Very often, a person who decides to become an entrepreneur ends his attempts at the search stage or, if he shows a little more perseverance and patience, registers with the relevant authorities and receives certificates and certificates. To prevent this from happening and the matter was successfully brought to an end, even at the planning stage it is necessary to determine the type of activity most suitable for a beginner based on real possibilities - material and technical. Growing mushrooms at home can be called one of the most affordable options - this business does not require huge production facilities, sophisticated equipment and exorbitant investments.

Advantages of oyster mushroom production:

1. Simplicity. From a novice entrepreneur, a minimum of effort, time and material costs is required: oyster mushrooms are mushrooms that literally grow on their own; it is enough to provide them with the initial conditions.
2. yield. With due care and promptness, an entrepreneur, a novice or already experienced in the field of agriculture, can receive up to 12–15 kg of “live weight” per month from one square meter, and the first crop ripens within 30–35 days (depending on health mycelium and the quality of the nutrient medium).
3. Constant demand. Oyster mushrooms are quite tasty, they do not have a specific aftertaste, which, in particular, is present in mushrooms; due to their fertility, mycelium allows a businessman to set reasonable prices that are attractive to consumers, and in addition they are characterized by a high protein content (about 2.5% of the total mass) with a relatively low calorie content (38 kcal / 100 g of product) and vitamins B, C, H and PP. Together, these indicators guarantee the entrepreneur uninterrupted sales throughout the year - if, of course, he manages to correctly convey the goods to buyers.

Important: the only serious drawback of oyster mushrooms is the relatively high allergenicity of spores. This factor does not affect the end consumer, since the cut mushroom ceases to multiply, but the health of the entrepreneur himself, hired workers, and even relatives and neighbors, in the absence of well-established filtration, can undermine.

That is why, when in a room with oyster mushroom mycelium, it is strongly recommended to wear protective bandages, in some cases, suits, and if it is located in close proximity to residential premises, to equip a filtering system for outgoing air masses.

A businessman, novice or already experienced, who decides to start growing oyster mushrooms at home, can use one of two options for growing mushrooms: using a substrate or on natural materials - stumps or pieces of wood.

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms on a substrate involves the following procedure:

1. Preparation of the initial mixture. It, depending on the desire and capabilities of the entrepreneur, can be done independently (or purchased ready-made substrate from third parties). It is unlikely that it will be possible to find a truly high-quality mixture in a store, so a businessman will have to look for private suppliers - fortunately, there is no shortage of raw materials in rural areas. If it is planned to manufacture the substrate at home, straw can be used as a raw material (how to grind and then soak), sawdust of any kind of wood (of course, without any impregnation) and cleaning sunflower seeds. The ingredients must be thoroughly mixed in a tub or any other suitable container, then pour hot (about 50-60 ° C) water and leave to cool completely.
2. Loading the mixture together with mycelium in polyethylene or polypropylene bags. They should be laid in layers, starting with the substrate and moving up until the bag is filled. It is important to consider that for the normal development of the mycelium, the percentage of its mass should not exceed 5% of the total - otherwise the substrate will be used up too quickly and the oyster mushrooms will not have time to germinate. If the specified proportion is exceeded, one cannot count on the normal sporulation of mushrooms, especially when it comes to breeding them at home.
3. Providing air access. Mushrooms, unlike plants and animals, are less dependent on this factor, but they also need oxygen. That is why the ventilation holes in the bags with the mixture should be made every 10-15 cm in length; their recommended diameter is at least 15–20 mm. To prevent the mixture from falling out of the bags, a mesh of any synthetic material can be placed in the area of ​​​​the holes by gluing it or simply putting it inside.
4. The first stage of maturation. After preparing the bag with the substrate and mycelium, it should be placed, and it is better to hang it in a completely dark room, the humidity of which should be 80-90% - the less light and the more water in the air, the better. For a month in the room you need to maintain the temperature slightly above room temperature - about 25 ° C.
5. The second stage of maturation. After 25–30 days, plastic bags with the mixture should be transferred to a room with a lower temperature (11–17 ° C) - the first oyster mushrooms will appear there. If production conditions allow, the temperature can be reduced in the same room - for this it is enough to install a thermostat and, as mentioned above, provide the room with an air conditioning and air filtration system.
6. Harvesting. If everything is done correctly, oyster mushrooms will appear from the package in waves, and the number of mushrooms in them will gradually decrease - both due to the consumption of nutrients in the substrate, and due to the fatigue of the mycelium. Cut mushrooms must be processed immediately, and then deal with their pre-sale preparation.

To grow oyster mushrooms on natural materials, you need:

1. Prepare source material. It can be solid stumps, round timber of small height or even boards; the latter option is the least productive, however, it can also be used by a beginner who has not yet reached serious production volumes. The main requirement is that the tree must be hardwood (birch, alder, linden, maple, apple, pear, even oak) and not too old: the optimal “age” of the hemp is up to 10–15 years.
2. Mycelium grafting. In order for a tree to be guaranteed to be infected with a mycelium, its surface should be made rough, with protrusions, depressions and, if possible, with deep cracks. "Natural" stumps usually meet all these requirements by default; if it is planned to graft oyster mushrooms onto treated wood, it must be made as smooth as possible. After that, a mycelium is laid out on the stump, a little substrate is added (how to do it, it is written above), covered for better germination with a “non-breathing” material (polyethylene or polypropylene) and left in conditions of high humidity until the mycelium sufficiently penetrates inside wood. As in the first case, it is better to place a stump with oyster mushrooms in a dark room with a temperature of about 25 ° C.
3. Mushroom transplant. After germination, the mycelium is transferred to soil that is sufficiently moist and nutritious. As a fertilizer, you can from time to time add the same nutrient substrate to it - or add individual microelements by combining mixtures sold in stores.

The second method is characterized by lower productivity, greater labor costs and therefore is used much less frequently - mainly not by beginners, but by professionals who focus on the “ecological friendliness” of grown mushrooms. Be that as it may, even the second option for the production of oyster mushrooms is simpler than breeding.

Advice: to ensure a greater nutritional value of the substrate, bran can be added to it - up to 10% of the total mass of the mixture.

Materials required for growing oyster mushrooms at home:

• polyethylene or polypropylene bags or bags;
• polyethylene or polypropylene film (for the second method);
• stump, round timber or hardwood (for the second method);
• straw;
• sunflower seed husk;
• untreated sawdust;
• bran;
• mycelium (recommended weight - 5-6 kg per square meter);
• fertilizers and nutrients.

Important: it is highly not recommended to place mushroom production in residential premises, including within an apartment - oyster mushroom spores are quite active and, as noted above, are allergenic. Ideally, the mycelium should be in a separate isolated room (workshop), heated, ventilated and completely dark - only if these conditions are met, a beginner can count on a good yield of mushrooms.

Growing champignons at home is a much more difficult task that requires serious investments; for a beginner, it may seem excessively tiring, but for a trained person who already has experience in growing oyster mushrooms, it will become a new round of development - with new prices and the ability to attract new customers. As usual, to find buyers, you should do; but you need to start with the basics - making compost.

Important: unlike the nutrient substrate for oyster mushrooms, champignon compost is a more difficult mixture to prepare, therefore, if the entrepreneur does not have the opportunity or desire to spend time, he can purchase a ready-made composition in a store with agricultural products or from individuals involved in the sale of raw materials.

To make 10 kg of compost you will need the following ingredients:

1. Straw. It must be fresh and well dried. The use of raw straw will lead to premature decay of the entire nutrient mixture, which will affect the viability and yield of the mycelium. However, if the oxidative processes have not yet gone too far, wet straw can be simply dried before composting by any means at hand - for example, with a building hair dryer. The required weight is about 5.5 kg / 10 kg of the mixture.
2. Horse or cow dung or chicken droppings. It is not possible to regulate the quality of this life product, so the novice entrepreneur can only hope for good luck, sequentially sorting through suppliers until finding the best option. The more nutritious manure or droppings, the more mushrooms can be obtained per unit area; to achieve the best option, the starting materials can be mixed in proportions of 1:1:0.5 or 1:2:1 - each farmer chooses the best option for himself. Required weight - 4 kg / 10 kg of mixture.
3. Chalk or plaster. In both cases, the original component must first be crushed (pulverized) until a homogeneous powder is obtained; just breaking it or adding whole pieces to the compost is not worth it - they will not be properly absorbed by the mycelium. It is allowed to use chalk or gypsum mortars instead of dry powders. As practice shows, there is no significant difference between the digestibility of gypsum and chalk - therefore, an entrepreneur, novice or professional, can use any ingredient to the extent of availability. The required weight is 0.4 kg / 10 kg of the mixture.
4. Ammonium sulfate. This is a universal fertilizer, which can be purchased at any agricultural or household store. There are no special requirements for the quality of the material - the main thing is that it be a dry homogeneous powder without pronounced inclusions and lumps. The required weight is 0.1 kg / 10 kg of the mixture.

The components of the mixture for growing mushrooms at home should be laid out in layers in a container (preferably stainless steel or plastic) and poured with water; in the future, liquid is added to the compost as needed - from one to two times a day. Every week, the nutrient mixture should be shaken - until the characteristic ammonia smell disappears. Immediately after this, the compost can be transferred to the pit, sprinkled with soil and planted in it with mycelium. There is no need to cover the mycelium with polyethylene or polypropylene film or apply additional fertilizers: the champignons will ripen even in the absence of these factors.

The optimal temperature for growing champignons at home is the same as for oyster mushrooms (about 25 ° C). The minimum admissible value - 15 °C; the temperature should not fall below this threshold under any circumstances, otherwise the mycelium may simply die. Humidity in the room should be maintained around 80%; absolute darkness is not required for the germination of the mycelium, however, the less light in the room or production workshop, the better.

Mycelium development period - 12–15 days; if the compost is properly prepared and the proper temperature and humidity conditions are maintained in the room, the first harvest can be obtained within two months after planting the mycelium.

Important: it is impossible to water champignons with a stream of water, from a watering can or even more so from a hose. Moisture should be sprayed using a spray gun or by installing a special device in the room. If this condition is not observed, it is possible not only to damage the growing mushrooms, but also cause serious damage to the mycelium, which can result in its death.

Benefits of growing champignons at home:

1. High demand for products. Mushrooms are distinguished not only by their high protein content (approximately 4.3% of the total mass) with a minimum amount of fats and carbohydrates (1% per cent, respectively), but also by low calorie content (27 kcal / 100 g of mushrooms); they also contain vitamins A, B, C, PP and a number of vital trace elements. All this provides the manufacturer, novice or professional, with stable sales.
2. yield. From one square meter of soil, with appropriate promptness, up to 5 kg of mushrooms can be obtained - this is significantly less than in the production of oyster mushrooms, which, in particular, causes an increased cost of production. At the same time, champignons cannot be called exclusive or exotic mushrooms - they are presented in sufficient quantities in stores and, as already noted, are in good demand.

Disadvantages of champignons in terms of their cultivation:

1. The complexity of technological processes, from making compost to caring for mushrooms growing at home. Not every beginner will be able to cope with their duties - in order to gain experience, it is recommended to start with oyster mushrooms, and then, having gained an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe growth of mushrooms and the characteristics of their development, move on to varieties that require more accuracy.
2. capriciousness. Unlike oyster mushrooms, champignons are not so demanding on light, but they are sensitive to lack of moisture and cold. In order to automate processes and ensure an uninterrupted harvest, the entrepreneur should install an air conditioner and a thermostat in the room - and also, if specificity allows, autonomous sprayers.

Important: unlike oyster mushrooms, mushroom spores are not too allergenic, however, when working with them, it is worth wearing a protective bandage or respirator - this will help the entrepreneur avoid unpleasant consequences, especially if he is not yet aware of the possible reaction of his body.

Porcini mushrooms are a product traditionally in demand on the domestic market; You can sell it both to stores and large retail chains, and to individuals. The main advantages of mushrooms are their high protein content (about 3.7% of the total mass) with a relatively low calorie content (30 kcal / 100 g of product). The disadvantage that calls into question the possibility of growing this type of mushroom by a beginner is the complexity of breeding: even in nature, they grow in strictly defined conditions, and in order to achieve any significant result in a greenhouse, the entrepreneur will have to try.

Depending on the chosen place, two options for the cultivation of porcini mushrooms can be distinguished - in natural and greenhouse conditions.

To grow a product in an open area, you should:

1. Prepare a spore-containing solution to be used with or instead of the mycelium. To obtain the mixture, you need to take a fresh porcini mushroom, separate and break its cap into small pieces, then soak them in cool water for a day and a half. It is better to withstand the solution in a stainless steel container and in a not too warm ventilated room. White mushrooms, including their spores, are quite calm about sunlight and artificial lighting, so you should not completely place the mixture in a completely dark place.
2. On a pre-selected piece of land, it is very desirable - located next to an adult tree, remove a layer of turf up to 2 cm thick, and then evenly pour the previously prepared spore-containing solution onto the vacated area. At first, you should not use fertilizers and substrates; they can be connected later, when the first signs of rooting of mushrooms appear.
3. If you plan to combine the solution with mycelium (you can buy it in a store, via the Internet or from individuals), the latter should be planted in a hole 0.25–0 deep from May to June in southern Russia or from July to September in the central regions, 30 m. In advance, the pit should be filled with a substrate consisting of crushed leaves and tree bark, as well as nutrients - from horse or cow manure and chicken manure in any ratio to fertilizers purchased at the store. The substrate layer should be 5–10 cm thick; on top of it you need to lay the same layer of soil or humus of any origin. A mycelium is placed on top, then again a thin layer (up to 5 cm) of humus. Finally, the pit is covered with earth and, if a spore-containing solution has been prepared, it is poured over with this liquid.

The time of the appearance of the first harvest depends on the quality of the nutrient substrate, humus, natural conditions and other attendant factors. If the amount of moisture in the air is not enough, you can additionally water the pit with mycelium - in this case, spraying is not necessary. In addition, although sunlight is not dangerous for porcini mushrooms, the constant absence of shade slows down their growth and can eventually destroy the mycelium, so overly lit areas of the earth must be artificially darkened - at least by placing umbrellas over them.

An entrepreneur who decides to grow mushrooms in greenhouse conditions should:

1. Prepare wooden or plastic boxes for seedlings. Their size should be more than 15×40 cm, depth - from 15 cm. It is not recommended to use metal containers, in particular from stainless alloys: they are too heavy, especially filled with earth, and when placed on the shelves of the stand, they can lead to its collapse and destruction of the entire crop.
2. Make a compost mixture consisting of finely chopped and well-dried straw, sawdust or shavings (the source material, of course, should not be impregnated with chemical compounds), sunflower seeds, a small amount of gypsum or chalk, and the main nutrient material - horse or cow manure or chicken manure (they can be used separately or mixed in any proportions). The initial mixture must be poured with hot, but not boiling water (60–70 ° C) and left in a dark, damp place for two or three weeks, stirring from time to time and adding water inside.
3. When the compost is ready, you need to add mycelium to it, then carefully spread it into boxes, sprinkled a little soil on top. Unlike the "natural" method, the mycelium can be mixed with the nutrient mixture, but not too roughly so as not to damage the delicate tissue.

Porcini mushrooms should be grown in subdued lighting conditions (complete darkness negatively affects their weight and growth rate), sufficient humidity (about 80–90%) and good ventilation. Porcini spores are low allergenic, so it is not necessary to wear a bandage when entering the greenhouse; however, such a precautionary measure cannot be called superfluous.

Stages of organizing a mushroom business

Now, knowing about the peculiarities of growing the most common types of mushrooms at home or almost at home and having properly weighed the pros and cons of this non-standard activity, you can start organizing your own business. Of course, it is possible to sell mushrooms without registration and paying taxes - and not only to ordinary citizens; however, with this approach, it will not be possible to put the matter on a grand scale and achieve a more or less significant income.

Business registration

Since there is no need for preliminary preparation in this case, the future entrepreneur can start directly with registration and obtaining certificates, references and certificates. In general, the process takes up to three months; during this time, the greenhouse can be installed, rooms, boxes, nutrient substrate and mycelium can be prepared in order to avoid a delay in entering the market.

It is recommended to submit applications to government agencies in the following order:

1. First, a newcomer who is not yet registered with the Federal Tax Service must send the questionnaire and the required documents to the local department of the Federal Tax Service. Today, this can be done both in person and via the Internet, using the online services of the official tax website. When filling out an application form in the form R21001 (for registering an IP), you should select the code according to the All-Russian Classifier of Types of Economic Activities (OKVED 2) 01.12.31. After obtaining a certificate, an entrepreneur can stay on or switch to a simplified one - in this case, a single agricultural tax (ESKhN). Then, instead of several taxes, he will have to pay only one to the budget at a fixed rate of 6% of income.
2. Upon completion of registration, a novice entrepreneur needs to obtain a conclusion on the compliance of the conditions for growing mushrooms with sanitary standards - as you might guess, this can be done at the local branch of the SES.
3. The next stage is obtaining a permit for the sale of mushrooms with the necessary certificates from Rospotrebnadzor.
4. Since mushrooms not only have an excellent taste, but are also capable of accumulating radiation, it does not hurt to get a conclusion from a radiological examination regarding the compliance of the product with established standards.
5. You can supplement the collection of certificates with a certificate from Rosstandart confirming the right of a businessman to grow, process and sell mushrooms grown at home.

Important: although few entrepreneurs pay attention to this moment, it is necessary to obtain new certificates from Rospotrebnadzor, Rosstandart and the radiological laboratory every time you switch to a new substrate. We are talking, of course, about substances purchased in large quantities and from regular suppliers; if the nutritional formula is produced by the entrepreneur himself and from his own raw materials, there is no point in dealing with government agencies for every slight deviation from the recipe.

Now you can safely start commercial activities without fear of fines or other types of administrative responsibility.

Room selection

Growing mushrooms is not a very labor intensive business compared to raising pets or poultry; another advantage is the ability to organize production in any room or even in open space. Ideally, a businessman should combine both options: in a greenhouse, new crops can be obtained throughout the year, and on the street (for example, on a personal plot) - in the summer-autumn period; with a clear excess of fresh produce, it can be independently preserved, separately or in the form of complex dishes, and sold. Of course, in this case, the newcomer needs to obtain the appropriate certificates from Rospotrebnadzor and other state authorities.

Although the premises for growing mushrooms at home can be any, in order to obtain a satisfactory yield and profit, it must meet the following requirements:

• the minimum "working" area - 15 square meters;
• humidity - 80–90% (can be equipped with automatic spraying systems);
• temperature - from 12°C to 25°C depending on technological requirements (you can install a thermostat and air conditioners);
• illumination - from complete darkness to artificially created "twilight".

It will be optimal to divide the working room into four separate rooms:

• for the manufacture, aging and long-term storage of the substrate;
• for planting and sprouting mycelium;
• for growing mushrooms directly;
• for the collection, short-term storage and processing of products.

To avoid infection with fungal spores of the room itself, before starting work, it should be completely, including the floor and ceiling, treated with a disinfectant solution (you can use a special impregnation sold in hardware stores and additionally protect against fire), and then whitewash. It’s definitely not worth gluing wallpaper indoors, but you can use high-quality tiles (subject to seam processing); In addition, such a surface will be easier to clean.

Acquisition of mycelium

Mushroom mycelium, or simply mycelium, is a collection of long, thin, white or almost transparent threads, the diameter of which can be less than 0.01 mm. If the mycelium is purchased in an online or real store, before paying, you should make sure that the seller has the necessary certificates and licenses.

In addition, the branded packaging should indicate:

• the full name of the product, including the type and variety of mushrooms;
• approximate time of growth and maturation;
• resistance of the mycelium to specific bacteria and microorganisms;
• date of production (collection);
• packing date;
• best before date.

Advice: to avoid unpleasant surprises, it is better to first purchase small quantities of goods from different sellers, and only then, based on the results obtained, choose the most successful option.

Purchase of equipment

To organize a full production cycle, an entrepreneur, beginner or novice, should purchase:

• polyethylene, polypropylene or bags made of other safe types of plastic with a capacity of 10-15 kg (boxes for "seedlings");
• racks for storing bags or arranging boxes with mycelium;
• humidifiers (sprayers);
• thermostat (heater);
• containers for preparing and standing compost or substrate;
• refrigerating chambers for storing the harvested "harvest";
• if necessary - equipment for processing and preserving mushrooms or mixtures with mushrooms.

Advice: no need to buy all of these items at once, especially in large quantities. A beginner can try his hand, having at his disposal a couple of bags, a room, a substrate, a heater and a hand sprayer. In the future, if the business seems worthy of attention, it is worth purchasing more expensive equipment.

Personnel attraction

The functioning of a small mushroom farm can be provided by the entrepreneur himself, without involving hired workers. However, with the growth of production, the need for hired employees becomes more and more urgent; Depending on the needs and specifics of a particular company, you can hire:

• handymen - one person for every 100 square meters of "working" area;
• assemblers and packers of finished products;
• workers for production equipment (machines for conservation and so on);
• process engineer;
• sales manager;
• marketer;
• accountant;
• lawyer and so on.

In total, even for the largest mushroom farm, 10–15 workers are enough, including those not related to the main production; if the company employs more than 20 people, its composition can be safely optimized.

Where to sell finished products?

Collected mushrooms in chilled, frozen or canned form can be sold:

• ordinary citizens;
• to individual stores or retail chains;
• in cafes, restaurants and other catering establishments.

In order to ensure a stable and sufficiently powerful flow of customers, an entrepreneur should not only advertise in paper and electronic media, on television and radio broadcasting channels, but also organize “physical” advertising in the form of banners, billboards and handouts: the larger the audience covered by the offer, the more buyers in the end.

How much can you earn on mushrooms?

It is impossible to answer this question unambiguously. Growing expensive varieties of mushrooms is expected to bring more profit, but it is easier to cultivate less demanding ones. In general, a beginner can focus on profit from 200 thousand rubles per year; subsequently, if efforts are made, this figure can grow ten or even a hundred times.

Summing up

You can grow any mushrooms at home: oyster mushrooms, champignons, porcini and others. A novice farmer is recommended to start with oyster mushrooms, gradually switching to more demanding species. In all cases, a dark or darkened room, a heater (thermostat) and a humidifier (sprayer) are necessary to obtain the result.

It is worth starting business registration with a visit to the tax office. After receiving a positive response, the entrepreneur must apply for the appropriate certificates to the radiological laboratory, Rospotrebnadzor and other state authorities. You can sell products both to individuals and to shops, retail chains and restaurants.

• Growing champignons
• Cultivation of oyster mushrooms
• mushroom processing
• How much can you earn
• What equipment to choose
• OKVED
• Documents for opening a mushroom business
• Which tax system to choose
• Do you need permissions
  • • • Similar business ideas:

General information about the mushroom business

Mushroom business every year is of increasing interest among small businesses. There are reasons for that. The main one is the growth in the consumption of mushrooms in our country. The culture of mushroom consumption is growing, it is increasingly added to salads and hot dishes or consumed in pickled form. At the same time, the collection of mushrooms in natural conditions is gradually reduced. There are several arguments in favor of the profitability and prospects of the mushroom business:

• Mushrooms are an extremely productive and fast growing agricultural crop. So, subject to the technology, you can get up to 100 kg of champignons per 1 sq. m. In monetary terms, this means a revenue of $ 300 per 1 m2. That is, with only 100 sq. m. can be "raised" up to $ 300,000 per year.
• For the cultivation of most mushrooms, waste from agriculture and the processing industry is used. The mushroom industry not only solves the problem of waste disposal, but also receives virtually “gratuitous” raw materials.
• Great sales opportunities. Mushrooms are one of the few products whose production is much more difficult than their marketing. Here are just a few real buyers: retail chains, processing plants, grocery stores, cafes and restaurants, markets. In extreme cases, you can do your own processing of mushrooms (pickle or make a hodgepodge with vegetables). But more on that below.
• And, the most interesting thing: during the crisis, the import of mushrooms dropped sharply. And the share of imports until 2014 was as much as 85% of the total consumption of mushrooms in the Russian Federation. This only means one thing: the number of domestic mushroom producers will grow steadily.

In this article, we will look at 5 of the most popular and real ways to make money on mushrooms.

Growing champignons

The most popular "commercial" variety of mushrooms is champignon. In terms of performance and taste, it has practically no equal. The great popularity of this mushroom and a large amount of information on its cultivation make the mushroom business one of the most proven. The substrate for growing champignons is a mixture of horse manure, chicken manure, gypsum and straw. The substrate or compost can be produced independently, in the conditions of a mushroom farm. This, at least, will be more profitable than buying compost on the side. But the mushroom mycelium of champignons will have to be bought from specialized enterprises, since its cultivation requires special laboratory conditions.

It will be interesting: How to start a mushroom growing business

Mushroom cultivation technology

Mushrooms grow very quickly. During the day, the mushroom adds 100% in growth, that is, it becomes twice as large. And all this happens in almost complete darkness. An important condition is access to oxygen, since the growth of champignon directly depends on this. In general, special requirements are imposed on the creation of a microclimate for the production of champignons. That is why the attempts of many novice farmers lead nowhere. It is enough to make a mistake in irrigation doses, temperature conditions or humidity levels, and the mushroom may not sprout. By the way, about watering. Spot watering boxes with planted champignons with a jet of water is unacceptable. Mushrooms are watered using the method of uniform spraying of water over the crops, thereby simulating rain. If you correctly follow the technology, then it is quite possible to achieve a yield of more than 100 kg per 1 sq. m. per year. With an average selling price of $3/kg, one square meter brings up to $300 per year. Growing champignons at home on an "industrial scale" is described in detail in the following video:

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms

Any mushroom grower will say that growing oyster mushrooms is several times easier and cheaper than growing champignons. Oyster mushroom is less whimsical than champignon and does not require any special microclimate. The main condition is humidity and good ventilation. And, of course, heating, for the possibility of year-round production. Almost any room is suitable for obtaining a mushroom, including a wooden house, basement, greenhouse, barn or industrial building. The minimum requirements for equipment allow you to start almost from scratch, subject to the availability of premises in the property. Oyster mushrooms are grown in bags of 10-12 kg. The bags are stacked in rows on racks. Sawdust and shavings are used as a substrate, which can be taken free of charge at local sawmills. The cost will be for shipping only. Also, bran is purchased for additional nutrition (they need about 10% of the volume of sawdust). Oyster mushroom mycelium costs about 100 rubles. / kg and is purchased on the Internet or from large mushroom farms. For 1 sq. meter requires approximately 6 kg. Of the other expenses: plastic wrap, twine for blocks, substrate. The cost also includes the cost of electricity, the delivery of raw materials and contingencies. In total, according to some calculations, about 700 rubles are required per square meter. investment. For a year, subject to the technology, up to 50 kg of oyster mushrooms can be removed from one square meter. From 100 sq. m. can produce 5 tons, respectively. The mushroom is sold at retail for 180 rubles/kg or 130 rubles/kg. wholesale.

It will be interesting: How to start a business growing oyster mushrooms

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms is waste-free production. Spent mushroom bags are sold to the local population for livestock feed. There is truth, oyster mushrooms have a downside - their spores can cause allergies and worsen human health. At the same time, the disease can overtake not only those who are directly involved in mushroom growing, but also people living nearby. If oyster mushrooms are grown in the basement, then people living on the second and even third floors can be allergic. A "businessman" can ignore the issue of filtration and ventilation of the premises, because of which his neighbors and relatives will suffer. Opinions on the dangers of cultivating oyster mushrooms vary widely. Someone says that during the fruiting period of the mushroom (which is about one week in a month), oyster mushroom spores can enter the lungs and turn them into a mushroom block. But this is, of course, exaggerated. In fact, oyster mushroom spores cause common allergies, as can the fur of a domestic cat. All the mushroom grower needs to do is to use a respirator, as well as place the production away from the living quarters. It is also impossible not to say about the complexity of the technology. It only at first glance may seem that growing oyster mushrooms is an easy task. In practice, some people take years to develop the technology for obtaining stable yields. The most common mistakes are related to the wrong choice of substrate, poor nutrition of the fungus, as well as ignoring the sterilization of the substrate, which causes bacteria and infections in the mushroom block.

Shiitake cultivation technology

According to some experts, there are now all the prerequisites for the profitable cultivation of shiitake mushrooms. Shiitake is an edible mushroom species of the genus Lentinula of the Negniuchnikov family, the consumption and cultivation of which is common in Japan and China. This is one of the tastiest and healthiest wood mushroom varieties. Its consumption slows down the aging process in the body, has an anticarcinogenic effect and improves immunity. In our country, the demand for shiitake far exceeds the supply. Many restaurants of Japanese cuisine in Moscow and St. Petersburg are ready to buy this mushroom at high prices of 500 - 600 rubles / kg. It is believed that growing shiitake is not much more difficult than oyster mushrooms, and the economic benefits can be several times higher. Yes, the cost of growing shiitake exceeds the cost of oyster mushrooms, but the selling price is significantly different. Oyster mushroom wholesale costs a maximum of 200 rubles / kg, while shiitake is sold for at least 500 rubles, and in some retail stores you can see a price tag of 1000 rubles. and more. "Navar" you can estimate yourself. Shiitake is grown on cellulose-containing substrates - hardwood, sunflower husks, straw from cereals, on corn cobs and stalks, and even on waste paper production. The mushroom is shade-loving, so it does not grow under the open sun. Comfortable temperature for cultivation of shiitake is from +11 to +25 gr. Some summer residents, as a hobby, grow shiitake even on the street, having built a canopy over a mushroom plantation. The same mushroom block can be used in the summer, and sent to a warm room for the period of frost.

The following video details how to prepare a substrate block for growing shiitake at home:

The incubation period for shiitake is much longer than for the same oyster mushroom. The formation of the first primordia of oyster mushroom takes 14 days, while for shiitake, incubation lasts from 1 to 3 months. As for the yield, the calculation is approximately the following. Under the condition of loading with a substrate of 200 kg per 1 square meter, you can get up to 40 kg from 1 square. m. every 45 days. That is, in a year, the approximate yield is 300 kg per 1 sq. m. To ensure such an effective use of the space of the room, it is necessary to purchase special metal racks and organize a microclimate system. Not all mushroom growers succeed in this. The main problem for a novice farmer who decides to grow shiitake is that it is difficult to find a working technology for obtaining a mushroom. There are practically no reputable farms engaged in the production of shiitake in our country. Therefore, in order to gain experience in this matter, you may have to visit foreign countries. It will be especially difficult with the acquisition of mushroom mycelium. In our country, in 99% of cases, shiitake mycelium is sold by resellers, from which the price for it is indecently high.

mushroom processing

In order to make good money on mushrooms, it is not at all necessary to grow them. On the shelves of supermarkets, you can see a large assortment of pickled and frozen mushrooms. It's no secret that the lion's share of their producers do not grow mushrooms on their own, but only buy it on the side. It’s easier for everyone to pack and freeze mushrooms. Mushrooms are especially good for these purposes. A trademark is registered, a small workshop of 50-70 sq. m., packaging equipment is purchased (two-stage weighing batchers), several workers are hired - the business is ready. A more complicated way is the production of pickled mushrooms. In this case, it is imperative to include a competent technologist in the staff. Because 90% of success will depend on the marinade recipe. High profitability, according to experienced players, can be obtained by starting the production of mushroom hodgepodge. For example, mix mushroom with cabbage. For a 500 gr. cabbage requires only 1-2 mushrooms. The main difficulty here is to find distribution channels for products, that is, to gain access to the shelf space of supermarkets or small intra-city grocery chains. It is for this reason that not all mushroom farmers are engaged in processing - it is easier for them to hand over a mushroom to a wholesale dealer for a penny. Mushrooms can be purchased in two ways. The most basic is to purchase goods in bulk from farmers. Mushrooms oyster mushrooms and champignons are practiced in almost every region. In some regions of the middle zone, mushrooms can be purchased from the local population during the natural collection season (August - September). To do this, it is necessary to establish collection points in villages and villages, the places of which are famous for mushroom abundance.

Production of mushroom mycelium and compost

In connection with the growth of the mushroom industry, a promising idea will be the production of raw materials for growing mushrooms - compost and mycelium. The easiest way to produce mushroom compost for mushrooms. At the initial stage, horse manure and straw are mixed. During the week, the mixture is watered and turned over to saturate the compost with moisture as much as possible and activate biological and chemical processes. At the same stage, chicken manure is added to the mixture to increase the nitrogen content and gypsum, which neutralizes acidity. After 1-2 weeks, the compost is immersed in the so-called composter. A chocolate brown substrate is obtained. The compost is then pasteurized to remove the insects and their eggs. The mixture is kept in the chamber at +58 gr. Celsius. Then it is cooled to +25 gr. Meanwhile, microorganisms convert ammonia into nitrogen protein - the very nutrient for fungi. Compost can be sold both in containers and packed in bags of 2-5 kg. Approximate price of compost: 16 - 40 rubles / kg. The substrate for oyster mushrooms is also in good demand. The substrate is a block of polyethylene sleeve (film) in which the substrate is located: cereal straw, bioadditive and mycelium. Most often, blocks are made weighing 10 kg and sold at an average of $ 5 apiece. If investments allow, then in parallel you can start selling equipment for growing mushrooms. Climatic equipment, racks, boxes and containers, shockers, humidification systems are in demand. They even sell mushroom growing technology, all kinds of training CDs and courses. The production of mushroom mycelium may turn out to be more profitable, but this is a difficult business to organize, requiring appropriate investments. In order to produce growing mycelium, it is necessary to create virtually sterile conditions, since any ingress of foreign microorganisms is unacceptable. This can be achieved only in laboratory conditions, in specially prepared rooms. If you manage to adjust the technology, consider 90% of the work already done. The sale of mushroom mycelium is virtually guaranteed, since every mushroom farmer is your potential client.

Step-by-step opening plan - where to start

1. When deciding to build a mushroom growing business, the first step is to decide what kind of mushroom you will produce.
2. Registration of a business entity.
3. After the niche of production is determined, it is necessary to choose a room for growing.
4. This is followed by the choice of soil and the purchase of mycelium - seedlings.
5. Mushrooms grow quite quickly - in about a month you will receive the first harvest, so it is more expedient to decide on the sale of the product at the first stages.

How much can you earn

The amount of net profit depends on the scale at which you grow mushrooms. To simplify the calculation, let's take an area of ​​​​100 m 2. About 6 tons of mushrooms grow on such an area within two months. The wholesale price is about 50-60 rubles per kilogram. Thus, the profit will be 360,000 rubles. After deducting all expenses (120,000 - 150,000 rubles), the net profit will be up to 200,000 rubles. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that in addition to growing, you need to take care of the sale of such an amount of product. .

How much money do you need to start

The amount of investment depends on several criteria - how you will grow mushrooms - manually or using briquettes, depending on the expected yield and the area involved, as well as on the choice of region. Approximate financial costs will be:

1. Renting space up to 60 m 2 - 5-8 thousand rubles.
2. Purchase of mycelium - 12 thousand rubles.
3. Purchase of compost - 22 thousand rubles.
4. Container (bags, boxes) - 7 thousand rubles.
5. Microclimatic equipment - 20 thousand rubles.
6. Refrigeration equipment - 50-70 thousand rubles.
7. Transportation costs - 10 thousand rubles.
8. Preparation and execution of documents - 20 thousand rubles.
9. Utilities - 25 thousand rubles.

Thus, the preliminary calculation assumes costs in the amount of 194 thousand rubles. A more accurate calculation depends on the volume of production, the region in which you decide to open your business.

What equipment to choose

For this type of business, it is necessary to purchase ventilation, air conditioning systems, air humidifiers, steam generators and pasteurization devices. Expensive and special equipment is used in the cultivation of the so-called Dutch method, but this type of activity is not suitable for small and medium-sized businesses, as it requires large investments and the presence of additional personnel. When growing in a container way, special equipment can include wooden containers treated with specialized substances against mold. With the most common and simple bag method, it will be enough to acquire a large number of ordinary bags.

OKVED

In the All-Russian Classifier of Economic Activities, the cultivation of mushrooms refers to agricultural production, the classifier number is A.01.12.31.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

200 000 ₽

Minimum starting capital

27%

Profitability

9 months

Payback period

54 919 ₽

Net profit

The oyster mushroom growing project is distinguished by a low level of risk due to the simplicity of its organization, small initial investments and low current costs. The payback period of the project from the start of production will be 9 months.

Project Summary

The purpose of this project is the cultivation of mushrooms (oyster mushroom) for the purpose of their fresh sale in the city of Rostov-on-Don with a subsequent increase in production capacity and expansion of the range of other types of mushrooms. Oyster mushroom is in constant demand among the population, it is unpretentious to temperature fluctuations, to the level of humidity and light, it is easy to care for, has a fast germination. The cost of growing oyster mushrooms is not high, thanks to which the business has good profitability.

The production has unlimited resources in raw materials (straw, sawdust, corn cobs, seeds, seed husks, etc.) and is located in an ecologically clean area, 15 km from the city, due to which the cost of transporting products without losing its quality for the end consumer is minimal.

The process includes 4 main steps:

Purchase of seed material (mycelium);

Substrate preparation (bag with nutrient medium and mycelium);

Cultivation of mushrooms;

Implementation.

The cost of the project will be 202,500 rubles, which will be taken from personal savings. Most of the funds will go to the creation and equipment of a greenhouse on the territory of the summer cottage, which is owned, as well as the purchase of mycelium, fertilizers and other consumables. The payback period of the project from the start of production will be 9 months.

*data for 12 months from the start of sales of the work

The term of the preparatory part of the project will be 2 months. The first harvest is planned to be received in 40-50 days after planting.

Profitability of growing mushrooms (oyster mushroom)

Oyster mushroom is a cultivated mushroom. The market for cultivated mushrooms, unlike the market for wild mushrooms, is easily quantifiable. Until 2014, the largest share of the domestic market (about 85-90%) was occupied by imported products. The volume of Russian production in 2014 was limited to 8.02 thousand tons of mushrooms. However, already in August 2014, mushrooms came under an embargo. Imports began to decline in all positions. Foreign manufacturers began to leave the market, making room for Russian entrepreneurs. According to the School of Mushroom Growing magazine, over the first 9 months of 2015, Russian mushroom growers increased their production of oyster mushrooms by 17% compared to the same period last year.

Similar trends are recorded in the production of other mushrooms, in particular, champignons. As a result of the devaluation of the ruble, selling prices for cultivated mushrooms increased. Today, at least 158 ​​thousand tons of mushrooms will be required to cover the shortage in the market and switch to full import substitution. The current market conditions, as well as a weak level of competition, contribute to the opening of our own production.

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The production itself is located on the territory of a summer cottage, 15 km from Rostov-on-Don. The area of ​​the greenhouse and the premises in which the process of growing mushrooms takes place is 60 square meters. meters. To grow mushrooms, seed material (mycelium) is purchased from a specialized company, the cost of which is 50-55 rubles. per kilogram. Next, the preparation of the substrate and the process of growing oyster mushrooms take place on site, ensuring the required level of humidity. Raw materials for the preparation of the substrate are prepared independently or partially purchased (the cost of 1 ton of straw is 2 thousand rubles). The term of one production cycle is about 40-50 days. The goods are sold at a non-stationary outlet in the grocery market of Rostov-on-Don.

Since at the initial stage the enterprise is focused on a small volume of production (about 1 ton of mushrooms per month), regular and hired personnel will not be needed for maintenance. the main responsibilities, including the purchase of mycelium, planting, fertilizing and picking mushrooms, are carried out by members of the owner's family. The business owner is directly involved in the main production processes, and also carries out retail trade in the vegetable market. As a form of ownership, an individual entrepreneur with a simplified taxation system was chosen - 6% of the income received.

Product description (oyster mushroom)

Oyster mushroom is an environmentally friendly product, for the cultivation of which no chemical treatment is used. Unlike other popular cultivated mushrooms - champignons, which grow on rotted manure, oyster mushrooms prefer trees. The popularity of this mushroom is due to the various ways of its preparation. Oyster mushroom can be fried, boiled, salted, marinated. Oyster mushrooms are also actively used as an ingredient in various dishes, added to salads. Oyster mushrooms are especially in demand during the cold season, when the population's own mushroom reserves are exhausted.

Oyster mushroom not only has excellent taste properties, but also is good for health. Oyster mushroom reduces the level of cholesterol in the blood. Oyster mushroom juice prevents the development of Escherichia coli. These mushrooms have a low calorie content (about 38 kcal fresh). Oyster mushrooms contain a large amount of carbohydrates, contain vitamins D2, E, C, B, PP. These mushrooms also contain enzymes that burn fats and glycogens. The pulp of the mushroom contains calcium, iodine, potassium, iron, biotin and thiamine. Another beneficial property of oyster mushrooms is considered to lower blood sugar levels. Eating oyster mushrooms helps prevent the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis, hepatitis, stomach ulcers and cholesteritis. Also, doctors recommend eating oyster mushrooms for people suffering from bronchitis or undergoing chemotherapy.

The main disadvantage of oyster mushroom its fragility is considered, and therefore this mushroom is difficult to transport over long distances. Fresh unrefrigerated mushrooms are considered a very delicate cargo that requires a special temperature regime and the fastest possible delivery. Also, oyster mushroom has a rather weak mushroom aroma. If oyster mushroom spores enter the lungs, they can cause allergies.

It is planned to ensure the quality of goods and safety for end consumers through the purchase of certified mycelium, disinfection of production facilities and equipment, as well as through the use of modern production technologies.

Oyster mushroom cultivation is a practically waste-free production, since the used substrate is used as a biologically active additive, which is used to feed pigs, as well as fertilizers for gardeners and gardeners. The spent substrate is planned to be sold as an additional source of income.

Sales and marketing in the supply of oyster mushrooms

The main requirement of consumers for products of this type is freshness, which determines the quality. The location of the mushroom farm is 15 km. from the place of sale allows you to organize transportation on your own transport (van "Lada Largus") without loss of quality. Products are sold at food and vegetable markets in Rostov-on-Don. No special packaging for mushrooms is required. Plastic boxes are used for transportation.

The price of products is based on the material costs of production and fuel, as well as the price of competitors, which on average in the city is 150 rubles. per kg. As a competitive advantage, for the first time it is planned to set a retail price of 140 rubles. per kg. Depending on the level of demand and other factors (for example, the devaluation of the ruble), an increase or decrease in selling prices is possible.

As a method of increasing sales, it is planned to use advertising on the Internet to attract wholesale companies.

Oyster mushroom production plan

Geographically, the mushroom farm is located 15 km from the city of Rostov-on-Don, due to which the delivery time of mushrooms to the place of sale is no more than half an hour. The process of growing mushrooms takes place in an ecologically clean rural area, on the territory of a summer cottage. Business technology can be divided into several main stages:

At the first stage mycelium is purchased from specialized laboratory firms. The criterion for choosing a supplier is the availability of relevant documents, customer reviews, quality and affordable cost of products (50-55 rubles per kg). The purchase of mycelium is not made one-time, but several times a year, since the shelf life does not exceed 3-4 months. At the initial stage, it is planned to purchase mycelium from different suppliers for a visual comparison of the results and making a further decision.

Second phase implies self-preparation of the substrate, that is, a nutrient medium for fungi. Due to the lack of experience in commercial mushroom growing, at the beginning of the activity, it is suggested to prepare the substrate from various components in order to determine the best yield. Among them: wheat, rye, barley straw, oats, flax fires, stalk and corn stalks. The substrate must have aerobicity, the presence of air gaps between the particles, the possibility of rapid assimilation by mycelium.

It is also planned to use additives to increase productivity: sawdust, shavings, tree bark, floor and other plant waste. Pasteurization is used to clean straw from microorganisms. The raw materials are aged in a special chamber, into which water vapor is injected for about 6-8 hours at a temperature of 60°C. The pasteurization temperature must be kept within 55-60°C: a lower temperature does not kill diseases and microorganisms, and a higher one promotes the development of Trichoderma, which will destroy the crop. After that, the temperature decreases, and the raw material remains in the chamber for another two days.

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Next, the substrate is cooled and placed in plastic bags of 10-12 kg and sown with oyster mushroom mycelium at the rate of 150-200 grams per 1 bag. To remove excess moisture, holes are made in the bottom of the bag, after which the bags are placed in the germination chamber.

Third stage is to provide conditions for the cultivation of mushrooms. Direct sunlight is not allowed indoors. For germination, mushroom blocks are placed vertically, and the distance between them is 10 cm. The temperature is about 24 ° C, relative humidity is about 60-65%. The mushroom picker germinates within 10-17 days, after which the bags must be transferred to the fruiting chamber. Mushroom blocks are installed in one row in several tiers, the distance between the rows along the axes is 1 m. A lower temperature level is maintained in the fruiting chamber - about 12-18 ° C, and humidity at the level of 80-85%.

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To maintain high humidity, a special irrigation system is used. Subject to the conditions, the embryos of the fruiting bodies appear for 2 weeks. The harvest from each bag is collected in 3 waves, after which the mycelium is replaced with a new one. Mushrooms are collected by druses (aggregates) at a young age. The optimal cap size is up to 40 mm. The minimum yield from 1 offering wave is 150-200 kg from 1 ton of substrate, 350-400 kg from 2 tons. The total duration of the production cycle is about 2 months.

The final stage involves the implementation of the resulting crop. Mushrooms are perishable products that can be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 5 days. The main channels for the sale of mushrooms are markets, grocery stores, restaurants and catering points, enterprises for feeding farm animals. Due to the relatively small initial production volumes, as an initial marketing option, it is planned to sell one of the vegetable markets in Rostov-on-Don at a non-stationary outlet. The rental price per day with VAT is 250 rubles.

The project will require an area of ​​60 sq. meters. To eliminate the cost of rent, it is planned to organize the cultivation of oyster mushrooms on the territory of their own summer cottage. It is planned to equip 2 separate rooms - an incubator where mycelium will grow, as well as a germination chamber with an exhaust hood. The planned production volume for the production cycle is 2000 kg, for the year (6 production cycles) - about 12000 kg.

The cost of building a greenhouse will amount to 100 thousand rubles. Another 114,500 rubles. required for equipment. Equipment costs are given in Table. 1. Construction work is planned to be completed within 2 months.

Table 1 Equipment Costs

For the operation of the enterprise, members of the owner's family are involved, who, along with the owner, perform the main functions, including planting, fertilizing and picking mushrooms. The family business format is designed to reduce the cost of paying salaries to staff. The necessary experience is supposed to be acquired in the course of activities, as well as by reading special literature.

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The current costs are payment for electricity, the purchase of mycelium (50-55 rubles per kg.), The cost of fuel and lubricants. Spending on the purchase of mycelium may increase or decrease due to seasonal fluctuations in demand. Also, the expenses of the main period include the rent for a trading place on the market - 250 rubles. per day (average 7600 rubles per month).

Financial plan for growing mushrooms (oyster mushroom)

The main management responsibilities are assigned to the project owner, who carries out business planning, as well as the functions of providing conditions for the germination of mushrooms, their delivery to the place of sale, and also directly manages sales at the point of sale. Responsibilities for growing, caring for, picking mushrooms are also assigned to members of the owner's family.

For the preparatory period, 202,500 rubles will be required. This amount includes the construction and arrangement of a greenhouse (100 thousand rubles), the purchase of equipment (92.5 thousand rubles). The costs of the main period include the purchase of mycelium, payment for housing and communal services, rent of a retail outlet, fuel and lubricants. The financial indicators of the project are presented in Annex 1.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of growing mushrooms

The oyster mushroom growing project is distinguished by a low level of risk due to the simplicity of its organization, small initial investments and low current costs. The payback period of the project from the start of production will be 9 months. The discounted payback period is 9 months. Project performance indicators calculated for a five-year period are given in Table. 2

The main prospects include: an increase in the selling price after the project reaches payback by 10% (up to 150 rubles per kg), an increase in production volumes, an expansion of the range offered, a search for new sales markets and access to wholesale buyers.

Table 2. Project performance indicators

Risks and guarantees

Cultivation of oyster mushrooms is a well-established branch of business. The technology for growing oyster mushrooms is quite simple, moreover, there are many ways to increase the yield without harm to the end consumer. The prevailing market conditions are somewhat conducive to reducing risks. Today in Russia there is a shortage of mushrooms due to the embargo. Imported products left the market, as a result, the cost of domestic mushrooms increased without any negative consequences for demand. Consequently, when the price decreases, demand acquires a significant level of elasticity.

The main risks are indicated in Table. 3.

Table 3. Assessment of project risks and measures to prevent their occurrence or their consequences

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Production plan and main financial indicators of the project in a five-year perspective

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