· Average stock level– indicator of the stock status, which is calculated for single reporting periods:

,

· Average stock level over a long period– indicator of the stock condition, which is equal to the average chronological value of stock outflows:

Example: Using this formula, accounting determines the average annual cost of inventories, taking into account the values ​​​​on the 1st day of each month, given that n = 13, because January 1st is recorded twice (for the reporting year and the year following the reporting year)

· Inventory capacity– an indicator of the state of the stock level, which shows how many units of stock balances are available per unit of shipment of the previous unit accounting period. Inventory capacity is calculated using the following formula:

Inventory capacity is a dimensionless indicator. Essentially, inventory capacity shows how many future periods the inventory balances created at the end of the period under review will be sufficient to service, provided that the volume of shipments (demand, sales volume or turnover) in future periods remains at the level of the period under review.

· Coverage of demand with stock– (has a dimension), is measured in units of time and shows how many days (weeks, decades, months, etc.) the cash reserves will last until they are completely depleted. The supply requirement is calculated using the following formula:

· The share of carryover stock is the ratio of the volume of stock at the beginning of the period to the estimated balance sheet total of stock at the end of the same period, assuming that there were no shipments (needs, sales, turnover) in the period under review. When calculating this indicator, the stock balance equation is used:

The share of carryover stock is calculated according to the following formula:

Carryover stock– balances of material resources at the end of a certain period, designed to ensure continuity of production and consumption in a certain period until the next delivery.

· Inventory turnover rate – shows the number of revolutions (the number of times the composition is completely renewed) of the average inventory for the period under consideration. The circulation speed allows us to consider the stock as the result of calculating the characteristics of the incoming and outgoing material flow.

Calculated according to the formula:

At the end of each month, to control the deficit in enterprises, it is recommended to calculate customer service level indicator according to the following formula:

Customer service level is the percentage of demand that can be satisfied directly from inventory during a specified period or:

Shipment (demand) = shipment / (shipment + shortage) x 100%

It is a measure of the availability of inventory at the time a customer needs it. If the enterprise does not fully satisfy demand, the buyer is forced to look for additional quantities of goods somewhere else, namely, from a competitor. The higher this indicator, the better, the higher the sales volume, but it must be balanced with the volume of investment in inventory. The optimal service level is usually around 95%. Ensuring the full level of service to customers from inventory will require significant investment in safety stocks, which empties inventory and causes rising storage costs.

When calculating service levels, only those sales that are made from inventory should be included in the calculation. Sales of other types cannot be included in the calculation, such as:

• sales of goods not included in stock - goods that were not in stock, but were specially ordered to satisfy a special order;
• sale of goods through direct or transit deliveries - materials are sent directly from the supplier to the buyer;
• sales of unexpectedly large quantities - shipments made through special purchases from the supplier.

Shipments of these types of products do not indicate how effectively inventory is being used to meet immediate customer needs.

This indicator is important when analyzing the effectiveness of inventory management, but must be presented together with other private indicators, an indicator of profitability. Analysis and planning must take into account the relationship between service levels and other inventory management indicators.

From the point of view of working capital adequacy, it is of great importance inventory turnover ratio. It shows how many times a year inventory flows through an organization. The indicator is obtained by dividing the annual sales amount by the amount of inventory on the balance sheet. The formula for calculating the indicator is:

Kob = Sales volume / Average balances for the period

Several types of inventory turnover are taken into account:

• turnover of each product item in physical terms (by pieces, by volume, by weight, etc.);
• turnover of each item of goods by value;

Turnover in physical terms is very convenient for evaluating individual product items. However, with an aggregate assessment of turnover for the warehouse as a whole, this method gives a large error. In this case, you have to add up, for example, kilograms of sugar with cubic meters of wood.

Attention. Do not confuse inventory turnover ratio with inventory turnover. The latter is counted in days.

In general, when this ratio is too high (compared to previous or industry averages), it indicates insufficient inventory. If the ratio is too low, it may indicate that inventory is excessive or perhaps outdated.

Another private indicator of inventory management is ratio of inventory to net working capital. If this ratio shows that the high may face a lack of liquid funds and it will be difficult for her to meet her obligations on time.

Recall that net working capital ( Net Working Capital, Net Working Capital, NWC) - the difference between the value of current assets and current liabilities.

Typically, the ratio of inventory to net working capital should not exceed 80%. The turnover rate of inventory should be as high as possible, as high as is economically feasible from a financial position. The higher the turnover rate, the lower the possibility of financial losses due to financial wear and tear of goods and their damage.

Based on the above indicators, we can conclude that the rate of inventory turnover should be as high as is economically justified.

The higher the turnover rate, the higher the liquidity of the company's assets. At the same time, the higher the turnover rate, the greater the likelihood of not having what the buyer requires in stock, and the more often transportation costs are incurred. The turnover ratio is an indicator of how effectively the money invested in inventory is used. Similar to calculating the service level, the calculation uses the rule: if the customer’s needs are met without the participation of stock in the warehouse, then it is necessary to exclude the cost of such goods sold from the calculations.

Type of sales that should not be taken into account: direct deliveries from supplier to buyer, which bypass inventory; special orders from the buyer, the goods for which are sent immediately upon arrival; sale of unexpectedly large quantities of goods.

Each sales option may be profitable, but in each case the inventory of the warehouse that carries out the sale remains untouched.

What should be the normal rate of inventory turnover that we should strive for?

Accounting and reporting of inventory usage data should provide information about historical inventory turnover rates so that the company can determine what the best turnover rate is for given inventory items.

For example, manufacturing enterprises can turn to indices that show typical overall proportions for individual industries. Typically, merchants of manufactured goods at Western enterprises have a turnover ratio of 6, if the profitability is 20-30%. If the profitability is 15%, the number of turns is approximately 8. If the profitability is 40%, then a solid profit can be made by 3 turns in a year. As noted earlier, it does not follow that if six turns is good, then eight or ten turns are better. These data are indicative when planning general indicators.

What is the optimal amount of inventory turnover that can be included in the plan of a particular enterprise?

The answer to this question is quite complex as there are many factors that influence the answer. The frequency with which the product is ordered, transportation time, reliability of delivery, minimum order sizes, the need to store certain volumes, all of these factors influence the final decision. In addition, the inventory management application used makes a big difference. Charles Bodenstab A large number of companies using one of the SIC systems in inventory management were analyzed. The results of the empirical study were summarized in the following formula:

Expected number of revolutions = 12 / (f * (OF+0.2*L))

Where,
OF is the average order frequency in months (i.e., the time interval between placing orders to the supplier);
L is the average delivery period in months (i.e. the time between placing an order and receiving the goods);
f is a coefficient that generalizes the effect of other factors influencing the theoretical number of revolutions. These factors are the following: breadth of assortment in storage, i.e. the need to store slow-moving inventory for marketing purposes, larger than required purchases in order to obtain volume discounts, requirements for a minimum purchase quantity, supplier unreliability, economic order size policy factors, overstocking for promotional purposes, the use of delivery in two stages.

If these factors are at normal levels, then the coefficient should be about 1.5. If one or more factors have an extreme level, then the coefficient takes the value 2.0. In addition, two assumptions are made when using this formula: the inevitable “dead inventory” that is created only due to expected seasonal demand is not taken into account. Below is a table that illustrates the values ​​of this formula for a series of different order and delivery periods using factors of 1.5 and 2.0.

Table 1. Dependence of turnover of funds invested in inventory on order frequency (coefficient f=1.5)

For example, substituting the frequency of orders for 1 month and half a month for delivery time and a factor of 2.0, we get 5.5 revolutions. This is just over two months' supply of all goods. (Obtained by dividing 12 by the number of revolutions). Why does a company allow more than a month's supply if it orders every month? The fact is that most of the stocks are in the process of transportation (there are transport stocks), there are also safety stocks.

One assumption is that dead stock is excluded from the calculations. Typically these inventories make up between 10% and 40% of inventory and act as a "yoke around the neck of inventory." (i.e. if 25% of inventory is dead, then they automatically reduce the number of turns by 25% and the potential level of 6 turns drops to 4.5). Factor 1.5 allows for some inventory expansions, for example, for reasons such as minimum lot requirements, minimum lot requirements for discounts, to meet EOQ policy conditions. If new factors arise, then factor 2.0 should be used. There are practically no situations where the factor is greater than 2.0.

In practice, the value of the turnover indicator is often overestimated. It is generally accepted that the turnover ratio shows how well a company manages its inventory; the higher the turnover ratio, the more effective inventory management is. By this logic, the most effective way to improve inventory management efficiency is to always invest the minimum amount of money in inventory.

However, such a policy may lead to a shortage of goods and a decrease in sales volumes. This indicator is important when analyzing the effectiveness of inventory management, but must be presented together with other private indicators and an indicator of profitability or excess profit. The optimal value of the turnover ratio should be calculated in a systematic approach, taking into account maximizing the profitability indicator. In analysis and planning, it is necessary to take into account the relationship of this indicator with the level of service and other private indicators of inventory management. When forming an assortment, many enterprises often focus on the turnover rate. A high value indicates how quickly inventory is turning over for a given item, but does not indicate how profitably the item is sold.

A more advanced and easier to calculate indicator is the return on investment in inventories (the volume of marginal profit for the period - in the numerator). If the indicator is low, this means that either the markup is set too low, or large inventories have been created, or both. Whatever indicator the enterprise is guided by (profitability, turnover, or sales volume, etc.), in planning and general assessment it is necessary to link the particular indicators with each other and the integral indicator of return on investment in inventories. The indicators themselves do not give an idea of ​​whether to strive for their growth or decrease, what value of the indicators is optimal; the indicators represent individual projections of the system and do not represent an assessment of the system as a whole. Even the profitability indicator in a “flat analysis” does not reflect the factors influencing it and it is not clear from it how it can be improved.

The indicator of profitability, turnover, and level of service are test indicators, significant deviations of which from the planned optimal values ​​indicate the need for a more detailed analysis of the causes of deviations in the system. Improving the set of performance indicators lies in the fact that, in addition to turnover and level of service, it is necessary to use an integral indicator of profitability, with the possibility of conducting a systematic analysis of the influence of external factors on it.

Literature:

1. A New Look at Safety Stock. By Jon Schreibfeder.
2. Why Is Inventory Turnover Important? By Jon Schreibfeder.
3. Efimova O.V. Analysis of the turnover of funds of a commercial enterprise. Accounting. - No. 10-1994. - pp. 35-36.
4. How many Inventory Turns Should I get? By Charlie J. Bodenstab.

Streaming metrics

Macroeconomic indicators

Main macroeconomic indicators.

System of National Accounts (SNA) is a set of interconnected balance sheets, the indicators of which are intended to determine the amount of income, consumption, savings and the amount of capital expenditures.

Main SNA indicators:

• gross national product (GNP),
• gross domestic product (GDP),
• net national product (NNP),
• national income (NI)
• disposable income (DI).

Flow indicators Inventory indicators

Streaming metrics:

• gross output
• consumption expenditures, savings, investments, government purchases, taxes, exports, imports, etc.

Inventory indicators:

• property,
• national wealth,
• real cash balances.

Gross output - this is the value of all goods and services created by the economy of a given country over a certain time period, including intermediate product ( a set of goods produced during a certain period and used during this period for further processing).

GNP represents the total market value of final goods and services produced both domestically and internationally (usually over a year).

GDP expresses the total value of the final products produced in the territory of a given country, regardless of whether the factors of production are owned by citizens of the country or foreign citizens.

ChNP expresses the market value of actually created goods and services produced by a country over a certain period.

ND represents the value newly created by a country over a certain period. NI is the total income within the economy of a particular state, received by all owners of factors of production (land, labor and capital) used in the production of GNP.

RD represents the amount of funds received by the population in the form of income and used for consumption and savings.

Property includes real assets (real capital) and financial assets (stocks, bonds).

National wealth – This is a set of material goods created by the labor of previous and current generations and involved in the process of reproduction of natural resources available to society.

Real cash balances represent a stock of means of payment that an economic entity wishes to have in cash.

GDP is calculated in three ways:

1) by income stream (defined as the total amount of employee wages, all types of profits, rental income, depreciation and indirect taxes).

2) by cost flow (calculated as total cost):

consumer expenditures of the population for the purchase of goods and services necessary to satisfy their material and spiritual needs, as well as intended for the development and improvement of the individual;

Gross private investment in the national economy, representing the amount of costs directed by firms to increase fixed capital and inventories;

purchases of goods and services by authorities (both state and municipal) for their own needs;

Net exports (export-import).

3) by production (calculated by determining the amount of contribution to the creation of the national product of each of its producers).

Difference between GDP and GNP:

1. GDP represents the total cost of products in the sphere of material production and the service sector, regardless of the nationality of enterprises located on the territory of a given country. In other words, the basis for calculating GDP is the territorial principle.

2. GNP represents the total cost of the entire volume of production and provision of services in both spheres of the national economy, regardless of the location of national enterprises (in their own country or abroad).

NNP is determined as the difference between GNP and the total cost of depreciation (the cost of wear and tear on equipment, buildings and utility communications) for the period of creation of GNP:

NNP=GNP – Depreciation charges

ND = NNP - indirect taxes + subsidies

Personal income = ND – social security contributions – retained corporate earnings – corporate income taxes + amount of transfer payments

Conclusions:

– the system of national accounts is a complex of interconnected balance tables, the indicators of which are intended to determine the amount of income, consumption, savings and the amount of capital expenditures. Using the SNA, the most important macroeconomic indicators are calculated. The main indicators of the SNA are gross national product (GNP), gross domestic product (GDP), net national product (NNP), national income (NI) and disposable income (DI);

– all main macroeconomic indicators can be divided into flow indicators and reserve indicators. Flow indicators include gross output, GNP, GDP, NNP, ND, RD, as well as consumption expenditures, savings, investments, government purchases, taxes, exports, imports, etc. Inventory indicators include property, national wealth, real cash balances ;

– GNP is the total market value of final goods and services produced both domestically and internationally (usually per year). Modification of GNP – GDP indicator;

– based on GDP, you can determine other indicators of the system of national accounts: net national product, national income, personal income, personal disposable income.

The processes of production, circulation and consumption in society occur continuously. But these processes do not coincide either in space or in time. Therefore, to ensure their continuity, inventories are necessary.

Inventory - This is part of the supply of goods, representing the totality of the commodity mass in the process of its movement from the sphere of production to the consumer.

Inventories are formed at all stages of the movement of goods: in warehouses of manufacturing enterprises, in transit, at and at enterprises.

Compliance is achieved through inventory. Inventory in wholesale and retail must serve as a real supply of goods, ensuring their uninterrupted sale.

The need to create inventories caused by many factors:

• seasonal fluctuations in the production and consumption of goods;
• discrepancy between the production and trade range of goods;
• features in the territorial location of production;
• conditions for transporting goods;
• chain of goods distribution;
• opportunities for storing goods, etc.

Inventory classification

The classification of inventory is based on the following characteristics:

• location(in or; in industry; on the way);
• deadlines(at the beginning and end of the period);
• units(absolute - in value and physical terms, relative - in days of turnover);
• appointment, including:
  • current storage - to meet the daily needs of trade,
  • seasonal purposes - to ensure uninterrupted trade during periods of seasonal changes in demand or supply,
  • early delivery - to ensure uninterrupted trade in remote areas during the period between the delivery dates of goods,
  • target inventory - for the implementation of certain targeted activities.

Inventory management

Lately, the location of inventory has become increasingly important. At the moment, the majority of inventory is concentrated in retail, which cannot be considered a positive factor.

Commodity stocks should be gradually redistributed between trade levels in such a way that a large share belonged to wholesale trade the following reasons.

The main purpose of creating inventories in wholesale trade is to serve consumers (including retail enterprises), and in retail enterprises they are necessary to form a wide and stable assortment to satisfy consumer demand.

The size of inventory is largely determined by the volume and structure of turnover of a trade organization or enterprise. Therefore one of important tasks of trade organizations or enterprises — maintaining an optimal proportion between the amount of turnover and the size of inventory.

To maintain inventory at optimal levels, a well-established inventory management system is necessary.

Inventory management means establishing and maintaining such a size and structure that would meet the tasks assigned to the trading enterprise. Inventory management involves:

• their rationing - those. development and establishment of their required sizes for each type of inventory;
• their operational accounting and control - is maintained on the basis of existing accounting and reporting forms (registration cards, statistical reports), which reflect the balances of goods at the beginning of the month, as well as data on receipt and sale;
• their regulation— maintaining them at a certain level, maneuvering them.

At insufficient amount Inventory difficulties arise with the supply of goods to the turnover of an organization or enterprise, with the stability of the assortment; excess inventory cause additional losses, an increase in the need for loans and an increase in the cost of paying interest on them, an increase in the cost of storing inventories, which together worsens the overall financial condition of trading enterprises.

Consequently, the issue of quantitative measurement of the amount of inventory and determining whether this value corresponds to the needs of trade turnover is very relevant.

Inventory indicators

Inventories are analyzed, planned and accounted for in absolute and relative terms.

Absolute indicators are expressed, as a rule, in cost (monetary) and natural units. They are convenient when performing accounting operations (for example, when taking inventory). However, absolute indicators have one big drawback: with their help it is impossible to determine the degree to which the amount of inventory corresponds to the needs of the development of trade turnover.

Therefore, more widespread relative indicators, allowing to compare the amount of inventory with the turnover of trade organizations or enterprises.

The first relative indicator used in the analysis is amount of inventory, expressed in days of turnover. This indicator characterizes the availability of inventory on a certain date and shows how many days of trading (given the current turnover) this inventory will be enough.

The amount of inventory 3 is calculated in days of turnover using the formula

• 3 - the amount of inventory on a certain date;
• T one - one-day trade turnover for the period under review;
• T is the volume of trade turnover for the period under review;
• D is the number of days in the period.

The second most important relative indicator characterizing inventory is turnover. Until the moment of sale, any product is classified as inventory. From an economic point of view, this form of existence of a product is static (physically it can be in motion). This circumstance, in particular, means that the commodity stock is a changing quantity: it is constantly involved in trade turnover, is sold, and ceases to be a stock. Since inventory is replaced by other batches of goods, i.e. regularly renewed, they are a permanent value, the size of which varies depending on specific economic conditions.

The circulation of goods, the replacement of a static form of inventory with a dynamic form of commodity turnover constitute the economic content of the process of commodity turnover. Inventory turnover allows you to evaluate and quantify two parameters inherent in inventory: time and speed of circulation.

Commodity circulation time - This is the period during which a product moves from production to consumer. The circulation time consists of the time of movement of goods in various links of commodity distribution (production - wholesale trade - retail trade).

Time of commodity circulation, or turnover, expressed in days of turnover, is calculated by the following formulas:

where 3 t.av is the average amount of inventory for the period under review, rub.

The use of the average amount of inventory in calculations is due to at least two reasons.

Firstly, to bring data on turnover recorded for a certain period and inventories recorded as of a certain date into a comparable form, the average value of inventories for this period is calculated.

Secondly, within each set of goods there are varieties with different circulation times, and there may also be random fluctuations in the size of inventories and the volume of turnover that need to be smoothed out.

Inventory turnover, expressed in days of turnover, shows the time during which inventories are in the sphere of circulation, i.e. the average inventory turns over. Speed ​​of commodity circulation, i.e. turnover, or the number of turnovers for the period under review, is calculated using the following formulas:

There is a stable inverse relationship between time and the speed of commodity circulation.

Reducing time and increasing the speed of commodity circulation allows for a larger volume of trade turnover with smaller amounts of inventory, which helps reduce commodity losses, reduce costs for storing goods, pay interest on loans, etc.

The amount of inventory and turnover are interrelated indicators and depend on the following factors:

• internal and external environment of a trade organization or enterprise;
• volume of production and quality of products of industrial and agricultural enterprises;
• seasonality of production;
• import volumes;
• breadth and renewal of the assortment;
• product distribution links;
• fluctuations in demand;
• saturation of commodity markets;
• distribution of inventories between wholesale and retail trade levels;
• physical and chemical properties of goods, which determine their shelf life and, accordingly, the frequency of deliveries;
• price levels and the ratio of supply and demand for specific goods and product groups;
• volume and structure of trade turnover of a particular organization or trade enterprise and other factors.

Changes in these factors can affect the amount of inventory and turnover, both improving and worsening these indicators.

For different products and product groups, the speed of turnover is not the same. The share of product groups with a lower turnover rate is higher in inventory and vice versa. The decision to gradually eliminate slow-selling product groups and replace them with fast-selling ones seems obvious, however, retail enterprises are not very active in getting rid of slow-selling groups for the following reasons:

• there is no opportunity to change product specialization;
• there will be a sharp narrowing of the assortment and range of buyers;
• It is impossible to maintain selling prices at the level of competitors.

This requires systematic control and verification of inventory, i.e. the ability to know and analyze their value at any time.

Methods for analyzing and accounting for inventory levels

In trade, the following methods of analysis and accounting of inventory levels are traditionally used:

Calculation method

Calculation method, in which the amount of inventory, inventory turnover and their changes are analyzed. Various formulas are used to carry out this analysis;

Inventory, i.e. continuous counting of all goods, and quantitative assessment if necessary. The data obtained are assessed in physical terms at current prices and summarized by product groups into a total amount. The disadvantages of this method are that it is labor-intensive and unprofitable directly for the organization or enterprise, since during the inventory the enterprise, as a rule, does not function. Accounting for the physical flow of goods is labor-intensive, but extremely important both for commercial services and for managers of trading enterprises.

The use of two types of accounting (cost and natural) allows:

• identify which product groups and product names are in greatest demand, and, accordingly, make reasonable orders,
• optimize capital investments in inventory,
• make informed decisions to optimize the assortment through the purchase of goods;

Removing residues or operational accounting, i.e. reconciliation by financially responsible persons of the actual availability of goods with commodity accounting data. Moreover, it is not goods that are counted, but commodity items (boxes, rolls, bags, etc.). Then, according to the relevant standards, a recalculation is made, the quantity of goods is determined, which is valued at current prices. The disadvantages of this method include lower accuracy than with inventory;

Balance sheet method

Balance sheet method, which is based on the use of a balance formula. This method is less labor-intensive than others and allows for prompt accounting and analysis of inventory in conjunction with other indicators.

The disadvantage of the balance sheet method is the inability to exclude various unidentified losses from the calculation, which leads to some distortions in the value of inventory. To eliminate this shortcoming, balance sheet accounting data must be systematically compared with inventory records and balances. Using the balance sheet method, it is easy to exercise operational control over the movement of goods. This method is especially effective for automated accounting based on a computer network.

To manage inventory and determine their optimal size, the following are used:

• technical and economic calculations using known formulas, mathematical methods and models;
• constant order quantity system;
• system with a constant frequency of order repetition;
• (S"-S) system.

First group methods is applicable in both retail and wholesale trade. The most well-known method of technical and economic calculations is the sequential determination of the optimal amount of inventory at each stage of product distribution, followed by summing up the results obtained at each stage.

Second And third ways are used primarily in retail trade, as they require constant checks of the availability of goods, which is possible mainly in retail trade.

The meaning of these methods is that in order to bring the amount of inventory to the required level, you should order the same number of goods at any intervals, as needed, or order the required number of goods at equal time intervals.

Fourth method used for inventory management at wholesale trade enterprises.

In this case, two levels of inventory availability in the warehouse are established:

• S" - the limit level below which the size of inventory does not fall; And
• S- maximum level (in accordance with established design standards and standards).

The availability of inventory is checked at regular intervals and the next order is made if the stock level drops below S or S - S."

In trading practice, the amount of inventory that must be held is determined in several ways:

• as the ratio of inventory on a certain date to sales volume on the same date for the previous period (usually at the beginning of the month);
• as the number of weeks of trading for which this stock will last. The initial data is the planned turnover;
• accounting for sales by possibly more fractional product groups. Therefore, cash registers are used in store payment centers, which allow one to take into account the sale of goods according to several criteria.

In addition to the listed methods of managing inventory, there are others, and none of them can be called absolutely flawless. Trade enterprises should choose the one that best suits the conditions and factors of their operation.

Both actual and planned inventories are reflected both in absolute amounts, i.e. in rubles, and in relative values, i.e. in days of supply.

During the analysis process, the actual availability of goods inventory should be compared with the inventory standard, both in absolute amounts and in days of inventory. As a result of this, excess inventory or the amount of non-fulfillment of the standard is determined, an assessment of the state of inventory is given, and the reasons for deviations of the actual inventory of goods from the established standards are established.

Main reasons for the formation of excess inventories of goods may be the following: failure to fulfill turnover plans, delivery of goods to a trade organization in quantities exceeding the demand for them, violation of delivery deadlines for goods, incompleteness of supplied goods, violation of normal storage conditions for goods, leading to a deterioration in their quality, etc.

Based on the data in this table, we can conclude that actual inventories comply with the standard. It is necessary to take into account that the planned amount of inventory is in the amount of 3420.0 thousand rubles. was established in accordance with the planned daily sale of goods in the amount of 33.3 thousand rubles. However, the actual daily sales of goods amounted to 34.7 thousand rubles. It follows that in order to maintain the increased volume of sales of goods, it is necessary to have a larger amount of inventory than was provided for in the plan. As a result, the inventory of goods at the end of the year must be compared with the actual one-day sales of goods, multiplied by the planned amount of inventory in days.

Therefore, in the analyzed trade organization, taking into account the increased turnover, there is an excess inventory in the amount of:

4125 - (34.7 * 103) = 551 thousand rubles.

Now let's look at relative indicators - stocks in days (balances in days of stock). The amount of inventory in days is influenced by two main factors:

• change in the volume of trade turnover;
• change in the absolute value of inventory.

The first factor has an inverse effect on the amount of inventory in days

From the last table it follows that the amount of inventory, expressed in days, increased by 14 days. Let us determine the influence of these factors on this deviation.

Due to the increase in the amount of retail turnover, the relative amount of current storage inventory decreases by the amount: 3420 / 34.7 - 3420 / 33.3 = -4.4 days.

Due to the increase in the absolute amount of current storage inventory, the relative value of these inventories increased by 4060/12480 - 3420/12480 = +18.4 days.

The total influence of two factors (balance of factors) is: - 4.4 days + 18.4 days = +14 days.

So, inventories of goods, expressed in days, increased solely due to an increase in the absolute amount of inventories. At the same time, the increase in the amount of retail turnover reduced the relative size of inventory.

Then it is necessary to establish the influence of individual factors on the amount of average annual inventories of goods. These factors are:

• Change in turnover volume. This factor has a direct impact on the amount of average annual inventory
• Change in the structure of trade turnover. If in the total amount of trade turnover the share of goods with slow turnover increases, then inventories of goods will increase, and vice versa, with an increase in the share of goods with faster turnover, inventories will decrease.
• Goods turnover(turnover). This indicator approximately characterizes the average time (average number of days) after which funds allocated for the formation of inventory are returned back to the trading organization in the form of proceeds from the sale of goods.

We have the following values ​​of the goods turnover indicator:

• according to plan: 3200 x 360 / 1200 = 96 days.
• in fact: 4092 x 360 / 12480 = 118 days.

Consequently, in the analyzed one there was a slowdown in the turnover of goods compared to the plan for 118 - 96 = 22 days. When analyzing, it is necessary to establish what reasons led to the slowdown in goods turnover. Such reasons are the accumulation of excess inventory (as in the example under consideration), as well as a decrease in the amount of turnover (this phenomenon did not occur in the analyzed trade organization)

First, you should consider the turnover for all goods as a whole, and then for individual types and groups of goods.

Let us determine by the method of chain substitutions the influence of the listed three factors on the amount of average annual inventories of goods. Initial data:

1. Average annual inventory:

• according to plan: 3200 thousand rubles.
• actual: 4092 thousand rubles.

2. Retail turnover:

• according to plan: 12,000 thousand rubles.
• actually: 12480 thousand rubles.

3. The plan for retail turnover was fulfilled by 104%. turnover is:

• according to plan: 96 days;
• actually 118 days.

Thus, the average annual inventory of goods increased compared to the plan by the amount: 4092 - 3200 = + 892 thousand rubles. This happened due to the influence of the following factors:

• increase in trade turnover: 3328 - 3200 = + 128 thousand rubles.
• changes in the structure of trade turnover towards an increase in the share of goods with faster turnover: 3280 - 3328 = - 48 thousand rubles.
• slowdown in goods turnover: 4092 - 3280 = +812 thousand rubles.

The total influence of all factors (balance of factors) is: + 128-48 + 812 = +892 thousand rubles.

Consequently, the average annual inventory of goods has increased due to an increase in turnover, as well as due to a slowdown in the turnover of goods. At the same time, a change in the structure of trade turnover towards an increase in the share of goods with faster turnover reduced the average annual stock of goods.

Analysis of the supply of goods by individual suppliers, by type, quantity, and timing of their receipt can be carried out as of any date or for any period of time (5, 10 days, etc.).

If there are repeated facts of violations of delivery conditions for certain suppliers, then the analysis should use information about the claims made against these suppliers and about the measures of economic pressure (sanctions) applied to them for violating the terms of contracts for the supply of goods. When analyzing, you should evaluate the possibility of refusing to enter into future contracts for the supply of goods with suppliers who previously committed repeated violations of the terms of the concluded contracts.

Plan

1. Analysis of stock behavior statistics.

2. Analysis of the dynamics of stock replenishment in the supply chain link.

3. Analysis of the connection between replenishment and shipment of stock in the supply chain link.

4. Determination of the correlation coefficient for individual product groups.

5. Determination of the average volume of inventory in a supply chain link.

6. Determination of inventory capacity.

7. Determination of supply requirements.

8. Determination of the speed and time of inventory turnover.

Brief summary of the topic

Since the stock is a complex phenomenon caused by a combination of characteristics of the incoming and outgoing material flow, to describe the state of the stock one should use a number of indicators that characterize the stock from different sides.

To initially describe the stock, you should use stock behavior statistics. Analysis of stock behavior statistics includes:

1) analysis of the relationship between the dynamics of replenishment and stock shipments:

a. stock replenishment dynamics,

b. dynamics of stock shipments,

c. average stock replenishment and shipment rates,

d. variation in stock replenishment and shipments,

e. correlation of statistical series of replenishment and shipments

2) analysis of the dynamics of stock balances.

To analyze the relationship between the dynamics of replenishment and stock shipments, it is necessary to process statistics of replenishment and shipments.

The dynamics of stock replenishment allows us to describe the material flow entering the warehouse. Data on replenishment of stock is contained in the operational warehouse accounting data, as well as in the turnover accounts of the accounts for the movement of inventory items of accounting. The dynamics of stock replenishment in a warehouse allows you to plan the production capacity of the warehouse, the number of warehouse personnel, and monitor seasonal loads on the warehouse.

Average indicators of incoming and outgoing material flows from the warehouse allow us to obtain a more generalized characteristic of the correspondence of replenishment and use of stock. Average stock replenishment and shipment rates are calculated using the following formula:

Where Pm– average monthly volume of replenishment (shipments, sales, turnover) of inventory, units/month;

i– year index of the statistical series;

n– number of years of statistical series;

P mi- volume of replenishment (shipments, sales, turnover) of inventory in the m-th month of the i-th year, units/month.

The dynamics of average indicators of receipt and shipments (demand, sales volume or turnover) of goods from the warehouse is associated with the dynamics of variation in the values ​​of receipt and shipments. Variation shows the degree of variability of a statistical series. It is calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean of the statistical series:

Where V– coefficient of variation, fraction;

σ

Arithmetic mean value, units.

In turn, the standard deviation (or root of the variance)

Where σ – standard deviation, units;

i– date index,

n– amount of statistical data,

x i– statistical quantity, units;

Arithmetic mean, units; calculated by the formula:

The main indicators of stock status include:

1) average stock level,

2) inventory capacity,

3) supply needs are met,

4) share of carryover stock,

5) stock circulation rate,

6) inventory turnover time.

The average stock level is the first derived indicator of the stock status of those considered. The average stock level is calculated for individual reporting periods using the following formula:

Where

Zni

Z ki– the balance of inventory at the end of the i-th period, units.

To calculate the average stock level over a long period, use the historical average formula:

where - is the average stock level in the j-th long period, units;

Z 1 , Z n– the balance of inventory for the first and last unit accounting period, units;

i

n– number of unit accounting periods;

Z i– the balance of inventory for the i-th unit accounting period, units.

The value of the average chronological value of stock balances over a long period is convenient to use to determine the total amount of financing for the creation and maintenance of stock.

Table 2 shows an example of calculation average stock volume in short periods of time (monthly).

Table 2 - Calculation of average stock volume

For example, the average balance for January = (208+186)/2=197. Etc.

Inventory intensity is an indicator of the state of the inventory level, which shows how many units of inventory balances are available per unit of shipment of the previous unit accounting period. Inventory capacity is calculated using the following formula:

Where Zem i– inventory capacity in the i-th accounting period;

i– index of the accounting period;

Z i+1– the balance of inventory at the beginning of the (i+1) accounting period (or at the end of the i-th unit accounting period), units;

D i– volume of shipments (needs, sales volume or turnover) for the i-th unit accounting period, units.

Inventory capacity is a dimensionless indicator. Essentially, inventory capacity shows how many future periods the inventory balances created at the end of the period under review will be sufficient to service, provided that the volume of shipments (demand, sales volume or turnover) in future periods remains at the level of the period under review.

For example, the inventory capacity of goods in January is calculated as follows (Table 3):

Table 3 - Calculation of inventory capacity

In its content, the inventory capacity indicator is similar to the indicator of supply requirement. The main difference of this indicator is that the supply of demand has a dimension. This indicator is measured in units of time and shows how many days (weeks, decades, months, etc.) the cash reserves will last until they are completely depleted. The supply requirement is calculated using the following formula:

Where Odi– supply of demand in the i-th accounting period, days;

i– index of the accounting period,

Z ei– the balance of inventory at the end of the i-th accounting period, units;

m j– volume of shipments (demand, sales volume or turnover) in the j-th unit accounting period, units/days.

An example of calculating the supply requirement is given in Table 4.

For example, the supply requirement in January is equal to:

208 /(17 /31) = 379 days. Etc.

Rounding is done to the nearest lower whole number because this approach is convenient for determining the number of days that the supply will last before it is completely depleted.

Table 4 - Calculation of supply requirements

The share of carry-over stock is the next indicator of the stock status, which helps to assess the level of on-hand stock, supplementing the information obtained when calculating the five indicators above. The share of carryover stock is the ratio of the volume of stock at the beginning of the period to the estimated balance sheet total of stock at the end of the same period, assuming that there were no shipments (demands, sales, turnover) in the period under review. When calculating this indicator, the stock balance equation is used:

Where Z ei– the balance of inventory at the end of the i-th period;

Zni– the balance of inventory at the beginning of the i-th period;

S i– volume of stock replenishment in the i-th period;

D i– volume of shipments (consumption, sales volume or turnover) of inventory in the i-th period.

The share of carryover stock is calculated using the following formula:

Where d i

Zni– the balance of inventory at the beginning of the i-th period, units;

S i– volume of inventory replenishment in the i-th period, units.

The share of carryover stock can be calculated using the following formula:

Where d i– share of carryover stock of the i-th period;

Zni– the balance of inventory at the beginning of the i-th period, units;

Z ei– the balance of inventory at the end of the i-th period, units;

D i– volume of shipments (consumption, sales volume or turnover) of inventory in the i-th period, units.

An example of calculating the share of carryover stock is presented in Table 5.

Table 5 - Calculation of the share of carry-over stock

For example, the share of carryover stock in January is equal to:

The stock turnover rate shows the number of turns (the number of times the composition is completely renewed) of the average stock for the period under consideration. The circulation speed allows us to consider the stock as the result of a combination of characteristics of the incoming and outgoing material flow.

The stock turnover rate is calculated using the formula:

Where V i– speed of circulation, number of times;

D i– volume of shipments (consumption, sales volume or turnover) of inventory in the i-th period, units;

Average stock volume in the i-th period, units.

On average per month in the period under review, the circulation rate was (17+57+48)/(196+198+192) = 0.21.

For the quarter under review, the circulation rate was:

0.21 * 3 = 0.63 times.

Monthly calculation is presented in table 6

Table 6 - Calculation of stock turnover rate

Turnover time is the last indicator among those that must be calculated to describe the state of the stock. Turnaround time shows the average number of days (weeks, decades, months, etc.) during which the average stock is in the warehouse. Turnaround time is calculated using the following formula:

Where T i– inventory turnover time, days;

i– index of the time period under consideration;

j– index of a single accounting period;

– average volume of inventory in the i-th period, units;

m j– volume of shipments (needs, sales volume or turnover) in the j-th unit accounting period, units/days.

The calculation of the turnaround time is presented in Table 7.

Table 7 - Calculation of inventory turnover time

In general, the considered composition of stock status assessment indicators is the minimum necessary for continuous stock monitoring, which is necessary to ensure effective stock management.

Tasks

Task 1. Table 8 presents the initial data on inventory availability at the beginning of the month and shipments for the month. Determine average inventory balances and inventory capacity.

Table 8 - Information on goods inventories and shipments for January - June of the reporting year

Million rubles

Task 2. Table 9 presents the initial data on inventory availability at the beginning of the month and shipments for the month. Determine inventory capacity and supply requirements.

Table 9 – Information on goods inventories and shipments for January – June of the reporting year

Million rubles

Task 3. Table 10 presents the initial data on inventory availability at the beginning of the month and shipments for the month. Determine the inventory capacity and the share of carryover stock.

Table 10 - Information on goods inventories and shipments for January - June of the reporting year

Million rubles

Task 4. Table 11 presents the initial data on inventory availability at the beginning of the month and shipments for the month. Determine the average inventory balances and turnover rates.

Table 11 - Information on goods inventories and shipments for January - June of the reporting year

Million rubles

Task 5. Table 12 presents the initial data on inventory availability at the beginning of the month and shipments for the month. Determine average inventory balances and turnaround times.

Table 12 - Information on goods inventories and shipments for January - June of the reporting year

Million rubles

Task 6. There are the following initial data on the movement of inventory in the warehouse (receipt):

03/01/2013 – 2015 units,

03/02/2013 – 2516 units,

03/03/2013 – 2820 units,

03/04/2013 – 2150 units,

03/05/2013 – 1820 units.

Determine: mean value, variance, standard (mean square) deviation, variation.