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Introduction

Evolutionary theory as a discipline studies the general patterns and driving forces of the historical development of life. Large sections of evolutionary theory are the history of the emergence and development of evolutionary ideas, the concepts of micro- and macroevolution, phylogenetics. The goal of evolutionary theory is to identify patterns of development of the organic world for the subsequent management of this process. Evolutionary theory solves problems arising from the need to understand the general laws of evolution, the causes and mechanisms of transformation of living things at all levels of its organization.

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Charles Robert Darwin (English CharlesRobertDarwin; February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) - English naturalist and traveler, was one of the first to realize and clearly demonstrate that all types of living organisms evolve over time from common ancestors.

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Prerequisites for the emergence of Charles Darwin's theory:

1) discoveries in biology (cellular structure of organisms, similarity of animal embryos, fossil organisms);

2) the work of geologist Charles Lyell on the evolution of the Earth’s surface under the influence of natural causes (t, wind, precipitation, etc.);

3) development of capitalism, Agriculture, selection

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The history of the creation of evolutionary theory

The foundation for the creation of the theory of evolution was his observations during a trip around the world on the Beagle. He began developing the theory of evolution in 1837, and only twenty years later, at a meeting of the Linnean Society in London, Darwin read a report containing the main provisions of the theory of natural selection.

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Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin

1842 – work began on the book “The Origin of Species”

• 1858 - A. Wallace, while traveling in the Malay Archipelago, wrote an article “On the tendency of varieties to deviate unlimitedly from the original type,” which contained theoretical principles similar to Darwin’s.
• 1858 - Charles Darwin received his article from A.R. Wallace.
• 1859 - first edition of the book "Origin of Species"
• Alfred Wallace (1823-1913, England)
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882, England)

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1. Each type of organism is capable of unlimited reproduction. In this case, traits are passed on from parents to offspring (heredity)

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2. Descendants of the same parents are different (hereditary variability)

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3. Lack of vital resources leads to a struggle for existence

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Forms of the struggle for existence

• Intraspecific (between individuals of the same species)
• Interspecific (between individuals of different species)
• Combating unfavorable conditions (t, lack of water and food, etc.)

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Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection:

4. In the struggle for existence, the individuals most adapted to given conditions survive (natural selection)

The result is an increase in the adaptability of individuals to living conditions and the formation of new species

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Natural selection is the main guiding factor of evolution

• The result of natural selection
• Adaptations that ensure survival and reproduction of offspring
• Divergence is the gradual divergence of groups of individuals according to individual characteristics and the formation of new species

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The importance of artificial selection for the creation of Darwin's theory

• Artificial selection is the process of creating new breeds (varieties) through systematic selection and reproduction of individuals with traits valuable to humans
• From the analysis of enormous material on the creation of breeds and varieties, Darwin extracted the principle of artificial selection and, on its basis, created his evolutionary doctrine

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Charles Darwin's doctrine of artificial selection:

1. all breeds (varieties) of one species of organism have one common ancestor

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2. Breeds (varieties) were created by man by selecting among the offspring of those individuals who have a set of traits valuable to humans (artificial selection)

• Unconscious selection is selection in which the goal is not to create a new variety or breed. People preserve the best, in their opinion, individuals and destroy (cull) the worst (more milk-producing cows, better horses)
• Methodical selection is a selection carried out by a person according to a specific plan, with a specific purpose - creating a breed or variety

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3. the diversity of descendants is explained by different combinations of characteristics from parents and mutations (hereditary variability)

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4. individuals selected by humans for reproduction will pass on their characteristics to their descendants (heredity)

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The significance of Darwin's theory of evolution

Darwin was the first in the history of biology to develop the theory of evolution. This was of great methodological importance and made it possible not only to substantiate the idea of ​​organic evolution clearly and convincingly for contemporaries, but also to test the validity of the theory of evolution itself. This was a decisive phase in one of the greatest conceptual revolutions in natural science. The most important thing in this revolution was the replacement of the theological idea of ​​evolution as the idea of ​​primordial purposiveness with the model of natural selection.

Darwin's merit lies in the fact that he revealed the driving forces of organic evolution. Further development biology deepened and complemented his ideas, which served as the basis for modern Darwinism. In all biological disciplines, the leading place is now occupied by the historical method of research, which makes it possible to study specific paths of evolution of organisms and deeply penetrate into the essence of biological phenomena.

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Conclusion

Charles Darwin developed a harmonious and comprehensive concept of the formation of species, laying the foundation for a strict scientific approach to the study of the problem of species and speciation.

Darwin proposed a coherent theory of the emergence and development of new species and thereby established an evolutionary approach in biology. As a result, evolutionary thinking was formed not only in biology, but also in science as a whole. Evolutionary theory became the axis or synthetic center of development of biology and other scientific disciplines. This is its absolute significance for the development of science.

From its inception to the present day, Darwin's theory has caused a lot of controversy and disagreement. There are a variety of views regarding it - from widespread acceptance to complete denial. In particular, the problem of the qualitative uniqueness of the species and the qualitative features of the process of speciation, which has been in the center of attention since the time of Darwin, has not yet been solved.

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Bibliography

1. A.V.Yablokov, B.M.Mednikov. Charles Darwin. Origin of species by natural selection. M., "Enlightenment", 1987.

2. Charles Darwin. Origin of species. M.-L., Selkhozizd, 1952, p. 14.

3. Yu.I. Polyansky. General biology. M., "Enlightenment", 1993.

4. Charles Darwin. A naturalist's journey around the world on the Beagle. Translated from English, M., “Thought”, 19

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Slide captions:

Evolutionary doctrine of Charles Darwin Biology lesson in 11th grade Teacher: Ivanova O. V.

Prerequisites for the emergence of the teachings of Charles Darwin Socio-economic Natural science Expedition material of Charles Darwin

Socio-economic prerequisites: Development of capitalism Industrial demand for raw materials and population for food Development of agriculture Development of breeding

Adam Smith and his theory of free competition under capitalism (the unadapted perish). Thomas Malthus and his article “On Population,” which asserts the necessity of a “struggle for existence” between rapidly multiplying people due to the slow growth of production of goods.

Natural science background: Comparative anatomy and morphology: a unified structural plan of vertebrates (Goethe, Bronn, Saint-Hilaire) Embryology: the law of embryonic similarity (K. Baer) Cell theory: the unity of origin of plants and animals Paleontology: foundations of geochronology, theory of catastrophes (J. Cuvier ) I. Kant laid the foundations for ideas about the possibility of evolution of cosmic bodies Geologist Charles Lyell developed the theory of the evolution of the Earth

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) English naturalist, creator of the doctrine of evolution. Darwin studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh (1825-1827), theology at Cambridge (1827-1831), where he received a bachelor's degree. In 1831-1836. makes a trip around the world on the Beagle ship as a naturalist, from which he returns as a man of science. 1859 "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". 1866 "Change in Domestic Animals and Cultivated Plants." 1871 "The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection"

Charles Darwin's expedition material: Paleontological finds: fossils of giant sloths and armadillos Comparison of the fauna of South and North America Analysis of island flora and fauna (Galapagos archipelago): animals came to the islands from the mainland and changed as a result of adaptation to new living conditions

The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin The diversity of animal and plant species is the result of the historical development of the organic world. The main driving forces of evolution are the struggle for existence and natural selection. The material for selection is provided by hereditary variability. The stability of the species is ensured by heredity.

The evolution of the organic world predominantly followed the path of increasing complexity in the organization of living beings. The adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions is the result of the action of natural selection. Both favorable and unfavorable changes can be inherited. But the “owners” of the latter, as a rule, are destroyed in the struggle for existence.

The diversity of modern breeds of domestic animals and varieties of agricultural plants is the result of artificial selection. Human evolution is related to the historical development of ancient apes.

The significance of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin. The patterns of transformation of one organic form into another have been revealed. The reasons for the expediency of organic forms are explained. The law of natural selection was discovered. The essence of artificial selection has been clarified. The driving forces of evolution have been identified.

Properties of the external environment Properties of organisms Heterogeneity Limited and uneven distribution of resources Heredity Variability Intensity of reproduction Struggle for existence Natural selection Diversity of the organic world Different directions of evolution Simultaneous existence of primitive and highly organ forms Adaptation to the environment