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Introduction

Evolutionary theory as a discipline studies the general patterns and driving forces of the historical development of life. Large sections of evolutionary theory are the history of the emergence and development of evolutionary ideas, the concepts of micro- and macroevolution, phylogenetics. The goal of evolutionary theory is to identify patterns of development of the organic world for the subsequent management of this process. Evolutionary theory solves problems arising from the need to understand the general laws of evolution, the causes and mechanisms of transformation of living things at all levels of its organization.

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Charles Robert Darwin (English CharlesRobertDarwin; February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) - English naturalist and traveler, was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors.

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Prerequisites for the emergence of Charles Darwin's theory:

1) discoveries in biology (cellular structure of organisms, similarity of animal embryos, fossil organisms);

2) the work of geologist Charles Lyell on the evolution of the Earth’s surface under the influence of natural causes (t, wind, precipitation, etc.);

3) development of capitalism, Agriculture, selection

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The history of the creation of evolutionary theory

The foundation for the creation of the theory of evolution was his observations during a trip around the world on the Beagle. He began developing the theory of evolution in 1837, and only twenty years later at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London, Darwin read a report containing the main provisions of the theory natural selection.

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Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin

1842 – work began on the book “The Origin of Species”

• 1858 - A. Wallace, while traveling in the Malay Archipelago, wrote an article “On the tendency of varieties to deviate unlimitedly from the original type,” which contained theoretical principles similar to Darwin’s.
• 1858 - Charles Darwin received his article from A.R. Wallace.
• 1859 - first edition of the book "Origin of Species"
• Alfred Wallace (1823-1913, England)
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882, England)

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1. Each type of organism is capable of unlimited reproduction. In this case, traits are passed on from parents to offspring (heredity)

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2. Descendants of the same parents are different (hereditary variability)

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3. Lack of vital resources leads to a struggle for existence

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Forms of the struggle for existence

• Intraspecific (between individuals of the same species)
• Interspecific (between individuals of different species)
• Combating unfavorable conditions (t, lack of water and food, etc.)

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Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection:

4. In the struggle for existence, the individuals most adapted to given conditions survive (natural selection)

The result is an increase in the adaptability of individuals to living conditions and the formation of new species

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Natural selection is the main guiding factor of evolution

• The result of natural selection
• Adaptations that ensure survival and reproduction of offspring
• Divergence is the gradual divergence of groups of individuals according to individual characteristics and the formation of new species

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The importance of artificial selection for the creation of Darwin's theory

• Artificial selection is the process of creating new breeds (varieties) through systematic selection and reproduction of individuals with traits valuable to humans
• From the analysis of enormous material on the creation of breeds and varieties, Darwin extracted the principle of artificial selection and, on its basis, created his own evolutionary doctrine

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Charles Darwin's doctrine of artificial selection:

1. all breeds (varieties) of one species of organism have one common ancestor

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2. Breeds (varieties) were created by man by selecting among the offspring of those individuals who have a set of traits valuable to humans (artificial selection)

• Unconscious selection is selection in which the goal is not to create a new variety or breed. People preserve the best, in their opinion, individuals and destroy (cull) the worst (more milk-producing cows, better horses)
• Methodical selection is a selection carried out by a person according to a specific plan, with a specific purpose - creating a breed or variety

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3. the diversity of descendants is explained by different combinations of characteristics from parents and mutations (hereditary variability)

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4. individuals selected by humans for reproduction will pass on their characteristics to their descendants (heredity)

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The significance of Darwin's theory of evolution

Darwin was the first in the history of biology to develop the theory of evolution. This was of great methodological importance and made it possible not only to substantiate the idea of ​​organic evolution clearly and convincingly for contemporaries, but also to test the validity of the theory of evolution itself. This was a decisive phase in one of the greatest conceptual revolutions in natural science. The most important thing in this revolution was the replacement of the theological idea of ​​evolution as the idea of ​​primordial purposiveness with the model of natural selection.

Darwin's merit lies in the fact that he revealed the driving forces of organic evolution. Further development biology deepened and complemented his ideas, which served as the basis for modern Darwinism. In all biological disciplines, the leading place is now occupied by the historical method of research, which makes it possible to study specific paths of evolution of organisms and deeply penetrate into the essence of biological phenomena.

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Conclusion

Charles Darwin developed a harmonious and comprehensive concept of the formation of species, laying the foundation for a strict scientific approach to the study of the problem of species and speciation.

Darwin proposed a coherent theory of the emergence and development of new species and thereby established an evolutionary approach in biology. As a result, evolutionary thinking was formed not only in biology, but also in science as a whole. Evolutionary theory became the axis or synthetic center of development of biology and other scientific disciplines. This is its absolute significance for the development of science.

From its inception to the present day, Darwin's theory has caused a lot of controversy and disagreement. There are a variety of views regarding it - from widespread acceptance to complete denial. In particular, the problem of the qualitative uniqueness of the species and the qualitative features of the process of speciation, which has been in the center of attention since the time of Darwin, has not yet been solved.

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Bibliography

1. A.V.Yablokov, B.M.Mednikov. Charles Darwin. Origin of species by natural selection. M., "Enlightenment", 1987.

2. Charles Darwin. Origin of species. M.-L., Selkhozizd, 1952, p. 14.

3. Yu.I. Polyansky. General biology. M., "Enlightenment", 1993.

4. C. Darwin. A naturalist's journey around the world on the Beagle. Translated from English, M., “Thought”, 19

Charles Darwin uBorn in 1809. uStudied at the faculties of medicine and theology, and was planning to become a priest. u In 1831, he goes on a 5-year voyage on the Beagle ship as a naturalist.

1859 - “The Origin of Species by Natural Selection” The main provisions of the theory of Charles Darwin uOrganisms are changeable. uOnly hereditary (uncertain) variability matters for evolution. uCauses of evolution: the struggle for existence and natural selection.

The mechanism of evolution (according to the theory of Charles Darwin) The ability of organisms for unlimited reproduction Limited environmental resources Hereditary variability The struggle for existence Natural selection The emergence of adaptations The emergence of species The results of evolution

Forms of variability (according to Darwin) uDefinite, group, non-hereditary (modern - modification). Caused by the influence external environment. uIndefinite, individual, hereditary (modern - mutational). uCorrelative, correlative - a change in one organ causes a change in others.

Charles Robert Darwin “The more we understand the immutable laws of nature, the more incredible miracles become to us.”

Charles Darwin English scientist naturalist and traveler One of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors. In his theory, Darwin called natural selection and uncertain variability the main driving force of evolution. Darwin's ideas and discoveries form the foundation modern theory evolution and form the basis of biology

Biography: He studied theology at Cambridge University for three years. Upon graduation, he set off on a trip around the world on the Royal Navy expedition ship Beagle. During his journey, Darwin visited the Cape Verde Islands, the coast of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania and the Cocos Islands and made a large number of observations. The results were presented in the works Diary of Research, Zoology of the Beagle Voyage, Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, etc.

Biography 1838 – was secretary of the Geological Society of London; married; the couple moved from London to Down (Kent), where they began to live permanently

Works of Darwin 1859 – “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” Darwin’s main work. Showed the variability of plant and animal species, their natural origin from earlier species. He argued that development is based on natural selection: the stronger survive and those who adapt to changed living conditions. Darwin's theory also explained the spotting of the giraffe: those animals that blended with the environment survived and gave birth, while the rest simply became prey for lions

The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin: Any species of plants and animals in nature strives to reproduce in geometric progression. In nature, there is a continuous struggle for existence. In the struggle for existence, individuals with such a complex of characteristics and properties that allow them to compete most successfully survive and leave offspring with others The driving force behind species change is natural selection

Darwin's works 1868 - “Changes in domestic animals and cultivated plants” 1871 - “The origin of man and sexual selection” He put forward the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor, proved the relationship of man with apes, using data from comparative anatomy, embryology, and paleontology. At the same time, Darwin rightly believed that not a single living ape can be considered a direct ancestor of humans. For the most part, Darwin's theory was understood in a simplified and distorted way, as if man were descended directly from monkeys

Darwin's idea of ​​the origin of man from apes met with fierce rebuff from society. Caricatures appeared. Catholic priests even created a special academy to combat the teaching of evolution, which is called bestial philosophy.

Sources of information: Z_ROBERT.htmlhttp:// Z_ROBERT.html ds_spl.jpghttp://science.compulenta.ru/upload/iblock/9c7/_ _human_ape_han ds_spl.jpg bigreferat.com/rus/bigreferat html jpg %D0%BD,_ %D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0% B2%D0%B8 %D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7 jpg jpg

DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

Chemistry and biology teacher

Lepeshenko Tatyana Ivanovna

GBOU NPO RO PU No. 61

G. Novoshakhtinsk Rostov region

The purpose of the lesson:

Consider Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as a holistic teaching; form an idea of ​​the main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.

Updating of reference knowledge

Why in the 19th century? it became possible

creation and justification

evolutionary doctrine?

Choose the correct answer: option 1 – Zh.B. Lamarck option 2 – C. Linnaeus

• Created the first natural classification
• Believed that species exist and do not change
• Created the best artificial system
• Reinforced the use of binary nomenclature for the species
• Created the first evolutionary theory
• Described more than 8,000 species
• I posed 3 questions to science

8. He considered the cause of evolution to be the desire of organisms for improvement

9. Believed that acquired characteristics are inherited

10. Made a great contribution to the development of science.

Compose a syncwine about C. Linnaeus,

J.B. Lamarque

Ch. Darwin

"The Origin of Species by Natural Selection" or the preservation of favored breeds in the struggle for life"

Charles Darwin

Place of Birth: Shrewsbury, England

A place of death: Down, England

Scientific field: Biology, Geology, Paleontology

Place of work: Royal Geographical Society

Naturalist's Voyage on the Beagle 1831-1836

Captain Robert Fitz Roy

Darwin's handwritten diary

The main provisions of Darwin's evolutionary teachings.

The diversity of animal and plant species is the result of the historical development of the organic world.

The main driving forces of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection. The material for selection provides variability. The stability of the species is ensured by heredity.

The role of natural selection in the formation of adaptations

The evolution of the organic world predominantly followed the path of increasing complexity in the organization of living beings.

Convergent evolution: the development of soaring adaptations in vertebrates.

Darwin's main scientific works

• 1839 – A Naturalist's Voyage Around the World on the Beagle
• 1842 – Zoology of travel – (participation in a multi-volume monograph)
• 1851-54 – Barnacles
• 1859 - Origin of species...
• 1862 – Pollination in orchids
• 1868 – Variability of animals and plants in the domesticated state
• 1871 – The origin of man and sexual selection
• 1872 – Expression of emotions in humans and animals
• 1876 – The effect of cross-pollination and self-pollination in the plant world.

Consolidation of knowledge

The essence of Darwin's concept of evolution comes down to a number of logical, experimentally verifiable and confirmed a huge number actual provisions. Was Darwin the first and only?

Answer

In 1858, the young English scientist Alfred Wallace sent Darwin the manuscript of his article “On the Tendency of Varieties to Deviate Unlimitedly from the Original Type.” This article contained an exposition of the idea of ​​​​the origin of species through natural selection.

The meaning of evolutionary theory.

• The patterns of transformation of one organic form into another have been revealed.
• The reasons for the expediency of organic forms are explained.
• The law of natural selection was discovered.
• The essence of artificial selection is revealed.
• The driving forces of evolution have been identified.

Question

Today, Darwin's teachings are recognized by many scientists. Do you agree with them?

Summing up the lesson

• What provisions of the theory of evolution make you feel unproven, disagree, or doubt?
• How do you yourself assess the reason for your attitude towards this theory?

Homework

• Answer to the question in the form of a message: What is the significance of Mendel's laws for understanding the mechanism of evolution?
• Prepare a message and presentation on the topic “Darwin and the trip around the world on the Beagle.”
• Page 153 - 159 Textbook “Biology” for NPOs and SPO V.M. Konstantinov et al. M., Academy, 2014.
• Answer questions 1 – 7 on page 159 of the textbook.

The presentation "The Evolutionary Theory of Charles Darwin" examines this topic in the section "Evolutionary Teaching" in grades 9 and 11. Introduces the driving forces of evolution, characterizes the types of struggle for existence, compares artificial and natural selection.

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Slide captions:

Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. The struggle for existence is intraspecific; - interspecific; - with unfavorable conditions environment Natural selection Survival of the fittest and death of the least fit Driving forces of evolution Based on hereditary variability

Natural selection Natural selection is understood as the process of preservation and predominant reproduction carried out in nature in a number of generations of individuals who have adaptive characteristics useful for their life and development, resulting from the multidirectionality of individual variability. Charles Darwin gave the definition of natural selection: “The preservation of useful differences or changes and the destruction of the harmful I called natural selection or survival of the fittest.”

“Darwin's Evolutionary Theory” CAUSES MECHANISMS WITH EFFECTS The desire of organisms for unlimited reproduction Limited habitat resources STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE NATURAL SELECTION HEREDITARY VARIABILITY Relative adaptability of organisms to their environment DIVERSITY OF SPECIES IN NATURE PROGRESSIVE CHARACTER OF EVOLUTION

The main provisions of Darwin's teachings 1. Thanks to hereditary variability, organisms of the same species differ from each other in many hereditary characteristics. 2. Organisms reproduce exponentially. Life resources are limited. This leads to a struggle for existence. 3. The result of the struggle for existence is natural evolution. With natural selection, individuals that are most adapted to changing environmental conditions survive and individuals with inadequate changes are eliminated. 4. Surviving individuals give rise to a new generation, thus “successful” changes are inherited. With the long-term action of natural selection, after many generations, individuals can differ significantly from the original forms, and a new species is formed.

Comparative characteristics of natural and artificial selection Indicators Artificial Natural Source material for selection Individual characteristics of the organism Individual characteristics of the organism Selecting factor Human Environmental conditions (living and inanimate nature) Criteria Usefulness of the trait for humans Adaptation of the species to environmental conditions

Indicators Artificial Natural Source of genetic diversity Hereditary variability. Artificial mutations, crossing, etc. Hereditary variability. Natural Mutations Timing Relatively short time Long period of time Result New varieties of plants, breeds of animals, strains of microorganisms. Often leads to the appearance of species that are not possible in nature (cabbage and radish) New species

Indicators Artificial Natural Shapes selection Massive, individual, unconscious, methodical (conscious) Driving, stabilizing, Disruptive Significance for evolution As a result of the interaction of domestic animals, cultivated plants and wild nature, the emergence of new species based on artificially bred breeds and varieties is possible Is a guiding factor in evolution , plays a leading role in the emergence of the Diversity of the organic World

Indicators Artificial Natural Significance of acquired characteristics for organisms May be harmful to the organisms themselves. The main indicator is significance for humans. Increases the adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions.