Are the areas identified by A. Wallace?

2. Why do the fauna and flora of the Paleoarctic and Neoarctic regions have much in common?

3. Why do the fauna and flora of the Neoarctic and Neotropical zones have few common species?

4. Why is it so unique? animal world Australia?

5. Why are there no large ungulates typical of Africa in Madagascar, but many primates that are not found anywhere else?

Topic: View. Type criteria. Population

Task 8.15. Type criteria

Fill the table:

Task 8.16. Type criteria

1. How many species of birds are shown in the picture? Why is it impossible, based only on morphological criteria, to determine what species an organism belongs to?

2. It is known that the second pair of human chromosomes is formed as a result of the fusion of two chimpanzee chromosomes. How many chromosomes are there in a chimpanzee karyotype?

3. Compare the chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees. What does it mean that the nucleotide sequences of human and chimpanzee DNA are more than 90% identical?

4. The sequence of amino acid residues in human and chimpanzee hemoglobin are completely identical (141+141+146+146). There are two differences between gorilla and human hemoglobin. There are 43 differences between human and horse hemoglobin. What conclusion can be drawn from these facts?

5. Compare the land turtle and the sea turtle. Can they be classified as the same species? Why are they so different? Do their habitats coincide?

Task 8.17. Population - unit of evolution

Fill the table:

Task 8.18. Evidence of evolution. Species, population

Give answers to the questions:

1. Give examples of fossil transitional forms.

2. Paleontologists managed to restore the phylogenetic series of some animals. Which ones?

3. What structural features of vertebrate embryos can be considered evidence of evolution?

4. Give examples of homologous organs.

5. Give three examples of rudiments.

6. Give three examples of atavisms.

7. What territories belong to the Holarctic region?

8. Which territories belong to the Neoarctic and Neotropical regions?

9. What species criteria do you know?

10. What is the unit of evolution according to Lamarck? According to modern ideas?

Task 8.19. Define or explain the following concepts:

1. Fossil transitional forms. 2. Biogenetic law of F. Muller and E. Haeckel. 3. Ontogenesis. 4. Phylogeny. 5. Phylogenetic series. 6. Homologous organs. 7. Rudiments. 8. View. 9. Population. 10. Area. 11. Reproductive isolation. 12. Morphological criterion of the species. 12. Twin species. 13. Genetic criterion of the species.

Chapter 9. Mechanisms of the evolutionary process

Topic: The role of variability in the evolutionary process

Task 9.1. Variability

Fill the table:

Task 9.2. Mutational variability

Fill the table:

Task 9.3. The role of variability in the evolutionary process

Specify correct options answers:

Test 1. What type of variability does the body adapt to? certain conditions environment without changing the genotype?

5. Mutation.

6. Modification.

7. Combinative.

8. Correlative.

Test 2. What type of variability provides material for natural selection, since it is associated with gene changes?

5. Mutation.

6. Modification.

7. Combinative.

8. Correlative.

Test 3. What type of variability provides material for natural selection, since it is associated with the recombination of genes during the formation and fusion of gametes?

1. Mutation.

2. Modification.

3. Combinative.

4. Correlative.

Test 4. What type of variability does the leaves plucked from one tree have?

1. Mutation.

2. Modification.

3. Combinative.

4. Correlative.

Test 5. What type of variability does children from the same parents have?

1. Mutation.

2. Modification.

3. Combinative.

4. Correlative.

Test 6. What kind of variability do dandelions have, growing from halves of one root, but one grew in a meadow, and the second - high in the mountains.

1. Mutation.

2. Modification.

3. Combinative.

4. Correlative.

**Test 7. What is characteristic of mutational variability?

5. Changes occur in the genotype.

6. Changes occur in the phenotype, without changing the genotype.

7. Most of the mutations that occur are dominant.

8. The population is saturated with a large number of recessive mutations, which will only appear when they become homozygous.

**Test 8. What is characteristic of combinative variability?

5. Is the result of sexual reproduction.

6. Provides material for natural selection.

7. Leads to the emergence of unique gametes and genotypes.

8. Helps each organism adapt to specific environmental conditions.

9. Gene changes occur.

10. Chromosome changes occur.

**Test 9. What is characteristic of modification variability?

9. Under the influence of the environment, the phenotype and genotype of the organism changes.

10. When the environment changes, the phenotype changes, but the genotype does not change.

11. Changes that appear are inherited.

12. Helps the body and even parts of the body adapt to various environmental factors.

13. Creates the prerequisites for the formation of new species.

Topic: Natural selection is the guiding factor of evolution.
Forms of natural selection

Task 9.4. Forms of the struggle for existence

Fill the table:

Task 9.5. Forms of natural selection

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

5. Explain the stabilizing form of selection using the example of the size of the auricle in hares.

6. Why are the ears of hares living to the south larger than the ears of hares living in the northern regions?

7. What is the significance of the stabilizing form of selection for evolution?

8. Explain the driving form of selection using the example of color changes in the birch moth.

9. What is the significance of the driving form of selection for evolution?

10. Explain the discontinuous form of selection using the example of cockroaches living on islands and cockroaches living on the mainland.

Task 9.6. Forms of natural selection

Fill the table:

Topic: Other factors of evolution

Task 9.5. Genetic drift

Look at the picture and answer the questions.

152. Draw a diagram of the external structure of the bird, label the main parts of the body. What features of the external structure of a bird are associated with its ability to fly?

Streamlined body shape
Presence of wings
Feather cover
Small head, long neck, body and limbs are more compact

153. Look at the drawing. Write the names of the parts of the pen indicated by numbers.

1. fan
2. rod (trunk)
3. start

154. Study the table “Bird Class. The structure of a pigeon." Look at the drawing. Write the names of the bones of the bird's skeleton, indicated by numbers.

1. skull
2. brush
3. forearm
4. shoulder
5. coccygeal bone
6. thigh
7. shin
8. shank
9. fingers
10. sternum with keel
11. cervical spine

155. Indicate the skeletal features associated with the adaptation of birds to flight.
The skeleton is characterized by strength and lightness. Tubular bones are hollow. Flat bones (skull, sacrum, pelvis) are very thin and grow together. The jaws have no teeth.
In the spinal column system there is a complex sacrum, formed by the fusion of the last thoracic vertebrae, the lumbar region, the sacral region itself and part of the caudal region. The last fused caudal vertebrae form the coccygeal bone.
All the bones of the pelvis grow together and grow to the complex sacrum.
The shoulder girdle is highly developed and consists of powerful caracoid bones, scapulae and fused clavicles.
The forelimbs retain only three fingers, with only the second finger having two phalanges. All the bones of the metacarpus and carpus are fused into one complex bone, to which the flight feathers are attached.
The hind limbs often have four toes, sometimes three or two. There is a complex tarsus bone.
The sternum is large and in most species bears a sharp keel to which powerful pectoral muscles are attached. The ribs of birds are flattened, the chest is strong and inactive.

156. Look at the drawing. Use colored pencils to color the bird's circulatory system. Label its parts. Indicate with arrows the movement of arterial and venous blood.

157. Fill out the table.

Bird organ systems.

158. Look at the drawing. Write the names of the parts of the bird's brain.

159. Describe the process of double breathing in a bird.
When birds inhale, the volume of the body cavity increases and the air sacs expand, sucking in air. In this case, air from the lungs is sucked into the front air sacs, and air from external environment along the trachea and bronchi it goes to the lungs and posterior air sacs. When you exhale, the volume of the body cavity decreases and under the pressure of the internal organs, air is squeezed out of the air sacs. Air containing a lot of oxygen from the rear air sacs is pumped into the lungs, and air from the front sacs, containing little oxygen but a lot of carbon dioxide, is pushed into the trachea and expelled out. Thus, oxygen-saturated air passes through the lungs almost continuously, both during inhalation and exhalation, enriching the blood with oxygen (“double breathing”).

160. Look at the drawing. Label the parts of the bird's reproductive system indicated by numbers.

1. ovary
2. oviduct
3. cloaca
4. kidney
5. ureter
6. vas deferens
7. testis

161. Describe the process of reproduction and development of a bird.
During the breeding season, birds form pairs.
Bird eggs are large, rich in yolk, and mature unevenly. The mature egg enters the oviduct. Fertilization occurs in its upper part. The walls of the oviduct contract, pushing the egg (fertilized egg) towards the cloaca. When moving, it becomes covered with shells. First, the egg is covered with an albumen, then with two fibrous (subshell) and then with a shell membrane. The egg enters the cloaca and is laid outside.
Bird eggs are large and contain many nutrients in the white and yolk.
The embryo in the egg develops very quickly, at high temperatures (37-38 ° C) and a certain humidity. By the end of development, the chick fills the entire internal cavity of the egg.
When hatching, the chick breaks through the parchment shell, sticks its beak into the air chamber and begins to breathe. Using an egg tooth (a tubercle on the beak), the chick breaks the shell and gets out of it.

162. Execute laboratory work"The external structure of a bird."
1. Consider the external structure of the bird. Describe the shape of its body, the color of its plumage.
The bird's body is covered with feathers, the forelimbs are modified into flight organs - wings. Birds' legs are massive, have four sections: femur, tibia, tarsus and 4 toes. The bird has a beak and eyes on its head. The body shape is streamlined. The color of the feather cover is camouflage.
2. Draw and label the bird's body parts.
see question 152.
3. Examine the bird's head. What organs are located on it?
Eyes, ear openings (covered with feathers - only the middle ear), beak, nostrils.
4. Examine the limbs of the bird. What are the features of their structure?
Modified forelimbs - wings - are used for flight. Birds' legs have four sections: thigh, tibia, tarsus and toes. Usually the legs are four-toed, but sometimes the number of toes is reduced to three or even two. Of the four fingers, in the vast majority of cases, three are directed forward, and some are directed backward.
5. Examine the feather cover of the bird. Make drawings of different types of feathers.

6. Draw a diagram of the structure of a contour feather. Label its parts.

7. What features of the external structure of a bird are associated with its adaptability to flight?
see question 152.

163. Look at the pictures. Write the names of the ecological groups to which the depicted birds belong.

1. forest birds
2. birds of open spaces
3. waterfowl and water and coastal birds
4. birds foraging in the air
5. daytime predator birds

Task 1. “External structure”

1. 
   
2. 
   What sense organs are on the bird's head?
3. 
   What sections are distinguished in the body of a bird?
4. 
   What features are characteristic of poultry skin?
5. 
   What are the areas of skin without feathers called?

Task 2. “Plumage”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 8?
2. 
   What are the three types of feathers in birds?
3. 
   What types of outline feathers do birds have?
4. 
   How often do birds molt?

^

Task 3. “Bird Skeleton”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 21?
2. 
   What features are characteristic of bird bones?
3. 
   What sections are distinguished in the spine?
4. 
   Which parts of the spine are fused? Why?
5. 
   What is special about the sternum of flying birds?
6. 
   What kind of pelvis is typical for birds? In connection with what?
7. 
   What bones form the shoulder girdle?
8. 
   What is the buckle made of?
9. 
   What is the tarsus formed by?

^

Task 4. “Internal structure of birds”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 16?
2. 
   What is characteristic of the esophagus of carnivores, chicken birds and pigeons?
3. 
   What is characteristic of the stomach of birds?
4. 
   The ducts of which glands open into the initial part of the small intestine?
5. 
   What is at the border of the small and large intestines?
6. 
   Where are the vocal cords of birds located?
7. 
   What are the lungs of birds?

^

Task 5. “Double Breathing”
birds"

1. 
   Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs of birds?
2. 
   In what direction does air flow through a bird's lungs when it inhales? When exhaling?
3. 
   How many times is the volume of the air sacs greater than the volume of the lungs?
4. 
   Does gas exchange occur in the air sacs?
5. 
   Explain the drawing.

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 8?
2. 
   Which half of the heart contains venous blood?
3. 
   From which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary circulation begin?
4. 
   Which vessel carries blood from the heart to the lungs?
5. 
   Through which veins does arterial blood flow?
6. 
   From which chamber of the heart does the systemic circulation begin?
7. 
   What is the aortic arch in birds?

^

Task 7. “The brain of birds”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 5?
2. 
   How many pairs of cranial nerves do anamnia (fish, amphibians) and amniotes (birds) have?

**Test 1. Features of the digestive system of birds.

1. 
   Some species of modern birds have teeth on their jaws.
2. 
   In pigeons and birds of prey, the esophagus expands into a crop.
3. 
   From the esophagus, food first enters the muscular and then the glandular stomach.
4. 
   The ducts of two large digestive glands, the pancreas and the liver, open into the stomach.
5. 
   The ducts of the liver and pancreas open into the first section of the small intestine.
6. 
   At the border of the small and large intestines there is a well-developed cecum.
7. 
   The large intestine is short and opens into the cloaca.
8. 
   The digestive, excretory and reproductive systems open into the cloaca.

1. 
   At the top of the trachea there is a singing larynx.
2. 
   The singing larynx is located at the point where the trachea divides into the bronchi.
3. 
   The enrichment of blood with oxygen occurs in the capillaries that weave around the alveoli.
4. 
   The enrichment of blood with oxygen occurs in the capillaries intertwining the parabronchi.
5. 
   Birds have double breathing: gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.
6. 
   Air passes through the lungs in one direction during inhalation and exhalation - from the back air sacs through the lungs to the front.
7. 
   When you inhale, air fills the lungs, and when you exhale, it leaves the lungs, that is, it moves through the lungs in two directions.
8. 
   The volume of the air sacs is 10 times the volume of the lungs.
9. 
   Air sacs protect the bird from overheating during flight.

1. 
   The heart is four chambered.
2. 
   The right side of the heart contains arterial blood.
3. 
   The pulmonary (pulmonary) circulation ends in the right atrium.
4. 
   The systemic circulation ends in the right atrium.
5. 
   The right aortic arch and the pulmonary artery depart from the ventricle.
6. 
   The left aortic arch and pulmonary artery depart from the ventricle.
7. 
   Arterial blood flows through the pulmonary artery.
8. 
   In birds, the heart works very intensively; the heart rate in small birds can reach 1000 times per minute.
9. 
   Birds have a very fast metabolism, they have a constant body temperature and are warm-blooded animals.

1. 
   The complex behavior of birds is associated with good development of the forebrain.
2. 
   Good vision is provided by the diencephalon.
3. 
   A well-developed cerebellum is responsible for the coordination of movements.
4. 
   Most birds' vision is black and white.
5. 
   Most birds have color vision.
6. 
   Birds' sense of smell is poorly developed.
7. 
   The end product of metabolism in birds is ammonia.
8. 
   The end product of metabolism in birds is uric acid.
9. 
   The end product of metabolism in birds is urea.
10. 
    Birds do not have a bladder due to flight.
11. 
    The bladder of birds is small and opens into the cloaca.

A – male genitourinary system; B – females

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 7?
2. 
   What feature is characteristic of the excretory system of birds?
3. 
   In which part of the oviduct does fertilization of the egg occur?
4. 
   Which ovary is usually reduced in birds?
5. 
   What membranes does the egg cover as it passes through the oviduct?

^

Task 10. “Structure of the egg and development of the embryo”

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by numbers 1 – 11?
2. 
   What are the membranes that cover the egg called?
3. 
   What are chalazas?
4. 
   Why is the germinal disc always located on top?
5. 
   What is the name of the embryonic membrane that surrounds the developing embryo and is filled with fluid in which the embryo floats?
6. 
   Which membrane is an outgrowth of the hindgut, accumulates metabolic products, blood vessels grow in it and becomes an important organ of gas exchange?
7. 
   What is the name of the outermost germinal membrane adjacent to the shell?

^

Task 12. “Chicks of the same age”

1. 
   What type of development do the chicks shown in the picture have?
2. 
   What features are characteristic of the chicks shown in Figure 1?
3. 
   What features are characteristic of the chicks shown in Figure 2?
4. 
   What determines the clutch size of chicks and brood birds?

**Test 1. The reproductive system of male birds has the following features:

1. 
   The gonads are two testes in the body cavity.
2. 
   The vas deferens open into a separate genital opening on the surface of the body.
3. 
   The vas deferens open into the cloaca.
4. 
   By the time of reproduction, the size of the testes increases a thousand times.

1. 
   Gonads – two ovaries in the body cavity.
2. 
   In birds, only the left ovary is developed, the right one is reduced.
3. 
   In birds, only the right ovary is developed, the left is reduced.
4. 
   Fertilization of the egg occurs in the upper part of the oviduct.
5. 
   Fertilization of the egg occurs in the cloaca.
6. 
   In the oviducts, the egg is covered with germinal and egg membranes.
7. 
   In the oviducts, the egg is covered only by the egg membranes.

1. 
   Amnion. 5. Shell.
2. 
   Serosa (chorion). 6. Suprashell.
3. 
   Protein. 7. Allantois.
4. 
   Two are fibrous.

1. 
   The weight will be the same.
2. 
   The egg will be heavier.
3. 
   Chicken with shells will be heavier.

1. 
   Chickens. 5. Parrots.
2. 
   Ducks. 6. Woodpeckers.
3. 
   Geese. 7. Songbirds.
4. 
   Pigeons. 8. Swans.

1. 
   What ancient reptiles are considered the ancestors of birds?
2. 
   When did Archeopteryx live on Earth?
3. 
   
4. 
   What features of Archeopteryx indicate that it could not have been a good flyer?

^

Task 15. “Bird Class”

1. 
   What features of the external structure allowed birds to master the air habitat?
2. 
   How many species of modern birds are known to science?
3. 
   What are the feathers of birds formed by?
4. 
   Which gland is well developed in birds?
5. 
   What parts does the bird skeleton consist of?
6. 
   Features of skeletal bones associated with flight?
7. 
   What parts of the bird's spine are fused?
8. 
   What is the girdle of the forelimbs?
9. 
   What bones does the forelimb consist of?
10. 
    What bones does the hind limb consist of?
11. 
    What muscles lift the wing? Lowering the wing?
12. 
    What two stomachs do granivorous birds have?
13. 
    In what direction does air move through the lungs of birds when they inhale and exhale?
14. 
    What kind of blood is in the right side of the heart?
15. 
    What is the aortic arch in birds?
16. 
    What parts of the brain are better developed in birds compared to reptiles?
17. 
    What reflexes are called conditioned?
18. 
    What kind of kidneys do birds have?
19. 
    What is the main product of protein metabolism excreted in birds?
20. 
    What is characteristic of the reproductive system of female birds?
21. 
    What egg membranes are found in an egg?
22. 
    What embryonic membranes are formed during the development of a bird embryo?
23. 
    Give two examples each of brood and breeding birds.
24. 
    Give two examples each of sedentary, nomadic and migratory birds.
25. 
    What is the name of the largest modern bird? Her weight and height?
26. 
    Which ancient reptiles share many features with birds and are considered the ancestors of birds?
27. 
    What features are characteristic of the skeletal bones and jaws of Archeopteryx?
28. 
    When did real birds appear?

1. Pterilia, apteria. 2. Shank. 3. Buckle. 4. Kiel. 5. Double breathing. 6. Bronchioles of parabronchi. 7. Air bags.

Answers:

Exercise 1. 1. 1 – head; 2 – torso; 3 – tail; 4 – wings; 5 – tarsus of legs; 6 – toes; 7 – beak; 8 – mandible. 2. Organs of vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. 3. Head, torso, tail, limbs. 4. Thin, dry, devoid of glands (with a single coccygeal gland). 5. Apteria.

Task 2. 1. 1 – beginning; 2 – pen shaft; 3 – fan; 4 – 1st order beards; 5 – 2nd order beards; 6 – hooks; 7 – contour cover feather; 8 – down feather; 9 – fluff; 10 pterilia; 11 – apteria; 12 – primary flight feathers; 13 - secondary flight feathers. 2. Contour, feather and down. 3. Integumentary; primary-, secondary-, tertiary flight feathers and tail feathers. 4. Once or twice a year.

Task 3. 1. 1 – mandible; 2 – beak; 3 – cerebral part of the skull; 4 – cervical spine; 5 – collarbones; 6 – crow bones (coracoids); 7 – shoulder blades; 8 – humerus; 9 – bones of the forearm; 10 – buckle; 11 – phalanges of fingers; 12 – ribs; 13 – sternum; 14 – keel; 15 – pelvic bones fused with a complex sacrum; 16 – caudal vertebrae; 17 – coccygeal bone; 18 – femur; 19 – tibia bones; 20 – shank; 21 – phalanges of fingers. 2. Lightweight, pneumatic, with cavities inside. 3. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal. 4. The thoracic vertebrae are fused with a complex sacrum (the lumbar, 2 sacral and part of the caudal vertebrae are fused and form a complex sacrum), due to the birds relying only on their hind limbs. The last caudal vertebrae are fused into the coccygeal bone. 5. Formed a keel. 6. Open, the pubic bones do not fuse, due to the large size of the eggs, covered with a hard shell. 7. Paired shoulder blades, clavicles, crow bones (coracoids). 8. Fused bones of the wrist and some bones of the metacarpus. 9. Part of the tarsal bones and all metatarsal bones are fused.

Task 4. 1. 1 – trachea; 2 – bronchi; 3 – lungs; 4 – heart; 5 – glandular stomach; 6 – muscular stomach; 7 – liver; 8 – spleen; 9 – small intestine; 10 – pancreas; 11 – kidneys; 12 – large intestine; 13 – testis; 14 – seed tube; 15 – cloaca; 16 – cloacal opening. 2. The esophagus has a goiter. 3. There is a glandular stomach, where enzymes act on food, and a muscular stomach, where food is ground. 4. Liver and pancreas. 5. Blind processes. 6. In the lower larynx. 7. Dense spongy bodies.

Task 5. 1. In the walls of the tertiary bronchi (parabronchi). 2. Both when inhaling and when exhaling - in one direction, from the posterior pulmonary sacs to the anterior ones. 3. 10 times. 4. No.

Task 6. 1. 1 – right atrium; 2 – right ventricle; 3 – left atrium; 4 – left ventricle; 5 – right aortic arch; 6 – veins of the great circle (vena cava); 7 – pulmonary artery; 8 – pulmonary veins. 2. On the right. 3. From the right ventricle. 4. Through the pulmonary artery. 5. By pulmonary. 6. From the left ventricle. 7. Right.

Task 7. 1. 1 – forebrain; 2 – midbrain; 3 – cerebellum; 4 – diencephalon; 5 – medulla oblongata. 2. Anamnia have 10 pairs, amniotes have 12 pairs.

Task 8. **Test 1: 2, 5, 7, 8. **Test 2: 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9. **Test3: 1, 4, 5, 8, 9. **Test 4: 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10.

Task 9. 1. 1 – testes; 2 – vas deferens; 3 – kidneys; 4 – cloaca; 5 – ovary; 6 – oviduct; 7 – reduced right ovary (rudiment). 2. There is no bladder, it opens into the cloaca. 3. In the part where the oviduct funnel is located. 4. Right. 5. Albuginea, subshell, shell.

Task 10. 1. 1 – shell; 2 – subshell membranes; 3 – air chamber; 4 – protein; 5 – cords (chalaza) 6 – yolk; 7 – germinal disc; 8 – embryo; 9 – amniotic fluid under the amniotic membrane; 10 – allantois; 11 – serosa. 2. Albuginea, subshell, shell, suprashell. 3. Cords that hold the yolk suspended. 4. The lower part of the yolk is heavier. 5. Amnion. 6. Allantois. 7. Serosa.

Task 11.

Task 13. **Test 1: 1 – yes; 2 – no; 3 – yes; 4 – yes. **Test 2: 1 – no; 2 – yes; 3 – no; 4 – yes; 5 – no; 6 – no; 7 – yes. **Test 3: 1 – 3, 4, 5, 6. Test 4: 2 (during incubation and breathing of the embryo, some of the organic substances were oxidized). **Test 5: 1 – a; 2 – a; 3 – a; 4 – b; 5 B; 6 – b; 7 – b; 8 – a.

Task 14. 1. Thecodonts, who lived 200 million years ago. 2. 150 million years ago, during the Mesozoic era. 3. At the end of the Mesozoic era, 200 - 150 million years ago. 4. No keel, fingers on the wings, bones are not pneumatic.

Task 15. 1. Wings, plumage. 2. 8,600 species. 3. Beards of the first and second order, linked by hooks. 4. Coccygeal. 5. The skeleton of the head, the skeleton of the torso, limbs and their girdles. 6. Lightness, pneumaticity of bones. 7. Thoracic, lumbar, sacral and first vertebrae of the caudal region. 8. Paired shoulder blades, clavicles, crow bones and unpaired sternum. 9. Humerus, bones of the forearm, buckle and phalanges of the fingers. 10. Femur, shin bones, tarsus and phalanges of four fingers. 11. Raise - subclavian, lower - pectoralis major. 12. Glandular and muscular. 13. From the posterior air sacs through the lungs to the anterior ones. 14. Venous. 15. Right. 16. Forebrain, midbrain and cerebellum. 17. Which are formed during life in response to external irritations. 18. Secondary (pelvic, metanephros). 19. Uric acid. 20. Reduction of the right ovary. 21. Albuginea, two fibrous, shell, supra-shell. 22. Amnion, allantois, chorion. 23. Brood ducklings, chickens; chicks - pigeons, parrot chicks. 24. Residents - magpies, pigeons; nomadic - waxwings, bullfinches; migratory birds - swifts, swallows. 25. African ostrich, up to 3 m., 90 kg. 26. Thecodonts. 27. The bones are not pneumatic, the jaws have teeth. 28. 200-150 million years ago.

Task 16. 1. Feathered and non-feathered areas of the skin. 2. The distal tarsal bones are fused into one bone with the metatarsal bones. 3. The distal bones of the wrist are fused into two long bones with the bones of the metacarpus. 4. Growth of the sternum. 5. Double gas exchange during inhalation and exhalation, since both during inhalation and exhalation, air flows through the lungs in the same direction. 6. Thin-walled tubes braided with capillaries in which gas exchange occurs. 7. Outgrowths of the bronchi located between internal organs birds, and their processes are located under the skin, between the muscles and in the cavities of the bones.

Bird class- warm-blooded animals whose body is covered with feathers (the only group of animals), and whose forelimbs are turned into wings; forelimbs - legs. Birds fly beautifully, surpassing all other vertebrates in this regard. Birds also move well on the ground, climb trees, and many dive and swim in the water. Birds are extremely diverse in size, shape, color, habits and have adapted to living in different climatic conditions. There are about 9 thousand species.

External structure of the bird

Birds have a head, neck, torso, limbs and tail. Birds have a small head, with a beak, eyes, and nostrils located on it. The beak is formed by bony jaws extended forward, which are covered with horny sheaths on top. Birds have no teeth, which makes their skull lighter. The nostrils are located at the base of the upper part of the beak. The round eyes are covered by two eyelids and a nictitating membrane. Closer to the back of the head, ear openings are hidden under the feathers. The movable neck connects the head to the compact body.

Features of the bird's body structure

The most important orders of birds

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A source of information: Biology in tables and diagrams./ Edition 2, - St. Petersburg: 2004.