in demand for mixed fabrics, where is the share natural fiber does not exceed 50%, the rest is made up of artificial materials, for example, viscose. Currently, their consumption has reached 35–40 billion m² and continues to grow at a rate of 7% annually.

Cotton and synthetics are the most widely used fabrics in the world.

It is important to note that weaving production is quite closely related to the production of raw materials, but it is even more critical depends on the location of the garment factories. The reason lies in logistics costs.

Transporting raw cotton over the same distance costs 5.5–6 times less than fabric made from it, and almost 11 times less than clothing made from this fabric. That’s why today sewing production is localized primarily in regions with cheap labor.

So, in particular, the average hourly wage of an employee in Indonesia is $0.24; V Pakistan– 0.4; V India and China– 0.6; V USA– 13 (with the prospect of reaching 15 by 2020); in France– 14–15; V Germany– 21–22 US dollars.

As a result, the entire mass production segment is occupied by the same China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Turkey, and in France, Germany and the USA only small-scale volumes of very expensive, therefore strictly niche brands remain.

There are few exceptions to this rule, perhaps with the exception of the Spanish Zara, which produces 50% of its clothing in Galicia.

Weaving factory in Malaysia. The employees there not only work, but also spend the night. This was the case in Japan late XIX– beginning of the 20th century.

In terms of consumption, the world looks exactly the opposite. Approximately 32% of light industry products are consumed Europe, about 28% – USA, up to 30% – China. The rest of the world accounts for the remaining 10%.

We need to find a unique way

An analysis of external conditions shows that light industry is important and quite important for Russia. can serve as an important locomotive the country's economy. After all, in the USSR it provided an order of magnitude greater contribution to GDP. But in the current external and internal conditions, follow the traditional path through revival own production, or relying on low labor costs, we cannot.

Summary indicators of the light industry of the Russian Federation for 2013–2016

The average monthly salary of a light industry worker in our country, according to the Ministry of Light Industry, is – 18,596 rubles, or 1.96 dollars. per hour, what three times above the level of China and in Five times higher than Pakistan, not to mention Bangladesh or African countries.

Moreover, if for Africa 40 cents per hour is quite significant money, then less than two dollars per hour in Russia is considered a clearly insufficient level. Does this mean that it is obviously impossible to successfully compete with the current leaders? Certainly not. If you count not through wages per hour, but switch, as some Chinese manufacturers have begun to do, to the size of costs per unit of production. And take into account the specifics of demand.

Climatic conditions do not allow Russia to grow competitive cotton. However, at the same time, we have sources of raw materials (oil and gas) for the production of artificial nonwoven materials, the demand for which is growing. Especially in the technical fabrics segments, finishing materials(for example, in the automotive and furniture industries), leisure goods (especially raincoat fabrics, as well as fabrics for tourist equipment) and for sewing outerwear (for example, demi-season and winter jackets). If in 1950 the demand for artificial materials was only 5–7% of total consumption, today more 70% are mixed fabrics. The global technical textiles market alone is estimated at $130 billion, while in Russia it barely exceeds 77 billion rubles. This is at least strange, given, for example, the import substitution program in the automotive industry, where the share of textile components reaches 20 kg per car. Unfortunately, 92–98% of it is still imported. In particular, China over the past three years has increased the production of polyamide by 170%, polyester fibers by 200% and currently controls 46% of the market nonwoven materials. In 2015, they were imported to Russia in the amount of $3 billion.

Generally speaking, in terms of light industry products, the domestic market demonstrates a frankly ambiguous situation. On the one hand, the industry seems to be growing. There is no data for 2017 yet, but for the previous year, 2016, the growth was 20% in share terms and 18% in budget revenues. At the same time, the share of exports is growing slightly; almost all products are consumed in the domestic market, where from 60 to 80% of supply is imported, half of which is counterfeit.

At the same time, we do not yet have the opportunity to successfully compete with Malaysian or Indian clothing enterprises in Europe, but only stopping counterfeit supplies (most often from Poland and Eastern European countries) allows a minimum triple capacity of the domestic market for domestically produced goods. Especially in segments such as bed linen, where the brand factor does not play a key role, while quality is decisive. Potentially, this could provide revenue growth of 100–120 billion rubles in just one niche and up to a trillion rubles for the industry as a whole.

The results of import substitution indicate that this is exactly right. After the start of the sanctions war and the introduction of restrictions on the import of products from the European Union, which also included sources of counterfeit goods, the share of domestic knitwear in the Russian market increased from 4% in 2014 to 12% in 2016, and profit before tax for medium and large enterprises increased from 9 to 19%.

Contribution of the textile and clothing industry to the Russian economy

The obvious conclusion is obvious.

In order to achieve economic indicators that allow them to successfully compete in the world market with the current leading global manufacturers, the Russian light industry needs increase the scale of production by at least half an order of magnitude.

This is the only way to optimize costs and develop logistics to the required level. For this it is necessary regain control over the domestic market, at the same time restoring the level of production competence. Because the share of imports in garments sold in the country remains at the level of 82–84%, shoes – 85–88%.

Moreover, first of all, the issue concerns the general consumer market, and not the rapidly growing segment of work clothing. Yes, the workwear segment in the country is potentially “empty” by more than 3/4, but its conquest will only bring benefits in terms of increasing the production of domestic fabrics, while the enterprises of the Federal Penitentiary Service are primarily engaged in sewing, which excludes the possibility of their effective use for sewing other types of clothing that require a fundamentally different approach to design, quality and assortment.

Internal barriers to growth

However, light industry is not a superstructure of workshops and seamstresses, it is also a foundation of means of production. The more than tenfold reduction in the industry over the past quarter century has led not only to a decrease in the production of the products themselves, but more importantly, at the same time, the production of means of production, that is, the range of equipment needed by the industry, has completely ceased to exist.

As of 2016, the share of machines with a service life of up to 10 years was 37%; from 11 to 20 years – 24%; more than 20 years – 39%. If we take into account that the average lifespan of equipment in the world today fluctuates around 15–18 years, we have to admit that the lion’s share of the industry’s production fleet hopelessly outdated and are unable to provide the necessary technical (and economic) indicators. But there is nothing to replace it with, other than imports. A vicious circle has developed.

Industrial enterprises do not undertake the development and organization of production of machine tools for light industry due to the lack of mass demand due to the small size of the industry. But the industry cannot increase its size, because the resources of the existing technical park are exhausted, and there is nothing to update it with. Russian industry does not offer competitive equipment, but imports roads. In addition, the matter is complicated by various foreign policy conflicts. Dead end.

It is assumed that the “Strategy for the Development of Light Industry until 2025” adopted by the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Russia should help the industry, and much of it will really benefit. However, we have to admit that it barely touches on the key issue – stimulating the development and production of domestic equipment. And without it, even conquering the domestic market seems quite problematic. As well as without the development of our own production of related accessories (from threads to rivets, zippers and buttons).

There is also a problem with finances. Current banking system knows how to finance either projects guaranteed by the state, or projects that promise quick turnover and high profits. Light industry is perceived by bankers as just a kind of clothing store. This is facilitated by the seasonal nature of the industry, which concentrates business processes around seasonal collections. The designers quickly, within 8-10 weeks, came up with a line of models for the next season. In 2-3 weeks, technologists laid it out into specific patterns and a detailed technical process, and the plant sewed a batch in three months, which arrived at the plant in another two weeks. retail network. 3/4 of the cost of a shipment of goods is recovered in the first 5–6 weeks of sales. Because banks believe that there is no point in issuing loans to enterprises for longer than 2–2.5 years. Moreover, at commercial rates, one of the highest compared to other industries. And the requirements for collateral are at least 20% higher than for other types of activities. Thus, the industry finds itself severely limited in financial resources for its own modernization.

At the light industry forum, held under the auspices of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, leading representatives of the industry proposed to the government a conceptual development program, including proposals for solving financial difficulties, including the mechanism of targeted programs. There is hope that, if not all, then a significant part of its points will be implemented in practice.

For now, it should be noted that the crisis is not only problems and difficulties. No wonder in Chinese this concept is denoted by a combination of two hieroglyphs meaning danger and chance (opportunity). Sanctions, the depreciation of the ruble, the decrease in the purchasing power of the population caused by the slowdown in the country's economic growth - all this, of course, creates problems. However, at the same time this opens up new opportunities. For example, in the country in particular, and in the market as a whole, the trend towards reducing the attractiveness of brands is gaining momentum. It is not so important to the consumer what is written on the logo, the main thing is how convenient, beautiful, functional and affordable the product is. Surveys show that interest in branded clothing and footwear in Europe has decreased by 26% over the past two years. In Russia, this figure was even higher – 34.7%. This expands the niche for domestic producers. This especially applies to men's suits and men's and women's outerwear, primarily jackets.

In general, domestic enterprises sew beautifully and with sufficient quality have already learned. All that remains is to increase production volume to a level where sewing within Russia will become as profitable as ordering from Turkey or Southeast Asian countries. Already in this case, savings on logistics will provide a significant advantage. It remains to increase the scale to a level that allows us to successfully compete in terms of the price of the final product not only in the domestic, but also in the export markets, at least in Europe.

In 1999 and 2000, light industry enterprises used the created opportunities to expand import substitution, increasing the growth rate of production volumes to 20% annually.

However, since 2001, the light industry experienced a slowdown in production growth, and then its reduction, and the financial and economic indicators of the industry deteriorated.

In order to understand what this is connected with, it is necessary to consider the problems of the development of light industry.

The main reason for the crisis in the light industry is the technological backwardness of most enterprises, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of products. To get out of this situation, it is necessary to intensify innovation activities, the main task of which is the implementation and use of the results of scientific research and development in enterprises. An analysis of the situation in the field of innovation activity showed that the demand for basic scientific and technical achievements and technologies is quite low, which increases the technological lag of the industry. The innovative activity of enterprises is mainly hampered by a lack of financial resources; other reasons include too high costs for innovation and long payback periods.

To enhance innovation activity, the following measures are necessary:

• 1. Improving the regulatory system on the part of the state, in order to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise;
• 2. Economic support for enterprises involved in innovation activities;
• 3. Support for innovation at the regional level;
• 4. Development of international cooperation in the field of innovation.

To improve innovation activities, it is necessary to have research institutes.

There are also staffing problems. Firstly, there is a shortage of qualified senior and mid-level specialists. Secondly, many managers lack the knowledge and initiative necessary for the successful transfer of production from command-administrative methods of functioning to market ones and the successful development of the enterprise in modern conditions. This problem can be solved by training new and retraining old personnel.

For a separate branch of light industry, there is a problem of the raw materials market. First of all, this is a problem in the textile industry, the main raw material for which is cotton. In Soviet times, the main suppliers of cotton were Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but with the collapse of the USSR, economic ties were also disrupted. Due to the desire of the former Soviet republics to earn more money, raw materials were supplied at dumping prices outside the former Union, which reduced the supply of cotton to Russia. This problem can be solved by reducing the share of cotton products and changing the production structure.

Despite the existence of serious problems in the development of light industry, there are also promising areas of development.

It should be noted that today Russia has a sufficient raw material base for light industry, which can be used with greater efficiency. Already, Russia can almost completely satisfy the needs of enterprises for flax fiber, leather and fur raw materials, artificial fibers, threads, and wool. It is necessary to resolve the issues of producing sufficient quantities of synthetic fibers and threads.

One of the promising areas of development will be changing the structure of production of the textile industry, reducing the share of cotton and increasing the share of linen products. This requires widespread development of flax processing processes not only at flax industry enterprises, but also at cotton industry enterprises. In the future, the following tasks must be solved:

I. Creation of a reliable base of domestic natural raw materials by increasing the gross harvest of flax, as well as the release of flax from the production of technical products;

II. Replacement of part of the purchased cotton fiber at cotton industry enterprises with flax fiber through the development of new technologies;

III. Development of export potential through the supply of flax, as well as high-quality linen fabrics and finished products.

Also, for the long-term development of the industry, it is necessary to improve the quality of products and make them competitive in comparison with imported goods. This requires the modernization of production and the development of the scientific and technical industry. In the near future, it is advisable to develop existing techniques and technologies in the direction of existing technological equipment, which makes it possible to more fully use domestic natural and chemical raw materials in order to expand the range, improve the quality, and competitiveness of products.

For the future development of light industry, it is necessary to increase the investment attractiveness of production. For this, an appropriate regulatory framework is necessary; it should be profitable for an entrepreneur to invest financial resources in light industry enterprises. On the one hand, in light industry the turnover of funds occurs 2-4 times, which in itself is already profitable. But besides this, it is necessary to change the financial and legal policy of the state in relation to light industry. On the part of the state, the priority measures aimed at creating conditions for the development of the industry will be:

• 1. reduction of import customs duties on highly efficient technological equipment for light industry not produced in the Russian Federation;
• 2. optimization of customs duties on raw materials and supplies used by light industry enterprises;
• 3. inclusion in existing and developing federal target programs the most important works aimed at introducing new technologies in light industry.
• 4. suppressing the illegal import of light industrial goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and improving the mechanism for receiving and using humanitarian aid;
• 5. suppression of illegal production of light industry products
• 6. intensification of work on the implementation of measures that contribute to improving the supply of raw materials to light industry."

Also government activity is aimed at supporting the export of products, as evidenced by the Concept for the development of state financial support for the export of industrial products, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 14, 2003 No. 1493-r.

Application.

Light industry of the Irkutsk region

The region's light industry includes the organizations OJSC Sewing Firm "ViD", LLC PKF "Revtrud", LLC "Bratskaya Garment Factory", LLC "Telminskaya Garment Factory", LLC "Blik", LLC "Spetsobuv".

Dynamics of production in the region's light industry

Indicator name

Years 2001 2002 2003 2004

Physical volume index, % 108 85 90 85

Volume of industrial production, million rubles. 289 390 304 328

Share in industry, % 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Investments, million rubles. - 5.5 8.4 27.8

Number of enterprises, units 241 181 169 153

Number of employees, people 6,577 6,249 5,496 4,700

Average monthly salary, rub. 1,183 1,452 1,575 1,910

The volume of shipped products in 2005 amounted to 424.8 million rubles, the weighted average index of industrial production in 2005 was 104%.

Main problems:

• 1. Annually increasing imports of light industrial goods from the countries of Southeast Asia, Germany and the CIS countries. At the same time, the growth rate of imports of goods is faster than the growth rate of production in the region.
• 2. Inefficient use of production capacity in some organizations (load percentage - no more than 50%).
• 3. Wear of technological equipment (its active part).
• 4. Low level of management.
• 5. Low wages.
• 6. The inability of light industry organizations to obtain long-term loans for 10-15 years to replenish working capital, technical re-equipment of production and production of competitive products.
• 7. The absence of textile mills in the region, the location of the main producers of raw materials and materials in the European part of the Russian Federation.

Implementation of highly effective business plans aimed at producing competitive products, technical re-equipment of production, providing employment to the region's population

• 1. In the manner established by law, providing regional state support for investment projects implemented by light industry organizations, placing regional government orders.
• 2. Creating favorable conditions for promoting products of domestic manufacturers to domestic and foreign markets.
• 3. Ensuring the implementation of mutually beneficial exchange of goods between light industry organizations of the region and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the creation of joint organizations.
• 4. Assistance in organizing the export of finished products, including to Mongolia, to expand sales markets.
• 5. Promoting the creation of an effective mechanism to suppress illegal imports, as well as monitoring compliance with the quality and certification of products imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.
• 6. Assistance in organizing specialized exhibitions and fairs with the participation of domestic manufacturers.
• 7. Assistance in organizing education, training, retraining and advanced training of managers and specialists of industry enterprises.

Carrying out measures to increase the output of competitive products, preserve jobs, increase wages, and increase tax deductions are envisaged by organizations annually in the business plans (investment projects) they develop. At present, long-term investment projects have already been developed for the technical re-equipment of production at OJSC Sewing Firm ViD, LLC Spetsobuv, LLC Blik. Mutual obligations between the regional administration and light industry organizations are enshrined in annual Agreements, the implementation of which ensures the solution of the tasks set for the current year.

TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA: STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Abstract: the article is focused on analyzing the state of the textile industry and the factors influencing this state. The main problems and possible options their decisions.

Keywords: textile industry, investment, strategy

Abstract: this paper focuses on the analysis of the state of the textile industry and the factors affecting this state. The main problems and their possible solutions.

Keywords: textile industry, investment, strategy

Main part

This article discusses the main problems of the textile industry of the Russian Federation, the solution to these problems, focuses on measures to eliminate them, and also discusses the need and importance of using innovative products.

Target scientific article -- Analysis of the current state of the Russian textile industry, identifying problems and searching for methods to solve them.

Scientific controversy The following scientists are working in this area:

IZGORODIN A.K. “The textile industry provides its products to both the population ( various types clothing, bed linen, household items and interior design), as well as various branches of engineering and non-engineering activities - electronics and nanoelectronics, energy, rocket and automotive engineering, micromechanics, robotics, agriculture, road construction etc. Therefore, development in this industry is important"

BERKOVICH M.I. “The problem of competitiveness is decisive at all levels of the economy - from the country to individual product. At the same time, the least developed is the assessment of the competitiveness of industries that are not leaders, but play an important role in the country’s economy.”

SPERANSKY S.N. “managing the economic sustainability of textile enterprises, allowing the enterprise management to develop an action plan to increase economic sustainability under various scenarios of current events”

Methods for studying scientific material. The following methods of scientific knowledge were used in the article: analysis and synthesis, the method of deduction and induction, the modeling method and others.

Textile and clothing production makes a significant contribution to the development of light industry, and it is the pace of this production that determines the development of the industry as a whole.

The development of the textile industry is determined by the pace of fabric production (see table 1) (contribution is about 24%), production of textile products (15%, including bed linen), non-woven materials (18%), knitted products (19%).

Table 1 -- investment growth rates in light industry, %

I would like to note that there are no prospects in the near future that would allow us to radically change the state of the industry. We can expect an increase in factors, by 3.4% for leather production, 2.5% for the production of footwear and leather goods, due to the strengthening of factors influencing the growth of the state’s economy (including the growth of real disposable income of the population)

According to experts, improvements will occur in textile production due to the implementation of government support measures (through participation in the implementation of government orders, in sewing school uniforms) in the production of fabrics.

The prospects for the textile industry are vague, due not so much to restrained consumer demand, but rather to the factor of the chronological technological lag in improvement and development in the textile industry from Western countries (see Fig. 1)

Most of the fabrics are transported under gray schemes; importers save on customs duties and taxes. Our textile industry is not able to compete, unless, of course, it also goes into the shadows.

Picture 1 -- Specific gravity textile industry enterprises using technological innovations by country.

Statistics show that the textile industry has been in decline for the second decade (by an average of 4% per year), and there are more and more companies operating at a loss. The capacity of textile factories is on average 25% loaded. (see Fig. 2). But, one way or another, the fabric industry in the Russian Federation is rather alive.

The Russian textile industry feels confident only in the production of textiles for household utensils and bed linen (since other products are not in demand on the domestic market) (see Fig. 3). In 2015, the decrease in real disposable income of the population may reach 4%. competition textile investment sales

Figure 2 -- producer price index for textile products.

The production of synthetic fibers and mixed fabrics (natural fabric with synthetic fabric) is just beginning to develop, as it requires the most complex technological levels of production and equipment. The main consumer of such fabrics is furniture companies, but, unfortunately, they use the services of European manufacturers.

Garment factories producing inexpensive products unable to compete with manufacturers from Southeast Asia, as their technologies are changing dynamically. There are several factors that prevent domestic factories from competing. The first factor is the high dependence on foreign production of raw materials, plus the cost of raw materials is high customs duty and VAT, which increases the cost of final products by at least 30%. In Russia you can find producers of this raw material, but their number is small - only 25%. These are mainly wool and linen. Everything is in table 2.

Table 2 -- number of operating organizations in the textile industry

Another factor is dependence on imported equipment. High duties hinder the renewal of factories (in some large factories, equipment has not been changed since the 50s).

Times are not the most rosy for Russian fabric factories, and this is a reason to change their strategy without competing with manufacturers from Southeast Asia, constantly losing in product quality. This strategy will not pay dividends. You need to be able to create a production where the price of fabric will be comparable to Asian products, and the quality will be close to European ones. Besides competitive advantages Russian factories in the European market is that they are closer to European markets than Asian suppliers, which greatly reduces both price and delivery time.

Based on the results of the analysis, 4 main strategic directions for the development of light industry in Russia until 2025 were identified:

I. creation in Russia of production of chemical (synthetic and artificial) fibers with an export orientation.

II. creation in Russia of production of leather materials for both the clothing and footwear industries, as well as for the furniture and automotive industries.

III. creating favorable conditions for localizing the production of clothing, footwear and textiles.

Table 3 -- volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services on our own by type of economic activity (in actual prices; billion rubles)

Need to create effective system sales, because it is necessary to compete not only with the price of goods and quality, but also with service. And that is why large Russian textile enterprises create their own sales bases (wholesale bases, Retail Stores) - this gives them opportunities such as:

I. price management

II. precise definition sales volumes

III. makes it possible to be closer to the consumer

IV. limit competitors' access to the local market

V. control financial flows and quickly respond to demand.

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