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Metals. Copper.

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The position of copper in the periodic table of chemical elements and the structure of the atom.
Copper is an element of a secondary subgroup of group I (group IB)

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Being in nature.
Copper occurs in nature mainly in bound form and is part of the following minerals: copper luster Cu2S and malachite CuCO3 Cu(OH)2

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Being in nature.
Cuprite Cu2O
Copper pyrite CuFeS2

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Obtaining copper.
The process of obtaining copper is very complex. Oxides are most suitable for this. With the help of coke and carbon oxide (II) in non-ferrous metallurgy, copper is obtained from cuprite Cu2O.

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Physical properties.
Copper is a golden-pink ductile metal; in air it quickly becomes covered with an oxide film, which gives it a characteristic intense yellowish-red hue. Thin films of copper have a greenish-blue color when exposed to light.

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Melting point 1083 ºС. An excellent conductor of electric current (second only to silver).

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Chemical properties.
Interaction with non-metals With oxygen, depending on the temperature of interaction, copper forms two oxides: at 400–500°C, divalent copper oxide is formed: 2Cu + O2 = 2CuO; at temperatures above 1000°C copper (I) oxide is obtained: 4Cu + O2 = 2Cu2O.

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When heated with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, copper (II) halides are formed: Cu + Br2 = CuBr2; with iodine – copper (I) iodide is formed: 2Cu + I2 = 2CuI. Copper does not react with hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and silicon.

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Interaction with acids.
In the electrochemical voltage series of metals, copper is located after hydrogen, so it does not interact with solutions of dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids and alkalis.

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Dissolves in dilute nitric acid to form copper (II) nitrate and nitrogen (II) oxide: 3Cu + 8HNO3 = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O. Reacts with concentrated solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids to form copper (II) salts and acid reduction products: Cu + 2H2SO4 = CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O;

Cu + 4HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O. Copper reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen trichlorocuprate (II): Cu + 3HCl = H + H2.

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Restorative properties.

Copper is oxidized by nitrogen oxide (IV) and iron chloride (III): 2Cu + NO2 = Cu2O + NO;

Cu + 2FeCl3 = CuCl2 + 2FeCl2.
Pure copper (99.9% Cu) is used in the electrical industry for the manufacture of electrical wires, cables and in heat exchangers.

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Copper wire is widely used in electrical engineering and power engineering, in the telecommunications industry, shipbuilding and automotive industries; it is used for the production of electrical cables, wires, windings, spark ignition terminals, fusible safety devices

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Alloys using copper are widely used in various fields of technology, the most widespread of which are the above-mentioned bronze and brass. For example, in the composition of the so-called cannon metal, which in the 16th-18th centuries. was actually used for the manufacture of artillery guns, all three main metals are included - copper, tin, zinc. Nowadays, it is used in military affairs in cumulative ammunition due to its high ductility; a large amount of brass is used for the manufacture of weapon casings. Copper-nickel alloys are used for minting small change coins. Copper-nickel alloys, including the so-called. “Admiralty” alloy is widely used in shipbuilding and applications related to the possibility of aggressive exposure to sea water due to its exemplary corrosion resistance.

Introduction. It just so happened that in one subgroup there were copper, silver and gold: elements coeval with civilization. All of them at different times acted as the ultimate measure of values, in other words, money. These metals were used to forge weapons, make household utensils and jewelry. Nowadays, copper, silver and gold are in the thick of technological progress. The physicist will highlight their unsurpassed heat and electrical conductivity. The sculptor will note the plasticity and beautiful appearance. The jeweler and the minter will support him, and the chemist will certainly remember the noble inertness and high corrosion resistance of these metals. Golden mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Gold nugget "Mephistopheles" weighing 20.25 g, found in Siberia. Diamond fund. Moscow. Silver nugget Monomakh's Cap. Bostock, late 13th early 14th centuries. Bowl. Ancient Rus' Chernigov, 12th century. Silver; forging, carving. It belonged to Prince Vladimir Davydovich of Chernigov.

History of copper. Copper has been known since time immemorial and is one of the “magnificent seven” of the oldest metals used by mankind - gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury. According to archaeological data, copper was known to people already 600 years ago. It turned out to be the first metal that replaced stone for ancient man in primitive tools. This was the beginning of the so-called. the Copper Age, which lasted about 2000 years. Axes, knives, maces, and household items were forged from copper and then smelted. According to legend, the ancient blacksmith god Hephaestus forged a shield of pure copper for the invincible Achilles. Stones for the 147-meter pyramid of Cheops. Fresco from Pompeii: Hephaestus shows Thetis the shield made for Achilles. OK. 70 n. e. National Museum. Naples.

Now it is impossible to establish when a person first became acquainted with copper. In any case, around 3000 BC. e. the Egyptians could already make wire from it. In nature, copper is sometimes found in a native state, and this made it easier for ancient craftsmen to extract. They knew how to forge various products from this metal using stone tools. Later, copper mines began to be developed, which were scattered throughout the planet: in North America on the shores of the Great Lakes, in Asia on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Europe in the territory of present-day Austria, and on the island of Cyprus. According to experts, the Latin name for the metal “cuprum” comes from the name of this island. The name of the metal, familiar to the Russian ear, “copper,” probably came from the Old Slavonic “smith,” which meant metal in general. Copper nugget.

Application of copper. Copper has long been used in construction: the ancient Egyptians built copper water pipes; the roofs of medieval castles and churches were covered with copper sheets, for example the famous royal castle in Elsinore (Denmark) was covered with copper roofing. Coins and jewelry were made from copper. Due to its low electrical resistance, copper is the main metal in electrical engineering: more than half of all copper produced is used in the production of electrical wires for high-voltage transmissions and low-current cables. Even insignificant impurities in copper lead to an increase in its electrical resistance and large losses of electricity. The hulls of ships are sheathed with copper tin. High thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance make it possible to manufacture copper parts for heat exchangers, refrigerators, vacuum devices, pipelines for pumping oils and fuels, etc. Copper is also widely used in electroplating when applying protective coatings to steel products. So, for example, when nickel or chrome plating steel objects, copper is pre-deposited on them; in this case, the protective coating lasts longer and is more effective. Copper is also used in electroplating (i.e., when replicating products by obtaining a mirror image), for example, in the manufacture of metal matrices for printing banknotes and reproducing sculptural products.

Bronze. Weapons made of bronze from the June period in China. Ancient metallurgists learned to extract copper from ores and add additives to it that improved the properties of the alloy. So, by mixing copper with tin, they got bronze. It was such an important stage in human history that we call it the Bronze Age. The unusually simple method of obtaining the alloy (the flame of a fire melts a mixture of tin and copper) allowed craftsmen to make various tools, tools and, of course, weapons from it. Bronze is harder than copper, stable in air, easily processed into various products, but is more easily melted. The ancient Greeks, Mesopotamians, and Japanese craftsmen were able to produce especially high-quality alloys. Therefore, it is not at all accidental that the rise and decline of states were directly related to the degree of development of metallurgy.

Bronze products were in use among the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, and Etruscans. Beautiful bronze statues were cast in Greece and Rome; many of them have survived to this day, such as the famous equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome or one of the seven wonders of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes. For sculptural works standing outdoors, especially in places with a humid climate, bronze is preferable because over time, a dense greenish-brown coating, a patina, appears on its surface, which protects the metal from further oxidation. The shields of Roman legionnaires were also bound with bronze. Shield of a Roman legionnaire.

It is from bronze that the “Bronze Horseman” glorified by A. S. Pushkin in St. Petersburg and the monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow were cast. Due to its special mechanical properties and good casting qualities, bronze is an ideal metal for casting bells with a loud and beautiful sound. Everyone knows the giant “Tsar Bell” in the Moscow Kremlin, weighing almost 202 tons, cast by Russian masters I. F. and M. F. Matronin. In the old days, guns were also made from bronze; the largest of them, the Tsar Cannon (39.3 tons), was intended for the defense of the Moscow Kremlin and was cast by master A. Chokhov in 1586 by E. M. Falcone. "Bronze Horseman". Saint Petersburg. The Tsar Bell was cast by order of Empress Anna Ioannovna in the years. Moscow foundry workers Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail replaced the Great Assumption Bell, which was broken in the city during a fire.

Tsar Cannon. Master Andrey Chokhov year. The monument to the tradesman Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was created according to the design of the artist I. P. Martos and cast in bronze by the foundry master of the Academy of Arts V. P. Ekimov, opened on February 20, 1818.

And now sculptures are cast from bronze, chandeliers, candelabra, candlesticks, as well as parts of various mechanisms (for example, bearings) are made. As many centuries ago, copper and copper scrap are fused with tin to produce bronze. Only not in earthen ovens, but in modern electric ovens. So that copper and tin do not oxidize during melting, and bronze is especially durable, phosphorus compounds are added to the charge before casting. Due to the shortage of tin and its high price, tin bronze is gradually being replaced by other bronzes, Ch. arr. aluminum. Aluminum bronze, containing up to 11% Al, has good mechanical properties and is stable in sea water and even in dilute hydrochloric acid. This very durable alloy is used in the manufacture of pipelines, parts of steam turbines and aircraft engines, etc. “Copper” coins were minted from aluminum bronze in Russia from 1926 to 1957. Bearings for diesel locomotives, ship engines, and water turbines are made from lead bronze. Beryllium bronze is exceptionally strong and durable, which, due to its elastic properties, serves as a material for springs that practically do not know fatigue (withstand up to 20 million load cycles). Saint Petersburg. Bronze monument to Ostap Bender on Italianskaya Street. Sculptor Albert Charkin.

Brass. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Although zinc was discovered only in the Middle Ages, brass was known to the ancient Romans, who obtained it by smelting copper ores with zinc ores without access to air. To give brass the desired properties, alloying metals such as Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc. are often introduced into its composition in small quantities. Brass melts easier than copper, but it is harder. Brass is well forged, pierced into sheets, stamped, drawn into wire and highly polished (to a mirror finish). Products made from it can be hardened. If necessary, brass can be applied to the surface of other metals using the electrochemical method. It is important that brass is much cheaper than copper. Brass is used in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering; It is used to make parts of various mechanisms, water and gas taps, radiator pipes, door handles, hinges, and cartridge cases. Brass with the addition of aluminum is similar in appearance to gold; badges, emblems, and medals are made from it. If there is relatively little zinc in the alloy (up to 18%), brasses have a reddish tint. For example, brass containing up to 10% zinc is called tombak; From this alloy, from 1961 to 1991, “copper” coins were minted in Russia, in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks. Alloys with a high zinc content (up to 50%) are yellow in color and are called brasses. They are perfectly processed by rolling, pressing and drawing, and high-quality castings are obtained from them.

Other alloys. Among other alloys, we note monel metal (% copper, % nickel and zinc with additions of lead, tin and iron) was previously used for the manufacture of cutlery and jewelry “like silver”. Due to its high corrosion resistance and strength, good ductility, it is now used in the chemical, shipbuilding, medical, oil, textile and other industries. But constantan, manganin, chromel and copel almost do not change their resistance with significant temperature fluctuations and therefore faithfully serve in electrical engineering for the manufacture of thermocouples - very sensitive devices that measure temperature. Compensation wires, rheostats, and parts of heating devices are also made from chromel and copel. Mangonin is used to make reference resistors and elements of measuring instruments.

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Copper is an element of the secondary subgroup of the first group, the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 29. It is designated by the symbol Cu (lat. Cuprum). The simple substance copper is a ductile transition metal of golden-pink color (pink in the absence of an oxide film). It has been widely used by people for a long time.

Physical properties of copper: a golden-pink ductile metal, in air it quickly becomes covered with an oxide film, which gives it a characteristic intense yellowish-red hue. Thin films of copper have a greenish-blue color when exposed to light. Copper forms a cubic face-centered lattice. Copper has high thermal and electrical conductivity (ranks second in electrical conductivity after silver, conductivity at 20 °). It has two stable isotopes - 63 Cu and 65 Cu, and several radioactive isotopes. The longest-lived of these, 64 Cu, has a half-life of 12.7 hours and two decay modes with different products. There are a number of copper alloys: brass - with zinc, bronze - with tin and other elements.

Content in nature: Copper occurs in nature both in compounds and in native form. Chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 , chalcocite Cu 2 S and bornite Cu 5 FeS 4 are of industrial importance. Together with them, other copper minerals are also found: covellite CuS, cuprite Cu2O. Sometimes copper is found in native form, the mass of individual clusters can reach 400 tons. Copper sulfides are formed mainly in medium-temperature hydrothermal veins. Copper deposits are also often found in sedimentary rocks - cuprous sandstones and shales. The most famous deposits of this type are Udokanskaya in the Chita region, in Kazakhstan, and in Germany. Other richest copper deposits are in Chile and the United States. Most copper ore is mined by open pit mining.

Methods for obtaining copper To obtain copper, pyro-, hydro- and electrometallurgical processes are used. The pyrometallurgical process of obtaining copper from sulfide ores of the CuFeS 2 type is expressed by the overall equation: 2CuFeS 2 + 5O 2 + 2SiO 2 = 2Cu + 2FeSiO 3 + 4SO 2. Hydrometallurgical methods for obtaining copper are based on the selective dissolution of copper minerals in dilute solutions of sulfuric acid or ammonia, from the resulting solutions copper is replaced by metallic iron: CuSO 4 + Fe = Cu + FeSO 4. Pure copper is obtained by electrolysis: 2CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O = 2Cu + O 2 + 2H 2 SO 4; Copper is released at the cathode, oxygen is released at the anode.

Chemical properties of copper: Copper is a low-active metal. Under normal conditions, it does not interact with water, alkali solutions, hydrochloric and dilute sulfuric acid. However, in strong oxidizing acids (for example, nitric and concentrated sulfuric acid), copper dissolves: Cu + 8HN0 3 = 3Cu(N0 3) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 0 diluted Cu + 4HN0 3 = Cu (N0 3) 2 + 2N0 2 + 2H 2 0 concentrated

Copper powder reacts with chlorine, sulfur and bromine at room temperature: At 300-400 °C it reacts with sulfur and selenium:

Uses of Copper: In Electrical Engineering: Copper is widely used in electrical engineering for the manufacture of power cables, wires or other conductors, such as in printed circuit wiring. Copper wires, in turn, are also used in the windings of energy-saving electric drives and power transformers. For these purposes, the metal must be very pure: impurities sharply reduce electrical conductivity. Heat Transfer: Another useful quality of copper is its high thermal conductivity. This allows it to be used in various heat removal devices and heat exchangers, which include well-known radiators for cooling, air conditioning and heating.

Used in alloys: Jewelry alloys: In jewelry, alloys of copper and gold are often used to increase the resistance of products to deformation and abrasion, since pure gold is a very soft metal and is not resistant to these mechanical influences. Other applications: Copper is the most widely used acetylene polymerization catalyst. Copper is widely used in architecture.