Characteristic of various types of communication. Each style is characterized by its own set of speech means, is appropriate in a certain area, has its own genres, and purpose of use.

What are the different speech styles? Let's take a closer look at their classification.

Colloquial. This is the style in which we communicate every day in everyday life. He is characterized by colloquial vocabulary, a large set of emotionally charged words (for example, “boy”, “cool”, etc.). In colloquial speech, it is permissible to use incomplete sentences, the meaning of which is clear from the context, and informal addresses. Genres of style can be conversation or conversation (oral forms), notes, letters (written form).

Art style. Its purpose is to influence readers, shape their feelings and thoughts, using a variety of images. The genres of this style are prose, drama, poetry. In order to convey images, writers use all styles of speech, all the richness of the Russian language.

The scientific style is intended to explain scientific works, and its scope of use is research activities. A distinctive feature of scientific speech is the abundance of terms - words that have a single, most precise, comprehensive meaning. Genres of science include reports, textbooks, abstracts, and scientific works.

The official business style is intended for communication between citizens and institutions or institutions among themselves. For this purpose, protocols, official letters, laws, regulations, announcements, etc. are used. This style contains a lot of cliches (set expressions), business vocabulary, and official addresses.

Journalistic style has a strictly defined purpose. Translated from Latin, the word means “state”, “public”. It is needed for:

• propaganda of ideas;
• influence on public opinion;
• transmitting vital information while simultaneously influencing a person;
• instilling ideas, views;
• incentives to perform certain actions;
• agitation.

The sphere of use of this style is cultural, social, economic, and political relations. It is used in the media, public speaking, propaganda and political spheres. Features of the journalistic style of speech are:

• consistency of the narrative;
• imagery of speech means;
• emotionality of performances;
• narrative evaluation;
• appeal of speeches.

It is quite natural that the emotional coloring of the style corresponds to no less emotional linguistic means. Political and social vocabulary and a wide variety of syntactic constructions are widely used here. The use of appeals, slogans, and incentive offers is allowed.

Genres of journalism:

• interview;
• essays;
• reports;
• articles;
• feuilletons;
• speeches (oratorical, judicial);
• speeches.

To some extent, journalistic and scientific styles of speech are close. Both must reflect only verified facts, be reliable, strictly substantiated, and specific.

Some articles or speeches in journalism are even structured in the likeness of a scientific text. A thesis is put forward, followed by arguments, facts, and examples. Then a conclusion is drawn. But, unlike the scientific one, the journalistic style is characterized by high emotionality, tension, and often a personal attitude to what is happening.

Unfortunately, modern journalists do not always fulfill the requirements mandatory for publicists. Often their articles are based on unverified data, and to create sensational material, some publicists use deliberately false information.

When constructing your speech, addressing someone, creating an artistic or scientific text, you need to remember: parts of speech were not invented by chance. The ability to convey one’s thoughts accurately and appropriately characterizes a person as an educated, cultural person.

There are five styles of speech in Russian:

1. colloquial;
2. art;
3. journalistic;
4. official business;
5. scientific.

In general, all speech styles can be divided into two large groups: conversational style on the one hand and book styles of speech (artistic, journalistic, official business, scientific) on the other.

Speech styles serve to serve any aspect of human life, and therefore each style is distinguished according to two criteria: the sphere of communication and the purpose of communication.

Table 1. Styles of literary language.

In addition to the characteristics listed above, Russian language styles have a specific set of linguistic means for each of them, as well as genres in which the style is implemented.

Conversational style

The conversational style is used by people to communicate in everyday life in order to convey their thoughts, feelings, and also report something.

For a long time there was a misconception that the main linguistic means of a spoken language are spoken words. This is wrong.

In fact, the basis of the conversational style is made up of neutral means of language, that is, words used in all styles of speech: family, go, lunch, evening, etc.

A smaller percentage consists of colloquial words (blurnt, pinned down, dorm), colloquialisms (now, just now, go) and jargon (boy, grandma (money), etc.)

A feature of the syntactic structure of the conversational style is the use of mostly incomplete sentences (Natasha is home, he is following her.). This is due to the fact that during a conversation there is always the opportunity to ask again, point to the subject of discussion.

In addition, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, replacing some of the information that could be expressed in words. Complex sentences are very rarely used, and if they are used, then these are mostly non-union sentences (I come home and see that my brother has brought his friends again.).

The conversational style is characterized by appeals, incentive and interrogative sentences. Often in colloquial speech, introductory words, interjections, and modal particles are used (Imagine, there’s an exam tomorrow. But I’m not ready!).

Also widely used are words with suffixes of emotional evaluation (for example, diminutives): mommy, kitty, as well as truncated forms of nouns, especially proper names: dad, mom, Mish, Van, etc.

Art style

Artistic style is used in artistic creation, its purpose is to influence readers through the images created.

For example:
The lonely sail turns white
In the blue sea fog.
What is he looking for in a distant land?
What did he throw in his native land? (M. Yu. Lermontov)

In the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov, the image of a lonely sail on the blue surface of the sea is created, through which the author influences the thoughts and feelings of readers.

In the artistic style, figurative and expressive means (metaphors, epithets, etc.) are common. In addition, to create an image in an artistic style, any language means are appropriate (neutral vocabulary, dialect and slang words, emotionally charged words, etc.).

Genres of artistic style depend on the type: prose, lyrics or drama. It will be a novel, a story or short story, an elegy, an ode, a tragedy, a comedy or a drama, respectively.

Journalistic style

Used in mass propaganda activities and the media, its goal is to influence through appeal. The genres of journalistic style are: article, essay, speech, etc.

Any text of a journalistic style has a bright emotional coloring (often reaching the point of pathos), therefore, the journalistic style widely uses figurative and expressive means, words with an expressive coloring, polysemantic words in a figurative meaning, phraseological units, solemn, lofty words, civil vocabulary, a combination of book and colloquial words and constructions.

The syntactic structure of journalistic style texts is dominated by simple syntactic constructions, rhetorical questions and exclamations, particles, introductory words, repetitions, and the use of homogeneous sentence members (with gradation).

Formal business style

Used in an official business environment for communication between citizens and institutions and institutions among themselves; the purpose of this style is to communicate official business information. The genres of official business style are law, decree, power of attorney, statement, act, protocol, etc.

The peculiarity of the official business style is the accuracy, reliability of information, its objectivity, eliminating ambiguity of interpretation, and therefore figurative and expressive means, words with an expressive coloring are inappropriate in it.

In this style, neutral words are used, as well as words in their literal meaning, abstract vocabulary (execution, compliance), standardized phrases (according to the order..., we, the undersigned...), complex sentences with compound conjunctions, terms, words of obligation (must, must , supposed, follows).

Sentences in official business style are always narrative, common, usually complicated by participial and participial phrases or homogeneous parts of the sentence.

Often, texts in official business style are divided into parts, indicated by numbers (articles of laws), or have a strictly limited and regulated position on the page (header of statements and other documents).

Scientific style

Used in the field of science, its purpose is to communicate scientific information. Genres of scientific style - monograph, scientific article, dissertation, diploma, report, abstract, review, abstract, etc.

Just like the official business style, the scientific style is characterized by accuracy, rigor, and conciseness of expressions; therefore, in the scientific style, figurative and expressive means, words with an expressive connotation, and vocabulary in a figurative sense are not acceptable.

In this style, scientific terms, special phraseological units, complex syntactic structures, introductory words, sentences with generalizing generic names are used.

A person who uses never speaks in one manner in his life: with friends he speaks one way, during a scientific report he speaks differently. In other words, he uses different styles of speech.

In contact with

General concept

Style is a fundamental element of speech, its design, a way of presenting thoughts, events, facts. If we turn to a strictly scientific definition, then speech style is a system of various linguistic means of expression and methods of presentation. This means that a certain sphere of life is characterized by its own characteristics of conversation. For example, a person working in a factory will speak a little differently than an employee of a bank when communicating with a client. The stylistics of the Russian language are very diverse, let's find out what text styles there are and support the information with examples.

Kinds

When communicating with their friends, people use the so-called conversational style of speech. It includes words, phrases and expressions that are characteristic of spoken rather than written language.

People conduct a dialogue, convey some information in an informal setting, therefore they use ordinary words, slang words, uncharacteristic, for example, for a bank employee. But if everything is clear with oral speech, then what about written speech?

How does the text of the court verdict differ from Pushkin’s work? Everything that does not relate to oral speech, but is called book style, in which include 4 more types of text.

Journalistic style

Many people call this style official.

Important! The journalistic style can be used not only in texts, but also in oral speech. For example, when reporting from a TV channel on the scene, reporters and correspondents use the journalistic style.

The main purpose of use is influence on the reader or listener, most often with the help of the media, to form a certain public opinion.

To better understand how to define a journalistic style, let us highlight its characteristic features:

• Using distinctive emotion and imagery to create the desired atmosphere.
• Speech is filled with confidence, value judgments, assumptions, and interest.
• To ensure that incoming information does not appear unreliable, all statements are substantiated, argued, supported by facts and evidence.
• Emotional words are used, set expressions and phraseological units. Depending on the audience, dialect or slang words may be used.
• Use as many adjectives as possible, and .

For clarity, let's look at examples of texts: “In a veterinary clinic on street x, an act of cruelty was recorded animal handling.

The signal arrived this morning at 9:30 Moscow time. The police have already arrived at the scene, and a criminal case has already been opened against the criminals under the article of cruelty to animals. The defendants face up to 5 years in prison.”

It's also worth knowing that journalistic style is quite often combined with scientific, after all, some of their features are very similar.

Scientific style

Already from the name itself it is clear what the use of a scientific style implies. Such a text will tell about any scientific events, phenomena, facts, evidence, theories, discoveries, and so on. Let's take a closer look at how to determine the text style.

Attention! The style will not be scientific in the case when, for example, the media are talking about something scientific: “Yesterday evening at the California Scientific University, a group of students conducted an experiment and discovered a new chemical element that had never been found anywhere before.” This passage is more likely to relate to journalism than to science.

Characteristics for scientific style will be:

• Scientific notes, memos, letters, processes and results of experiments.
• Coursework or theses for an academic degree.
• Various evidence for one or another statement. Scientific theories, hypotheses.
• Existence not only in written form, but also in oral speech, because any scientific reports, lectures and discussions will also refer to it in the scientific style.

To summarize, we understand that scientific style is the result or report of any research activity. In order for the text to be more informative, it is provided with evidence, a description of the study, and a formal presentation of all the information. , annotations, reports - all this relates to this type.

Finally, let's look at text examples: “The force of inertia is a force the appearance of which is not due to the action of any specific bodies. The need for their introduction is caused only by the fact that the coordinate systems in relation to which the movement of bodies is considered are not inertial, that is, they have acceleration relative to the Sun and stars.”

How to determine the style of the text indicated above is clear to everyone. There are scientific terms, definitions of scientific phenomena, and statements proven by science.

Art style

The most beautiful, easy to read and widespread text style in the Russian language. The functions are very simple - the most detailed and beautiful transmission of emotions and thoughts from the author to the reader.

The main distinguishing feature of this style is the abundance of literary means of expressing thoughts. It affects the imagination, fantasy, feelings, and makes the reader worry.

It is called the language of literature and art. Authors' way of expressing themselves- that's what artistic style is.

Let's look at its distinctive features:

• Appears in poems, poems, plays, stories, novels.
• An abundance of literary devices - epithets, personifications, hyperboles, antitheses and others.
• Literary means of expression, which are used in this style, describe artistic images, convey the emotions, thoughts and mood of the writer.
• The orderliness of the text is another characteristic feature. Division into chapters, actions, phenomena, prose, scenes, acts.

Important! The artistic style can borrow features of journalistic and colloquial style, since their use may lie in the creative intent of the author.

Examples of artistic style texts are absolutely any literary works.

Formal business style

In real, everyday life, this style is found much more often than, for example, artistic style. Instructions, safety precautions, official documents - all this refers to the official business style.

The main purpose of its use is providing the most detailed information possible. If a person signs an employment contract at a new job, he will receive a huge number of documents, because they reflect all the necessary information. The stylistic affiliation of the text in this case is determined very easily.

Features of the official business style of the text:

• Informative orientation, lack of verbal “water”.
• No vague wording. Precise, understandable, specific phrases.
• It may be difficult to perceive and understand the text due to its administrative and legal nature.
• Any emotionality, linguistic and literary means of expression are completely absent in such texts. Facts, conditions, reasonable hypotheses- this is what official documents should contain.
• Speech cliches, language cliches, and set expressions are regularly used.
• Sentences used in official business documents, in most cases, are complicated by various phrases and are quite voluminous.

Let's figure it out examples of texts: “I, Petrova Anna Ivanovna, an 11th grade student at educational institution “X,” received fifteen copies of an explanatory dictionary of the Russian language from the library, and I undertake to return them within two weeks.”

“This document indicates that Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, on October 12 at 12:32 Moscow time, borrowed 1000 rubles from Igor Igorevich Igorev, and undertook to return this money within one month.”

What are the different speech styles in Russian, lesson

Overview of speech styles in Russian

Conclusion

Thus, to summarize all of the above, we can determine by distinctive text styles in Russian, which come to our hand. Abundance of linguistic and literary means of expression? Definitely artistic.

Reporting from the media, the presence of value judgments? This is definitely a journalistic style. Facts, hypotheses, evidence, complex terms are clear signs of a scientific text. Well, all official documents can be classified as official business text.

As already noted, the literary language can be used in any communication situation: in official and informal settings, in the field of science, office work, in the media, in fiction, in everyday life. Naturally, such a variety of functions performed cannot but lead to the fact that several variants are gradually formed in the literary language, each of which is intended for communication in a certain field of human activity.

In modern Russian literary language there are usually five styles:

• official business (business),

  newspaper-journalistic (journalistic),

  art,

  colloquial.

Each style has a number of specific speech characteristics, which are formed depending on the area in which communication occurs and what functions the language performs.

Scientific, official business and journalistic styles are similar in that they are intended to convey rather complex content and function in the sphere of official communication, mainly in written form. That's why they are called book styles.

In particular, this is manifested in the stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary. So, along with commonly used words, that is, words that are used by everyone and in all cases (for example: mother, earth, water, run), used in book styles book vocabulary, that is, one that looks alien in casual conversation.

For example, in a friendly letter it is hardly appropriate to use terms, clerical words, etc.: On green spaces the first leaves appeared; We were walking in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.

All book styles are contrasted with the conversational style, which is used in informal, everyday, everyday communication, usually in oral speech that has not been prepared in advance. And here, along with commonly used words, there is frequent use of colloquial vocabulary, that is, one that is inappropriate in book styles, but is inherent in informal everyday speech.

For example, in everyday life we ​​use the word potatoes, liver, and in a textbook on botany and biology they are inappropriate precisely because they are colloquial. Therefore, the terms will be used there potatoes, liver.

Stratification of vocabulary by use in certain styles ( common vocabulary - book And colloquial vocabulary) should not be confused with the stratification of vocabulary according to the presence or absence of evaluation and emotional-expressive coloring of a word (although in some cases these characteristics overlap each other). Emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions, feelings. Expressive - expressive, containing the expression of feelings, experiences (from the Latin expressio - “expression”). From this point of view, neutral vocabulary is contrasted with evaluative, emotional-expressive vocabulary.

Neutral vocabulary is words devoid of stylistic coloring. They can indicate emotions, express an assessment of phenomena ( joy, love, good, bad), but in this case the expression of emotions or assessment constitutes the very meaning of the word, and is not layered on it.

A feature of emotional-evaluative and emotionally-expressive vocabulary is that evaluation and emotional-expressive coloring are “overlaid” on the lexical meaning of the word, but are not reduced to it. Such a word not only names this or that phenomenon, but also expresses an assessment, the speaker’s attitude towards this object, phenomenon, feature, etc. This is easy to demonstrate by comparing neutral and emotionally expressive synonyms, that is, words that are close or identical in meaning:

eyes - eyes, balls; face - muzzle, face; son - son; stupid is a fool.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary is usually divided into high and low. High vocabulary is used in pathetic texts and in solemn acts of communication. Reduced- combines words of low social significance and, as a rule, containing elements of harsh assessment. In addition to this general characteristic, expressively colored words can acquire various stylistic shades, as indicated by marks in dictionaries.

For example: ironically - democrat(“rubber baton” in colloquial speech); disapprovingly - rally; contemptuously - sycophant; playfully - newly minted; familiarly - not bad; vulgar - grabber.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary requires careful attention. Its inappropriate use can give a comic sound to the speech. This often manifests itself in student essays.

A special place in the style system is occupied by language of fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of life, it can use for aesthetic purposes, to create artistic images, the means of any styles of literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons, and vernacular. The main function of artistic style is aesthetic. And here everything is determined by specific tasks, a sense of proportion and the artistic taste of the writer.

Of course, the specifics of each style are manifested not only in vocabulary, but also in grammar, in the peculiarities of text construction, etc. But all these linguistic features are determined precisely by the functions that each style performs, and by the areas of communication in which this style is used. This leads to the fact that each style has a certain dominant, that is, an organizing feature of this style.

Exercises for the topic “5.1. General characteristics of styles. Stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Emotionally expressive coloring of the word"

Evgenia Nikitina

Updated: 2019.10.28

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Depending on which group of readers the text is addressed to, it may be different in style of presentation. The effect on the reader depends on the style of the text. Let's talk about the differences, how to choose the right narrative style, where and which one is appropriate to use.

Text style is a system of means of expressive language that is usually used in a certain communicative environment.

Its application depends on:

• the situation in which the text is used;
• audience of readers;
• storytelling purposes.

One and the same phenomenon can be written in completely different ways. Here is an example of describing rain in different styles:

1. The Ministry of Emergency Situations warns that heavy rains with hail and wind gusts of up to 20 m/s are expected in the next 24 hours.
2. The first autumn rain was pouring outside the window. The puddles reflected yellowing, and in some places still green, foliage. The wind exposed the dark branches of the trees and tore up the withered leaves. The sidewalks looked like raging rivers overflowing their banks.

In the first case, an official business style is used. It is intended for a wide audience. Its goal is to convey information dryly and concisely without using any means of expression, to warn the reader about bad weather.

The second example uses an artistic storytelling style. Means of expression are used: epithets, metaphor. Its goal is to describe the beauty of nature, to create a certain visual image in the reader. The audience is readers of fiction.

What styles exist in Russian?

There are 5 storytelling styles in Russian:

1. Official business.
2. Journalistic.
3. Colloquial.
4. Art.
5. Scientific.

Styles differ in the scope of use, purpose of presentation, lexical features and sentence construction.

Let's take a closer look at the characteristics of each type.

Scientific

Area of ​​use: educational literature, research, dissertations, theses, scientific articles.

The goal is an evidential presentation of scientific material, a description of the patterns of phenomena.

The scientific style is distinguished by preliminary consideration of the statement and strict selection of linguistic means. Vocabulary is characterized by:

• special terminology;
• complex sentences;
• long paragraphs;
• there are more nouns than verbs;
• impersonality - instead of “I”, “we” is used.

The scientific style is characterized by accuracy, strict logic, and clarity of presentation.

Types of scientific style

Official business

This style is used for writing documents, laws, official papers and letters, orders, resolutions, notifications, complaints, statements, reports, invoices. The goal is accurate communication of business information.

Lexical features:

• lack of emotionally charged vocabulary,
• standardized figures of speech - clericalisms;
• stable expressions - cliches.

The style is characterized by formulaic designs and a clear sequence of presentation.

Types of formal business style

Art

Used in works of art: novels, stories, poems, poems. This is the language of writers and poets.

The goal is to influence the reader’s imagination and feelings, as well as inform him about something. Each writer has his own individual style, which includes colloquial, high vocabulary, and neutral words.

Main features of the style:

• use of a large number of means of expression;
• using words in a figurative sense;
• allegory, metaphor;
• abundance of epithets and adjectives;
• imagery and emotionality.

In addition to information, the text has an aesthetic function.

Journalistic

This is the style of newspapers, magazines, news portals, that is, the media. The purpose of the text is to influence the reader’s emotions, to draw attention to a certain problem or phenomenon.

The journalistic style is characterized by:

• socio-political vocabulary;
• consistency;
• imagery;
• emotionality;
• evaluativeness;
• conscription.

It is distinguished by a variety of topics that are usually relevant at a given moment in time: political, moral, social, everyday. The text contains an appeal to the reader's mind and feelings. Designed for a wide audience.

Colloquial

Conversational style is used in everyday life. People share their thoughts and feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues, and use colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

It is a style that reflects the speech of people in writing. The vocabulary is taken from everyday life and contains an abundance of colloquial and colloquial words. This is a style of oral speech, in the text version it is used in a blog, in communication on forums. Used to create a relaxed atmosphere.

The purpose of the text is to convey an information message, exchange thoughts and feelings, and resolve everyday issues.

This style is characterized by:

• emotionality;
• imagery;
• colloquial vocabulary;
• text without choice of words;
• colloquial words;
• slang.

This is a style of oral speech, in the text version it is used in a blog, in communication on forums. A striking example is dialogue.

How to Define Text Styles

If you carefully familiarize yourself with the features of each text style, you will be able to recognize it without much difficulty. To do this you need:

1. Understand where the text is written and to whom it is addressed. If you have a fiction book in front of you, then the style will be artistic. If the article is in a scientific journal or textbook, then most likely the text is written in a scientific style. The journalistic style can be seen on a news portal, in a popular magazine, or in a newspaper article. Only official business style can be used in official documentation and business papers.
2. Pay attention to the vocabulary. If you see slang or colloquial words, then the text style is conversational. Special terms are found in scientific texts, and clericalisms are found in official business texts.
3. Decide on the purpose of the text. The educational material is designed to logically convey knowledge to the reader. If the purpose of the text is to convey a certain idea, thought, or discuss a topical topic, then this is most likely journalism. A literary text aims to create in the reader an image, a picture of the phenomenon or event being described. The purpose of a business document is to convey information in a concise form, as specifically as possible.

Usually at the third step you can say with confidence what style of text is in front of the reader. This diagram will help you remember what questions you need to ask in order to correctly recognize the style:

Examples of texts in different styles

To better understand what the text of each style looks like, let’s give some visual examples.

Scientific

Here is a short text from a physics textbook:

Example of scientific style

Here we see special vocabulary:

• "electrical circuit";
• "voltage source";
• “current consumer”;
• "resistor";
• "conductor";

The sentences are complex. There is an introductory construction “by the way.”

Official business

An example of an official business style - instructions for filling out a car purchase and sale agreement:

Example of formal business style

The vocabulary of this text is dry, without epithets and bright emotional coloring. The audience is narrow - the participants in the transaction or the person who will fill out the document. The agreement is also drawn up in an official business style.

Art

The description of the oak tree in Leo Tolstoy's famous novel War and Peace is a striking example of artistic, or literary, style:

Example of artistic style

The text contains many epithets and adjectives, comparison, metaphor, allegory. The oak is compared to an old man, and the branches are compared to gnarled fingers.

Journalistic

An example of journalism - a description of a completed project on a news portal:

An example of journalistic style

The text is emotional, evaluative, inviting. The author's point of view is visible. Addressed to a wide audience of readers. Raises the topical topic of waste recycling. All these are signs of a journalistic style.

Colloquial

As an example of colloquial speech formatted into text, we give a description of the well-known keyboard simulator Stamina. The author made the instructions in the form of a blog, communicates with readers in simple colloquial language with humor, slang and a bright emotional coloring of speech:

Conversational style example

Types of speech

Type of speech is a way of presenting information, constructing words and sentences in a logical order.

There are three types of speech:

• narration;
• description;
• reasoning.

Let's look at the features of each type of speech.

Narration

A story about an event or phenomenon. Main features:

• associated with a period of time;
• has a certain sequence of actions;
• consistency of presentation;
• the text answers the questions “what”, “where”, “when”;
• a large number of verbs.

As a result of the narration, the reader becomes clear about what happened, where and to whom. The narrative is characterized by the beginning, development and denouement of events. Used in letters, memoirs, memoirs, diary entries.

Description

The purpose of the description is to verbally convey the phenomenon, talk about the qualities of the object, signs, and create a visual or sensory image in the reader. You can describe people, animals, a certain place, event, phenomenon, the internal state of a person and any other phenomenon.

Comprises:

• general characteristics of the subject, general impression;
• signs, details;
• overall assessment of the subject.

Speech is dominated by adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. A minimum of verbs, unlike the narration, the text is static. Can be used in various styles of speech, most often in artistic and scientific ones. In the latter, accuracy and detail are important, in the artistic - the creation of a certain image in front of the reader, only the most striking moments are described.

Reasoning

Reasoning is thinking, expressing thoughts and ideas, explaining phenomena and properties of an object. The text provides answers to the questions “why” and “why”.

Comprises:

• thesis - an idea that needs to be proven;
• substantiation of the thesis, supporting arguments with examples, evidence;
• summary - results, conclusions.

The purpose of the text is to convince, explain, prove. Reasoning is characterized by rhetorical questions, a sequence of thoughts - “firstly”, “secondly”, “thirdly”, introductory constructions - “meanwhile”, “thus”, “so”, “because”, “ hence".

Often found in scientific and fiction literature, philosophical treatises.

Comparative tables of styles and types of speech

To quickly determine the style and type of speech, use the tables.

Text styles:

Types of speech:

So, we looked at different styles and types of speech. Even if you have a small text in front of you, you need to think about who it is addressed to, what the author wants to express, and where it can be used. Pay attention to the vocabulary of the text. Words are “beacons”, clues that will help determine the style.