Mechanical movement is represented graphically. The dependence of physical quantities is expressed using functions. Denote

Uniform motion graphs

Acceleration versus time... Since the acceleration is zero for uniform motion, the dependence a (t) is a straight line that lies on the time axis.

Time dependence of speed. The speed does not change with time, the v (t) graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.

The numerical value of the displacement (path) is the area of \u200b\u200bthe rectangle under the velocity graph.

Time dependence of the path. The s (t) graph is an inclined line.

The rule for determining the speed from the graph s (t): The tangent of the angle of inclination of the graph to the time axis is equal to the speed of movement.

Uniformly accelerated graphs

Time dependence of acceleration. Acceleration does not change with time, has a constant value, the a (t) graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis.

Speed \u200b\u200bversus time... With uniform movement, the path changes according to a linear relationship. In coordinates. The graph is an oblique line.

The rule for determining the path according to the graph v (t): The body path is the area of \u200b\u200bthe triangle (or trapezoid) under the velocity graph.

The rule for determining the acceleration according to the graph v (t): The acceleration of the body is the tangent of the slope of the graph to the time axis. If the body slows down, the acceleration is negative, the angle of the graph is obtuse, so we find the tangent of the adjacent angle.

Time dependence of the path. With uniformly accelerated motion, the path changes, according to

« Physics - Grade 10 "

What is the difference between uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion?
What is the difference between the track schedule for uniformly accelerated movement and the track schedule for uniform movement?
What is called the projection of a vector onto an axis?

In the case of a uniform rectilinear movement, you can determine the speed from the graph of the coordinate versus time.

The projection of the velocity is numerically equal to the tangent of the angle of inclination of the straight line x (t) to the abscissa axis. Moreover, the higher the speed, the greater the angle of inclination.

Rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion.

Figure 1.33 shows the graphs of the dependence of the projection of acceleration on time for three different values \u200b\u200bof acceleration with a rectilinear uniformly accelerated motion of a point. They are straight lines parallel to the abscissa axis: a x \u003d const. Graphs 1 and 2 correspond to motion when the acceleration vector is directed along the OX axis, graph 3 - when the acceleration vector is directed in the opposite direction to the OX axis.

With uniformly accelerated motion, the projection of the speed depends on time linearly: υ x \u003d υ 0x + a x t. Figure 1.34 shows the graphs of this dependence for the indicated three cases. In this case, the initial speed of the point is the same. Let's analyze this graph.

Acceleration projection It can be seen from the graph that the greater the acceleration of a point, the greater the angle of inclination of the straight line to the t axis and, accordingly, the greater the tangent of the angle of inclination, which determines the acceleration value.

For the same period of time at different accelerations, the speed changes by different values.

With a positive value of the projection of acceleration for the same period of time, the projection of the velocity in case 2 increases 2 times faster than in case 1. With a negative value of the projection of acceleration on the OX axis, the projection of the velocity modulus changes by the same value as in case 1, but the speed decreases.

For cases 1 and 3, the graphs of the dependence of the speed module on time will coincide (Fig. 1.35).

Using the graph of the dependence of speed on time (Figure 1.36), we find the change in the coordinate of the point. This change is numerically equal to the area of \u200b\u200bthe shaded trapezoid, in this case, the change in coordinate in 4 s Δx \u003d 16 m.

We found a coordinate change. If you need to find the coordinate of a point, then you need to add its initial value to the found number. Let at the initial moment of time x 0 \u003d 2 m, then the value of the coordinate of the point at a given moment of time, equal to 4 s, is equal to 18 m.In this case, the module of movement is equal to the path traversed by the point, or the change in its coordinate, i.e. 16 m ...

If the movement is equally slow, then the point can stop during the selected time interval and start moving in the direction opposite to the initial one. Figure 1.37 shows the dependence of the projection of speed on time for such a movement. We see that at a moment of time equal to 2 s, the direction of the velocity changes. The change in coordinate will be numerically equal to the algebraic sum of the areas of the shaded triangles.

Calculating these areas, we see that the coordinate change is -6 m, which means that in the direction opposite to the OX axis, the point has traveled a greater distance than in the direction of this axis.

Square over we take the t axis with the plus sign, and the area under the t-axis, where the projection of the velocity is negative, - with a minus sign.

If at the initial moment of time the speed of some point was equal to 2 m / s, then its coordinate at the moment of time equal to 6 s is equal to -4 m. The modulus of moving a point in this case is also equal to 6 m - the modulus of coordinate change. However, the path traversed by this point is 10 m - the sum of the areas of the shaded triangles shown in Figure 1.38.

Let's plot the dependence of the x coordinate of the point on time. According to one of the formulas (1.14), the curve of the coordinate versus time - x (t) - is a parabola.

If a point moves at a speed, the graph of the dependence of which on time is shown in Figure 1.36, then the branches of the parabola are directed upward, since a x\u003e 0 (Figure 1.39). From this graph, we can determine the coordinate of the point, as well as the speed at any time. So, at the moment of time equal to 4 s, the coordinate of the point is 18 m.

For the initial moment of time, drawing a tangent to the curve at point A, we determine the tangent of the inclination angle α 1, which is numerically equal to the initial velocity, i.e., 2 m / s.

To determine the speed at point B, draw a tangent to the parabola at this point and determine the tangent of the angle α 2. It is 6, therefore, the speed is 6 m / s.

The graph of the path versus time is the same parabola, but drawn from the origin (Fig. 1.40). We see that the path is continuously increasing over time, the movement is in one direction.

If a point moves at a speed, the graph of the dependence of the projection of which on time is shown in Figure 1.37, then the branches of the parabola are directed downward, since a x< 0 (рис. 1.41). При этом моменту времени, равному 2 с, соответствует вершина параболы. Касательная в точке В параллельна оси t, угол наклона касательной к этой оси равен нулю, и скорость также равна нулю. До этого момента времени тангенс угла наклона касательной уменьшался, но был положителен, движение точки происходило в направлении оси ОХ.

Starting from the moment of time t \u003d 2 s, the tangent of the inclination angle becomes negative, and its modulus increases, which means that the point moves in the direction opposite to the initial one, while the modulus of the speed of movement increases.

The modulus of movement is equal to the modulus of the difference in the coordinates of the point at the final and initial moments of time and is equal to 6 m.

The graph of the dependence of the path traveled by the point on time, shown in Figure 1.42, differs from the graph of the dependence of displacement on time (see Fig. 1.41).

No matter how the speed is directed, the path traversed by the point increases continuously.

Let us derive the dependence of the coordinate of the point on the projection of the velocity. Velocity υx \u003d υ 0x + a x t, hence

In the case x 0 \u003d 0 and x\u003e 0 and υ x\u003e υ 0x, the graph of the dependence of the coordinate on the speed is a parabola (Fig. 1.43).

Moreover, the greater the acceleration, the less steep the branch of the parabola will be. This is easy to explain, since the greater the acceleration, the shorter the distance that the point must travel in order for the speed to increase by the same value as when moving with a lower acceleration.

In the case of a x< 0 и υ 0x > 0 the projection speed will decrease. Let us rewrite equation (1.17) as where a \u003d | a x |. The graph of this dependence is a parabola with branches directed downward (Fig. 1.44).

Accelerated movement.

From the graphs of the dependence of the projection of speed on time, it is possible to determine the coordinate and projection of the acceleration of a point at any time for any type of movement.

Let the projection of the speed of a point depend on time as shown in Figure 1.45. Obviously, in the time interval from 0 to t 3, the movement of the point along the X axis occurred with variable acceleration. Starting from the moment of time equal to t 3, the motion is uniform with a constant speed υ Dx. From the graph, we see that the acceleration with which the point was moving was continuously decreasing (compare the angle of inclination of the tangent at points B and C).

The change in the x coordinate of a point in time t 1 is numerically equal to the area of \u200b\u200bthe curvilinear trapezoid OABt 1, in time t 2 - the area OACt 2, etc. As you can see from the graph of the velocity projection versus time, you can determine the change in the coordinates of the body for any period of time.

From the plot of the coordinate versus time, you can determine the value of the velocity at any moment in time by calculating the tangent of the angle of inclination of the tangent to the curve at the point corresponding to this moment in time. From Figure 1.46 it follows that at time t 1 the projection of the velocity is positive. In the time interval from t 2 to t 3, the speed is zero, the body is motionless. At time t 4, the speed is also zero (the tangent to the curve at point D is parallel to the abscissa). Then the projection of the velocity becomes negative, the direction of movement of the point is reversed.

If the graph of the dependence of the projection of velocity on time is known, it is possible to determine the acceleration of the point, and also, knowing the initial position, to determine the coordinate of the body at any moment in time, i.e., to solve the basic problem of kinematics. According to the plot of the coordinate versus time, one of the most important kinematic characteristics of movement can be determined - speed. In addition, according to the indicated graphs, you can determine the type of movement along the selected axis: uniform, with constant acceleration or movement with variable acceleration.

The work of hired workers in different spheres of economic activity presupposes absolutely diverse schedules of their involvement in the work process. If office workers work, as a rule, in a five- or six-day working week, then, for example, the service sector requires a completely different regime. For each employee, a schedule is drawn up, which may include night work, and shifts, and "floating" days off. In the meantime, it is impossible to draw up a schedule, guided only by the own wishes of the employer and the employee - there are a lot of rules that are enshrined in labor legislation.

What is a labor regime, what elements does it consist of

Time worked is the basis for remuneration for employees with a time-based condition of payment

The labor law obliges the employer to keep a strict record of the working time for each employee, because it is during the time (with the exception of rather rare cases of piecework) that the payment for the work takes place. The mode of labor is determined, first of all, by law, and secondly - by the employer, in agreement with the trade union and the employee, the rules for the allocation of time. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains a section devoted to working hours, a separate chapter of which (Chapter 16) regulates the regime.

The working time according to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation can be presented in several varieties in terms of its duration: normal, shortened and incomplete. In addition, special varieties are night work, overtime work, work with the possibility of irregular day. The main difference between part-time and shortened working hours is their payment - the first means remuneration in proportion to the worked, the second - regardless of the worked. Night and overtime work is paid in an increased amount, irregular working hours, as a rule, are compensated by additional days of the annual vacation period.

Elements of the working time regime are those positions that, in accordance with the law, must be determined when forming a regime for each worker. Among these main positions, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation names:

• the duration (number of working days) of the week (for example, five or six days, incomplete indicating the number of days, etc.);
• the existence of a condition for irregular working hours;
• the duration of daily work - the number of hours of the working day or shift with an exact indication of their beginning and end, the time frame for breaks;
• number of shifts per day;
• the rules for the alternation of working and free days (for example, "two workers in two days off", etc.).

How and by what documents the labor regime is determined

The work schedule for each individual employee must be negotiated with him in advance - when concluding an employment agreement. In general, by organization in the context of structural divisions or positions, the mode of work is determined in the rules of the internal labor schedule.

PVTP is a local legal regulation of the organization that determines the main points of relations between a collective of employees and an employer - the rules for hiring and terminating labor legal relations, the powers and obligations of the parties to the labor agreement in the process of work, general conditions regarding the working hours, etc. organization, each employee must be familiarized with this document in writing when concluding an employment contract.

In the PTP, the working time regime of the organization can be reflected by:

• setting the length of the working week and specific daily time frames for certain groups of positions (for example, “For departments: Management, Human Resources, Legal Service, Accounting, Chancellery - a five-day working week, the beginning of the working day is 8:00, the end of the working afternoon - 17:00, break for rest and meals - from 13:00 to 14:00 ");
• establishing for certain positions the condition of irregular working days, indicating the amount of compensation in the form of additional days (at least three) of vacation in accordance with Art. 119 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (for example, "For positions: Director, Deputy Director, driver - an irregular working day is established with compensation in the form of 4 days of additional vacation period annually");
• establishing a work schedule for individual departments and positions (for example, "For the sales department, a work schedule is established in compliance with the labor standard for a five-day 40-hour work week");
• establishment of a summarized accounting of working hours for individual positions (for example, "For the position" Salesman ", a summarized accounting of working hours is established, the accounting period is a quarter");
• establishing a flexible work schedule, night (equivalent to day) work, shift work, dividing the working day into parts for certain categories of workers (for example, "For the position" Cashier ", a shift work schedule is established, in which the third shift falling at night is equal to to daytime working hours ").

The labor agreement must include a section on the work schedule. For employees in a position that includes a regular five- or six-day work schedule, the agreement specifies the exact work schedule. For those who will work on a schedule, with summarized accounting, with irregular working days, with part-time work, dividing the day into parts, etc., these circumstances should be reflected in the said agreement. Cases of the establishment of an unspecified working time regime are illegal, such a violation may entail liability for the employer under Art. 5.27 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation with all the ensuing consequences (fines and other sanctions).

A section on working hours is necessarily included in the contract.

How to establish new rules of the regime in the organization: order and documents

If an employee gets acquainted with the already existing regime for a particular position when hiring by signing an employment agreement and a mark of reading the PTP, then changing the current regime is somewhat more difficult.

The decision to change the PVTP can be issued in the form of an order

The procedure for the procedure is as follows:

1. To begin with, the manager must make an informed decision about for which positions or structural units new rules are being introduced.
2. Then, according to all the rules for changing the local legal regulation, the corresponding changes are made to the PVTP (the project must be agreed with the trade union within five days, then signed by the head).
3. On the basis of the amended PVTP, each employee who is affected by the changes is warned about the change in essential working conditions (a notice should be served against signature no later than a month before the order is issued). In case of refusal to continue the employment relationship in the changed conditions, the employee must be dismissed after the expiry of the warning period.
4. Within a specified period (one month after the notification of employees), an order is issued for the enterprise to change the regime for specific employees (at this stage they must be listed by name). Each employee gets acquainted with the order against signature.
5. On the day of the issuance of the administrative document, an additional agreement to the contract is concluded with each employee, changing the conditions for the working hours.
6. From the date specified in the supplementary agreement and order, a new regime begins with its new documentary design (for example, with the drawing up of schedules).

The work schedule as a document regulating the daily individual work schedule

The work schedule is one of the most important documents for organizing the work of those employees who do not work according to the general (production) calendar. So, the schedule every day regulates the time of coming to work, leaving work, the time of breaks and even the workplace assigned to the employee.

The schedule is usually drawn up for one month, however, this period is not legally regulated. Therefore, depending on the circumstances and characteristics of the production process, the document can be drawn up for a week, and for a quarter, or for a year.

The schedule, as a document, can be drawn up:

• simultaneously for all employees of the enterprise;
• for employees of one structural unit;
• for a certain group of employees from different structural divisions;
• separately for one employee.

Form and legend

In the shift schedule, it is enough to indicate only the designation of the shift

In case of summarized accounting, the graph must contain columns reflecting the amount of hours for a month, for a quarter (depending on the accounting period)

Scheduling and approval process

The procedure for drawing up and approving a schedule in an organization can be regulated either by a local legal regulation or by order of the head. The persons responsible for maintaining, sighting and approving the document are determined by designating them in these documents and entering the appropriate item into the job description.

As a rule, the schedule is drawn up by the person responsible for this in the structural unit (department, service), endorsed by the head of the structural unit, the representative of the personnel department and the trade union, approved by the head of the enterprise or his deputy in charge of the relevant direction of activity.

The schedule can be drawn up both manually (using standard Office tools with output to paper), and in specialized software systems (for example, "1C: personnel and salary", SAP, etc.).

Schedule Requirements

When scheduling work, the employer is in a situation where it is necessary to comply with a lot of rules, requirements and interests. First of all, these are the requirements of labor legislation that protect the rights, interests and even health of the employee:

1. The duration of daily work should not exceed those established by Art. 94 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of limits (special boundaries are established for minors, disabled people, working in hazardous unsafe conditions).
2. The number of working hours per week should not exceed the norm according to the production calendar (40 hours - as a general rule). For those who have a cumulative accounting for an accounting period, it is imperative to observe the rate of hours of this accounting period (quarter, month, etc.).
3. Shifts, mainly at night, should be reduced by 1 hour.
4. After a shift of more than 24 hours, the same or longer rest period is granted.
5. If the condition for dividing the working day into parts is not established for the employee, his lunch break (or the sum of several during the day) should not last more than two hours.
6. The minimum lunch break is 30 minutes. It is obligatory to be established daily, if the employee is not provided with food in parallel with work by agreement of the parties and the PTP. Lunch break is not paid.
7. It is forbidden to work during two shifts following one after the other.
8. Hours falling on the period of illness or vacation of an employee are also taken into account in his monthly (quarterly) rate. In other words, the employee is not obliged to finalize the hours actually missed.
9. The limits established by Art. 99 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for overtime work (no more than four hours in a two-day working period, no more than one hundred and twenty hours a year), etc.

Of course, when forming the schedule, the operating mode of the enterprise, and the load standards, and the interests of the employee himself are taken into account.

Familiarization of employees

The employer is obliged to familiarize the employees with the work schedule no later than one month before the day of its entry into force - this is a direct requirement of Art. 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Violation of this term threatens with administrative responsibility.

To avoid violating the requirements of the law, start drawing up the schedule no later than one and a half months before the start of the accounting period. For example, the schedule for December should be drawn up before October 15 in order to have time to agree on it, approve and familiarize all employees in time (after all, some of them at the time of acquaintance may be on vacation or on sick leave, but this circumstance is not an excuse in case of violation of the terms of acquaintance ).

How to change the established work schedule

Since the work schedule is established by agreement of both parties to labor legal relations, any of them can become the initiator of its change. Changing the regime (as a more general, permanent concept) at the initiative of the employer is described in the section on the establishment of the labor regime at the enterprise. A change in the schedule, as a one-time event or an event relating to one employee, occurs:

• or by adjusting an already drawn up schedule (document), if the employee has a working schedule set;
• or by amending the labor agreement - if the employee works according to the schedule fixed in this document (that is, according to the usual production calendar).

In the first case, the scheduler, at the request of the employee or on his own initiative (due to production needs), draws up a corrective schedule, endorses and approves it according to the usual procedure for preparing this document.

You can change the working hours both for a group of employees and for one of them (for example, at his request in connection with family circumstances)

In the second case, at the request of the employee, an order is prepared to change the work schedule - this is enough if the schedule is changed for up to two weeks. If the period of changing the working regime is longer, it is necessary to conclude an additional agreement to the contract.

If the work schedule changes for more than two weeks, it is necessary to conclude an additional agreement to the employment contract.

Establishing a work schedule and scheduling for employees is one of the primary tasks of an employer in the field of organizing the work process. And this is not easy. The schedule must meet not only the production needs of the company, but also the conditions specified by the legislator. In addition, it is extremely important to familiarize employees with the schedule in time in order to avoid possible sanctions from government bodies exercising control in the field of labor legal relations.

I have a higher legal education, work experience in court, bank, company. Despite the fact that my main specialization is criminal law and procedure, all my professional activities are related to commercial law, from personnel issues to credit issues. For a long time I was engaged in writing reviews of foreign and domestic media on business topics.

Estrogen-progesterone deficiencyb

If the temperature in the second phase does not rise either independently, or by prayers, or by persuasion of girlfriends, if the temperature difference in phases 1 and 2 is no more than 0.2-0.3 °, this may indicate estrogen-progesterone deficiency.

Estrogen deficiency

If the basal temperature jumps like a March hare, large temperature swings are noticeable - which means that a woman may have estrogen deficiency. A qualified gynecologist simply must demand to be tested for hormones, examined by ultrasound, and only after such manipulations to prescribe drugs.

Hyperprolactinemia

The hormone prolactin is known to be responsible for pregnancy. Due to the increase in this hormone (the body seriously thinks that it is pregnant), the basal temperature schedule may be similar to that of a pregnant woman. Menstruation may not be the same as during pregnancy.

Inflammation of the appendages

Another reason for the rise in temperature in the first phase is inflammation of the appendages. Then the temperature rises only for a few days to 37 degrees, after which it drops again. It is difficult in these charts because such an increase masks an ovulatory rise.
In the first phase of the cycle, the temperature from 11 to 15 days is kept at around 37 degrees, the rise occurs sharply and drops sharply. An increase in temperature on day 9 may be mistaken for an ovulatory rise, but in fact it is more indicative of inflammation. Therefore, it is very important to measure the temperature throughout the entire cycle in order to exclude such a scenario: the temperature rose as a result of inflammation, then dropped again, then rose due to ovulation.

Endometritis

The temperature in the first phase should normally decrease with menstrual bleeding. If a woman's temperature at the end of the menstrual cycle drops to menstruation and rises again to 37 degrees after the onset of menstruation, then this may indicate the presence of endometritis. Typical is a drop in temperature before menstruation and an increase with the beginning of another cycle. If there is no drop in temperature before menstruation in the first cycle, that is, the temperature is kept at this level, pregnancy can be assumed, despite the bleeding that has begun. You should do a pregnancy test, consult a gynecologist who will do an ultrasound scan to make a diagnosis.