Alexander the first and the peasant question presentation. Presentation on history on the topic “The Peasant Question in Russia (from ancient times - mid-19th century)” download for free. Strengthening the position of the nobility
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Childhood and youth of Alexander I Alexander I, the first grandson of Catherine the Great, was born on December 23, 1777. It was he who was being prepared by Catherine II as her successor... But the throne was nevertheless taken by her son Paul I, and only five years later, as a result of a palace coup, Alexander I came to power... He was brought up under the tutelage of N.I. Saltykova. The Swiss F. Laharpe, an educator and moderate republican, also had a great influence on the young man. Alexander I did not receive a serious education due to laziness and dislike for learning. In 1793, Alexander married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Louise Maria Augusta, who took the name Elizaveta Alekseevna. He ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup when Paul I was assassinated in 1801.
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Elizaveta Alekseevna, wife of Emperor Alexander I. The Empress sent this portrait, kept in Wolfsgarten Castle, as a gift to her mother Amalia Federica of Hesse-Darmstadt. Hood. Louise-Elizabeth Vigée-Lebrun, 1795
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Character Traits of Alexander I The need to maneuver between his father and grandmother who hated each other taught Alexander I to “live on two minds, keep two ceremonial faces” (Klyuchevsky). Fear of a tough and demanding father completed the formation of his character traits: “a real seducer” (M.M. Speransky), “a weak and crafty ruler” (A.S. Pushkin), “a sphinx not solved to the grave” (P.A. Vyazemsky), “this is a true Byzantine... subtle, feigned, cunning” (Napoleon), “the crowned Hamlet, who was haunted all his life by the shadow of his murdered father” (A.I. Herzen).
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The situation at the beginning of the reign The eldest son of Emperor Paul I and his second wife Maria Feodorovna, Alexander, ascended the throne in the dramatic days of 1801, immediately after the violent death of his father. After several years of painfully unpredictable and depressingly regulated rule of Paul I, the Russian public greeted the beginning of a new reign with enthusiasm and sincere jubilation. Great hopes were placed on Alexander. Romantic legends were well known in the city about the young heir to the throne, who threw himself on his knees before his father, interceding for the victims of his wrath. They said that Alexander put in the window of his room spotting scope, so that you can notice in time when those sentenced by his father are taken from Barsov Field to settle in Siberia. And as if he sent after his Trusted Servant to convey to the exiled cash benefit. The young emperor ordered the release of all prisoners of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Alexander was loved literally in all layers of Russian society. The people called him the Blessed One. Poets sang his praises, they composed naive legends about him and wrote touching anecdotes.
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“The Alexandrian Days are a wonderful beginning” (A line from A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Message to the Censor”) “The Alexandrian Days are a wonderful beginning” was marked by the cancellation of all innovations of Emperor Paul I. On March 24-25, 1801, Alexander I signed several decrees that returned all those previously dismissed to retirement from military and civil service, amnestied members of the Smolensk circle, to whom ranks and nobility were returned. On March 27, an amnesty was declared for political prisoners and fugitives who had taken refuge abroad, the ban on the import of various industrial goods was lifted. April 12 - the ban on the activities of private printing houses and import of books from abroad. On April 24, the emperor announced 5 manifestos in the Senate, restoring in full the validity of the Letters of Grant to the nobility and cities. At the same time, the Secret Expedition of the Senate, which was engaged in investigation and reprisals, was liquidated, and all investigations on political affairs were transferred to institutions in charge of criminal proceedings.One of the manifestos on April 22 was addressed to peasants: it promised not to increase taxes and allowed the export of agricultural products abroad.
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Foreign policy in 1801 1801, April 4: cancellation of the campaign of the Great Don Army under the command of Ataman Matvey Platov, sent on the orders of Paul on a campaign against India - at that time an English colony; 1801, June 17: St. Petersburg Convention with England, which restored diplomatic relations severed by Paul I; 1801, September 24: entry of Eastern Georgia into the Russian Empire; 1801, October 8: Russian-French peace treaty signed in Paris, and on October 11 the conclusion of a secret convention on the terms of mediation between France and Turkey for concluding peace between the two countries, recognizing the independence of the Ionian Islands
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Intentions of Alexander I at the beginning of his reign Alexander I ascended the Russian throne intending to carry out a radical reform of the political system of Russia by creating a constitution that guaranteed personal freedom and civil rights to all subjects. He was aware that such a “revolution from above” would actually lead to the elimination of the autocracy and was ready, if successful, to retire from power. However, he also understood that he needed a certain social support, like-minded people. He needed to get rid of pressure both from the conspirators who overthrew Paul and from the “Catherine’s old men” who supported them. Already in the first days after his accession, Alexander announced that he would rule Russia “according to the laws and heart” of Catherine II.
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Permanent Council (1801-1810) On March 30 (April 11), 1801, by decree of Alexander I, the highest advisory body under the sovereign was established - the Permanent Council. Initially, the Council included twelve people - leaders of the most important government agencies and confidants of the young ruler (Field Marshal General Count N.I. Saltykov, Prosecutor General D.I. Troshchinsky, Counts P.V. Zavadovsky and A.R. Vorontsov, the Zubov brothers, etc.). The Council was supposed to discuss all the most important state affairs and especially draft legislative acts: “fundamental and immutable state decrees” and “temporary state decrees”, which “define any state circumstance that is essentially subject to change” - that is, current legislation . Also, the Permanent Council was given the right, at its discretion, to develop and present to the Tsar projects of state reforms. The failures of joint work in the field of reforms led to the fact that since 1802, the emperor preferred to consider the most important issues of public administration in the circle of his closest associates and subordinates, without recourse to the Permanent Council, which had lost its original significance. On January 1 (13), 1810, on the basis of the manifesto of Alexander I on the establishment of the State Council, the Permanent Council was abolished.
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The first years of the reign of Alexander I At the beginning of his reign he carried out moderate liberal reforms developed by the Secret Committee and M. M. Speransky. The first years of his reign were marked by confrontation with Napoleon Bonaparte... Alexander I had to surrender Moscow in 1812 and “settle” Napoleon in the Moscow Kremlin before victoriously entering Paris in 1914...
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Secret Committee On June 24 (July 6), 1801, an unofficial highest advisory body under Alexander I was formed - the Secret Committee - consisting of his associates, members of the former “Circle of Young Friends”. The task of the Committee was “first to present the actual state of affairs, then to begin reform various parts administration ... and, finally, to crown these institutions with a guarantee in the form of a constitution consistent with the true spirit of the nation." In practice, the Committee considered not only general, but also a number of specific issues, and the issues of transforming the state structure were not developed and completed. The committee discussed: the draft “Coronation Charter” - a manifesto that proclaimed and approved the basic economic and civil rights of the subjects of the empire; projects for the reform of the Senate, the establishment of ministries and the Committee of Ministers; the peasant question (projects for granting state peasants the right to purchase uninhabited lands, issues of peasant reform in Livonia, the rights of Little Russian peasants to “find the Cossacks”, the rights of merchants with “eighth-grade ranks” to buy villages and own them on terms concluded with the peasants); principles for drawing up a new code (code); a draft decree allowing nobles to engage in trade; issues of the structure of the Ministry of Public Education and the system educational institutions, as well as the organization of military education, the organization of the secret police; on the annexation of Georgia and the organization of public administration there, analysis of land litigation in Crimea; from private issues - the purchase of a house for Moscow University, the will of Major General S. A. Talyzin, litigation between gr. N.I. Saltykov and gr. I. P. Kutaisov, resignation of Prince. A. B. Kurakina and others. The meetings of the Secret Committee were held in the same composition. From June 24 (July 6), 1801 to May 12 (24), 1802, 35 committee meetings were held; then followed a long break, after which, from October 26 (November 7) to November 9 (21), 1803, only four meetings took place. In fact, the Secret Committee stopped meeting in November 1803.
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Emperor Alexander I. Portrait by V.L. Borovikovsky from the original by E. Vigée-Lebrun. 1802.
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The first meeting of Alexander I and Napoleon Alexander and Napoleon fought five wars with each other. They ended either in victory or in defeat for one of the sides. The first meeting of Emperors Alexander I and Napoleon took place in the summer of 1807 during the signing of the Truce of Tilsit, which Alexander proposed, fearing for his empire. Napoleon agreed and even emphasized that he wanted not only peace, but also an alliance with Russia: “The alliance of France with Russia has always been the subject of my desires,” he assured Alexander. How sincere was this assurance? It is quite possible that he is sincere. They both need the Russian-French alliance, albeit at different levels: Alexander I - for “self-preservation”, Napoleon - for the exaltation of himself and his empire. After the meeting, Napoleon wrote to Josephine: “I was extremely pleased with him. This is a young, extremely kind and handsome emperor. He's a lot smarter than people think."
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D. Serangeli "Alexander's farewell to Napoleon in Tilsit"
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The second stage of Alexander I’s reforms began with the replacement of the Permanent Committee by the State Council in 1810 and the resignation of M.M. Speransky in 1812. During these same years, Alexander himself already felt the taste of power and began to find advantages in autocratic rule. Disappointment in his immediate circle forced him to seek support in people who were personally loyal to him and not associated with the dignitary aristocracy. He first brings closer A. A. Arakcheev, and later M. B. Barclay de Tolly, who became Minister of War in 1810, and M. M. Speransky, to whom Alexander entrusted the development of a new project for state reform. Speransky's project envisioned the actual transformation of Russia into a constitutional monarchy, where the power of the sovereign would be limited by a bicameral legislative body of a parliamentary type. The implementation of Speransky's plan began in 1809, when the practice of equating court ranks with civilian ones was abolished and an educational qualification for civil officials was introduced. On January 1, 1810, the State Council was established, replacing the Indispensable Council. It was assumed that the initially broad powers of the State Council would then be narrowed after the establishment of the State Duma. During 1810-11, the plans for financial, ministerial and senate reforms proposed by Speransky were discussed in the State Council. The implementation of the first of them led to a reduction in the budget deficit, and by the summer of 1811 the transformation of ministries was completed. Meanwhile, Alexander himself experienced intense pressure from his court circles, including members of his family, who sought to prevent radical reforms. Apparently, the “Note on Ancient and new Russia" N. M. Karamzin, which obviously gave the emperor a reason to doubt the correctness of his chosen path. The factor of Russia’s international position was also of no small importance: the increasing tension in relations with France and the need to prepare for war made it possible for the opposition to interpret Speransky’s reform activities as anti-state, and to declare Speransky himself a Napoleonic spy. All this led to the fact that Alexander, who was prone to compromise, although he did not believe in Speransky’s guilt, dismissed him in March 1812.
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Foreign policy 1808-1814 1808 - 1809: Russian-Swedish war. September 17, 1809 - Treaty of Friedrichsham, which established the border between Sweden and Russia along the Torneo River. Finland (together with the Åland Islands) went to Russia with the rights of a Grand Duchy; Sweden pledged to dissolve the alliance with England, conclude treaties with France and Denmark and join the continental blockade 1806 - 1812: Russian-Turkish War. Destruction of the Turkish squadron of Pasha Seyig-Adi near Mount Athos by Vice Admiral Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (June 19, 1807) Truce August 12, 1807 - March 3, 1809. The defeat of the Turkish army of Khozrev Pasha by Prince Peter Ivanovich Bagration on the banks of the Danube at Rassevat (September 4, 1809). Successful actions Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov on the lower Danube in 1811. Treaty of Bucharest (May 28, 1812): annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire; the border between Russia and the Porte was established along the Prut River; creation of an autonomous Serbian principality within the Ottoman Empire 1812, June 24 - December 14: Patriotic War. Battle of Borodino (September 7, 1812); Napoleon's capture of Moscow (October 14 - 19); retreat of the “Great Army” and the battle at the crossing of the Berezina (November 26-29); the remnants of the French army left Kovno and, having crossed the Neman (December 14), moved through Poland and Prussia to France. Alexander's manifesto on the occasion of the "expulsion of the adversary from the borders of Russia" (January 5, 1813) 1813 - 1814: Foreign campaigns of the Russian army. Transition of the Russian army through the Neman (January 13, 1813); Napoleon's victory in the battles of Lützen (May 2, 1813) and Bautzen (May 20 - 21) and the retreat of the Russian-Prussian army across the Elbe to the Oder; truce of July-August 1813; Napoleon's victory in the Battle of Dresden (August 26 - 27); "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig (October 16 - 19, 1813), where the army of Napoleon and his allies (Saxony, Poland) was defeated by the troops of Russia, Austria, Prussia and Sweden; Bavaria and Württemberg went over to the side of the forces of the anti-French coalition, the Kingdom of Westphalia disappeared as an independent state, and Saxony lost up to 40% of its territory; the Russian army, having crossed the Rhine at Basel, entered France (January 12, 1814); capture of Paris (24 - 30 March 1814); abdication of Napoleon (April 4, 1814); Treaty of Paris (May 30), according to which the independence of Holland, Switzerland, the German principalities and the Italian states was restored; France returned to its borders on January 1, 1792.
“The Policy of Alexander III” - Sought to attract foreign capital to the country and limit the import of foreign goods. Supporter of protectionism in customs policy. The greatest influence on the Tsarevich was the law teacher K. P. Pobedonostsev. He sought to attract entrepreneurs to cooperate with the government. Second son of Alexander II.
“Alexander’s Policy 1” - Which provisions of Speransky’s reform project do you consider the most important and why? Table of contents. Constitution of Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov. Define: - the territory of Russia; National composition; religion; class division; political system; economic, political and social aspects of society. Conservative movement Ideologists: historians N.G. Ustryalov and M.P. Pogodin, playwright and poet N.V. Kukolnik, writers F.V. Bulgarin, N.I. Grech The ideology of conservatism was developed by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Count S.S. Uvarov.
“Nicholas the First” - Occasion: Dispute between Orthodox and Catholic clergy in Palestine. Monetary reform of E. Kankrin (strengthening the silver ruble). Crimean War 1853-1856 Guns from the war. Nicholas the First 1825-1855 Reforms of Nicholas the First. The weakening role of Russia in the Balkans and the Middle East. PROGRESS OF THE WAR. The defeat showed Russia's economic backwardness.
“Russia at the turn of the century” - Restoration of privileges to cities and nobility. Estates: nobility, merchants, clergy, peasantry. Unspoken committee. The beginning of Alexander's reign. Multi-confessional state. Lesson topic: Russian absolutism relied on the nobility and the rising bourgeoisie. Involving people's representatives at various levels in governance.
"Caucasian War" - Caucasian War? A. Dzhendubaev. Where did it take place? Was there a victory? Reasons: There was a well-thought-out settlement of the Caucasian region Ph.D. Main thing: From the Azov to the Caspian seas. Shamil was not loved and revered everywhere. Caucasian? Purpose of the work: The war was declared over in 1864, BUT: Chechnya Dagestan North-Western Caucasus.
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Beginning of the reign of Alexander II. Peasant reform of 1861 MBOU Berendeevskaya Secondary School Nechaeva Marina Leonidovna, teacher of history and social studies
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Reasons for the abolition of serfdom 1) Low productivity of serf labor, unprofitability of farms based on forced labor; serfdom prevents further development agriculture 2) The lack of personal freedom among peasants prevented the further development of industry. Entrepreneurs had nowhere to get hired workers. 3) Serfdom is a threat to public peace. 4) Serfdom in practice was no different from slavery. 5) Crimean War.
January 3, 1857 The Secret Committee on Peasant Affairs was created, which included the highest dignitaries of the state and which, over the course of a year, considered projects for peasant reform remaining from previous reigns. November 20, 1857 Rescript from Alexander II to the Vilna Governor-General V.I. Nazimov on the approval of provincial committees for the preparation of projects for peasant reform. December 5, 1857 Rescript from Alexander II to the Governor General of St. Petersburg P.I. Ignatiev on the establishment of provincial committees to prepare projects for peasant reform. January 8, 1858 Transformation of the Secret Committee into the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs. Creation of similar committees in 46 provinces. Discussion of the problems of the abolition of serfdom began to be public and open. March 4, 1859 Creation of editorial commissions under the Main Committee headed by General Ya.I. Rostovtsev to consider materials provided by provincial committees and to draw up legal acts regulating the abolition of serfdom. October 10, 1860 Dissolution of editorial commissions and transfer of documents on peasant reform first to the Main Committee and then to the State Council for discussion. February 19, 1861 The Emperor signed the main legal documents on the peasant reform (there were 17 of them in total), the main ones: - Manifesto “On the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of free rural inhabitants and on the structure of their life” - “ General position about peasants who emerged from serfdom" - "Regulations on the redemption by peasants who emerged from serfdom of their estate settlement, on assistance to the government in acquiring their ownership of field land"
Central and local institutions of Russia involved in the preparation of peasant reform
Projects for the liberation of peasants: a) in the black earth provinces (liberation of peasants without land or with a very small plot for a large ransom); b) in non-chernozem provinces (liberation with land, but ransom not only for the land, but also for the personality of the peasant)
ME AND. Rostovtsev (1803-1860)
ON THE. Milyutin (1818-1872)
Civil rights: to carry out transactions with movable and immovable property (purchase, sale, etc.) to open trade and industrial enterprises; speak on your own behalf in court; cannot be subjected to corporal punishment except by a court verdict or a lawful order of the authorities placed over them; move to other classes.
A temporarily obligated peasant is a personally free peasant, forced to fulfill all his duties to the landowner before transferring to redemption.
10 rub. = 6% X = (10 x 100) : 6 = 166 rub. 67 kopecks X rub. = 100% Redemption operation: the peasant had to independently pay 20% of the redemption amount to the landowner in a lump sum. 80% of the redemption amount was given as a long-term loan by the state - for 49 years at 6% per annum
Statistical data Cutting off was carried out in some provinces among 40-65% of peasants. Cutting - for 3-15% of peasants. On average throughout the country, the plots amounted to 20% of the peasant allotment; in some provinces - 30-40% of the peasant allotment.
“Donation allotment” - ¼ part of the highest standard of land allotment, which a peasant could receive for free.
Charter - an agreement between a landowner and a peasant
Global Mediator – executive during the period of the peasant reform of 1861. Appointed from among the nobles to draw up and approve statutory charters and resolve disputes between peasants and landowners. He had judicial and administrative powers.
Peasant Administration Village Assembly - - elected representatives to the volost assembly - tens (1 person per 10 households) Volost Assembly - - elected the volost foreman; - hired 1 or several clerks to help the foreman;
The significance of the reform Positive aspects - created the necessary conditions for the establishment of capitalism; - contributed to the growth rate economic development; - contributed to the formation of a new social structure, the emergence of new social strata - the proletariat and the industrial bourgeoisie; changes in the peasantry itself. Negative points - remnants of serfdom have been preserved; - infringed on the economic interests of landowners, eliminated their monopoly on the exploitation of peasant labor; - artificial preservation and constant support by the government at the expense of the peasants of the landed estates; - predatory character towards peasants, contributed to the deterioration of their situation; - stagnation in agriculture and other areas of life; - the purchasing power of the population was approaching zero.
Sections: History and social studies
“...Serfdom for peasants is abolished forever” (Alexander II)
(Lesson-presentation on the topic “Peasant reform of 1861”. 8th grade)
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
- Introduce students to the personality of Alexander II.
- To form ideas about the prerequisites and reasons for the abolition of serfdom.
- By analyzing the main provisions of the reform, identify its progressive and feudal features.
- To promote the development of students’ information culture and introduce them to the capabilities of PCs.
- To promote respect for Russian history.
Lesson equipment:
- Computer and projector.
- CD – “Encyclopedia of Russian History 1862–1917.” ”
Literature
- Textbook by A.A. Danilova, L.G. Kosulina “History of the state and peoples of Russia in the 19th century”, M., 2002.
- Lesson developments for the textbook “History of the State and Peoples of Russia in the 19th Century”, M., 2001.
- Kornilov A.A. Course on the history of Russia in the 19th century. M., 1993.
- Klyuchevsky V.O. Collected works. Volume V. M, 1989.
- Chulkov G.I. Emperors: psychological portraits. M., 1991.
- The lesson is based on a presentation outline created in PowerPoint.
During the presentation lesson, new material is presented in the form of a series of slides with text, tables and illustrations that make it possible to revive the teacher’s story and organize a discussion of the proposed questions.
The entire presentation consists of 18 slides. As the lesson progresses, the necessary material is gradually displayed on the screen, and the main issues of this topic are discussed.
The first slide of the presentation is the basic outline of the lesson.
During the classes
1. At the beginning of the lesson, the teacher introduces students to the topic of the lesson, its goals and objectives.
2. The main part of the lesson.
Introducing students to the personality of Alexander II.
Alexander II
Teacher: On February 18, 1855, under very mysterious circumstances, in the midst of the Crimean War, Emperor Nicholas I dies. There is a version that it was the suicide of a man who realized that the country was on the brink of disaster, and with his death opened the way for a new generation of rulers. “I hand over my team to you, but, unfortunately, not in the order I wanted. I leave you a lot of work and worries,” said Nicholas I, dying.
Nicholas I
A slide depicting Alexander II, his wife Maria Alexandrovna and his father Nicholas I is being examined.
Students answer the question: What problems did his father leave for Alexander II?
Teacher: Alexander Nikolaevich was born on April 17, 1818 and received a brilliant upbringing as the future emperor. Poet V.A. Zhukovsky was the crown prince's main mentor and tried to instill in him liberal views on society.
V.A. Zhukovsky
MM. Speransky taught him law.
MM. Speransky
E.F. Kankrin - economics.
E.F. Kankrin
We examine slides depicting the teachers of Alexander II - V.A. Zhukovsky, M.M. Speransky, E.F. Kankrina.
While traveling abroad, Alexander II met his wife, and, having visited Siberia, he asked his father to show mercy to the Decembrists.
Wife of Alexander II
A slide with a picture of Alexander II is being examined.
Students answer the questions: How did Alexander II's upbringing influence his character? How could the personal qualities of the king affect the course of historical events?
Teacher: The question of the abolition of serfdom has long worried Russian society. Remember when and which ruler tried to resolve this issue?
In joint work, the teacher and students compile a chronology of the prerequisites for the abolition of serfdom.
The slide “Prerequisites for the abolition of serfdom” is considered as the chronology is compiled.
Teacher: The problem of the abolition of serfdom was constantly discussed in Russian society. First of all, it had a moral, human side.
Students answer the questions: What was the attitude in Russian society towards serfdom? Remember which of the Russian writers exposed the horrors of serfdom? What secret societies and organizations advocated the abolition of serfdom?
The slide “Attitude towards serfdom in the Russian press” is considered.
Students discuss quotes from periodicals of those years: K.D. Kavelin “Notes on the liberation of the peasants”, A.I. Herzen “Polar Star” magazine, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev “Bell”.
Teacher together with his students he comes to the conclusion: In the middle of the 19th century in Russia, all the prerequisites for the abolition of serfdom were in place, however, Alexander II was forced to make a decision to abolish it under the influence of not so much internal as external circumstances.
Students fill out the table “Reasons for the abolition of serfdom.”
After filling out the table, the work is checked against a pre-compiled slide.
Preparations for the abolition of serfdom.
Alexander II
Teacher: On March 30, 1854, Alexander II gave a speech to the Moscow nobility, where he spoke for the first time about the need to abolish serfdom: “... it is better if this happens from above than to wait for it to happen from below.”
The slides “Preparation for the abolition of serfdom” are considered.
| 01/3/1857 - formation of the Secret Committee “to discuss measures to organize the life of the landowner peasants.” October 1857 - Vilna Governor-General V.N. Nazimov, on behalf of the nobles, asks for permission to discuss the issue of freeing the peasants without giving them land |
11/20/1857 - Alexander II issues a rescript on the establishment of provincial committees from among the nobles to discuss the conditions for the liberation of peasants. February 1858 - The Secret Committee was renamed the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was appointed chairman. March 1859 - The Editorial Commission was established. General Ya.I. Rostovtsev was appointed chairman. the main task: consider all materials received from the provinces and draw up on their basis a general draft law on the emancipation of peasants |
Students answer the questions: Why do you think Alexander II wanted the initiative to abolish serfdom to come from the nobles? What role did he assign to himself in these reforms?
Teacher sets a problematic task for the students: immediately after the emperor’s speech to the nobility, Minister of Internal Affairs S.S. Lanskoy instructed his assistant A.I. Levshin to collect all the projects, notes, opinions on the peasant issue available in the previous reign. Having studied them, the minister came to the conclusion that he would have to choose from three possible options for the liberation of the peasants. What were these options?
The slide “Options for the liberation of peasants presented by the Editorial Commission” is considered.
Students answer the question: What option do you think Alexander II chose and why?
The slide “Completion of work on the peasant reform project” is considered.
The main provisions of the peasant reform.
Teacher: On February 19, 1861, Alexander II signed the manifesto “On granting peasant people the rights of free rural inhabitants and on the organization of their life.” The document stated: “Serfdom for peasants settled on landowners’ estates and for serfs is abolished forever.”
Students begin work with the main provisions of the manifesto:
The slides “Main Provisions of the Manifesto” are considered.
| Clause 2 – Personal release procedure. Peasants:
BUT! preserved:
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Clause 6 – Procedure for allocating land.
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| The peasants who entered into an agreement to buy out the land (9 years) were called temporarily obliged. The size of the allotment, quitrent (corvee labor) was determined by the Charter. The term of its signing is 2 years. Redemption operation:
After this, you cannot avoid the buyout operation! |
Clause 17 – Procedure for managing a peasant community.
|
Students answer the questions: What kind of sentiments do you think the manifesto aroused among the people? How did the peasants react to the news of the abolition of serfdom? Did the Russian peasant become the owner of his land thanks to the manifesto?
Teacher: In April 1861, in the village of Bezdna, Kazan province, troops brutally suppressed protests by peasants demanding “full freedom” and immediate provision of land. At the end of 1861, society became disillusioned with the inconsistency of reforms.
Students answer the questions:
“The great chain has broken,
Broke up and hit
One end - according to the master,
For others, it’s a man’s business.”
- How do you understand these lines by N.A. Nekrasov?
- How does the author evaluate the events of the abolition of serfdom?
- How do you evaluate these events? (the teacher should try to lead students not only to historical, but also to touch upon moral assessments)
- The meaning of the abolition of serfdom.
The slide “The significance of the abolition of serfdom” is considered.
3. The final part of the lesson.
Students receive the task: answer the questions and fill out the table.
- What are the progressive features of the reform?
- What “fortress features” did she retain?
| Progressive features of the reform | Preservation of serf remnants |
4. Homework.
Textbook paragraph 17, task No. 2 (oral), learn new concepts.
Creative task: write a “letter” on behalf of the liberated peasant or the landowner who set the peasants free, addressed to Emperor Alexander II.
Lesson plan: 1. The personality of Alexander I 2. The rise to power of Alexander I 3. “The Secret Committee” 4. The beginning of the reforms of Alexander I
Years of Catherine's reign? a) 1762 -1796 (y) b) 1772 -1796 (c) Years of the reign of Paul I? a) 1796 - 1800 (l) b) 1796 -1801 (j) Why did Paul I hate his mother? a) wanted her grandson to the throne (a) b) betrayed him (a) What was the power of the emperor in 1801? A) Limited (c) b) unlimited (h)
Decree on succession to the throne (April 5, 1797) On the day of his coronation, Paul. I approved new law on succession to the throne, which established a strict order in the succession to the throne according to seniority in the male line. He abolished the procedure for transferring the throne at the arbitrary request of the autocrat, introduced in 1722 by Peter. I. Women could gain the right to the throne only if male offspring were suppressed.
Alexander I Pavlovich (1801 -1825) Immediately after the birth of Alexander, his grandmother, Empress Catherine II, took her parents, who intended to raise her grandson to be an ideal sovereign. Shchukin S. S. Portrait of Alexander I.
Catherine II (1762 -1796) instilled in her grandson the ideas of the Enlightenment and liberalism. She wanted to make her grandson, not her son Paul, emperor. F. S. Rokotov. Portrait of Catherine II,
Paul I (1796 -1801) Paul I conveyed to Alexander I his passion for military affairs. He taught his son to combine spiritual love for humanity with practical concern for his neighbor. V. L. Borovikovsky Portrait of Paul I.
Alexander loved his father and grandmother Catherine II very much, but he was constantly torn between them, trying to please them. As a result, the young heir developed negative character traits: secrecy and hypocrisy. The Swiss Frederic Laharpe was invited to be the teacher recommended by the philosopher Denis Diderot. I. Krylov wrote the fable “Raising a Lion” about the upbringing of the young heir.
“And he says to him like this: “Dear son, for me you are the only heir; I’m already looking into the coffin, and you’re just entering the light; So I will willingly hand over the kingdom to you. Tell us now, in front of everyone, just to us, What have you learned, what do you know, and how do you hope to make your people happy? “Dad,” the son answered, “I know something that no one here knows: And, from Eagle to Quail, which bird has more water, which one lives on what, which eggs lays, and I will count the bird’s needs down to the last needle.” .
Here is my certificate from the teachers: It’s not for nothing that the birds say that I grab stars from the sky; When you intend to hand over the reign to me, I will immediately begin to teach the animals how to build nests.” Then the king and the whole animal world gasped; The Council hung their heads, And the old Leo realized too late that the Lion Cub was learning trifles and he was not saying good things; That there is no great benefit for him to know the life of birds, Whom nature has appointed to own animals; And what is the most important science for kings: To know the properties of their people and the benefits of their land.”
What did F. Laharpe teach Alexander I? La Harpe gave his heir a European education and instilled liberal ideas. Liberalism is a movement that unites supporters of the parliamentary system, civil liberties (choice of faith, freedom of speech, assembly, association, etc.) and freedom of enterprise.
What did F. Laharpe teach Alexander I? Ideas of liberalism instilled in Alexander: negative attitude towards serfdom; introduction of the constitution; governance based on fair laws; providing the population with civil liberties and rights.
Palace coup of March 11, 1801 Contemporaries explained the regicide of March 11, 1801 internal politics Paul I: repressions against the officer corps, political instability in the country, weakening guarantees of noble freedoms and privileges, severance of diplomatic relations with England, and finally, the inability of the monarch to rule the empire.
The memoirs of contemporaries are full of evidence of resignations, arrests, executions, deprivation of noble dignity, and finally, exile, including to Siberia. About 700 nobles were imprisoned, about 300 nobles were sent to hard labor and into exile. The first “conspiracy” against Paul dates back to 1797-1799, and then the heir, Grand Duke Alexander, was already involved in them.
In 1800, a conspiracy began to be woven, which ultimately cost the emperor his life. The main role in it was played by Count Nikita Petrovich Panin, Admiral Osip Mikhailovich de Ribas and Count Pyotr Alekseevich von der Palen. Count Nikita Panin is considered the ideological inspirer of the conspiracy.
Alexander demanded from Palen a preliminary oath that there would be no attempt on his father’s life. “I gave him my word: it was necessary to calm the scrupulosity of my future sovereign, and I encouraged his intentions, although I was convinced that this word would not be fulfilled. I knew very well that it was necessary to complete the revolution or not start it at all, and that if Paul’s life was not terminated, the doors of his prison would soon open and a terrible reaction would occur.”
The most intriguing fragment in the design of the castle facade is the inscription above the main entrance: “To your house befits the holiness of the Lord for the length of days.” This is a biblical saying, a quote from Psalm 92, magnifying the deeds of the Lord. Initially, the inscription was intended for St. Isaac's Cathedral, but by order of Paul I it was transferred to the castle. Associated with this saying is the legend of a certain holy fool, who, on the eve of 1801, prophesied to Pavel Petrovich as many years of life as there were letters in this text. It turned out 47...
“The fate of the Almighty was pleased to end the life of our dear parent, Sovereign Emperor Pavel Petrovich, who died suddenly of an apoplexy on the night of the 11th to 12th of this month. We, having accepted the hereditary Imperial All-Russian throne, will also accept the responsibility to govern the people entrusted to us by God according to the laws and according to the heart of our late august grandmother, the Empress Catherine the Great, whose memory will forever be dear to us and the entire fatherland.” (Manifesto March 12, 1801)
Assignment for work in a notebook A note is the smallest information genre in journalism. The note is intended for prompt reporting of news. Novelty and brevity, reliability and a high level of efficiency are the characteristic features of this information genre.
WHAT happened? WHERE did it happen? WHEN did it happen? WHO took part in the event?
Assignment for work in a notebook Write a note in your notebook about the assassination of Emperor Paul I and the palace coup of March 11, 1801. Come up with the name of the publication for which this note is intended.
Alexander's secret committee believed that the country needed reforms. He gathered around him companions with whom he had once studied together. This informal advisory body was called the Secret Committee. It was formed in 1797, but the period of its operation is considered to be from 1801 to May 1802.
Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1772 -1817) Russian military and statesman, count. Friend and ally of Alexander I. Member of the Secret Committee. Author unknown. Portrait from the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace
Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1768 -1834) Diplomat and statesman, Minister of Internal Affairs, Prince. Friend and ally of Alexander I. Member of the Secret Committee. F. Gerard Portrait of V. Kochubey.
Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (1770 -1861) Polish and Russian statesman, writer, philanthropist, prince. Friend and ally of Alexander I. Member of the Secret Committee. Author unknown. Portrait of A. Czartoryski
Nikolai Nikolaevich Novosiltsev (1761 -1838) Russian state 1st figure, Count. Friend and ally of Alexander I. Member of the Secret Committee. S.S. Shchukin. Portrait of Count N. Novosiltsev
Secret Committee Task: to help the emperor “in systematic work on the reform of the shapeless building of the administration of the empire.” First steps: - amnesty for 12 thousand people who suffered under Paul I - Western European goods and books are again allowed to be imported.
Secret committee Action plan: study the situation of the empire, carry out preliminary reforms, complete these reforms with a “code established on the basis of the true spirit of the people.”
The beginning of the transformation. Five decrees of Alexander I dated April 2, 1801 1. The “Charter of Complaint to the Nobility” was restored in full; 2. The “Charter of Grant to Cities” has been restored in full; 3. freedom of passage of Russian works abroad has been established;
The beginning of the transformation. Five decrees of Alexander I of April 2, 1801 4. Improved conditions for prisoners; 5. All court cases were transferred to the Senate for consideration.
Reform of higher authorities state power It began in September 1802. All members of the Secret Committee joined the government: V. Kochubey became the Minister of Internal Affairs, P. Stroganov - his deputy, N. Novosiltsev - Deputy Minister of Justice, A. Czartoryski - Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Reform of the highest bodies of state power - collegiums were abolished, and 8 ministries appeared in their place; — The Senate has been transformed into the highest judicial body of the empire; - the Committee of Ministers was created - a body to discuss issues of governing the country.
Reform of public education in 1803. A coherent system was created educational institutions different levels. The number of educational institutions has increased. Universities received broad autonomy (independence from the authorities).
Peasant question February 20, 1803 - The decree on “free cultivators” is the first law in the history of Russia that made it possible to free peasants from serfdom. Landowners could release their peasants with their land holdings for a ransom.
From the Decree on “free cultivators” of February 20, 1803 “If any of the landowners wishes to release their acquired or family peasants, individually, or as a whole village, to freedom, and at the same time approve for them a plot of land or an entire dacha; then having made conditions with them that are recognized by mutual agreement as the best, he has to submit them at his request through the provincial noble leader to the Minister of the Interior for consideration and presentation to us; and if a decision follows from us in accordance with his wishes: then these conditions will be presented in the Civil Chamber and will be recorded with the serfs with the payment of legal duties.”
Question for the lesson: How can you explain the fact that a landowner who wanted to release his peasants had to seek permission from the Minister of the Interior?
The Peasant Question The practical significance of the Decree on “free cultivators” was insignificant. During the 25 years of the reign of Alexander I, only 47 thousand peasants were freed (0.5% of the total number of serfs). Most landowners simply did not comply with this decree.
The Peasant Question In 1804, the first step towards the abolition of serfdom was taken in the Baltic states - peasants were recognized as the owners of their land, and their duties were clearly defined. Reforms in the Baltic states were supposed to “set an example for all of Russia.”
