The methodological foundations of the organization of labor, the processes of its division and cooperation, the issues of organization, maintenance, certification and rationalization of workplaces are considered. The content of the labor process, methods and techniques of labor are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the regulation of labor, in particular the method of calculating labor standards. The systems of labor incentives are described. Numerous practical examples are provided. For students, graduate students and university teachers, as well as for economists, accountants, managers.

For the effective operation of modern production based on the use of complex equipment and technologies, characterized by a large number of intra-industrial connections and information flows in the management sphere, a clear organization of the labor process, progressive norms and standards, effective systems of material incentives for highly productive labor as the basis for not only the organization of labor on workplaces, but also planning, organization of production processes and production management. The conformity of the forms of labor organization, the quality of its regulation and the availability of effective material incentives corresponding to the level of development of technology and technology, as well as the level of social economic relations, are the main conditions for achieving high production efficiency. Being an important part of the organization of the production process, the organization and remuneration of labor as an independent area of \u200b\u200beconomic work at an enterprise has a special content, scope of research and methods for studying human production activities. The science of labor organization, which emerged at the junction of many scientific disciplines, is based on the use of mathematics, physiology and psychology of labor, and the social aspects of labor activity. This allows, on the one hand, a comprehensive approach to the choice of optimal options for human interaction with technical means of production, on the other hand, dividing complex phenomena into simple ones, comprehensively investigating them and finding the most effective solutions through modeling. Thus, all decisions in the field of labor organization are made on the basis of a comprehensive analysis, accurate accounting, scientifically based methods.
In a market economy, there is an objective need to increase the role of organization and regulation of labor, a closer link between the results of labor and its material incentives. In a market economy, there is no and cannot be an effective wage system without a high level of labor rationing. Labor for wages is primarily an assessment of labor costs and labor results from the standpoint of their compliance with labor standards. The low quality of labor rationing means a decrease in the level of organization of labor and production, therefore, a decrease in labor productivity and a decrease in material interest in work. With the emergence of enterprises of various forms of ownership, the expansion of their rights, the effectiveness of their activities and wages of workers directly depend on the effective use of factors of production. And this can be achieved only by using modern methods of organizing and rationing work and appropriate forms and systems of remuneration. This is the most expedient path that does not require significant costs. According to practice, reducing labor costs, as a rule, provides a simultaneous reduction in costs per unit of output. As a result, a reduction in the cost of production is achieved, even at enterprises with a low share of wages in its composition. For this it is necessary that the organization and regulation of labor fully fulfill their functions. Therefore, when setting labor standards, first of all, organizational and technical conditions should be taken into account that ensure the effective use of equipment, technology and working time.
The subject of the discipline "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" is the study of the principles and methods of constructing labor processes, the establishment of labor standards for various categories of workers in various forms of organization of production, the use of various forms and systems of remuneration. The training manual reveals all areas of organization, rationing and remuneration, taking into account the changes that have occurred in recent years in the economy and organization of production at industrial enterprises, as well as in theory and methodology. This course provides an integrated approach to the study of theoretical and practical problems of the organization and regulation of labor, forms and systems of its payment. This course is designed primarily for the preparation of students of economic universities and faculties. Therefore, it sets out not only the theoretical and methodological foundations, but also the practical aspects of the organization, regulation and remuneration of various categories of workers, provides examples of practical solutions to specific problems.

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1 T. P. Tikhomirova E. I. Chuchkalova ORGANIZATION, RATING AND REMUNERATION IN THE ENTERPRISE Yekaterinburg 2008

2 Federal Agency for Education GOU VPO Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Education T.P. Tikhomirova E.I. Chuchkalova ORGANIZATION, NORMALIZATION AND PAYMENT FOR LABOR AT THE ENTERPRISE Textbook manuals for students of higher educational institutions studying in the specialty Vocational training (economics and management) Yekaterinburg 2008

3 UDC 331 (075.8) BBK 65.24y73 T46 Tikhomirova TP Organization, rationing and remuneration at the enterprise [Text]: textbook. allowance / T.P. Tikhomirova, E.I. Chuchkalova. Yekaterinburg: Publishing house of GOU VPO "Ros.gos.prof.-ped.un-t", p. ISBN The textbook sets out the theoretical foundations of the organization, rationing and remuneration at the enterprise, the main methodological provisions for the organization of labor and ensuring the high-quality development of labor standards, discloses the essence of wages, examines the content and forms of its organization. It is intended for students of the specialty "Professional Education (Economics and Management)", as well as graduate students and teachers of economic disciplines. Reviewers: Dr. Econ. Sciences, prof. A. G. Mokronosov (GOU VPO "Russian state prof.-ped. Un-t"); Cand. econ. Sciences, Assoc. SI Kolesnikov (State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Forestry Engineering University"). ISBN GOU VPO "Russian State Professional Pedagogical University", 2008 Tikhomirova T. P., Chuchkalova E. I., 2008

4 Table of contents Preface ... 5 Introduction ... 7 Section 1. Organization of labor at the enterprise ... 12 Chapter 1. Fundamentals of scientific organization of labor The essence and significance of labor organization Tasks and main directions of labor organization Principles and methods of labor organization ... 17 Chapter 2. Division and cooperation of labor at the enterprise Essence and types of division and cooperation of labor Forms of labor organization at the enterprise Division and cooperation of labor of managers, specialists and employees ... 28 Chapter 3. Organization of workplaces Jobs, their types and bases of organization Main directions organization of workplaces Certification of workplaces ... 37 Chapter 4. Organization of the labor process The content of the labor process and principles of its organization Structure of the production and labor process Methods and techniques of work ... 54 Chapter 5. Working conditions and rest The essence of working conditions and their types Modes labor and rest ... 65 Section 2. Labor rationing at the enterprise ... 72 Chapter 6. Content and tasks of labor rationing Essence of norms labor regulation Functions and principles of labor rationing The role of rationing in the organization and remuneration of labor ... 78 Chapter 7. Study of the cost of working time Working time and its classification Methods of studying the cost of working time ... 86 Chapter 8. Labor standards Concept and types of labor costs Labor rationing methods

5 8.3. Establishment, replacement and revision of labor standards Organization of labor rationing at the enterprise Assessment of the level and intensity of labor standards Section 3. Remuneration at the enterprise Chapter 9. Organization of wages Essence and functions of wages Content and principles of organization of wages Main elements of the organization of wages Chapter 10. Tariff form of organization of wages at the enterprise Tariff system, its content and purpose Forms and systems of remuneration Organization of bonuses for employees of the enterprise System of allowances and additional payments Chapter 11. Tariff-free form of organization of wages The essence of a tariff-free form of organization of remuneration Types of tariff-free systems of organization of wages Chapter 12. Improving the organization of wages Foreign experience in organizing wages Analysis of the organization of wages Directions for improving the organization of wages Conclusion Bibliography Appendix 1. Typical modes of work and rest Appendix 2.Excerpt from the Labor Code of the Russian Federation

6 Foreword Socio-economic transformations in the modern Russian economy caused changes in the organization and remuneration of labor, necessitated the study of the relationship between organization, rationing and remuneration of labor with the labor market and state regulation of labor relations. In a market economy, the importance of matching the results of labor and material incentives increases, which requires a sufficiently high level of organization and regulation of labor. With the emergence of enterprises of various forms of ownership and the expansion of their rights, the dependence of the wages of workers and the results of the activities of enterprises on the effective use of production factors has increased. The experience of countries with developed market economies shows that high production efficiency can only be ensured on the basis of normative regulation of working hours, expanding the scope of labor rationing, determining the level of tension in labor standards, and rational organization. In addition, it is very important to realize that labor standards are designed to ensure social protection of employees, to help maintain their normal working capacity throughout their working life. Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor are the most important part of the organization of production and represent an independent area of \u200b\u200beconomic work at the enterprise, have a special content, scope of research and methods of studying the production and labor activities of a person. The study of the course "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" is provided for by the current state educational standard and curriculum for professional training of economists-managers in the specialty "Economics and management at the enterprise." It is intended to give future specialists the knowledge and skills required by the modern market, accumulated by advanced practice in such important areas of organizational, managerial and social labor activities as rational division and cooperation of labor of various categories of personnel; workflow design and justification 5

7 optimal labor costs; combination and coordination of labor, means of production and objects of labor in a single labor process; optimization of conditions and normalization of labor intensity at the workplace; motivation and stimulation of highly efficient work of all categories of personnel. After completing this course, students will be able to solve many other interrelated problems of organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at enterprises in the conditions of modern market relations. The content of this course includes three sections: labor organization, labor rationing and wages organization. Each section consists of several chapters, which sequentially consider the issues of organization, rationing and remuneration on the basis of their interrelation and interdependence, taking into account the changes that have taken place in recent years in the economy and the organization of production and labor at enterprises, as well as in theory and methodology. The textbook is intended primarily for training students of economic universities and faculties, but can be used by graduate students, teachers of economic disciplines, labor economists, specialists in the field of social and legal relations. 6

8 Introduction The successful development of industrial enterprises in modern economic conditions is determined not only by the level of their technical equipment and the progressiveness of the technologies used, but also by the organization of production and labor. Labor as an active factor of production has always been in the focus of attention of both scientists and practitioners. But the greatest interest of researchers in the organization of labor was observed in the second half of the 19th century. It is generally accepted that scientific methods of labor organization were first developed and applied by the American engineer F. Taylor, although research on labor processes on a scientific basis was carried out much earlier. However, F. Taylor was the first to ensure the widespread use of the scientific foundations of the organization of labor in production conditions, formulated the principles of the scientific organization of labor and developed a system of its payment. Active research in the field of scientific organization of labor was carried out in Russia in the 30s. XX century. Particularly much attention has been paid to issues of labor activity and wages since the middle of the XX century. Almost each of the economic disciplines, be it "Economic Theory", "Labor Economics", "Enterprise Economics", "Personnel Management", "Organization and Production Planning", etc., to one degree or another, considers the issues of organization, rationing and payment labor. Sociological sciences began to show great attention to them, as a result of which the Sociology of Labor was formed, and later the Economics and Sociology of Labor. By the end of the XX century. there is a new branch of economic science, organization, rationing and wages at the enterprise. As an independent economic science "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" has its own subject and object of study, as well as the corresponding methodology. The object of its study is labor as an expedient activity of people, carried out at industrial enterprises and directed to the creation of material goods (production of goods, rendering of services); the subject of the social and labor relations that develop at the enterprise in the labor process, and a set of methods, methods and techniques used to characterize them, change and analyze. 7

9 The purpose of the discipline is to use scientific foundations, theoretical and methodological provisions, as well as practical experience in the field of labor of personnel of enterprises in the formation of socio-economic relations in a market economy. The main tasks determined by this goal are as follows: 1) study of the essence and mechanisms of labor organization at an industrial enterprise, the formation of economic conditions for the growth of productivity and labor efficiency; 2) the study of labor rationing as the basis for its rational organization and payment; 3) a study of the content of social and labor relations in the process of organizing work, the study of labor motivation and incentives that ensure effective labor activity; 4) the formation of an effective mechanism for remuneration of labor on the basis of its rational organization and regulation. As a social discipline "Organization, rationing and remuneration of labor at an enterprise" has its own methodology, which is a set of general techniques and methods for studying the state of labor organization at an enterprise, developing solutions to increase labor productivity, improve rationing and wages. The methodology is based on the dialectical method as the most objective general scientific method of cognizing the development of social labor and its transformation. It allows you to reveal the essence of the phenomena of the aggregate labor process in development and change, the relationship with other phenomena of the production activity of the enterprise, to take into account the transformation of the simplest quantitative changes into specific qualitative and historical aspects of the changing social, production and economic conditions in Russia, as well as the experience of foreign enterprises in the field of transformation and regulation of social and labor relations in a market economy. The theoretical basis of the methodology under consideration is economic theory, which studies the social-production (economic) relations of people, investigates and forms economic laws in the sphere of labor, in the field of production management, distribution of material wealth. Knowledge and use of these laws, analysis of objects

10 tive and subjective factors affecting the mechanism of their action conditions for improving the organization of labor, increasing its productivity and efficiency, optimal pay. In the study of the organization and regulation of specific work processes at workplaces, private methods of collecting and processing information are used. The fruitfulness of the research is largely determined by the systematic approach to the study of any phenomenon. The labor process at any workplace is considered as an element of a complex system of interrelated and interacting specific processes that are constantly changing and improving. The organization, rationing and remuneration of labor on the basis of the systemic method allow us to develop forms of a rational and optimal combination of individual labor processes in a single production labor process with the most effective use of all elements involved in the labor process at each workplace, to determine the mechanisms of their material incentives and payment. The methodology as a set of methods used in the course "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at an enterprise" is based on the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, a set of Russian state laws ("On Labor", "On Social Partnership", "On Wages", etc.); on regulatory documents, rules, methods of researching specific elements of labor, its organization and payment; methodology for accounting and analysis of labor processes and phenomena. The course "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" covers a set of issues studied in a certain logical sequence. These include: research of the labor process and its organization at workplaces, sites, in the shops and services of the enterprise; rationing of labor processes, development and implementation of labor costs at workplaces and areas of an industrial enterprise, assessment of working conditions and determination of ways to improve them; identification of reserves and factors for increasing labor productivity and improving the use of working time; organization of remuneration of employees of the enterprise, assessment of various forms and systems of remuneration, improvement of material optimization of labor. Attention is also paid to the development of labor indicators in the market conditions of enterprises, regulation of socio-economic relations in the field of organization and remuneration. nine

11 The course "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" is interconnected with other scientific disciplines (Fig. 1). This relationship, on the one hand, is the methodological basis of their development, determines the basic principles, methods, priority areas of scientific research, and on the other hand, allows the use of methods, methods and indicators for the qualitative solution of problems and the implementation of the goal of the course "Organization, rationing and payment labor at the enterprise ". Within the framework of the discipline "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor", a whole complex of technical, psychophysiological, organizational, socio-economic issues is studied, which cannot be solved without connection with other scientific disciplines. Thus, the regularities and general principles of labor organization, which are studied in the course "Labor Economics", are successfully applied in solving specific issues of labor organization in a particular industry. Economics of the enterprise Personnel management Labor statistics Labor economics Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise Organization and planning of production Sociology of labor Technology and organization of production Economics Psychology of labor Labor law Physiology of labor Other sciences Fig. 1. The relationship of the course "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" with other disciplines (sciences) Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor require knowledge of the features of the technical base of production and technological processes, especially in the conditions of modern automated production, development

12th and implementation of computer technologies in production management processes. Without taking into account such scientific disciplines as "Labor Psychology", "Economics", "Labor Physiology", it is impossible to optimize labor processes. The social aspect of the organization, regulation and remuneration of labor is manifested not only directly in labor activity, its optimal organization, but also in resolving issues of fair remuneration, ensuring a certain quality and standard of living. The discipline "Sociology of Labor" allows you to understand the social problems of labor organization. To make objectively grounded and competent decisions in the field of organization and remuneration of labor, it is necessary to take into account the basic provisions of personnel management and labor legislation, which is ensured through the study of courses "Personnel Management" and "Labor Law". Organization, rationing and wages are also related to statistics, which are used as a scientific tool in the study of labor processes. Thus, the discipline under study relies on related disciplines, using them in the study of the patterns of interaction of living labor with its means and objects, the characteristics of social and labor relations in the development of forms of organization of labor of enterprise personnel and their payment in the context of market transformation of the economy. eleven

13 Section 1. ORGANIZATION OF LABOR AT THE ENTERPRISE Chapter 1. Fundamentals of scientific organization of labor Basic concepts: the essence of labor organization, the main elements of labor organization, tasks of labor organization, direction of labor organization at the enterprise, principles of labor organization, methods of labor organization Essence and significance of labor organization Activity modern industrial enterprises are characterized not only by the use of complex equipment and various technologies, but also by the formation of many intra-industrial relations and information flows, which determines the use of joint labor of a large number of people on the basis of its appropriate organization. The organization of labor in general represents specific forms and methods of connecting people and technology in the labor process in order to achieve a useful effect of labor activity 1. At the enterprise level, the organization of labor is considered as a system of rational interaction of workers with the means of labor and with each other, based on a certain order of construction and the sequence of the implementation of the labor process aimed at obtaining high final socio-economic results. The main elements that characterize the content of the organization of labor include (Fig. 2): selection, training, retraining and advanced training of personnel; safe conditions and labor protection; division of labor; cooperation of labor; organization of workplaces; reasonable rates of labor costs; discipline of work. 1 Ostapenko Yu.M. Labor economics [Text]: textbook. allowance / Yu. M. Ostapenko. M., S

14 The organization of work at workplaces, sites and in workshops differs in the number of elements and their scale. If at the level of the enterprise, workshop, site, it is of fundamental importance to determine the correct proportions of workers according to the functions performed, the choice of appropriate forms of division, cooperation and organization of labor, the placement of personnel, then at the level of workplaces, the rational organization of the labor process is important: equipment, maintenance and planning work places; creation of favorable and safe working conditions; rationalization of techniques and methods for studying the costs of working time; establishment of labor costs; ensuring full equipment load. Organization of labor at the enterprise Selection, preparation, retraining Division of labor: functional technological professional qualification Labor cooperation: interdepartmental intrashop intra-division intra-brigade Organization of workplaces: servicing workplaces equipping workplaces planning of labor remuneration Conditions (psychophysiological, sanitary-hygienic, sanitary-psychological) and labor protection Cost rates: time of development of servicing the headcount Discipline labor production technological planned financial Fig. 2. Basic elements of labor organization Labor organization is an integral part of the organization of production, therefore there is a close relationship between the elements of labor organization and production. The techniques, technologies, and objects of labor used at the enterprise determine the use of various forms, methods and methods of organizing production, which, in turn, determines the content and nature of labor processes. The development of technology as a result of technical progress changes the nature of labor itself. So, 13

15 mechanization and automation of production processes lead to a change in the content of technological operations: manual and machine-manual operations are reduced or eliminated; adjustment and maintenance of equipment is supplemented and expanded; there are types of work associated with the automated management of operations. At the same time, the organization of labor affects the development of scientific and technical progress. The introduction of new forms and methods of labor organization requires new technical and technological solutions, changes in the design of equipment, tooling and tools, as well as clarification or changes in the content of production operations and technological processes. Particularly high demands are placed on the reliability of the equipment, its ergonomic characteristics, which makes it possible to improve the working conditions of workers. The organization of labor allows you to coordinate and coordinate the individual actions of workers on the basis of the division and cooperation of labor and therefore acts as a function of personnel management. The implementation of measures to improve the organization of labor, as a rule, requires changes in the organization of management, planning and accounting. However, the existing management system for both personnel and the enterprise has an impact on the organization of labor. Measures to improve the organization of labor provide the desired effect only if they are carried out in conjunction with measures to improve technology and organization of production. The importance of organizing production increases with the creation and development of market relations that contribute to the revival of competition. In these conditions, the effectiveness of labor is of great importance, ensuring the growth of production efficiency. Tasks and main directions of labor organization. Labor organization is aimed at achieving the goals of the enterprise with the lowest labor costs. In the conditions of an enterprise, it allows solving the following tasks: economic ones consist in ensuring the growth of labor productivity, improving the use of labor resources and working time, saving all types of resources, improving product quality and production efficiency. The main thing is that both labor and social labor 14

16 new relations at the enterprise must ensure the receipt of material and material results of labor (products, services, work) at the lowest cost of both living and social labor; psychophysiological are aimed at ensuring high and long-term performance of a person without prejudice to his health. They provide for saving his vital energy, limiting the intensity and severity of labor, harmonizing physical and psychological stress, creating favorable and safe working conditions, reducing neuropsychic tension. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop and apply physiologically grounded modes of work and rest, optimize the intensity of labor and rationalize the performance of operations in the labor process, establish grounded labor costs, create normal working conditions at workplaces and create a favorable psychological climate in work collectives; social are designed to ensure the content, attractiveness, diversity and prestige of work, fair and full wages, fostering mutual understanding and cooperation in the team, awareness of the importance of work and its role in improving the welfare of workers, high labor discipline. Since the organization of labor is closely interconnected with the organization of production and is its integral part, then, in addition to the tasks listed above, it solves various technical and technological problems, which consist in improving the structure of the enterprise, choosing the optimal options for the implementation of equipment and technological processes, and is designed to ensure the rational use of the working strength and working time. All the considered tasks are interrelated and are solved in a specific enterprise in a complex manner. The totality of the main elements that characterize the content of the organization of labor, and the tasks solved by it, determine the following directions of the organization of labor at the enterprise: 1. Division and cooperation of labor consists in delimiting the activities of workers in the process of joint labor and at the same time combining various types of work and labor processes to obtain the results of labor activity. Dividing labor, at the same time provide for ways of its cooperation. 15

17 2. Organization of workplaces includes a reasonable layout of workplaces, ensuring the use of rational methods and techniques of work, as well as comfortable and safe working conditions; equipping the workplace with tools and objects of labor; rational, efficient service, which is generally aimed at improving the performance of each employee. Improving the organization of work is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of certification of workplaces, which is a periodic accounting and a comprehensive assessment of their compliance with modern requirements. 3. Improvement of working conditions and labor protection involves the analysis of working conditions at workplaces and the development of rational work and rest regimes for workers, the selection and justification of comfortable working conditions at each workplace, ensuring the preservation of long-term stable working capacity and health of workers. 4. The organization of the labor process provides for the construction of any labor process on the basis of techniques and methods of labor that provide maximum savings in working time with the least expenditure of physical and psychological energy. 5. Personnel support of the labor process consists in the implementation of advanced training of workers, training of new personnel, retraining and training of workers in second professions, the organization of vocational guidance and selection of personnel, analysis of the provision of the enterprise with personnel of the necessary professions and relevant qualifications. 6. Strengthening labor discipline is expressed in the creation of conditions that ensure that employees comply with established work and rest regimes, internal labor regulations, professional and functional requirements, labor safety and health requirements, as well as the development of labor activity and creative attitude to work. 7. Labor rationing is the basis of its organization and consists in the development of labor costs and standards for the number of personnel, improving the quality of the development of standards based on the study of labor operations and the cost of working time, rational ways of organizing labor at workplaces, in ensuring uniform and interconnected work. These areas of work organization are inextricably linked and reveal its content, clarifying and implementing in practice 16

18 such its functions as labor-saving, optimizing, labor-sparing, educational, activating, etc. Principles and methods of labor organization The most important principles of labor organization at the enterprise are dynamism, concreteness, optimality, complexity and efficiency. The dynamism of the organization of labor is due to continuous scientific and technological progress, as a result of which enterprises introduce new techniques and more advanced technology, improve the technology and organization of production, which requires new forms and methods of labor. Naturally, each level of technology and organization of production requires an appropriate organization of labor, therefore, a change in the means of production, technological processes and their organization affects the organization of labor, the state and level of which largely determines the efficiency of production. The specificity of the organization of labor is manifested in the fact that the methods, methods and forms of labor organization used at specific workplaces are determined by the content of the labor process and labor operations performed, the means and objects used there. Equipping, maintenance and planning of specific workplaces is organized in a similar way. The optimality of the organization of labor lies in the fact that the basis of the decisions made in all cases is the choice and design of the option that ensures the most efficient use of material and labor resources and corresponding to the content of the tasks. The complexity of the organization of labor is based on the relationship not only between the organization of labor and the organization of production, but also labor operations, labor processes and workplaces. At each workplace, a certain form of work organization is used. However, when deciding on the organization of labor at a particular workplace, they take into account that it is only a link in the production and labor process. These links must work harmoniously and synchronously, which can be achieved with a comprehensive solution to the issues of labor organization along the entire chain of workplaces. The complexity of the organization of work increases the efficiency of work at each workplace and helps to improve the performance of the entire enterprise. Improving the organization of work is due to 17

19 improving the organization of production. Modern production cannot develop without a comprehensive solution to the problems associated with improving technology and technology, organizing production and managing it. The better the organization of production, the more progressive the technique and technology, the more efficient the organization of labor, and vice versa. The efficiency of labor organization lies in the objective need to develop and use such methods, methods and forms of labor organization that ensure the achievement of high production results with minimal costs of living and social labor, rational use of working time and normal working conditions. To implement the considered principles in the practice of organizing labor at enterprises, two methods are used: empirical and scientific. As a rule, these methods are used simultaneously and in conjunction, complementing and refining the decisions made on their basis. The empirical method involves the use of various forms and directions of labor organization either through their implementation experimentally with mandatory control of the action and subsequent clarifications and justification, or by using the experience of other enterprises in organizing labor in similar labor operations or the experience of skilled workers, or by the willful decision of managers. The scientific method is based on the economic laws of production development and provides for an analysis of the state of labor organization and the current situation, a study of the content of the labor process and the cost of working time, the implementation of appropriate calculations and the economic justification of the solutions used and the proposed measures for the organization of labor at specific workplaces and production areas. The enterprise chooses the method of labor organization independently, depending on the content of the labor process, the production area and the range of tasks to be solved. To develop a progressive organization of labor, a scientific method is used, which requires time not only to collect and process reporting and regulatory information, but also to perform research and analytical work with the involvement of qualified specialists, as well as to justify the measures being developed. However, these costs are quickly paid off by increasing the efficiency of labor in the workplace. 18

20 Questions for self-control 1. What is the essence of the organization of work? 2. What are the main elements characterizing the content of the organization of labor at the enterprise? 3. What is the meaning of work organization? 4. What tasks does the organization of labor solve? What are they? 5. In what directions is the organization of labor at the enterprise developing? Expand their content and purpose. 6. What are the principles underlying the organization of work? What are they? 7. What methods are used in the practice of organizing labor at the enterprise? What is their content and purpose? nineteen

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Name: Organization of rationing and wages at the enterprise.

The methodological foundations of the organization of labor, the processes of its division and cooperation, the issues of organization, maintenance, certification and rationalization of workplaces are considered. The content of the labor process, methods and techniques of labor are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the regulation of labor, in particular the method of calculating labor standards. The systems of labor incentives are described. Numerous practical examples are provided.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword. 7
Chapter 1. Methodological foundations of labor organization
1.1. The essence and content of the organization of labor. nine
1.2. Tasks and directions of work organization. 13
1.3. Theoretical foundations of the organization of labor. 15
Chapter 2. Division and cooperation of labor
2.1. The essence and significance of the division and cooperation of labor. nineteen
2.2. Collective forms of labor organization. 24
2.3. Combining professions and functions. 27
2.4. Multi-line service. 29
2.5. Division of labor of managers, specialists and employees and the forms of their cooperation. 37
Chapter 3. Organization and maintenance of workplaces
3.1. Jobs, their types and requirements for the organization. 41
3.2. Specialization and equipping of workplaces. 43
3.3. Workplace planning. 46
3.4. Organization of service of workplaces. 50
3.5. Comprehensive design of the organization and maintenance of workplaces. 55
Chapter 4. Certification and rationalization of workplaces
4.1. The essence, goals and objectives of certification and rationalization of jobs. 70
4.2. Accounting, certification and rationalization of jobs. 76
Chapter 5. Content of the labor process
5.1. The labor process, its content and requirements for the organization. 79
5.2. Manufacturing operation as a separate part of the manufacturing process. 83
Chapter 6. Methods and techniques of labor
6.1. Methods and techniques of labor: general provisions. 86
6.2. The principles of economy of movements. 87
6.3. Rationalization of techniques and methods of labor. 89
Chapter 7. Conditions of work and rest
7.1. Working conditions and factors that determine them. 94
7.2. Assessment of working conditions. 95
7.3. Certification of workplaces for working conditions. 98
7.4. Regimes of work and rest. 105
Chapter 8. Content and tasks of labor rate setting
8.1. The essence and content of labor rationing. 113
8.2. Labor rationing functions. 116
8.3. Types of labor standards and their characteristics. 119
8.4. The structure of a technically sound time rate. 121
Chapter 9. Studying the cost of working time
9.1. Classification of labor costs. 124
9.2. Methods for studying the cost of working time. 129
9.2.1. Photo of working hours. 129
9.2.2. Self-photography. 147
9.2.3. Timing. 148
Chapter 10. Methodology for calculating labor standards
10.1. Analytical method of labor rationing. 158
10.2. Microelement rationing of labor. 161
10.3. Standardization methods used in foreign countries. 175
Chapter 11. Normative materials for labor rationing
11.1. The essence and variety of regulatory materials. 182
11.2. Basic requirements for regulatory materials. 185
11.3. Methodical provisions for the development of regulatory materials. 186
Chapter 12. Methodology for the regulation of certain types of work
12.1. Rationing of work on metal-cutting machines. 193
12.2. Rationing of fitter and assembly work. 197
12.3. Calculation of the norm of piece time for assembly work performed on the conveyor. 202
12.4. Labor rationing for multi-station service. 206
12.5. Rationing of work on production lines of machining. 210
12.6. Labor rationing in conditions of automated production. 216
12.7. Rationing of work performed on machines with numerical control. 219
12.8. Labor rationing in conditions of flexible production systems (FPS). 223
12.9. Labor rationing in the period of mastering the production of new products. 226
12.10. Features of rationing in the conditions of brigade labor organization. 229
12.11. Labor rationing of auxiliary workers. 230
12.12. Labor rationing for managers, specialists and employees. 235
Chapter 13. Organization of work on the regulation of labor at the enterprise
13.1. Work on the organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise. 242
13.2. Assessment of the level and intensity of labor standards. 247
13.3. Analysis of the state of the organization of labor at the enterprise. 251
13.4. Analysis of the state of labor rationing. 253
13.5. Introduction, replacement and revision of labor standards. 259
13.6. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of measures to improve the organization and work rate setting 261
Chapter 14. Material incentives for the work of employees of the enterprise
14.1. The essence of wages and incentive systems in a market economy. 270
14.2. Functions of wages and principles of its organization. 273
14.3. The system of organizing wages at the enterprise. 275
14.4. Tariff system and its elements. 276
14.5. Forms and systems of remuneration. 280
14.6. Tariff-free wage system. 287
14.6.1. The system of remuneration using scores of labor input. 288
14.6.2. Remuneration based on ratios in wages of various quality. 292
14.6.3. A payment system that ensures the application of the tariff rate of the 1st category at the subsistence level. 295
14.6.4 Collective-share system of remuneration. 297
14.6.5. Payment system based on the assessment of the employee's labor contribution to the overall results of the work of the team 299
14.7. Remuneration for the work of managers, specialists and employees. 302
14.8. Premium system. 306
14.9. Mechanism of surcharges, allowances and compensations. 310
Literature.

The essence and significance of the division and cooperation of labor.
Modern production is characterized by the isolation of individual processes and works, which allows you to specialize tools and workers, reduce the production cycle, and increase labor productivity. However, the labor of all those working in enterprises is collective labor. Its results depend on the extent to which the observance of the necessary quantitative and qualitative proportions in the distribution of labor among the individual links of production and workplaces and the cooperation of labor of individual performers and primary production collectives are ensured.

The separation of processes and works presupposes, first of all, the division of labor. The division of labor in an enterprise is understood as the delimitation of the activities of workers in the process of joint labor, as well as their specialization in performing a certain part of the joint work.

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Year of issue : 2005

Genre:economy

Publisher: "Knorus"

Format: DjVu

Quality: Scanned pages

Number of pages: 320

Description:The subject of the discipline "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise" is the study of the principles and methods of constructing labor processes, the establishment of labor standards for various categories of workers in various forms of organization of production, the use of various forms and systems of remuneration. The training manual reveals all areas of organization, rationing and remuneration, taking into account the changes that have occurred in recent years in the economy and organization of production at industrial enterprises, as well as in theory and methodology.
This course provides an integrated approach to the study of theoretical and practical problems of the organization and regulation of labor, forms and systems of payment. This course is designed primarily for the preparation of students of economic universities and faculties. Therefore, the textbook "Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at an enterprise" sets out not only theoretical and methodological foundations, but also practical aspects of organization, regulation and remuneration of labor of various categories of workers, examples of practical solutions to specific problems are given.

Chapter 1. Methodological foundations of labor organization
1.1. The essence and content of the organization of labor
1.2. Tasks and directions of work organization
1.3. Theoretical foundations of labor organization
Chapter 2. Division and cooperation of labor
2.1. The essence and significance of the division and cooperation of labor
2.2. Collective forms of labor organization
2.3. Combining professions and functions
2.4. Multi-line service
2.5. Division of labor of managers, specialists and employees and the forms of their cooperation
Chapter 3. Organization and maintenance of workplaces
3.1. Workplaces, their types and requirements for the organization
3.2. Specialization and equipping of workplaces
3.3. Workplace planning
3.4. Organization of service of workplaces

3.5. Comprehensive design of the organization and maintenance of workplaces
Chapter 4. Certification and rationalization of jobs
4.1. The essence, goals and objectives of certification and rationalization of jobs
4.2. Accounting, certification and rationalization of workplaces
Chapter 5. Content of the labor process
5.1. Labor process, its content and requirements for the organization
5.2. Production operation as a separate part of the production process
Chapter 6. Methods and techniques of labor
6.1. Methods and techniques of labor: general provisions
6.2. Movement saving principles
6.3. Rationalization of techniques and methods of labor
Chapter 7. Working and resting conditions
7.1. Working conditions and factors that determine them
7.2. Assessment of working conditions
7.3. Certification of workplaces for working conditions
7.4. Regimes of work and rest
Chapter 8. Content and tasks of labor rationing
8.1. The essence and content of labor rationing
8.2. Labor rationing functions
8.3. Types of labor standards and their characteristics
8.4. Structure of a technically based time norm
Chapter 9. Studying the cost of working time
9.1. Classification of labor costs
9.2. Methods for studying the cost of working time

• 9.2.1. Working time photography
• 9.2.2. Self photography
• 9.2.3. Timing

12.6. Labor rationing in conditions of automated production
12.7. Rationing of work performed on machines with numerical control
12.8. Labor rationing in conditions of flexible production systems (FPS)
12.9. Labor rationing during the period of mastering the production of new products
12.10. Features of rationing in the conditions of brigade labor organization
12.11. Labor rationing of auxiliary workers
12.12. Labor rationing for managers, specialists and employees
Chapter 13. Organization of work on the regulation of labor at the enterprise
13.1. Work on the organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise
13.2. Assessment of the level and tension of labor standards
13.3. Analysis of the state of work organization at the enterprise
13.4. Analysis of the state of labor rationing
13.5. Introduction, replacement and revision of labor standards
13.6. Assessment of the economic efficiency of measures to improve the organization and work rate setting
Chapter 14. Material incentives for the labor of employees of the enterprise

14.1. The essence of wages and incentive systems in a market economy
14.2. Functions of wages and principles of its organization
14.3. The system of organizing wages at the enterprise
14.4. Tariff system and its elements
14.5. Forms and systems of remuneration
14.6. Tariff-free wage system

• 14.6.1. Remuneration system using scores of labor input
• 14.6.2. Remuneration based on ratios in wages of various quality
• 14.6.3. Payment system that ensures the application of the tariff rate of the 1st category at the subsistence level
• 14.6.4 Collective-share system of remuneration
• 14.6.5. Payment system based on the assessment of the employee's labor contribution to the overall results of the team's work