The founders of the modern (synthetic) theory of evolution
(SYNTHETIC) THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Fundamentals of the doctrine of
natural selection were
laid down by Ch. Darwin in his
writings on the theory of evolution
(Darwinism). The concept of
natural selection
expanded significantly and
deepened thanks to
development of genetics, works
I.I. Schmalhausen and S.S.
Chetverikov.

Modern ideas about natural selection

The concept of "natural selection"

Stabilizing selection

driving selection

Destabilizing selection

Destabilizing selection

Disruptive form of selection

Disruptive selection

Other Forms of Natural Selection SEXUAL SELECTION

intraspecific and interspecific selection

Other forms of natural selection

THE CREATIVE ROLE OF NATURAL SELECTION IS MANIFESTED IN THAT, ACTING FOR MILLIONS AND BILLIONS OF YEARS, IT TOGETHER WITH OTHER FACTORS

Comparison of natural and artificial selection fill in the table

Task: match

Answers

Homework

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"Ecosystem Structure" - The ecological structure of an ecosystem. Ecosystem structure. Species structure of the ecosystem. Together with the factors of inanimate nature, the community forms an ecosystem. Biologically closed ecosystem. Spatial structure of the ecosystem.

"Natural selection and evolution" - Driving form of selection. Several distinctly different phenotypic forms arise within a population. Selection forms. Stabilizing form of selection. Author - Kryukova T.V. biology teacher, secondary school No. 59. In the population, from generation to generation, the phenotype changes in one direction. Disruptive form of selection. It is observed during long-term preservation of constant environmental conditions.

"Organism as a biosystem" - An organism is a biosystem consisting of interacting elements. humoral regulation. Homework. Chemotrophs are bacteria. Nervous-humoral regulation. Multicellular organism. Parts of the body: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems. Organisms are: Diversity in obtaining food:

"Archaean era in biology" - Student of the 11th grade "A". Head: Ivanova N.N. MOU secondary school No. 43. Completed by: Dzhurik Kristina Alexandrovna. In the Archean era, the first living organisms arose. Presentation on theme: "The Archean Era". Reproduction methods: Asexual Sexual. Biology Presentation!

"Skillful man" - Scientific classification. The skull, as established later, belonged to a child of 11-12 years old. Height was 1.0-1.5 m, weight - about 30-50 kg. A reasonable person ate both carrion and big game. The stones, apparently, pressed the branches that served as the frame of the hut to the ground. Made by 11th grade student Ekaterina Baranova. . Unlike Australopithecus, a skilled man began to build simple huts for himself.

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"Presentation for the lesson "Forms of Natural Selection""

Natural selection is the selective survival and reproduction of the fittest organisms. (C.Darwin)

Natural selection is a process in which the most fit individuals of each species predominantly survive and leave offspring and the less fit die.

Forms

natural selection

disruptive

stabilizing

Moving

Selection Form

Validity conditions

stabilizing

Result

Moving

disruptive

The theory of stabilizing selection was developed by the outstanding evolutionary biologist Academician Ivan Ivanovich Shmalgauzen (1884-1963).

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen

• In low-changeable (constant) environmental conditions, the number of individuals with an average reaction rate increases. From generation to generation, extreme forms are cut off, and organisms with a certain reaction rate are fixed (preservation of the average phenotypic norm)

GINKGO

It was described by Charles Darwin. The very name "moving" suggests that such selection determines the direction of evolution.

sexual selection.

"this form of selection is determined not by the struggle for existence in the relations of organic beings among themselves or with external conditions, but by the rivalry between individuals of one sex, usually males, for the possession of individuals of the other sex."

(C.Darwin)

Polymorphism

sexual dimorphism

secondary sexual characteristics

Identify examples of which form of natural selection are given below:

1. Stability (constancy) of the size and shape of a flower in insect-pollinated plants.

2. Change in pests under the influence of pesticides.

3. Coelacanth coelacanth fish.

4. Most hares in the population have average ear sizes.

6. Insects that landed on an oceanic island became wingless.

8. Elephants came to the Mediterranean island at the end of the Tertiary period. In conditions of limited resources of island forests, individuals with small sizes had an advantage, elephants of normal size died. This is how pygmy elephants were born.

9. Existence in Africa in the valley of the Semilika River of tree ferns

Homework

Comparative characteristics natural and artificial selection.

Criteria

Natural selection

Initial material for selection

artificial selection

Selecting factor

Favorable changes

Fitness

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Presentation - Natural selection is the main driving force of evolution

The text of this presentation

Natural selection is the main driving force of evolution.

GOALS
To form concepts about various forms of natural selection. To develop in students the ability to compare different forms natural selection with each other and correctly identify them according to their essential characteristics. To consolidate knowledge about natural selection as the main and guiding driving force of the evolutionary process.

LESSON PLAN
The concept of natural selection. Forms of natural selection. The creative role of natural selection. Sexual selection as a stabilizing form of natural selection. Comparison of natural and artificial selection.

EXPLAIN TERMS
Struggle for existence. Intraspecific struggle for existence. Interspecies struggle for existence. Fight against adverse environmental conditions.

Intraspecific
Interspecies
Competition for water and food sources
Bird nesting competition
Displacement of one species by another from the habitat
Relationship between predator and prey
Struggle for existence

- these are complex and diverse relationships of individuals within species, between species and conditions environment.
Struggle for existence
Intraspecific struggle - occurs between individuals of the same species. This is the toughest and sharpest of all types. Competition between predators for prey, rivalry over territory, over females, over living space, over breeding grounds. Interspecific struggle - leads to the evolution of both interacting species, to the development of mutual adaptations in them. Strengthens and aggravates intraspecific struggle. This is a one-sided use of one species by another. The fight against adverse environmental conditions - the winners are the most viable individuals (with efficient metabolism and physiological processes). These are plants and animals of the deserts, the far north.

Find correlations of concepts and drawings
Intraspecific struggle, interspecific struggle, struggle with adverse environmental conditions.
A)
B)
IN)
G)
D)
E)
AND)

GIVE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. What is the meaning of the struggle for existence?
- in the formation of fitness in organisms.
2. What is the result of the struggle for existence?
- natural selection.
3. What do you think natural selection is?
Natural selection -
survival of the fittest organisms.

GIVE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
4. Due to what there are adapted individuals?
- as a result of the action of the struggle for existence and natural selection.
5. What variability is of greater importance in this case?
- hereditary variability.
The basis for the success of evolution is the diversity of organisms.

This is selective survival and reproduction of the fittest organisms (Ch. Darwin)
NATURAL SELECTION
Charles Robert Darwin (born Charles Robert Darwin; 1809-1882) was an English naturalist and traveler.
the process by which the fittest individuals of each species predominantly survive and leave offspring and the less fit die

3. Selection factor
Natural environment with its own conditions

1.Required prerequisite
hereditary variability
2.Character
Directed (always directed towards greater adaptability to the environment)

6. Consequence
Increasing the diversity of forms of organisms; successive complication of the organization in the course of progressive evolution; extinction of less adapted species
4.Genetic entity
Non-random preservation of certain genotypes in a population and their selective participation in the transfer of genes to the next generation
5.Result
Transformation of the gene pool of the population, the formation of fitness
CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is able to purposefully select from generation to generation individuals that are more adapted to the conditions of their environment. By selecting useful traits, natural selection creates new species.
THE CREATIVE ROLE OF NATURAL SELECTION

NATURAL SELECTION
Reason: struggle for existence. Material: hereditary variability Efficiency: the more different mutations in a population (the higher the heterozygosity of the population), the greater the efficiency of natural selection, the faster evolution proceeds.

THE MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION (according to the theory of Ch. Darwin)
Evolution is the process of the historical development of living nature based on variability, heredity and natural selection.

Hereditary variability (mutations, combinative variability)
Heterogeneity of the population (the appearance of individuals with a variety of characters)
The struggle for existence (in its various manifestations)
"Defeat" of the least adapted individuals with unfavorable signs
"Victory" of the fittest individuals with important favorable traits
Selective elimination
Have no chance of procreation
Elimination from breeding
Unfavorable traits are not passed on to offspring
Survival and predominant participation in reproduction
Favorable traits are passed on to offspring
NATURAL SELECTION

FORMS OF NATURAL SELECTION

DRIVING SELECTION
A
B
IN
G
A-D - successive changes in the rate of reaction under the pressure of the driving force of natural selection
Selection pressure

DRIVING SELECTION
It leads to the destruction of individuals with the old reaction norm and the formation of a population of individuals with new traits. It takes place in slowly changing habitat conditions. The resulting hereditary changes are beneficial.

Industrial melanism is called variability due to the intensive development of industry and environmental degradation.
Industrial melanism in the moth moth
Butterflies living on birch trunks had a light color. Among them, from time to time, dark-colored forms appeared, which were destroyed by birds. Due to the development of industry and air pollution, birch trunks have acquired a grayish tint. As a result, light-colored butterflies were destroyed by birds, while dark-colored ones were preserved. After some time, all the butterflies of the population became dark-colored.

DRIVING SELECTION
Increasing the size of the horse's body
Phylogenetic series of the horse
Development of resistance to pesticides
Transforms species in changing environmental conditions. Provides a wide distribution of life, its penetration into all possible ecological niches. Under stable conditions of existence, natural selection does not stop, but continues to act in the form of stabilizing selection.

STABILIZING SELECTION
There is a narrowing of the reaction norm.
Initial variability of signs.
Selection pressure
Selection pressure

In low-changeable (constant) environmental conditions, the number of individuals with an average reaction rate increases. From generation to generation, extreme forms are cut off, and organisms with a certain reaction rate are fixed (preservation of the average phenotypic norm)
STABILIZING SELECTION

Tuatara
STABILIZING SELECTION
It preserves individuals with the norm of reaction established under given conditions and eliminates all deviations from it. Operates in environmental conditions that do not change for a long time.
Relic species

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), the only surviving species of the vast Ginkgo order that flourished during the Mesozoic era. The only modern representative is G. biloba (G. biloba) - a tree 30-40 m high, up to 1 m thick, with a spreading crown; dioecious. Found in few areas of East Asia. The plant's name means "silver apricot" in Japanese.
STABILIZING SELECTION
Relic species

The flowers of snapdragon plants are pollinated by bumblebees. The size of the flowers correspond to the size of the body of bumblebees. All plants that have too large or too small flowers do not pollinate and do not form seeds, that is, they are eliminated by stabilizing selection.
STABILIZING SELECTION
Snapdragon.

COMPARISON OF SELECTION FORMS
STABILIZING MOVING
1. Consistency external environment 1. Change in environmental conditions
2. Neutralization of mutations by selecting combinations in which their harmful effect is neutralized 2. Opening the reserve of variability
3. Improvement of the genotype with a constant phenotype. 3. Selection of neutralizing mutations and their combinations
4. Formation of a mobilization reserve of hereditary variability 4. Formation of new genotypes and phenotypes

STABILIZING MOVING
Sweeping away deviations from the norm, it actively forms genetic mechanisms that ensure the stable development of organisms and the formation of optimal phenotypes based on various genotypes. It ensures the stable functioning of organisms in a wide range of fluctuations in external conditions familiar to the species. It plays a decisive role in the adaptation of living organisms to changing external conditions over time. Provides a wide distribution of life, its penetration into all possible ecological niches. Under stable conditions of existence, natural selection continues to act in the form of stabilizing selection.
COMPARISON OF SELECTION FORMS

There is a gap in the norm of the reaction (individuals with an average value are displaced)
Selection pressure

The timing of flowering and seed ripening in the meadow rattle stretched almost all summer, and most of the plants bloom and bear fruit in the middle of summer. In hay meadows, those plants that have time to bloom and give seeds before mowing, and those that give seeds at the end of summer, after mowing, receive advantages. As a result, two races of rattle are formed - early and late flowering.
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION (tearing)
A variation of natural selection in a population of animals or plants that leads to the emergence of two or more new forms from one original.

For example, in the absence of food necessary for the growing juveniles of perches, i.e., fry of other fish, only "dwarfs" (individuals with sharply retarded growth that can feed on planktonic crustaceans for a long time) and "giants" (individuals capable of by the end of the first year of life, feed on perch fry of their own generation). Under such a situation in the reservoir for a number of years, as a result of D. o. hereditarily determined races of "giants" and "dwarfs" will be formed.
Sometimes the conditions of the external environment change abruptly, in such a way that extreme forms take precedence. The number of extreme forms increases rapidly, which, with the participation of isolation, can lead to a transformation of the species. This selection is directed against intermediate forms.
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION (tearing)

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION (tearing)
The case with predominant survival in the winter season of the "red" and in the summer of the "black" forms of the two-spotted ladybug has been well studied.
This form of selection is carried out when two or more genetically different forms have an advantage in different conditions, for example, in different seasons of the year.

NATURAL SELECTION
ACTING FROM OUTSIDE STRENGTHENS FITNESS
OPERATES FROM THE INSIDE IN TWO OR MORE DIRECTIONS
ONLY ACTIVE IN ONE DIRECTION
STABILIZING
MOVING
TEARING
TWO OR MORE NEW SIGN STANDARDS ARE FORMATED
THE NORM OF THE SIGN IS NOT CHANGING, BUT THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS INCREASES
NORM OF SIGN CHANGES

a form of natural selection in some animal species based on the competition of one sex for mating with individuals of the other sex.
Polymorphism
Secondary sexual characteristics are a set of features or characteristics that distinguish one sex from another (with the exception of the gonads, which are primary sexual characteristics).
SEXUAL SELECTION
sexual dimorphism
"this form of selection is determined not by the struggle for existence in the relations of organic beings among themselves or with external conditions, but by the rivalry between individuals of one sex, usually males, for the possession of individuals of the other sex." (C.Darwin)

POLYMORPHISM
Polymorphism is the existence within one species of several clearly morphologically distinct forms.
Polymorphism in dioecious animals - the presence of individuals of different appearance within the same sex.

POLYMORPHISM

POLYMORPHISM
Seasonal polymorphism - as a kind of ecological. Appearance insect depends on seasonality.
In the population of moth-winged butterflies, the generations that appeared in spring are distinguished by a reddish-red color of the wings with a characteristic arrangement of dark spots. At the same time, the summer generation consists of individuals with brown wings. This phenomenon is due to the fact that in spring, at a lower temperature, less dark pigment is produced in the butterfly's body, which is responsible for the color of the wings.

POLYMORPHISM
In social insects, sexual polymorphism is observed, associated with the division of functions of different individuals in a family or colony (for example, the uterus and working individuals in bees).

1. The source material for natural selection is A) the struggle for existence B) mutational variability C) a change in the habitat of organisms D) the adaptability of organisms to the environment 2. Based on evolutionary theory Ch. Darwin is the doctrine of A) divergence B) natural selection C) degeneration D) artificial selection ) spontaneous D) stabilizing 4. The creative nature of natural selection in evolution is manifested in A) aggravation of competition between species B) weakening of competition between populations C) aggravation of competition between individuals of the same species D) the emergence of new species 5. The effectiveness of natural selection decreases with A) strengthening intraspecific struggle B) change in the norm of reaction C) weakening of the mutation process D) strengthening of the mutation process
Control-generalizing test

6. What does the strengthening of the mutation process in the natural population lead to? A) increasing the efficiency of natural selection B) increasing the intensity of the circulation of substances C) increasing the number of individuals D) improving self-regulation 7. The action of natural selection leads to A) mutational variability B) the preservation of traits useful for humans C) random crossing D) the emergence of new species 8. The result of evolution is A) hereditary variability B) the struggle for existence C) the diversity of species D) aromorphosis 9. Due to what form of selection did lobe-finned fish survive in nature? A) methodical B) driving C) stabilizing D) tearing
Control-generalizing test

Answers to the control-summary test
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B D D C A D C C A

Initial material for selection
Selecting factor
The Path of Favorable Change
The Path of Unfavorable Changes
Nature of action
Selection result
Selection Forms

Indicators Artificial selection Natural selection
Initial material for selection Individual traits of an organism Individual traits of an organism
Selecting factor Man Environmental conditions
The path of favorable changes Are selected, become productive Remain, accumulate, be inherited
Path of unfavorable changes Selected, discarded, destroyed Destroyed in the struggle for existence
The nature of the action Creative - the directed accumulation of traits for the benefit of man Creative - the selection of adapted traits for the benefit of an individual, population, species, leading to the emergence of new forms
Selection result New plant varieties, animal breeds, strains of microorganisms New species
Forms of selection Massive, individual, unconscious, methodical Driving, stabilizing, disruptive, sexual

HOMEWORK
§3.4, pp. 136 - 139 textbook for students. educate. medium institutions. prof. education "General biology" V.M. Konstantinov. § 47, pp. 166 - 169 textbook "General Biology" D.K. Belyaev. Fill in the table "Comparative characteristics of artificial and natural selection"

Thank you for your attention!

General biology: a textbook for students. educate. institutions sred.prof. education / V.M. Konstantinov, A.G. Rezanov, E.O. Fadeev; ed. V.M. Konstantinova .- M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010. General biology: Proc. For 10-11 cells. general education institutions / D.K. Belyaev, P.M. Borodin, N.N. Vorontsov and others; Ed. D.K. Belyaeva, G.M. Dymshits. - M.: Enlightenment, 2005. - 304 p. Lerner G.I. Biology lessons. General biology. 10, 11 grades. Tests, questions, tasks: Tutorial. – M.: Eksmo, 2005. – 352 p. I.F. Ishkina Biology. Lesson plans. Grade 11 / Ed. D.K. Belyaeva, A.O. Ruvinsky. - Volgograd, 2002. - 120 p. Petunin O.V. Biology lessons in grade 11. Detailed planning - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, Academy Holding, 2003. - 304 p.
INFORMATION SOURCES

INFORMATION SOURCES
1.Ch. Darwin http://images.francetop.net/uploads/charles%20darwin_22044.jpg 2. Hatteria http://www.infoniac.ru/upload/medialibrary/4d1/4d1bcf404cd0d2b318284ea3631c96c1.jpg 3. Snapdragon http://img0. liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/5/87/832/87832648_9.jpg 4. Birch moth http://zagony.ru/uploads/posts/2011-08/thumbs/1313568467_015.jpg http://www. warrenphotographic.co.uk/photography/cats/11321.jpg 5. Ginkgo http://permian.files.wordpress.com/2007/02/ginkgo-tuileries.jpg 6. Polymorphism in bees http://i-pchela. ru/images/stories/family/sem.jpg 7. Ant http://www.pchelandiya.net/uploads/posts/2011-11/1322639656_x_eabc9ab21.jpg 8. Iris blue polymorphism http://hnu.docdat.com/ pars_docs/refs/174/173704/img4.jpg 9. Seasonal polymorphism of the variegated winged wing http://www.pesticidy.ru/ps-content/dictionary/pictures/165_content_page.jpg 10. Forms of natural selection http://ucheba-legko .ru/lections/viewlection/biologiya/11_klass/evolyutsiya/mehanizmyi_evolyutsionnogo_protsessa/lec_formyi_estestvennogo_otbora 11. Perch http://mediasubs.ru/group/uploads/se/sekretyi-ryibnoj-lovli/image2/jEyLThjZj.jpg

INFORMATION SOURCES
12. "Black form" of a two-point ladybug http://www.wallpage.ru/imgbig/wallpapers_68505.jpg 13. "Red form" of a two-point ladybug http://img10.proshkolu.ru/content/media/pic/std /4000000/3054000/3053496-c3f1628c64b89ffa.jpg

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