Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Contents Introduction. 1. Holy Transfiguration Church (Kizhi). 1. Holy Transfiguration Church (Kizhi) 2. Chapel of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa and Varlaam Khutynsky (Kizhi). 3.Chapel of Our Lady of All Who Sorrow... 4.Oshevnev House.4.Oshevnev House 5.Church of the Savior. 6. Church of the Cathedral of Our Lady. 6. Church of the Cathedral of Our Lady 7. St. Nicholas Church. 7. St. Nicholas Church 8. Assumption Church. 8. Assumption Church 9. Ascension Church. 9. Ascension Church Conclusion.

Introduction For many centuries of Russian history, wood remained the main building material. Forests covered most of the land Kievan Rus and all the lands of Veliky Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Tver and Moscow principalities. It was in wooden architecture that many construction and compositional techniques were developed that met the natural and climatic conditions and artistic tastes of the people.

Chapel of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa and Varlaam Khutynsky in the village of Pod'elniki 19th century (Kizhi) Village of Pod'elniki - chapel of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa and Varlaam Khutynsky (19th century) - very picturesque, making an indelible impression. This chapel stands on a hill, surrounded by mighty fir trees. The diameter of the largest is more than 1 meter, other trees are smaller in diameter.

Chapel of Our Lady of Joy of All Who Sorrow. 18 century. Village of Eglovo. Traditional Zaonezhsky building. The history of its creation is largely unclear. Until 1882, the chapel was not mentioned in the documents of the Kizhi parish. Perhaps at the end of the 19th century it was transported here from another place, supplemented with planks and roofing iron

Oshevnevo's house. 1876. Oshevnevo village. (Fragment of the veranda) One of the most common house-complexes in Zaonezhie, called “koshel”. Huts, storerooms, sheds, farmyards with stables and haylofts are combined under one roof. The elegant part of the house overlooking the lake was allocated for housing.

Church of the Cathedral of Our Lady from the village of Kholm. 16th century. Kostroma. According to some ancient written sources, it was built in 1552. The oldest monument of wooden architecture in the Kostroma region that has survived to this day. The church came to us in a rebuilt form; the changes affected the upper crowning part of the building and partly its base

St. Nicholas Church from Tukholi. Surrounded by hundred-year-old pines, a young spruce forest and a “dilapidated” stone fence, on a small hill stands the St. Nicholas Church from Tukholi. Documentary information about the church is extremely scarce. The first mention of Tukholi dates back to 1478 in connection with the campaign of Prince Ivan III against Novgorod. The prince stayed "at Nikola's in Tukholi"

Assumption Church from the village of Nikulino. The church, as it has survived to this day, consisted of four main volumes: the church itself under a gable roof, crowned with a small dome with a cross, a smaller volume of the altar from the east under the same gable roof with a literally miniature dome,

Ascension cuboid church, 1669. Village of Kushereka, Onega region. On the White Sea coast, the type of cuboid church was widespread. A cube is a complex form of coating that resembles a tetrahedral onion. Distinctive feature architectural appearance of the northern boxy churches - their beauty, grace and harmony.

Conclusion The only tool used was an axe. They not only cut down trees, but also made the most intricate and fine carvings. It was not for nothing that they used to say that a peasant could even repair a clock with an axe. I hope that the album will give you many pleasant impressions, and that you will appreciate the skill and engineering courage of the ancient architects.

Since ancient times, the main building materials for Russian architects were wood and clay, fortunately there was an abundance of both. Clay bricks, according to historians, became widespread in Rus' starting from the middle of the 10th century, and wood as the main building material has been used since time immemorial. It was wooden architecture that became the basis of a special style of Russian medieval architecture, which implies an optimal combination of beauty and functionality of buildings... The main, and often the only, tool of the builder for many centuries remained the ax. The fact is that the saw tears the wood fibers during operation, leaving them open to water. The ax, crushing the fibers, seems to seal the ends of the logs. No wonder they still say: “cut down a hut.” Therefore, saws were used exclusively in carpentry.

If we turn to the history of Russian wooden architecture, the largest and most unique reserve of folk art is the Russian North. There are more surviving wooden buildings in the Arkhangelsk province than anywhere else in Russia. It is physically impossible to examine all these monuments, so at one time some of them were moved to one of the most famous architectural museums in Russia in the village of Malye Korely, which is located near Arkhangelsk. In Malye Korely several residential complexes various regions of the Kargopol-Onega, Mezen, Pinega and North Dvina, while all the buildings are grouped according to “geographical” criteria, as if creating a scaled-down model of the entire Russian North.

Another architectural ensemble of unsurpassed beauty is located near the village of Kizhi. In terms of the concentration of heritage objects, the Kizhi historical, cultural and natural complex is a unique historical territory that has no equal in the European North of Russia. Together with architectural monuments that have remained unchanged since construction or were taken from other areas and recreated on the territory of the reserve, the Kizhi museum collection illustrates the main aspects of the traditional culture of the indigenous peoples of Karelia: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians.

Kostroma provides excellent material for studying the main directions of medieval wooden architecture. The city arose in the Middle Volga region, that is, in an area exceptionally rich in forests, which determined the nature of the development. It must be said that until the very end of the 17th century, stone construction in Kostroma was an extremely rare phenomenon, even the houses of the richest nobles and merchants and the house of Tsar Mikhail Romanov’s mother, Martha, were wooden. The image of the ancient wooden temples of Kostroma can be restored using architectural monuments preserved in the Museum of Wooden Architecture and in the Kostroma Region. The ancient Russian city of Suzdal is exceptionally rich in architectural monuments. Picturesquely and evenly located throughout the city, they form an architectural ensemble of rare beauty and integrity. The style chosen by the ancient architects adds charm to the ancient city, whose history dates back almost millennia. We present to your attention a unique album of photographs that brings together the beauty and uniqueness of the ensembles of Russian wooden architecture of Malye Korel and Kizhi, Suzdal and Kostroma. We hope that the album will give you many pleasant impressions, and that you will appreciate the skill and engineering courage of the ancient architects.

At first, this museum arose on the small treeless and almost deserted island of Kizhi on Lake Onega. And once upon a time there was a large settlement here, called “Spassky Kizhi Pogost” in the Novgorod scribal books. Kizhi - from the name of the island, and Spassky - from the name of the church on the island's churchyard.

The ancient Kizhi building has been standing on the shore of Lake Onega for three centuries (the logs of the chapel were cut down in 1702). As before, the chapel serves as a landmark for fishermen. Its small silhouette gives the island village a special charm of simplicity, reliability and harmony.

On the White Sea coast, the type of cuboid temple was widespread. A cube is a complex form of coating that resembles a tetrahedral onion. A distinctive feature of the architectural appearance of the northern boxy churches is their beauty, grace and harmony.

This is a traditional Zaonezhsky building. the history of its creation is largely unclear. Until 1882 inclusive, the chapel is not mentioned in the documents of the Kizhi parish. Possibly at the end of the 19th century. it was transported from another place, supplemented with planking and roofing iron. Restored in

2 slide Excellent building material

Due to its availability, strength, lightness, low thermal conductivity, and ease of processing, wood is an excellent building material. Therefore, in areas rich in forests, wooden architecture- one of the oldest types of architectural and construction human activity. Wooden architecture flourished especially in the northern regions of our country.

We are accustomed to the fact that dense northern spruce forests are called taiga. However, the dense forest was called this way only in Eastern Siberia. In central Rus' it was called taibola, and in Western Siberia - urman. The edge of the forest is a ramen. And the pine tree is different in different forests. Pine forest in a swampy lowland - myandach. And on dry hills there is boron. And the pine tree itself in the forest is konda. This is the best wood for any construction - light, slender, and tarred on the root. But the pines take a long time to mature - 350 years or more. Not everything is simple with rivers and swamps either. Floodplain forests on river banks are urems. Where the swamp opens onto solid soil there are birch forests. And the dry coniferous thickets among the swamps, full of all kinds of animals - pegs. The forest on a low, long hill is a mane. Deaf, always dark, inaccessible deciduous forests - wilds. And their very core, where even animals are not found, is the caltus. And we, who have forgotten much today, call all this diversity and richness in one word forest.

3 slide Wooden beauty

The connection between architecture and nature is one of the most important features of all Russian folk architecture. Actually, the talent of the builders, their impeccable taste and subtle artistic flair are manifested even before the first tree is cut down and the first stone is laid in the foundation.

The most significant buildings in Rus' were erected from centuries-old trunks (three centuries or more) up to 18 meters long and more than half a meter in diameter. And there were many such trees in Rus', especially in the European North, which in the old days was called the “Northern Region”. And the forests here, where the “filthy peoples” have lived from time immemorial, were dense. By the way, the word “filthy” is not a curse at all. Simply in Latin paganus means idolatry. And that means that the pagans were called “filthy nations.”

In the Northern Territory, those who disagreed with the opinion of the authorities - first the princely, then the royal - had long been hiding. Here, something ancient and unofficial was firmly kept. That is why unique examples of the art of ancient Russian architects are still preserved here.

Tarred pine and larch were used on the walls of huts and temples; the roof was made of light spruce. And only where these species were rare, strong, heavy oak or birch was used for walls.

And not every tree was cut down, with analysis and preparation. They looked out for a suitable pine tree ahead of time and made cuts (lasas) with an ax - they removed the bark on the trunk in narrow strips from top to bottom, leaving strips of untouched bark between them for sap flow. Then, they left the pine tree standing for another five years. During this time, it thickly secretes resin and saturates the trunk with it. And so, in the cold autumn, before the day began to lengthen and the earth and trees were still sleeping, they cut down this tarred pine. You can’t cut it later - it will start to rot. Aspen, and deciduous forest in general, on the contrary, was harvested in the spring, during sap flow. Then the bark easily comes off the log and, dried in the sun, it becomes as strong as bone.

The main, and often the only tool of the ancient Russian architect was the ax. Saws, although known since the 10th century, were used exclusively in carpentry for interior works. The fact is that the saw tears the wood fibers during operation, leaving them open to water. The ax, crushing the fibers, seems to seal the ends of the logs. No wonder they still say: “cut down a hut.” And, well known to us now, they tried not to use nails. After all, around a nail, the wood begins to rot faster. As a last resort, wooden crutches were used.

Slide 4 Izba in Paris

For the World Exhibition in Paris at the end of the 19th century, Russian carpenters built a log hut. And they installed it without a single nail. To the surprised questions - how is this possible? - they answered, “Good knitting is stronger than all nails.”

5 slide Log house

The basis of wooden buildings in Rus' was the “log house”. These are logs fastened (“tied”) together into a quadrangle. Each row of logs was respectfully called a “crown.” The first, lower crown was often placed on a stone foundation - a “ryazh”, which was made of powerful boulders. It’s warmer and rots less.

The most reliable and warmest was considered to be the fastening of logs “in a clap”, in which the ends of the logs extended slightly beyond the walls. Such a strange name today comes from the word “obolon” ​​(“oblon”), meaning the outer layers of a tree (cf. “to envelop, envelop, shell”). Back at the beginning of the 20th century. they said: “cut the hut into Obolon” ​​if they wanted to emphasize that inside the hut the logs of the walls were not crowded together. However, more often the outside of the logs remained round, while inside the huts they were hewn to a plane - “scraped into lass” (a smooth strip was called las). Now the term “burst” refers more to the ends of the logs protruding outward from the wall, which remain round, with a chip.

The rows of logs themselves (crowns) were connected to each other using internal spikes. Moss was laid between the crowns in the log house and after the final assembly of the log house, the cracks were caulked with flax tow. Attics were often filled with the same moss to preserve heat in winter.

In terms of plan, the log houses were made in the form of a quadrangle / “chetverik”/, or in the form of an octagon / “octagon”/. Mostly huts were made from several adjacent quadrangles, and octagons were used for construction wooden churches(after all, the figure of eight allows you to increase the area of ​​the room almost six times without changing the length of the logs). Often, by placing quadrangles and octets on top of each other, the ancient Russian architect built the pyramidal structure of a church or rich mansions.

6 slide Construction of a log hut

Both the house and the temple were built in the same way - both were the house (of man and of god). Therefore, the simplest and most ancient form of a wooden temple, like a house, was the “kletskaya”. This is how churches and chapels were built. These are two or three log buildings connected to each other from west to east. There were three log cabins in the church (the refectory, the temple and the altar), and two in the chapel (the refectory and the temple). A modest dome was placed over a simple gable roof.

In ancient times, the roof over the log house was made without nails - “male”.

What they used to cover the roof of wooden huts in Rus'! Then the straw was tied into sheaves (bundles) and laid along the slope of the roof, pressing with poles; Then they split aspen logs onto planks (shingles) and covered the hut with them, like scales, in several layers. And in ancient times they even covered it with turf, turning it upside down and laying it under birch bark.

The most expensive covering was considered “tes” (boards). The word “tes” itself well reflects the process of its manufacture. A smooth, knot-free log was split lengthwise in several places and wedges were driven into the cracks. The log split in this way was split lengthwise several more times. The unevenness of the resulting wide boards was trimmed with a special ax with a very wide blade.

7 slide Barrel forming a cube-like coating

The roof is the most important part of a wooden building. “If only there was a roof over your head,” people still say. That is why, over time, its “top” became a symbol of any temple, house and even economic structure.

Tent churches, cube-shaped, tiered, multi-domed - all this is named after the completion of the temple, after its top.

Barrel in architecture, a roof shaped like a half-cylinder with a raised and pointed top, resulting in a keeled pediment on the façade. The barrel is found in church and civil architecture of the 17th-18th centuries, more often in wood. The intersection of two barrels forms a cuboid covering.

Using the construction techniques shown above, masterpieces of wooden architecture wooden architecture were erected

8 slide . Palace in the village Kolomenskoye near Moscow. 1667-68, 1681 .

In the construction of the palace, the barrel principle in the construction of roofs and domes is clearly visible.The ceiling was not always arranged. When firing stoves “black”, it is not needed - the smoke will only accumulate under it. Therefore, in a living room it was done only with a “white” fire (through a pipe in the stove).

At the same time, the ceiling boards were laid on thick beams - “matitsa”. In the church, instead of a flat ceiling, they installed a “sky” - a polygonal convex ceiling, often completely filled with unpretentious iconography.

Slide 9 Ascension cube church

On the White Sea coast, the type of cuboid temple was widespread. A cube is a complex form of coating that resembles a tetrahedral onion. A distinctive feature of the architectural appearance of the northern boxy churches is their beauty, grace and harmony.

10-13 slides From the hut to the temple

Fires and the comparative fragility of wood caused the almost complete disappearance of early monuments of Wooden architecture. In this regard, it is difficult to trace the development of wooden architecture, the paths and timing of the transformation of primitive 4-corner cages with gable roofs and sparse decoration into the most complex palace complexes with fabulous splendor of details and the transition from single-top log churches to multi-tiered and multi-domed temples. Surviving structures (mostly 17th-19th centuries)

Slide 14 Chapel of the Three Saints, 17th century

Small chapels were erected in large numbers in remote villages, at crossroads, above large stone crosses, above springs. There is no priest in the chapel; no altar was made here. And the services were performed by the peasants themselves, who baptized and performed funeral services themselves. Such unpretentious services, held like the first Christians with the singing of short prayers at the first, third, sixth and ninth hours after sunrise, were called “hours” in Rus'. This is where the building itself got its name. Both the state and the church looked upon such chapels with disdain. That’s why the builders here could give free rein to their imagination. That is why these modest chapels amaze the modern city dweller today with their extreme simplicity, sophistication and special atmosphere of Russian solitude.

15 slide Open-air museum-reserve “Kizhi”.

One of the monuments of the art of ancient masters is the unique open-air museum-reserve “Kizhi”. KIZHI is an island on Lake Onega, in Karelia. It consists of several churches and cathedrals, as well as ancient peasant houses and buildings. The uniqueness of all these structures is not only in their magnificence, but also in the fact that not a single nail or screw was used during construction. There are no analogues to this museum on Earth

15 -16 slides

The Kizhi Museum-Reserve was included in the list in 1990 World Heritage UNESCO. Let's take a short trip through the monuments of wooden architecture

Slide 17 Bell tower of Kulik Drakovenov

Bell towers begin to appear in Rus' presumably in the 15th century. However, even then bells were extremely expensive and only the richest monasteries and central churches could acquire them. Everywhere parishioners were called to the temple by blows to the “beat”. The most ancient type of bell tower - the belfry - arose in North-Western Rus', on the lands of Novgorod and Pskov. At first it is a low wall above the porch of the temple with one or two openings for large bells. And only later they began to build a belfry separately from the church with three to five spans for the bells.

18 slide. St. George's Church of the 17th century

By the end of the 17th century, the population of cities in Rus' was barely 3%. At that time, three types of non-urban settlements were clearly distinguished - village, village and churchyard. A distinctive feature of the village was the absence of a church in it. However, there were chapels almost everywhere in the villages.

A village was called a large settlement, sometimes consisting of several villages, and always having a church. Under favorable conditions, villages grew, developed, built their own churches and turned into villages.

19 -20 slide Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary 1694-1764.

21 slides The bell tower of the Kizhi Pogost

22 -23 slides Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord

Thousands, and maybe millions of tourists from all over the world flock to the watery expanses of Lake Onega in order to see one of the wonders of the world - the Church of the Transfiguration, built without a single nail.

There is a popular legend about the builder of this church: “Having finished his work, he threw an ax into Lake Onega with the words: “Master Nester built this church. It was not, is not and will not be like that."

It is very difficult to believe that the ax that Nester threw into the waters of Onega was the only tool of the ancient masters. They did not know either a saw or the then expensive iron nails. All these bulbs, heart-shaped barrels, octagons, rich carvings, ploughshare scales that cover the barrels and heads, openwork piers - everything was made with an ax and a chisel.

24-25 slides Kizhi Pogost

Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord,The bell tower and the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary form an architectural ensemble of the museum that is unique in its beauty - the Kizhi Pogost.

This ensemble took 160 years to create. The search for unity and beauty was painful. In 1714 they installedChurch of the Transfiguration. Fifty years later the Pokrovskaya cell was cut down. However, next to the miracle of wooden architecture - the Church of the Transfiguration - the small cage of the Pokrovskaya looked shabby and it was soon replaced with a tent-roofed one. But the tent did not satisfy the architects either. In 1764 they created a nine-domed church on the Intercession Church. And only 110 years later the ensemble was completed by a new bell tower, erected in place of the old one, which had fallen into disrepair.

Slide 2

Wood has been used as a building material since ancient times. Wooden architecture in Rus' embodies a successful combination of utility and beauty. Many construction and artistic techniques, which fully met the conditions of life and culture of the people, were developed by Russian architects over thousands of years.

Slide 3

Wooden architecture Ancient Rus' originated in the northern regions of the country. It was there that the richest coniferous and deciduous forests were located. On the banks of the Pechora, Onega, and Northern Dvina, unique monuments of Ancient Rus' are still preserved. Dynasties of Russian architects have honed their skills for thousands of years, carefully preserved their professional tricks and passed them on to their sons.

Slide 4

The northern region, which has long been famous for its forests, has raised on its land the most talented architects, whose works we still have the opportunity to admire. Not every tree was cut down for construction. They selected a pine tree in advance that met all the requirements of the craftsmen, and made notches on the trunk - they removed the bark in narrow strips, leaving stripes to preserve sap flow. After this, the tree was left alone for five years. During this time, she actively secreted resin, which abundantly impregnated the trunk. Only after that, in the cold autumn, was it cut down. The old masters did not advise cutting later - it would start to rot. Aspen and other deciduous trees were harvested in the spring, during sap flow. At this time, the bark was easily removed from the trunk, and the log, dried in the sun, became as strong as bone.

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

The wooden architecture of Ancient Rus' is also unique in that, as a rule, the only tool of the master was an ax. Despite the fact that saws had already been known since the tenth century, they were used only in carpentry. The saw was believed to tear wood fibers and leave them exposed to water. Moreover, they tried not to use nails - around them the wood begins to deteriorate faster. If necessary, wooden crutches were used.

Slide 9

Slide 10

The basis of wooden buildings in Rus' was a log house - seasoned logs fastened into a quadrangle. The row of logs was respectfully called the “crown.” The lowest crown was often installed on a stone base - a ridge made of powerful boulders. Thus, the house became warmer and less rotten. The architecture of Ancient Rus' differed from European architecture in that there were no differences in the construction of a house and a temple. The most ancient and simplest form was “kletskaya”. Thus, temples and chapels were built. These are three log buildings that are interconnected and located from west to east. The wooden architecture of Ancient Rus' began to develop rapidly in the fifteenth century, when the first wooden bell towers appeared. The most ancient belfries were built in the Novgorod and Pskov lands.

Slide 11

View all slides