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Huck- a steel hook attached to the end of ropes and chains, used for lifting boats, cargo and for towing.

Biscuit- crackers made from rye or wheat flour, consumed on warships sailing fleet in the absence of bread.

Tack- the position of the vessel relative to the wind. Left G. - the wind blows to the left side, right G. - the wind blows to the starboard side.

Gandonovod- a motorboat driver on an inflatable boat.

"Blue Ribbon"- a prize in the form of a blue ribbon, established by the English shipping company Cunar White Star Line at the beginning of the 19th century and awarded to the fastest ship on the Europe-America line. For a long time, the leader was the American passenger airliner United States. With engine power of 235,000 horsepower, it reached a speed of 37 knots and crossed the Atlantic in 82 hours 40 minutes. After the liner was taken out of service in 1969, boats joined the fight for the record. In 1982, a 22-meter boat Virgin Atlantic Challenger II improved the Big U's time by 2 hours and 10 minutes. Four years later, the 33.5-metre Gentry Eagle crossed the Atlantic in 62 hours and 7 minutes. However, both of these records were not recognized because boats resorted to refueling along the way. The first ship to show best time and the 73-meter catamaran "Sea Cat" turned out to fulfill all the rules. In 1990, he crossed the Atlantic in 80 hours at an average speed of 37.5 knots, burning 220 tons of diesel fuel. Two years later, the “ribbon” was intercepted by the 67.7-meter turbine boat Destriero, which showed an average speed of 53.09 knots.

Greenwich- a suburb of London, where the astronomical observatory founded in 1657 was located. By international agreement, the meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory was adopted in 1884 as the initial one in the calculation of geographic longitudes and was named the Greenwich meridian. Universal and standard time are also calculated from it.

Gaff- 1- The spar tree to which the upper luff of the scythe sail is laced. 2. A spar, raised along the mast at an angle to carry a flag while moving during the day, and gaff lights at night.

Hydroacoustic log- absolute lag, working on the principle of an echo sounder. Provides sufficient accuracy at depths not exceeding 300 meters. There are Doppler and correlation hydroacoustic logs. The action of Doppler hydroacoustic logs is based on measuring the frequency of the received signal caused by the movement of the vessel relative to the bottom; correlation logs are based on comparing the record of the bottom topography obtained by two receivers (with one emitter) located under the bottom in the center plane at some distance from each other. The speed is determined by the time between obtaining similar relief records.

Hydrodynamic log- relative lag, the action of which is based on taking into account the magnitude of the velocity pressure of the oncoming flow of water. In the simplest case, it consists of two tubes located under the belly of the vessel. The hole of one of them is directed towards the bow of the vessel, and the other is flush with the lining. The speed of the vessel is determined by the difference in the heights of the water columns in the tubes. At speeds of more than 5 km/h and waves less than 7 points, it can provide measurements with an error of up to 1 km/h.

Hydraulic drive- a power drive of any mechanisms, consisting of a hydraulic pump and a hydraulic motor (hydraulic cylinder), connected to each other by pipelines for supplying working fluid (oil). On small ships it is used to drive the steering wheel, winches and propeller.

Geek- a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting sail is laced to the boom.

Gitz- small hoists, the movable block of which is tied into something.

Gitovs- running rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The sails of the straight sails pull the clew sails to the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.

Gorden- tackle, passing through a stationary single-pulley II block.

Grotto- I. Straight sail, the lowest one on the second mast at the bow of the mainmast), tied to the main yard. 2. A word added to the names of rhea. sails and rigging located above the top of the mainmast.

Mainsail- the second mast of the ship from the bow.

Smart things- the general name of some parts included in the ship’s equipment. Useful items include fairleads, cleats, bale strips, doors, hatches, coamings, railings, portholes, scuppers, bollards, ladders, etc.

Diametral plane- an imaginary vertical plane passing through the stern and stem of the ship

Vessel trim- the tilt of the ship in the longitudinal vertical plane relative to the surface of the water. Accordingly, there is D. at the stern and D. at the bow.

Dmrik-fal- running rigging gear used to lift the intended end of the gaff to the point.

Heaver- a tool for rigging and sailing work, represented by a eudia, a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed ends. Used as a lever when ripping out ends.

Dryrep- gear for lifting the Mars swarm.

Drektov- anchor rope of a chain anchor (dreka).

Bend- bend of the river bed.

Induction lag- relative lag, the principle of operation of which is based on the appearance, when the vessel is moving, of an additional EMF in a circuit (part of which is sea water) located in a magnetic field created by a special solenoid when an alternating electric current is passed through it.

Cavitation- the formation of cavities (bubbles) in a liquid filled with gas, steam or a mixture thereof as a result of a local decrease in pressure below a critical value. When they enter an area with high pressure, the bubbles burst, generating shock loads from which the surfaces of propellers, pump impeller blades, hydrofoils, etc. are destroyed, which shortens their service life and also reduces the efficiency of the installation.

Boat- the general name for small vessels with a stationary engine and a displacement of no more than 40 tons.

Cardinal system - a system for arranging navigational signs indicating the extremities of navigational hazards on the cardinal points. Used exclusively on sea waterways.

Deadrise - characteristics of the transverse profile of the vessel. It has a numerical value - deadrise angle - see fig. The hull of a vessel is usually characterized by two deadrise angles - amidships and at the transom. With a low deadrise, ships have a smaller draft and less roll during circulation, but they have a fairly high yaw rate (therefore planing ships have a large deadrise angle at the transom) and large shock loads on the hull when moving on a wave. With a high deadrise, ships have low stability at rest and at low speed, as well as slightly greater hydrodynamic resistance at low speed. Vessels with a deadrise angle of less than 10 degrees are called flat-bottomed, from 10 to 15 - moderate deadrise, from 15 to 20 - strong deadrise, more than 20 - "deep V". In practice, ships with a deadrise angle of more than 26 degrees are rarely encountered.

Knecht - a metal structure designed to secure mooring lines to it. Installed on a pier or on a ship.

Stern - rear end of the ship. The flat section of the stern is called the transom. Spicy stern is called whaleboat stern.

Fender- an object that softens impacts of the ship’s hull on a pier or other vessel is located on the outer surface of the side. Old car tires are often used as carbon.

Cruising speed- the conventional name for the most economical speed of the vessel.

All-round fire- fire illuminating a continuous arc of the horizon of 360 degrees.

Lag- a navigation device for measuring the speed of a ship and the distance it has traveled. There are relative lags (measure speed relative to the water) and absolute lags (relative to the bottom).

Lateral system- a system for placing navigational signs indicating the left and right edges of the navigation channel or its axis. On the right edge of the navigation channel there are signs painted red, on the left - signs painted white (on rivers) or black (on reservoirs and lakes). The axis of the navigation channel is indicated by alignments - paired signs installed on the shore, which define a straight line that coincides with the axis of the navigation channel on a certain segment. In some cases, the alignments also mark the boundaries of the shipping channel. HP predominantly used on inland waterways.

Leer- a stretched rope used as a handrail.

Small boat- a vessel whose length is less than 7 m, and a rowing vessel - regardless of size (PPVVP).

Midship- the line of intersection of the ship’s hull and an imaginary vertical plane, which runs along the middle of the ship’s length and is perpendicular to the centerline plane.

Seaward- an expression indicating that a ship or floating object is further from the shore than anyone else. For example, the phrase “let's go further out to sea” means let's go further from the coast in the open sea.

nautical mile- a unit for measuring distances at sea, equal to the arc length of the earth's meridian in 1`. In different countries, the mile is defined at different latitudes, so it has different meanings. In Russia, a nautical mile is taken at latitude 44 degrees 30 minutes and is 1852 meters, in Great Britain and Japan - 1853.18 meters, in Italy - 1851.85 meters. An international nautical mile is equal to 1852 meters.

Motorresurs- operating time of an engine or other mechanism before its overhaul. Measured in hours of work.

Powerboat- a small boat with an outboard motor.

Freeboard - the part of the side above the waterline.

Draft(draft, draft) - the distance from the surface of the water to the lowest point of the ship’s hull.

Vessel stability- the ability of a ship, removed from a position of equilibrium by external forces, to return to its original position after the action of these forces ceases. In ship theory, a distinction is made between static stability and dynamic stability. The measure of stability is the metacentric height.

Drying- a part of the coast or sandbank that is exposed during low tide or when water flows under the influence of wind.

Go-ahead - a signaling method used to coordinate the diverging sides of vessels. The signal is given from the side of the divergence, during the day - with a white flag or a white pulsed flash light, at night - with a flashing white light. The signal light is located above the side lights and consists of a pair of lights on each side, which illuminate a horizon arc of 112.5 degrees from the beam.

Payol- easily removable flooring covering the bottom of the vessel.

Pass sign(pillar) - a coastal sign of the navigation situation, looking like a pillar with a shield. It is installed on both banks of rivers in places where the shipping channel (fairway) goes from one bank to the other.

Stanchion- a vertical post, which is an element of hull structures, is designed to perceive and transmit vertical loads. It is installed between the decks and rests on such kit elements as carlings, frames, stringers.

Plaza- the place where the theoretical drawing of the vessel is laid out in full size, according to which templates for outer plating sheets and templates for kit parts are made. In amateur shipbuilding, it is a flat floor (or even a wall!) of a garage, hangar, gym, lined with sheets of thick cardboard, plywood or hardboard.

Rotary nozzle- a massive ring attached to the stock instead of the steering wheel. In addition to improving the ship's controllability at low speed, it increases the propeller thrust.

Sterndrive(stern drive) - a transmission with a horizontal shaft crossing the transom. Structurally, it is a mechanism located behind the transom, allowing the axis of rotation of the propeller to move in two planes: horizontally - to control the vessel and vertically - to adjust the angle of inclination of the axis of rotation relative to the surface of the water, as well as to tilt when hitting an obstacle, similar to an outboard motor.

Outboard motor(outboard motor) - First appeared around the beginning of the century. Currently produced by several companies under different brands. The most well-known brands are: Evinrude/Johnson (USA), Honda (Japan), Mariner/Mercury (USA), Mitsubisi (Japan), Nissan (Japan), Selva ( Italy), Ruggerini ( Italy), Suzuki (Japan), Tohatsu (Japan), Yamaha (Japan), Yanmar (Japan). Power range from 2 to 250 hp. Gasoline two-stroke engines are the most widespread. However, in Lately, with the introduction of new environmental regulations, four-stroke engines are increasingly being produced. In addition to better environmental performance, they are characterized by lower fuel consumption, low noise and vibration levels. The cost of four-stroke engines is 30-50 percent higher. Two manufacturers (Ruggerini and Yanmar) produce diesel engines.

Redan - ledge on the bottom of the hull of fast ships. Reduces the area of ​​contact between the bottom and water when driving at high speeds.

Rym- metal ring. Depending on the mounting location, it is intended for mooring ships and performing rigging work.

Bell- a special ringing of the ship's bell. Most often, however, the ship's bell itself is called a bell, which inveterate seafarers consider incorrect.

IALA system- a unified system for fencing navigational hazards with floating warning signs, adopted in November 1980 by the conference of the International Association of Lighthouse Services (IALA). Warning signs are divided into system "A" (red buoy or light on the left) and system "B" (red buoy or light on the right). The IALA system includes five types of signs: lateral, cardinal, individual hazard fencing signs, signs indicating the starting points and axes of fairways (channels) and the middle of the channel (axial or clear water signs). In addition, the system provides special purpose signs.

Breast- the place of the steepest bend of the side, turning into the bottom. Depending on the shape of the chine, ships are divided into ships with round chine lines (see figure above) and ships with sharp chine lines (see figure below). Round-chine vessels have an easier ride (due to a smaller wetted surface) and increased hull strength (due to the absence of stress concentration points). Sharp-chine vessels are considered faster, have increased stability when stationary and at low speed, and allow better use of the internal volume of the hull. Sharp-cheeked contours are also more suitable for independent construction, since they have a simpler surface that unfolds onto a plane.

Slan- removable bottom flooring on a boat, boat, etc.

Satellite navigation system- GPS (global positioning system) is the general name of systems that allow you to obtain precise location coordinates by processing signals from special artificial Earth satellites. So-called GPS receivers have recently gained popularity among small boat owners. Outwardly, they look like a small radio station with an antenna, weigh 300-800 g. Depending on the model, GPS receivers continuously process signals from 8-12 satellites and display coordinates on the LCD screen with an accuracy of 30-50 meters. As a rule, all models of GPS receivers are capable of calculating and continuously displaying the speed of the vessel, storing up to several hundred waypoints, and then indicating the direction of movement to each of them. No special permit is required to purchase these receivers. In Moscow stores, the simplest models can be bought for 220-280 USD.

Ship's passage- a body of water on an inland navigation route intended for the movement of ships and marked on the ground and on the map.

Buoy- a float that serves to indicate the location of the released anchor. Connected by a buoy to an anchor.

Register ton- 1 register ton corresponds to 2.83 cubic meters (100 cubic feet).

Beam- direction towards any object, perpendicular to the course of the ship (diametrical plane). Depending on the location of the object from the vessel (on the starboard or port side), a distinction is made between the right and left traverses. The distance from the vessel to an object abeam is called the abeam distance.

Transom plate- a horizontal plate installed on the transom to facilitate planing and reduce running trim. Usually has the ability to adjust the angle of inclination relative to the transom, which allows you to achieve the most advantageous sailing mode when various options loading a boat or boat.

Corner column(S-drive, sail drive) - a transmission with a vertical shaft crossing the bottom of the ship. In rare cases, it has mobility in the horizontal plane to control the ship.

Knot- a non-system unit of speed corresponding to 1 nautical mile per hour (1.852 km/h).

Thrust bearing- a bearing that receives and transmits to the ship’s hull the axial thrust of the propeller in forward and reverse motion. In low-power marine engines, it is usually built into the gearbox housing. Absolutely necessary for ship-mounted automobile and tractor engines whose crankshaft supports are not designed to withstand the load from the propeller. Conventional radial support bearings are capable of supporting an axial load equal to 20-25 percent of their permissible radial load. If the propeller thrust exceeds this value, it is necessary to use angular contact, spherical or tapered bearings. According to the recommendations of the River Register, the thrust bearing must withstand an axial force [H] 10 times greater than the engine horsepower.

Duck- a special double-horned casting or forging, fixed to the bulwark or elsewhere on the ship and used to attach cables to it.

Bulwark- a light belt of side plating, rising above the upper deck. Serves to fence the deck and protect it from flooding.

False keel- 1) boards, beams or metal strips sewn to the keel of a ship to protect it from damage when touching the ground. 2) A heavy lead or cast iron ballast keel on yachts that prevents them from heeling and capsizing.

Fiord- a narrow, deep, branched bay (bay) with high rocky shores.

Forepeak- the bow compartment of the vessel from the stem to the first (collis) bulkhead.

stem- a wooden or metal beam in the bow of the vessel on which the outer plating of the bow end of the hull is attached and which in the lower part becomes the keel.

Fofan- a type of rowboat.

Freebort- freeboard of the ship.

Futox- part of the composite frames of wooden ships. The upper futox is called toptimbers, the lower - flortimbers.

Footstock- a pole or rod with divisions for measuring depth or monitoring the water level in the sea, lake, river.

Vessel center of gravity- the point of application of the resultant forces of gravity acting on all elements of the vessel.

Shvartov- rope (chain) for mooring.

Shearstreck- a belt of side plating adjacent to the upper deck of the vessel. It is one of the main longitudinal connections and is thicker than the other sheathing belts.

Shkimushgar- thin (no more than 25 mm) tarred tench. Used in rigging work.

Schlag- one turn of the rope around something.

Frame- a stiffening rib of the outer hull of the ship's hull, located in the transverse plane.

Spatzia- the distance between two adjacent frames.

Scupper- a hole for water drainage in the bulwark or waterway.

Sturtros- a cable connecting the steering wheel to the tiller.

Suga- small pieces of loose ice and lumps of snow that appear in the water before freeze-up.

Heeled- the thinnest component of a plant cable? twisted from fibers of hemp, agave or other plants.

Kalyshka- a loop on a cable made by its running or main end so that the cable crosses itself, or formed when the cable is excessively twisted.

Brake- 1. A cone-shaped piece of hard wood inserted into the spinning wheel. so that the last one is not tightened - 2, A small wooden block of cylindrical shape with a round groove (kip) in the middle - Upot-glued to connect the flags with the halyards on which they rise.

Klsten- a layer of skimushgar, thin line or wire, placed around the cable against its descent using a half-mushkel.

Service - special kind rigging work, consisting of peddling; On the trenched and tarred cable they place castor along [the cable's mouth so that each of its hoses overlaps the next one. Having covered the entire cable with kpetnevina and strengthened its ends, they begin to lay a cage (shkimushgar. thin line or wire) around the cable and against its descent using a half-mushkel.

Jib- an oblique triangular sail, which is placed in front of the oak mast.

Bollards- paired metal pedestals, cast together with the base plate. Kkelts are installed on the deck in the fore and aft parts and along the sides of the bow. They are used to secure cables during mooring.

Knop- a knot in the form of a thickening at the end of the cable to hold or strengthen its root end.

Peg (*leg of lamb*)- type of knot for shortening the snash.

Koush- a metal ring with a groove of appropriate thickness on the outer surface for the cable,

To the ophel-nagel- a wooden or metal rod with a handle at the upper end, inserted into the socket of the coffee strip for wrapping running rigging gear onto it,

K ofsl-plank- a wooden or metal beam with holes for the hovel-nagele I. attached horizontally on the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side -

Grommet- a ring made from strands of cable. Krengels replace slings, are embedded in the luffs of the sails for tying the spruits, and are placed on the top frames under the sconces.

Lightness- 1. A small bag woven from a cord, the size of a fist, filled with sand. Serves as a weight at the throwing end for its delivery. 2. In the merchant navy, this term refers to the throwing end.

Leer- a metal rod or tightly stretched vegetable or steel rope. used for tying sails, tightening awnings, drying clothes, etc. Leirs are also called ropes fastened to racks that replace the bulwark of a ship, and ropes stretched to prevent falling on board and overboard during a storm.

Linek- a short rope about a finger thick, with a knot at the end. which was used to punish sailors.

Tench- thin plant cable with a diameter of 3.8 to! 1.2 millimeters, twisted from heels. Braided lines are used for sishal halyards and laglines.

Liseli- additional sails c. in the form of trapezoids, which were placed on the outer sides of straight sails on foils-spirits-

Lissel slats- a rail to which the fox is laced.

Lysel alcohols- thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-yards, used for staging foxels.

Lapp- cable based between blocks or deadeyes.

Lot- a device for measuring depths - Based on the principle of construction, the lots are divided into manual, mechanical and echo sounders.

Lotlin- a line or cable to which the load (weight) of the lot is attached.

Lueyers- a round hole stitched with thread or trimmed with a copper ring in a sail, awning, etc.

March 31 shipyard"Severnaya Verf" in St. Petersburg launched the newest patrol ship of the near maritime zone"Smart." The Soobrazitelny multipurpose corvette became the second ship built according to Project 20380 developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau.

But there are series where there is no any system, for example, in one of the series, despite the fact that the lead ship was named “Kronstadt”, the remaining ships received the names of naval commanders of the Russian and Soviet fleets, as well as Soviet marshals. In another series, the lead ship is named "Udala", and the remaining ships of the same type are named after Soviet admirals, a marshal and... the city of Simferopol. There is also a series of missile cruisers with the names "Grozny", "Admiral Golovko", "Admiral Fokin" and "Varyag", another - "Slava", "Marshal Ustinov", "Chervona Ukraine".

In recent years, the long-standing tradition of the Russian Navy to give warships the names of saints of the Russian Orthodox Church has been restored. For example, two large landing ships of the Pacific Fleet were named after the heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo, the holy monks Alexander Peresvet and Andrei Oslyabi. More than 100 years ago, ships with such names already existed in the Russian fleet, thus historical continuity was restored. Previously, these ships had numbered names.

In 2005, the diesel submarine was given the name "St. Nicholas the Wonderworker" in connection with the establishment of patronage ties over it Charitable Foundation Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.

A series of submarines named after Russian princes - "Dmitry Donskoy", "Yuri Dolgoruky", "Alexander Nevsky", "Vladimir Monomakh" - were launched in Severodvinsk.

Currently, they are starting to build a new nuclear submarine cruiser there, which will bear the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The submarine "St. Nicholas" will be part of a series of submarines of new strategic weapons.

When naming the new border patrol ship, it was decided to continue the tradition of Soviet times; it received the name "Rubin".

The Navy continues to maintain the old tradition: when ships grow old and are scrapped, their names are transferred to new ones. At the same time, new traditions are emerging, for example, naming ships after companies. In 2003, the diesel-electric submarine was named Alrosa.

Now new types of ships have appeared, so the traditions of naming ships are being transformed. The new artillery ship was named after the city of Astrakhan. The type of this ship has no analogues in the world, because the ship was designed specifically taking into account the characteristics of the Caspian Sea and the Volga delta.

PRESSURE- a quantity characterizing the intensity of forces acting on any surface of the body in directions perpendicular to this surface. Pressure is determined by the ratio of the force uniformly distributed along the normal to the surface to the area of ​​this surface. IN international system units (SI) pressure is expressed in Pa - Pascals.

D (Good) (Affirmative) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The meaning of this flag as a signal according to the naval code is “Yes, I agree, I authorize.” Flag “D” according to the international code of signals means: “I am changing my course to the right.”

GIVE, GIVE - report, produce, etc. Aback; make stern way - tell the ship to reverse. D. volley (Fire a broad-side) - fire a salvo. "Give a leg"(right or left) - press the vertical control pedal of the aircraft rudder. D. so many revolutions of the car (Give NN turns) -inform the machine of the specified number of revolutions. D. forward movement (Head the engines) - inform the vessel to move forward. "Give me a pen" (from yourself or towards yourself) - move, press the vertical control handle of the aircraft depth rudder. D. slack (Slack out, swing) - loosen the tackle, end. D. move forward. D. move back.

PRESSURE - the resultant of external forces applied to the surface. The unit of pressure in the absolute system of measures is barium, equal to dyne/cm2, the technical unit of pressure is atmosphere or bar = 1,000,000 barium. In the MTS system - pieza or stan/m2 = 10,000 barium. Barometers are used to measure atmospheric pressure, pressure gauges are used to measure pressure above atmospheric pressure, and vacuum gauges are used to measure pressure below atmospheric pressure.

ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE - see Atmospheric pressure.

WIND PRESSURE ON THE SAIL - if the latter is perpendicular to the direction of the wind, it can be expressed by a special formula.

EXPLOSION PRESSURE - the maximum gas pressure inside the cylinder of an engine operating according to the Otto cycle, resulting at the moment of flash of the combustible mixture.

WATER PRESSURE ON STEERING STEERING - see Steering wheel.

Pressure of the air - the force with which atmospheric air presses on the surface of the globe and all bodies in general in contact with the air; measured by the height of the mercury column in a barometer. At a height of mercury column of 760 mm, the air pressure is approximately 1 kg/cm2. In meteorology, air pressure is usually expressed in millibars (cm).

INDICATOR PRESSURE - the pressure of the working fluid (steam, gas, water) in the cylinder of the engine machine, measured by instruments called indicators and expressed in kg 1 cm2 or in f/dm2. Average D.I. is an imaginary constant pressure of the working fluid in the cylinder, giving the same work that is obtained when the pressure of the working fluid in the cylinder actually changes during the stroke of the piston.

COMPRESSION PRESSURE - the maximum gas pressure inside the engine cylinder at the end of the air compression process (in diesel engines) or compression of the combustible mixture (gas and light engines).

DAGLIX, DAGLIS, DAGLIST, DAGLIX-anchor (old) - left deadlift anchor. Belonged to medium-sized ship anchors.

DAGLIKS, DAGLIS ROPE (Sheet cable) - anchor rope of the left anchor (daglixa).

DAGLIS-TOW- Daglis (Daglyx) rope.

LONG VOYAGE (old) - long-distance, long-term voyage, for example, around the world.

FORESIGHT - see Television.

RANGE-finder, Telemeter, Menometer - a device for determining distances without directly measuring them on the ground. There are different digital systems: acoustic, optical, mechanical. In military affairs, distance is used to determine the distance to a target.

Range-taker - an ordinary specialist servicing the ship's rangefinders; during combat, using a rangefinder, determines the distance to the target.

VISIBLE HORIZON RANGE - the distance from the observer to the visible horizon.

OBJECT VISIBILITY RANGE - determined

AIRCRAFT RANGE - see Aircraft flight range.

RANGE - such a sight installation in which (at a given height of the gun axis above sea level and when aiming at the waterline) the height of the average trajectory does not exceed the height of the target.

SAILING RANGE of an individual ship - the distance covered by a given ship at a given speed with a given (full or normal) fuel supply. D.P. is determined as a result of sea trials of the ship based on fuel consumption data at various speeds. The highest DP corresponds to the so-called economic speed of the ship. See also Vessel's area of ​​operation.

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT RANGE - the maximum distance that an aircraft can cover without landing at a given, usually cruising, speed.

PROJECTILE FLIGHT RANGE horizontal - the distance between the point of departure of the projectile and the intersection of its trajectory with a horizontal line passing through the center of the muzzle.

DIRECT SHOT RANGE - the distance that ensures the passage of the average trajectory through the base of the target when the sight is set to 0 and when the gun is aimed at the upper edge of the target.

Color blindness, color blindness (Daltonism) - congenital abnormal color perception. Some colorblind people, for example, distinguish only yellow and blue colors in the spectrum; the intermediate area appears gray to them. Under certain conditions, they do not distinguish, for example, red from green, etc.

DAM (Dam, sea-wall, dike) -- a hydraulic structure in the form of a shaft, used to protect the area from flooding, to lay roads or to regulate the flow of rivers.

DAMIZHAN (Demijohn) - large braided bottle (for acids).

DAMPER, roll damper - a special device at the cardan ring of the binnacles in the Sperry gyrocompasses, which serves to reduce the swing when pitching.

DARVO(glory) - mast.

DANISH MOTOR BOOTS - see Fishing vessels.

DANISH SEINE - consists of a motney and two wings, gradually tapering from the middle to the ends of the net. The upper seine is equipped with cork balbers, and the lower one is loaded with lead weights. The wings are attached to two wooden blocks, to which manila cables (lassos) are attached by means of two short bridles. The dimensions of the most commonly used nets are within the following limits: the length of the reel is 12-18 m, the length of the wings is 30-50 m, the height of the net at the reel is 4-8 m, and at the ends of the wings 1-3 m. The net used on seiners (seiner net) weighs about 250 kg dry. When sweeping a seine, first of all, a buoy with an anchor is thrown into the water. The buoy carries a pole with a flag and has a ring to which the beginning of the lasso is attached. Next, walking at a speed of 4-5 knots, they etch out the first lasso, then throw the seine into the water and return to the buoy, gradually etch out the second lasso. Pulling the seine to the vessel when lifting it is carried out by simultaneously selecting both lassos. D.N. is also used for fishing from two vessels towing a net.

DOUGHTON- see Doughton pump.

DAH(old) - molt.

GIVING DEVICES - see Artillery fire control devices.

WATER TIGHT DOORS - serve to enter the watertight compartments of the ship: they are hermetically sealed by pressing them against the bulkhead with screw seals or seals based on the principle of wedge pressing. D.V. have a rubber gasket around the perimeter. In holds (between boiler rooms, in coal pits, etc.) doors are made that slide vertically in a special frame fixed to the bulkheads. On large transatlantic passenger ships, the doors in the holds are arranged to close automatically. These are sliding type doors equipped with some kind of mechanical drive for closing. In the domestic fleet, on battleships and cruisers between the middle (upper) and lower decks, it is allowed to install D.V. only in the middle part of the ship. On these ships, installation of D.V. below the lower deck is not allowed. On destroyers and leaders, installation of D.V. below the upper deck is not allowed.

ENGINE - a machine that operates in a direct closed cycle and converts some type of energy into mechanical work.

ENGINE EXPLOSIVE

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, internal combustion engine (Internal Combustion engine) - a piston machine in which combustion of fuel introduced together with air occurs inside the working cylinders themselves. The expanding combustion products move the pistons, and this movement is transmitted to the crankshaft by the connecting rod mechanism. Thus, the fundamental difference between D.V.S. from steam engines is that in the former, inside the working cylinders, not only a physical, but also a chemical change in the state of the working substance occurs.

D.B.C. are divided: 1) According to the type of fuel, into gas engines operating with a mixture of various combustible gases with air, and engines operating with a mixture of atomized or evaporated liquid fuel with air. Engines of the last group, depending on the specific gravity of the fuel used, can be divided into light fuel engines - gasoline and kerosene and heavy fuel engines running on diesel oil, motor fuel, fuel oil and petroleum (natural).

According to the nature of the combustion process - engines with combustion at a constant volume or engines with rapid combustion (explosive); engines with constant pressure combustion or gradual combustion engines - diesel engines running on heavy fuel supplied inside the cylinders and atomized using compressed air; mixed combustion engines, in which part of the fuel burns at a constant volume, and part at a constant pressure.

According to the number of piston strokes or strokes during which the working substance completes a complete cycle, four-stroke engines and two-stroke engines. Finally, engines can be single-acting, if they operate with only one cavity of the cylinders, or double-acting, if they are operating with both cavities.

As the main mechanisms on large ships and submarines, exclusively four-stroke or two-stroke diesel engines, single or double-acting, are used, while on small ships - tugs, boats, etc. - mainly explosive-type engines are used, lighter, although less economical and more dangerous in terms of fire than diesel engines.

DOUBLE ACTION ENGINE - see Internal combustion engine.

LIQUID FUEL ENGINE - an internal combustion engine running on liquid fuel. D.J.T. are divided into engines with direct fuel injection into the cylinder and carburetor engines, in which liquid fuel in the carburetor is sprayed, mixed with air and entered into the cylinder in the form of a combustible mixture.

LIGHT FUEL ENGINE - see Internal combustion engine.

HEAVY FUEL ENGINE - see Internal combustion engine.

ELECTRIC MOTOR - see Electric motor.

"FORWARD MOVEMENT" - a special signal performed on the forge and meaning: start tidying, loading coal, swimming, etc.

VISIBLE, PROPER MOTION OF LIGHTS - the apparent movement of luminaries on the surface of the celestial sphere, independent of the apparent daily rotation of the latter.

VISIBLE MOVEMENT OF LUNITIES, DAILY - uniform movement of the luminaries along celestial parallels from east to west. The time for complete revolution of the luminaries is always the same and approximately equal to 23 hours. 56 min. average time.

MOVEMENT OF THE SUN VISIBLE, PROPER - the movement of the Sun along the surface of the celestial sphere appears to us as its movement from west to east in a large circle inclined to the equator at an angle of 23°27",3 during the year. This apparent movement of the Sun is explained by the revolution of the Earth itself around it, while maintaining parallelism its axis inclined to the plane of its orbit at an angle of 66°32",7.

SHIPPING PROPOSER (Propeller) - an actuator used to convert the mechanical work of ship engines into forward motion of the vessel. D.S. includes propellers and wheels, water-jet propulsors, etc.

MOVING VESSELS - see Technical vessels.

TWO (Dinghy)- two-oar boat for two oarsmen.

DOUBLE BOTTOM (Double bottom) - see inner bottom.

DUAL CONTROL - a double set of control mechanisms (wheel, control stick, pedals), allowing two pilots to control the aircraft alternately (without changing seats). It is used on aircraft - training, long-range and military.

DOUBLE BUTTON - see Button.

Double wall knot - see Turnbuckle button.

DOUBLE SLIDING BUTTON, ENGLISH BYTE BUTTON - see Sliding buttons.

DOUBLE SPIRE - a spire having two drums located vertically.

DOUBLE STARS - stars that are visible to the naked eye as one star and only in a telescope are divided into two stars. D. 3. are: a) optical, if the proximity is only prospective (in reality, one star is much further than the other and only by chance it is located on the same straight line with the observer), and b) physical, if the proximity is real (both stars form one system, i.e. i.e. two suns rotating around each other).

YARD- 1. A fence where the fish enters; a place in the sea covered with nets when catching belugas and seals (ast.). 2. Part of the river freed from ice by breaking it up and removing it (Volga)

I-BEEL STEEL (I Vag)- see Sectional steel.

Twinscrew ship - a vessel with two propellers as propellers.

Two decked ship, two decker (old) - a two-decker sailing ship.

DOUBLE-HULLED SUBMARINES - submarines that have a second light one on the outside of the durable hull, which allows the boat to be given contours that ensure seaworthiness and creates space convenient for the installation of ballast tanks.

TWO MASTED VESSEL - a ship with two masts.

TWO-HANDED BRUSH - see Flying brush.

DOUBLE GRID LAMP - electron tube with two grids; the second grid allows you to use a low voltage anode battery (10-12 volts), or receive from a double grid
lamps have much greater gain than a conventional three-electrode lamp provides.

TWO-STROKE ENGINE - an engine that completes a full cycle in two strokes of the piston (two-stroke cycle); 1st stroke - compression of the combustible mixture or clean air (for a diesel engine); at the end of compression there is an explosion of the working mixture in carburetor two-stroke engines or fuel injection in a diesel engine; 2nd move - expansion of burnt gases. At the end of the second stroke, exhaust gases are removed and the engine cylinders are filled with fresh air or a combustible mixture. D.D. can operate both on the Diesel cycle and the Otto cycle, on both liquid and gaseous fuels.

TWO-STROKE CYCLE - see Two-stroke engine.

TWO-ELECTRODE LAMP DIODE (Diode) - an electron tube with two electrodes: a cathode and an anode. There is no grid. See Kenotron.

Landing stages (Landing-stage, Landing) - see Floating piers.

DEBARCATION - landing troops from ships ashore.

VIRGO (Virgo)- the zodiac constellation in which the autumnal equinox is located. The Sun enters the sign of Virgo on September 23.

DEV-GORDENI, DEF-GORDENI, DEM-GORDENI (old) - gordeni, tied on both sides of the bull-gordeni.

DEVIATOR- an official in fleet bases and shipping company departments, whose responsibilities include determining and destroying the deviation of magnetic compasses installed on ships.

DEVIATION DEVICE - see Deviation device.

DEVIATION - in commercial terminology, the deviation of a ship from its normal direction. This occurs when a ship, without a legal basis, deviates from the voyage specified in the policy, and, where this voyage is not specifically specified, from the usual route between two ports. See Deviation Conditions.

Heeling deviation - as the ship rolls, the forces of the ship's magnetism (see) undergo changes, as a result of which D.K. appears, depending on the inclination on one side or the other and on the angle of the ship's roll. During roll, the main change is the force (£ХЯ, and during pitching, the force 96Ш changes. The remaining forces on the roll change little. Since the DK depends on the roll angle, then with a continuous change in the roll angle, the roll angle changes all the time and roll deviation, and the compass card, not being able to take a certain equilibrium position, will begin to oscillate or, as sailors say, “walk.” Hence the need to thoroughly destroy D.K.

MAGNETIC COMPASS DEVIATION - deviation of the magnetic needle of a compass on an iron ship from the direction it occupies on earth (magnetic meridian). On iron ships, the ship's iron, magnetized by the force of earthly magnetism, acts on the magnetic needle of the compass, deflecting it from the plane of the magnetic meridian in one direction or another by a certain angle called deviation. The plane in which the magnetic compass needle is installed on an iron ship is called. compass meridian. Depending on which direction the arrow will deviate with its north end from the direction towards N magnetic, i.e. towards O or towards W, the deviation will be core (+) (Easterly deviation) or westward (-) (Westerly deviation).

RESIDUAL DEVIATION - a small deviation (about 1°) remaining on the magnetic compass after the destruction of the semicircular and quarter deviation (see).

Semicircular deviation - deviation of the compass needle from the direction of the magnetic meridian under the influence of mainly magnetically hard ship iron. Semicircular deviation is produced by forces: longitudinal - SHN and transverse - SHU. The expression “semicircular” means that when the ship turns 360°, the deviation produced by these forces becomes zero twice.

CONSTANT deviation - deviation of the magnetic compass, which remains unchanged on all courses of the ship.

RADIO DIRECTION FINDER DEVIVATION - the angle between the visual bearing and the radio bearing to the emitting transmitter.

QUARTER DEVIATION (QuaI drantal deviation) - deviation of the compass needle from the direction of the magnetic meridian under the influence of magnetically soft ship iron. The quarter deviation is produced by the forces: £>ХН and @ХН. The expression “quadruple” means that when the ship turns 360°, the deviation produced by these forces becomes zero four times. See Forces of ship magnetism.

DAVIS- see Davis steering gear.

GIRL(white) - a stand on barges on which the upper end of the diarrhea rotates.

NINE (Ratline) - see Lin.

DEGASING- neutralization of the effects of chemical warfare agents. It is achieved by mechanical (eg ventilation) or chemical (use of neutralizing substances) methods.

Deadweight - the total carrying capacity of the ship, expressed for Soviet merchant ships in metric tons. D. includes both transport (to be transported) cargo and household cargo. Household cargo includes fuel, water to power the boilers, as well as drinking or washing fresh water for the crew. Provisions for the voyage are not taken into account, since their weight does not significantly affect the draft of the vessel. D. is defined as the difference in the displacement of a ship fully loaded according to the summer load line and without cargo, but with water in boilers and refrigerators, spare parts and materials (established by the USSR Register, at least to ensure navigation safety), the ship's crew and their luggage. D. for each given ship is a constant value and serves as the main characteristic of a cargo ship.

Dead freight - see freight dead.

On duty - commander or Red Navy man on general ship or special duty.

Ship on duty - assigned to a formation or squadron at anchor by a signal or order from the flagship on a daily basis. Its main purpose is constant readiness to carry out any emergency assignment. The usual duties of D.K. include sending rounds and all kinds of emergency squads to the shore, constant readiness of the fire brigade in case of a fire on the shore, maintaining communication with the shore and other ships, etc. Private duties of D.K. are usually regulated by an order for the fleet or connection.

DUTY LIGHT - a blue light raised at the end of the yardarm and illuminating a 360° arc of the horizon; serves as an indication that this ship is on duty.

Duty - type of service on a ship, which has as its purpose: implementation of the schedule of service and life on the ship established by the schedule; control over the performance of service duties by personnel and the proper direction of their activities, monitoring the proper operation of mechanisms and other means and their periodic maintenance; maintaining order and cleanliness in residential and office premises. According to the content and nature of the service, military service is divided into general ship service and special service (in combat units and services). In terms of duration, D. can be daily or semi-diurnal.

DISINSECTION - extermination of insects. The most advanced is D. using sulfuric anhydride, carbon disulfide, cyanide gas, chloropicrin, etc. It is carried out at the request of the ship administration by the port sanitary service.

DISINFECTION of the vessel (Desinfection) - disinfection, i.e. destruction of pathogenic microorganisms. For contagious diseases on board a ship, it is usually done chemically.

DEAD-WOOD - the stern end of the vessel in its underwater part, in which the middle propeller shafts exit to the outside. If the shape of the sternpost is such that its keel part is cut off at an angle to the waterline, then the ship is said to have a cut-off stern deck. In wooden ships, a narrow space at the bow, covered with beams, forms the bow deck (Foremost dead-wood), otherwise the same space in the aft part forms the stern D. (Aftermost dead-wood).

Stern tube - a cast iron or steel pipe through which the propeller shaft exits the ship’s hull to the outside; water tightness of the D.T. from the engine room side is achieved by installing an oil seal.

ACTUALITY OF ARTILLERY FIRING - its final result, i.e. the degree of destruction that will be caused to the enemy. D.A.S. depends on the number of shells hit and their destructive effect. The latter, in turn, depends on the type of projectiles that were fired, and on the conditions of their impact, i.e., the structure and properties of the obstacle, the angles of contact with the obstacle, etc.

DEC- this is how the deck was called on sailing warships, and this term was more applied to those decks on which artillery was installed. In addition, the space between the two decks, where personnel were located for housing, was also called D. Currently, the deck is called D. only on civilian ships.

DECA- a prefix to the names of units of measurement, denoting an increase of 10 times in the metric system (for example, 1 deciliter = 10 liters).

DECLARATION, SCHIPER or CAPTAIN'S TESTIMONY (Declaration of the ship) - a document presented to the customs representative by the captain of the ship, which indicates the name of the ship, the type of goods brought, the number of bills of lading and manifests for the cargo, as well as goods brought without bills of lading, and, if any, property salvaged at sea. Attached to the document are: a manifest, bills of lading, a passenger list, a ship's list, passports of passengers and crew, a list of things brought by the ship's crew, an inventory of provisions, sanitary and measurement certificates, and a patent for the right to raise the flag. D. ends with the captain notifying who he trusts to conduct business with customs (usually this is entrusted to the ship's agent company).

MARITIME DECLARATION - an extract from the ship's log certified by a notary.

WASTE DECLARATION (Entry outwards) - an application submitted by the captain to customs before the start of loading of export cargo, containing information about the ship, cargo received, port of destination, crew, etc.

DECLARATION OF ENTRY (Entry inwards) - see Declaration, skipper's or captain's testimony.

DECLINator - a device for determining magnetic declination.

DE-COLONG- see Deflector.

DECOMPRESSION - a gradual decrease in the pressure acting on the diver as he rises from depth.

DECREMENT - a value characterizing the gradual attenuation of oscillations. D. is equal to the ratio of two amplitudes following one after another through one period.

MATERNITY TIME - see Standard time.

Deck-transom - see Transom.

DO- produce, perform. D. so many miles - sail so many miles. D. signal (To make a signal) - produce a signal; raise flags in a known combination, produce flashes, sound signals, etc. comparison of chronometers. D. review, etc.

DELIVERY ORDER - order of the cargo owner to dock in foreign ports for the release of cargo.

BUSINESS (Fight, engagement, skirmish) - combat action: fight with the enemy, battle, battle, battle. “Be in business against the enemy” - participate in hostilities.

GOOD THINGS - cast, forged and other parts that perform a specific purpose in ship use and form part of the equipment of the ship’s hull. To D.V. include: railings and awning racks, davits, ladders, minbeams, brackets, scuppers from the upper deck, bollards, bale strips, deck and side windows, hatch and neck covers, stoppers for wire rope, butts, eyes, fairleads, etc.

DELTA- the branching of a river at its mouth into several branches, shaped like the Greek letter D (delta). It is formed more often in rivers flowing into inland seas, where sea tides are weak and cannot remove all river sediment from the mouth; It also happens when a river flows into a river and into a lake. In the open seas (with strong tides that remove sediment), estuaries, on the contrary, are devoid of delta.

DELTA METAL - an alloy of copper, zinc and iron; has great strength and toughness, is forged in red-hot heat, and is not exposed to sea ​​water. This alloy is widely used in shipbuilding. Specific gravity 8.6.

DEMARCATION LINE OF DAILY TIME (Line of demarcation) - a line, crossing which is accompanied by a change in the date of the month. Depending on local conditions D.L.S.V. V various places more or less significantly deviates from the direction of the ISO0 longitude meridian, passing from the Bering Strait along the eastern side of the Japanese Islands, then along the eastern side of the Mariana, Caroline, Fiji, New Caledonia and New Zealand islands. In practice, while sailing in the northern hemisphere, D.L. is usually accepted to coincide with the above-mentioned meridian, if it is not intended to enter ports located near the latter. Crossing the D.L., ships heading east count the previous date again from midnight, while those heading west miss one date. So, for example, crossing D.L. On January 5th, when sailing to O, from midnight the same date should be retained - January 5th; going to the W, January 7th is considered from midnight.

UNMASK -- detect objects hidden from the enemy.

DEMISE CHARTER - a type of charter under which the charterer temporarily borrows all the rights of the owner of the vessel, and he hires a crew and bears all current operating costs, including insurance costs. With such chartering, the vessel can be used for all kinds of voyages and for any cargo. The charterer undertakes to compensate the owner for a specified amount in the event of loss of the vessel, as well as, after the expiration of the period, to return it in the same condition in which it was at the time of chartering, with the exception of damage due to normal wear and tear;

DEMONSTRATION - an action of a threatening nature, for example, the concentration of a fleet, air force, etc. with the aim of influencing the enemy, as well as military actions aimed at diverting the enemy’s attention from the point chosen for delivering the main blow.

DEMURRAGE - see Contrastalia.

DEM-GORDENI - see Dev-gordeni.

POLAR DAY - a period of time, expressed in days, during which (at latitudes above 66° 33") the sun does not set below the horizon in its daily movement.

DISPATCH- telegram.

DEPOSIT - contribution of money to the court or bank to secure a claim. D. is contributed either by the consignee in response to a claim by the shipowner in order to prevent the seizure of the cargo, or by the shipowners in response to claims addressed to the ship.

PRESS DEPRESSION - see Areas of Low Pressure.

DERATIZATION - extermination of rats and mice on ships, in port warehouses, etc.

TREE(Volzh.) - a mast on a ship.

WOODEN PILE (Settingfid) - see Pile.

Pounding - used cable with splices.

HOLD. Keep at sea (To bear off from the land) - move away from the shore. D. quarantine (To perform quarantine) - have no communication with the shore. D. to the shore (To stand on to the shore) - approach the shore. D. cooler (Keep her close, keep her as close as she will lie) - keep closer to the wind, i.e. so that the course with the direction of the wind forms an acute angle. D. to the ship (That hear up to a ship) - approach the ship, steer towards it. D. on target (walk along the target) - walk so that the two objects observed by the ship are on the same line. D. fuller (That k:eep her full) - when sailing close-hauled, hold it more fully than the ship can go to the wind, so that it can move. D. full sails (To keep the sails full) - steer so that all the sails are inflated by the wind. Keep it up (Keep her so! Thus! Steady as you go) - a command to the helmsman, by which he is obliged to keep the ship on the course on which the ship was lying at the time this command was given. Hold it tighter, but so that it doesn’t rinse - an order to the helmsman on a sailing ship to keep it closer to the wind, but at the same time so that the sails do not rinse (do not become windless).

HOLD ON. Stay close to the shore (To keep a good hold of the land) - do not move away from the shore. D. in the sea (To keep the sea) - to be at sea in the vicinity of a particular point without entering it. D. in a storm (That lie to in a storm) - bring close-hauled to the wind under storm sails and hold in this position until the storm passes the ship. D. on course- maintain the given course. D. at heading angle - maintain the specified heading angle. D. under \ oars. D. under sail, D. seaward - further from the coast. D. (in a storm)- steer so as to be as steep to the wind as possible.

HOLDING FORCE OF ANCHORS - for Admiralty anchors it ranges from 12 to 15 anchor weights. D.S. of patented anchors is approximately 2.40 to 3.75 of their own weight.

DERIVATION (Lateral derivation, declination) - deflection of an artillery shell or bullet in one specific direction from the firing plane, due to the rotation of an elongated projectile around its axis during flight. D. is a completely definite value for each weapon and can be taken into account in advance.

DERIK-FAL- see Dirik-fal.

DERRICK CRANES - see Cranes.

LANDING (Descent, landing party, landing troups) - landing of ground forces, transported by sea or by air, on enemy territory for military operations, as well as for protective and demonstrative purposes.

SHIP LANDING - a combat unit formed from the regular crew of the ship(s) and landed ashore when short-term actions on the shore are necessary during combat operations (performing demolition work, establishing communications with ground units, etc.). D.K. consists of a subversive party, a rifle unit, an observation and communications department and a sanitary department.

LANDING OPERATION, landing operation - a combat operation in which both ground forces and naval forces simultaneously participate. BEFORE. consists of landing and transporting ground troops by sea, landing them on the coast occupied by the enemy, and subsequent landing operations on the shore. BEFORE. should not be confused with the sea transport of troops when the landing is carried out on one’s own territory or the territory of the allies and is not associated with enemy counteraction from the shore. Thus, the elements that define the D.O. are the landing and the accomplishment of the landing mission on the shore; everything else, including combat operations at sea and in the air, is a means to achieve success and ensure the operation.

Landing gun - a weapon carried from the ship along with the landing party.

LANDING POINT - a section of the sea coast convenient for landing troops.

DESTROYER - destroyer; literally translated - fighter.

TEN- ten-oar rowing boat.

EXPANDER (Reducing valve) - a pressure reducing valve installed on the steam line to reduce steam pressure.

Detachment (source) - separation of part of the fleet (detachment), squadron, etc. to perform special tasks or independent operations.

DETECTION - using a detector to isolate the low frequency oscillations contained in them from modulated high frequency oscillations, which are perceived by the phone.

DETECTOR (Detector, spark-indicator) - a device for converting modulated high-frequency oscillations entering the receiver, which are not perceived by hearing, into low-frequency oscillations, audible through the telephone. D. come in crystalline and tube types.

DETECTOR RECEIVER (Crystal receiver) - a radio receiver consisting of an oscillating circuit with a circuit connected to it from a crystal detector with a telephone and a blocking capacitor.

DETENTION (Detention) - see Delay.

DETONATOR - an explosive substance (tetryl, mercury fulminate, etc.), the explosion of small quantities of which can cause detonation, i.e., an explosion of another explosive substance. D. is also called a detonation device.

DETONATION of explosives (Detonation) - a special type of explosion produced using a detonator. Some explosives, when ignited, burn out gradually. If such an explosive is subjected to a sharp blow or a capsule of mercury fulminate is inserted into it and the latter is ignited, then the entire mass of the substance detonates and explodes. Detonation can also occur in cases where explosive masses are at some distance from each other. The destructive effect of an explosion during D. is 2-4 times greater than in the case of ordinary ignition of an explosive, which is a consequence of the high speed of the explosion.

DEF-PRIDE- see Dev-proud.

DEFECT- damage. Submit to D. - add to the inventory for correction or replacement.

DEFECTIVE LIST - an inventory of defects in the material part of the vessel requiring repair.

HUMIDITY DEFICIT - see Moisture deficiency.

DEFLECTOR - a device used to measure the magnetic forces acting on a compass card. The deflector is used to destroy or determine the deviation of a ship's magnetic compass. Our fleet uses the de Colong system. This D. can measure horizontal and vertical forces, which distinguishes it favorably from the D. of other systems, by means of which only horizontal forces are measured.

DEFLECTORS- special devices serving for the purposes of blowing and exhaust ventilation. The simplest is a pipe with a socket, which is a vertical pipe carried into a ventilated room and ending at the top with a coaming. A rotating socket is placed on the coaming and can be installed in any position relative to the wind, which determines its injection (injection) or exhaust action.

Instead of sockets, ejection heads are often used for exhaust ventilation. In them, due to the presence of a conical pipe, the air has an increased speed, as a result of which the air is rarefied in the upper part of the ventilation pipe, which determines the exhaust effect of the D. On merchant ships, Utleya Ds are often used, which allow air to pass through, but do not allow water to pass through. These D. are installed in places on the upper deck that are filled with water during rough seas. For exhaust ventilation of small spaces under the upper deck and in superstructures, mushroom-shaped ventilation units are also often used. Finally, swan-neck shaped ventilation units are also used for the same purpose.

DEFORMATION - change in the shape (size) of the body under the influence of external forces. Pure D. - not accompanied by a change in body volume. Absolute D. is the difference between two values ​​of the same size in a given body after D. and the original one. Relative D. is the quotient of dividing the absolute D. by the original size. D. is called elastic if, after removing the load, the body returns to its original state. D. remaining after removing the load is called. plastic.

DEFORMATION OF THE SUN AND MOON - a change in the shape of the sun and moon, which is the result of anomalous refraction, as well as the presence of a low layer of fog in the lower layer of air above the sea; observed at rising and setting of the sun and moon.

DEFROSTER - a specially equipped refrigerator chamber for gradual heating and drying of products released from the refrigerator in warm weather, mainly eggs and fruits. This eliminates external sweating of products when they are directly taken out of the refrigerator into warm air.

DECI- a prefix to the names of units of measurement, denoting a 10-fold decrease in the metric system, for example, 1 decimeter = 0.1 meters.

JACKASSRIG (Jack-ass rig) - a name sometimes given to an ordinary three-masted schooner having straight topsails on the foremast. It is possible that this name was given in order to distinguish this rig from the rig of a “real” three-masted schooner, which does not have square sails.

JAMES- see James's warning lot or underwater sentry.

GENCON - the conventional name of the party adopted by the Baltic-White Sea Conference.

JENSON- see Jenson's condition.

JETISON - throwing cargo or ship's weapons overboard at a critical moment in order to save the ship. The resulting loss is classified as general average
and is covered by all interested parties.

JIGGER - additional mast. In addition, on small sailing ships and some barges, D. is a small mast attached very close to the transom, the sail of which acts like an aerial rudder. For this reason, fishing vessels that have a d. and sloop rig are often called d. or have a jigger rig. The stern (fourth) mast on four-mast ships is also called a jigger mast.

JONKA, JONKA (Junk) - a Chinese ship armed with two masts each with one sail. The largest junks have a displacement of 200 tons.

JOULE, one watt-second (Joule) - a unit of work in the absolute system of measures, equal to 107 ergs.

JUTE- plant fiber mined in India and the USA. Used for the production of cheap types of canvas, coarse fabrics, bags, ropes, etc.

DIAGRAM - a graphical way of depicting the relationship between various quantities.

DYNAMIC STABILITY DIAGRAM - a diagram depicting the dependence of the amount of work that must be expended to tilt the ship at a certain angle on the value of the corresponding angle of heel of the ship. Often, instead of work, the so-called dynamic shoulders, proportional to the specified work, are plotted on the ordinates of the diagram. D.D.O. is an integral curve with respect to the Reed diagram (see).

INDICATOR DIAGRAM - a diagram that checks the correct working cycle of a piston engine (steam engine, internal combustion engine, or compressor). DI. gives the dependence of the pressure of the working fluid in the cylinder on the piston path. DI. is automatically drawn by a special device - an indicator, mounted on a working machine and recording for each given moment of the working cycle the position of the piston and the pressure of the working fluid (steam, gas) in the cylinder of the machine. Using the indicator diagram, you can calculate the indicator power of the machine and identify defects in the operating process of the machine, as well as determine how the operation of the distribution elements should be changed in order to make the machine work normally.

Napier's diagram - a diagram of the residual deviation of the magnetic compass, from which the deviation can be removed for each given course. Replaces the deviation table.

REED DIAGRAM (Curve of stability) - a curve showing the dependence of the magnitude of the righting pair (the arm of the righting pair) on the angle of heel of the vessel. Otherwise called the static stability diagram.

DIAGRAM OF THEORETICAL ELEMENTS OF A VESSEL - a general diagram of the main theoretical elements of the vessel, calculated not only for its largest or normal deepening, but also for the deepenings corresponding to each waterline drawn on the theoretical drawing. By interpolating along the curves of the diagram, one can find the theoretical elements of the vessel at any average depth.

DIAMAGNETIC BODIES - bodies whose magnetic permeability is less than 1 (example - bismuth). D.T. elongated shapes in a magnetic field tend to align themselves perpendicular to the lines of force, as opposed to magnetic bodies of the same shape (for example, iron), which tend to align themselves along the magnetic lines.

PROPELLER DIAMETER - see Propeller elements.

Diameter of the circular - the distance between the positions of the vessel on two opposite courses during steady circulation. The value of D.C. depends on a number of reasons, of which the most important are the ratio of the length of the vessel to its width, the angle of deflection of the rudder and the speed of the vessel.

CIRCULATION DIAMETER OF CONNECTION - the diameter of the circulation that ships must describe when sailing together in formation or in order. D.C.S. select the circulation diameter of the ship that has the greatest circulation, with the rudder angle being about two-thirds (depending on the class of the ship) of the maximum rudder deflection. The ability to increase the rudder angle is left to ensure that the ship evades neighboring ships in the event of a threat of collision during joint maneuvering.

TACTICAL CIRCULATION DIAMETER - the distance between the return courses when the ship turns the first 180° during circulation. It is obvious that for both navigational purposes it is necessary to know precisely the diameter of the first half of the circulation, because when maneuvering in a connected voyage, it is usually not necessary to describe more than half of the circulation.

DIAMETRAL PLANE OF THE VESSEL (Fore and aft line) - a longitudinal vertical plane dividing the width of the vessel into two equal and symmetrical parts. See theoretical drawing of the vessel.

DIAMETER MOUNTING - additional fastening installed between the middle horse and the middle keelson on wooden ships of barge construction, to increase the longitudinal strength and rigidity of the vessel. It consists in the fact that between the indicated connections, grabbers are placed that connect the keelson and the horse on both sides, bark racks and bark braces. In addition, slopes run from the horse to the ends, bolted to the clamps and braces.

DIAFON (Diaphone) - a powerful apparatus for producing fog signals in lighthouses; stronger than a siren. Gives a strong low-pitched sound, turning into a shrill dying sound, ending with a “grunt”; hearing range from 7 to 40 miles (depending on the size of the device); invented in the USA.

DIAPHRAGM (Diaphragm, diaphragm) - 1. A plate with a hole (usually round), placed in optical instruments between the objective lenses, to eliminate some of the disadvantages of the lens by reducing its effective opening. Currently, the most common diaphragms are iris diaphragms, the opening of which can be continuously changed by simply turning a lever. 2. Partitions that serve one purpose or another, for example, diaphragms dividing the cylinder of a steam turbine into separate chambers corresponding to different pressure levels, stiffening diaphragms in hollow beams, etc.

DIVERGENCE - see Point of divergence.

Diversion - an independent operation that diverts the attention and forces of the enemy.

DIVISION- 1. Primary, homogeneous connection of warships of the second and third rank, for example, Esq. destroyers, patrol ships, etc., headed by a commander. Division commanders were assigned a special braid pennant. 2. Division of combat units on ships.

DIVISION of ships (Division of a fleet) - the highest homogeneous formation of warships. Cm. .

DIESEL engine - see Internal combustion engine.

DIESEL CYCLE - the operating cycle of a heat engine, in which the air in the engine cylinder is pre-compressed before mixing with fuel, and the latter is injected into the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke, ignites from the high temperature of the compressed air and burns at constant pressure.

DEALEN- see ends.

DEALS, DEALS (Deals) - in the timber export business of the USSR, Scandinavia and the Baltic states - boards with a thickness of 4, 3, 21/a and 2 dm. (102, 76. 64 and 51 mm), width 11, 10 and 9 dm. (279, 254 and 229 mm).

DINA- unit of force in the CGS system of measures. The force that imparts a constant acceleration to a mass of 1 g is 1 cm/sec2.

DYNAMIC STABILITY -cm. Vessel stability.

DYNAMO MACHINE (Dynamo) - see Generator.

DYNAMOMETER, strength meter (Dynamometer) - a device for measuring the magnitude of forces. D. also called instruments used to measure the work or power of a machine. To measure large forces, hydraulic pressure pumps are used, in which the measured force presses on the piston and compresses the oil in the cylinder; the pressure of the latter is indicated by a pressure gauge. Knowing the piston diameter and oil pressure, you can determine the magnitude of the measured force. The pressure gauge is often calibrated in such a way that its divisions directly indicate the magnitude of the force being measured.

DINGHY- a small open boat, usually belonging to a yacht and serving for various needs. Recently, engines have been installed on large aircraft.

DIODE- see Two-electrode lamp.

DIOPTER - a target for directing a goniometric instrument to a distant object. Usually two frames are installed, fixed at a certain distance, one in front of the other. Looking through the slit of the eye lens, the eye should see the hair of the eye lens and the distant object.

DIOPTER SYSTEM - See Lighting of lighthouses.

DIP-LOT (Deep-sea-lead) - lot for measuring great depths. D.-L. differ from hand lots by the greater weight of the lot itself (weights), namely from 15 to 30 kg. For D.-L. used deep-see-lead-line cable work 38-55 mm thick, about 155 m long. The deep line is broken in metric measure, starting from 10 m to 150 m.

DIP-TANK - deep tank on transport ships, centered on three main types: non-rigid or soft, semi-rigid and rigid, and some of the existing tanks are transitional in type between these main types. The main part of any aircraft is the body to which one or more gondolas are attached or suspended. In the rear part of the aircraft's hull there is an empennage consisting of three or four, usually cross-shaped, fixed stabilizer planes that give the aircraft stability in flight and ending in movable planes - elevators, which serve to change the angle of inclination of the aircraft's longitudinal axis to the horizon, and rudders - for turning in the horizontal plane. In non-rigid and semi-rigid diaphragms, the gas is contained directly in the diaphragm body, which consists of a fabric shell made of several (two or three) layers of rubberized fabric for lower gas permeability; in hard D. the gas is contained in special gas cylinders made of invigorated fabric located inside a metal frame (see). Semi-rigid boats differ from soft boats by the presence of a metal keel truss in the lower part of the hull. For gravity which closely coincides with the center of gravity of the corresponding load waterline. By filling the tank with water and the holds with cargo, it is possible to raise the overall center of gravity of the vessel and thereby create satisfactory conditions for rolling.

AIRSHIP, controlled balloon, airship, aircraft (Dirigible) - an aircraft that is lighter than air (as opposed to an airplane - a vehicle that is heavier than air). D. stays in the air due to the fact that its body is filled with gas lighter than air. (See Aeronautical Gases). Unlike an uncontrollable balloon, the balloon is equipped with motors with propellers that allow it to move regardless of the direction of the wind. Modern aircraft are divided into storage during flight of the invariability of the external shape of the body of non-rigid and semi-rigid aircraft. It is necessary to maintain internal gas superpressure in the shell (see), which is achieved by the presence of balloons in it, into which air enters under pressure through a catcher or through a hose - an air duct, coming from a fan installed in the gondola. In rigid engines, maintaining gas superpressure is not required, since the invariability of the external shape of the body is achieved by the presence of a rigid frame, and the outer shell of light fabric serves only as a covering that protects the frame from atmospheric influences and makes the body streamlined. There are valves in the shell or gas cylinders of the aircraft: uncontrolled - automatic, opening when the internal gas pressure increases above the design one, and controlled valves, opened by a valve rope by a pilot from the gondola in order to reduce the lifting force of the aircraft, for example, during descent . Non-rigid gondolas usually have one; it accommodates the crew and passengers, the engines are installed and some cargo is carried for the flight. In rigid and semi-rigid airships, individual motor nacelles are suspended from the airship's hull, and most of the cargo is in rooms in the lower part of the airship's frame. In the bow of the airship there is a mooring device with which the airship is attached to the mooring mast. The frame of a rigid ship consists of stringers and frames, the latter braced in their plane (in zeppelins) by a number of cables. The entire frame is covered with a network of metal wires arranged diagonally in panels formed by the intersection of stringers and frames. The first ship was built by Giffard in 1854, the first rigid ship was built by Zeppelin in 1900.

DIRIK-FAL, durgin-fal (Topping-lift) - tackle with which the gaff is lifted and held in the required position.

DISBURSMENT - see Costs and Cost Account.

STEAM TURBINE DISC - a disk that is mounted on the shaft of a steam turbine and carries blades on its circumference, inserted with their tail parts into its grooves. Discs mounted on the shaft together form a disk rotor.

PLIMSALL DISC - see Load line.

SECCHI DISC- a special disk used to determine water transparency. This determination is made as follows: in clear weather, the Secchi disk on a line is gradually immersed in water until it completely disappears from visibility; the depth at which this occurs is recorded as indicative of transparency.

Flag discrimination - preferential port and other charges, as well as various advantages provided to ships of one nation, along with worse conditions for ships of another nation.

DISLOCATION - distribution of fleet ships among ports for wintering or permanent deployment.

DISPATCH money - a stipulated amount that the shipowner reimburses the charterer for any time saved against the time agreed upon in the certificate of shipment during loading and unloading operations.

AVERAGE STATEMENT- calculation of the amount of losses caused by a general average falling on each interested party. Drawing up a document is a complex process and often requires preliminary consideration of many issues with the help of experts. After excluding losses not related to general average, the amount of losses subject to apportionment is established. These losses may relate to the vessel, cargo and freight. To determine the share of liability, two property masses are calculated: the active mass, which includes all losses incurred that are subject to compensation, and the passive mass, i.e. those property values ​​that were saved thanks to donations made. Next, the active mass is added to the amount of the value of the rescued property, and the so-called indemnity capital is obtained. By dividing the active mass by the contribution capital, the contribution dividend is established, i.e., the ratio in which each of the interested parties participates in bearing the total losses.

AVERAGE ADJUSTER- a person specialized in assessing emergency losses and assessing the participants in a general average.

DISPATCH- see Dispatch.

DISPATCHER - an employee of the operational part of the shipping company, whose duties and responsibilities include: I. Operational planning of transportation for a given month by type of cargo, direction and timing. 2. Correct distribution of tonnage in operation by type of transportation in accordance with the technical and operational characteristics of vessels and accurate accounting of port productivity. 3. Monitoring the implementation of the fleet’s production plan through operational leadership and command. 4. Drawing up flight orders, tasks and monitoring their exact implementation. 5. Execution of dispatch reporting.

DISPOSITION - a plan for the location of ships for anchorage in a roadstead or harbor in a certain order, in one or several lines, so as not to hamper the movement of ships if possible and to occupy the smallest amount of water space without needlessly cluttering the entire roadstead.

REMOTE TUBE (Time fuze) - a device screwed into the head of a projectile to produce a burst in the air at a certain distance or after a certain time. The double-action remote tube, in addition, has a device for breaking the projectile when it hits an obstacle.

DISTANCE (Range) - 1. Any distance in artillery or small arms. 2. The distance between aircraft in formation, measured in the direction of flight.

Trim difference - the angle of longitudinal inclination of the vessel, causing a difference in the drafts of the bow and stern. If the depth of the bow and stern is the same, then the ship sits on an even keel. If the recess of the stern (bow) is larger than the bow (stern), then the ship has a trim to the stern (bow). The ship's trim in centimeters can be determined using a special formula.

DIFFERENT SYSTEMS - see Submarine tanks. ( Currently the word sistern practically not used. The word is in vogue tank . - Note "Kubrick" )

SUBMARINE TRIM - see Water main on submarines.

TRIM METERS - instruments and devices used to determine the trim of the vessel. D. can be divided into two groups: a) giving a deepening of the fore- and stern-post and b) giving only the angle of longitudinal inclination of the vessel. The simplest and most common device is to apply recess marks on the stems. These marks are applied during the construction of the vessel and then renewed when docked. Depth is usually measured in feet (meters) and written in Roman numerals. The method of determining the depression by marks can provide sufficient accuracy only when anchored and in a calm state. It is absolutely impossible to use stamps when there is a wave, and even more so on the move. Another device for measuring trim is as follows: one or more vertical glass tubes are installed in the end compartments of the vessel in the center plane. The upper end of the tubes remains open, and the lower end communicates with sea water through a tap. Obviously, the water level in the tube will indicate the deepening of the vessel where the tube is installed. While underway, this device also turns out to be unsatisfactory, since the hydrodynamic pressure in the streams of water flowing around the ship distorts its readings. The trim angle can be measured using an instrument similar to a clinometer with a tube having a large radius of curvature. Measuring the trim angle with a pendulum device similar to an ordinary inclinometer is inconvenient, because this angle is usually very small. Knowing the trim angle and measuring the recess of the vessel in the plane of the frame passing through the center of gravity of the load waterline with a water-measuring glass, you can also find the recess of the stems from the drawing. ( Currently the word trim (or differential, etc.) is written with two letters f. Therefore, here you can sometimes find the word trim with one letter f, as the word was written in the thirties of the 20th century. - Note "Kubrick" )

DIFFERENTIAL - a gear transmission, through which the shaft of one or another machine can be transmitted to rotate simultaneously from two engines.

DIFFERENTIAL block tackle - a lifting device consisting of two blocks of different diameters, rigidly connected and placed in a fixed frame, and one movable block. The working chain sequentially covers a fixed block of small diameter, a movable block and a fixed block of larger diameter and returns to the first. For one revolution of the stationary block, the load rises a distance equal to half the difference in the circumference of the large and small block. D.T. provide a significantly greater gain in lifting force than conventional hoists.

DIELECTRICS (insulators) - substances that do not conduct electric current. Examples of dielectrics: mica, amber, rubber, sulfur, glass, porcelain, various types of oils, etc.

WAVELENGTH (Length of wave) - the distance between the crests (tops) of two adjacent waves.

DOCK LENGTH USEFUL - the distance between the inner surface of the sluice gate and the vertical drawn from the bottom of the end wall of the dock.

DOCK LENGTH ACCORDING TO KILL BLOCKS - the length of the dock, calculated between the outer keel blocks.

MINEFIELD LENGTH - the extent of the minefield along the front, i.e. in the direction crossing the probable enemy course or fairway.

RADIO WAVE LENGTH - the space that electromagnetic energy passes during one period, spreading at the speed of light (300,000 km per second).

AREA LENGTH (wake, bearing, ledge) - the distance between the stem of the lead ship and the sternpost of the end ship, calculated in the direction of movement.

VESSEL LENGTH (Length) - one of the main dimensions of the vessel. D.S. are distinguished by the load waterline, measured from the intersection of this plane with the stem to its intersection with the stern valance in the centerline plane; D.S. between perpendiculars, also measured along the load line and from the same place at the stem, but to the trailing edge of the sternpost or to the center of the rudder stock on ships with a cruising stern.

VESSEL LENGTH (Length over all) - the length of the vessel, measured from the most forward outer point of the stem to the outermost point of the stern valance.

LONG-splice - see Longa-splesen.

Keeper, orderly man - a Red Navy man, an enlisted sailor assigned to directly supervise order in the duty area. D.'s main duty is to constantly remain in the premises or area of ​​duty and monitor the integrity of the property entrusted to his supervision, as well as prevent the possibility of any disorder, violation of established rules, fire or misfortune. D. is directly subordinate to the duty officer and must immediately report to him everything that happens.

DAY WATCH - watch duty, carried out during daylight hours.

Day signal - a signal produced by daytime communications.

Running days - see Days counted sequentially.

CONSISTENTLY COUNTABLE DAYS or CONTINUOUS DAYS (Running days) - a term used in certificate parties (charters), which establishes the performance of loading and unloading operations on a ship in a continuous flow of days, including rest days.

WORKING DAYS - all days on which, according to port custom, work is carried out. Term fine days (“Weather working days”) In addition to holidays, it also excludes all days of bad weather when work on a given cargo is impossible.

Demurrage days - see Contrastalia.

Running days - see Days counted sequentially.

Lay days - time stipulated by the charter for loading and unloading the vessel.

BOTTOM- the lower, almost horizontal part of the ship’s plating from the keel to the bilge.

BOTTOM OF THE SEA (Ground, sea bottom) - To go to the bottom, to go to the bottom (To sink, to founder) - to drown. To sink a ship - to sink. Stony bottom, sandy bottom.

Dredging the bottom - work on artificial, mechanical dredging of the bottom on approaches to ports, in roadstead areas, port basins and along embankment lines. Dredging operations include dredging, suction dredging and underwater blasting. Modern powerful dredging equipment can extract up to 1000 mg or more of soil per hour.

DREDGERS - vessels whose purpose is to remove soil from the bottom to deepen passages and mooring areas. They are divided into two types: dredging or scooping equipment and dredgers. The latter work either stationary, gradually moving as the soil is removed, or on the move, dragging suction pipes behind them and removing a small layer of soil at the bottom.

GOOD- see D. Letter D.

VOLUNTEER FLEET - a pre-revolutionary Russian shipping company, organized in 1878 with voluntary donations and subsequently supported by government subsidies. During the war, steamships Voluntary Society were to be transferred to the Maritime Department and transformed by arming them into auxiliary cruisers to combat the enemy’s maritime trade.

DOGGER- that was the name of the Dutch fishing boats that sailed in the German Sea. They had two masts (mainsail and mizzen) and were somewhat similar to a ketch. They served mainly for fishing on the Dogger Bank. In Holland and Scandinavia this vessel is known as a pink.

DOGGER-men - this is what they call fishermen who hunt on the Dogger Bank in England.

CATCH UP WITH THE SHIP (Reach, join, draw near, come up with) - to overtake a retreating ship.

DOGR- see Dogger.

RAIN COAT (Water proof) - a coat made of waterproof fabric, worn in bad weather when performing official duties.

OILSKIN - trousers, shirt and sou'wester, made of waterproof fabric. Worn during bad weather by Red Navy personnel working or on duty above.

RAIN AWNING - see Awning.

Rain gauge - a device for measuring the amount of precipitation (rain, snow, etc.). It consists of a cylindrical vessel, surrounded in order to eliminate the influence of wind with a special funnel (Nifer’s protection). The cross-sectional area of ​​the upper part of the rain gauge is called the receiving surface and is set at 500 cm2 for meteorological stations in the USSR. Recording rain gauges that mechanically record the time of precipitation and the amount of precipitation are called pluviographs .

STOKING RAINS - are located in the exit shafts of boiler rooms of military ships; consist of water pipes equipped with small holes. D.K. provide the opportunity for people to escape when steam breaks out in the stokers, protecting them from steam burns.

DOZOR (Patrol)- security. A type of combat support carried by fleet units in order to timely warn the fleet about the appearance of the enemy and repel his private attempts to penetrate the protected area.

DOCK- a special structure intended for the entry of ships into it for the purpose of repair, inspection or painting of their underwater part, as well as for the purpose of mooring in tidal ports. The dimensions of the dock depend on the size of the vessels for which they are intended. Bring the ship into the dock (That's dock a ship). Login to the dock. (Then enter the dock). To come out of dock.

DOCK EMERGENCY - a dock capable of accepting a vessel significantly overloaded against its normal draft.

HYDRAULIC lift dock - differs from mechanical (see) in that the platform is lifted not by mechanical winches, but by the direct use of hydraulic lifts, the rods of which lift the platform with the vessel. These docks, like mechanical ones, were used for ships of small tonnage and nowadays, with the growing size of ships, they are of rather historical interest.

DOCK MECHANICAL - in general terms, it is a platform lowered to the bottom of the pool into which the vessel is introduced; the platform, after the vessel has stopped above it, is raised by means of chains pulled by a mechanical winch. Vessels of small tonnage - up to 500 tons - were lifted on such platforms. At present, D.M. are of only historical interest.

Wet dock - a swimming pool or a series of interconnecting basins for mooring vessels. At the mouth of the wet dock there is a gate or bathoport that connects the pool with the sea or river during high water (high tide) and is locked at low tide; Thus, the water level in the wet dock is always maintained constant, which is a significant convenience, allowing deep-draft ocean-going vessels to enter relatively shallow ports subject to tides. Wet docks are especially common in England and Holland.

Floating dock - a floating structure designed for lifting ships and consisting of a pontoon, on the sides of which rise side walls (towers), firmly connected to the pontoon. The dock is divided by waterproof bulkheads into compartments, which, when the dock is immersed, are filled with water by gravity through special clinkets controlled by rods from the upper deck of the walls. When the dock is raised, water is pumped out by pumps, which are placed in the lower part of the pontoon and driven by electric motors or steam engines located on the upper deck of the walls. D.P. self-elevating - a floating dock consisting of several pontoons connected on both sides by common continuous walls. The dock pontoons for repair and painting can be separated from the towers and raised one by one onto the same dock supported by the remaining pontoons.

Sectional dock - a floating dock consisting of several separate parts (sections).

Dry dock - a dock built on the shore in soil, the bottom of which lies below the level of ordinary water so that the corresponding vessel can be docked afloat. Both the bottom and the side and rear walls of the dock are made of stone and concrete masses, and instead of the front wall, a movable shutter is installed at the mouth of the dock. Gates come in two systems: either in the form of a sliding gate, or in the form of a floating gate - a batoport. In the middle of the dock, along its bottom, there is a protruding path designed for installing keel blocks on it. Near D.S., a special room is set up for pumps used to pump water out of the dock.

COMMERCIAL DOCKS - see Dock is wet.

DOCKING- docking the vessel with subsequent performance of the necessary docking works.

DOCUMENTARY LETTER OF CREDIT (Marginal credit) - a letter of credit opened by a bank in favor of a non-resident enterprise for making payments to it within a known period and amount against the submitted loading documents.

LEGAL DOCUMENTS (Documents of title) - documents that provide their holders with material rights to the goods and valuables they cover. Such documents include original bills of lading, mortgages, etc.

DOCUMENTS AGAINST ACCEPTANCE - a condition of sale under which loading documents are issued against acceptance of the draft.

SHIP'S DOCUMENTS - numerous documents related to the vessel, such as: ship's certificate, certificate of the right to sail under the flag of the USSR, measurement certificate, seaworthiness certificate, load line certificate, boiler book, ship's logbook, international safety certificate, etc.

GEOGRAPHICAL LONGITUDE (Longitude) - a geographic coordinate that, together with latitude, serves to determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface. It is the angle at the pole between the planes of the prime meridian and the meridian of a given point, measured by the corresponding arc of the equator. It is calculated from the prime meridian, which, by international agreement, is Greenwich. Longitudes east of this meridian (up to 180°) are called. eastern and have a + sign, to the west - western (sign -).

Longitude left - longitude of the departing point.

LONGITUDE COMING (Longitude in) - longitude of the arriving point, i.e. longitude of the place where the ship arrived.

LONGITUDE OF THE LIGHT - the arc of the ecliptic between the point of the vernal equinox and the circle of latitude of the luminary, calculated in the direction of the apparent proper movement of the sun from 0° to 360°.

Longitude by reckoning, longitude by account - longitude determined by dead reckoning.

"DOWN"- an order to go down from Mars, saling, etc. “Lower the sails” - a command by which boat sails are lowered. “Off from aloft” is a command by which people from Mars (Mars) go down to the deck.

"TO YOUR PLACE"- an expression used when lifting spar trees or when pulling gear. It means to lift to the point of failure, that is, so that the blocks come together or the object being lifted approaches the pulley. Raising the signal to its place means: raising the flag signal to the point of failure, i.e., under the very edge or nose of the yard.

JACK (Dum-craft, Jack-screw, Jack and pinion rack) - a mechanism for lifting heavy objects to a small height. There are different types of jacks: 1. Screw jacks, in which the working part is a threaded screw. 2. Rack and pinion, in which the working part is a gear rack, lifted by a system of levers or a system of gear wheels. 3. Hydraulic, driven by the pressure of a compressed fluid (usually oil or water). 4. Pneumatic, operating with compressed air or gas.

HOUSECOAT- that’s what a barge is called on the Svir River.

REPORT(Message) - a written or oral official message transmitted from performers to superiors.

DONETSKOL (Donetzcol) - the conventional name of a Soviet charter for the transportation of coal from the southern ports of the USSR.

DONKA- a ship's name applied to most piston steam pumps.

NUTRIENT DONKA (Donkey engine, auxiliary feed pump) - serves to supply steam boilers with water. The most common in military fleets are the Vere and Worthington systems; they come in vertical and horizontal types.

"BOTTOM WAVE" - if the depth near the steep shore is not particularly great, then the masses of water, which received a downward direction during the interaction of the wave and the shore, can reach the bottom and strike it. This phenomenon, known as “bottom waves,” poses a serious danger to port facilities, which are usually built at shallow depths.

BOTTOM BOARD (old) - beds of an artillery machine from the times of the sailing fleet.

BOTTOM TUBE, base fuze - a device used to explode an artillery shell, screwed into its bottom.

BEFORE LIGHT- they say when the tow driven into the groove by the swan no longer moves forward.

ADD water, AVOID water (arch.) - the end of the sea tide.

Allowable unit stress - the amount of stress that should not be exceeded when calculating various structures and their parts for strength. D.N. depends on the nature of the load (constant, changing, etc.) and the type of material.

TOLERANCES (Allowance) - 1. The tolerance for inaccuracy in the manufacture of a part is the difference between the largest and smallest maximum dimensions (OST 1001). 2. Permissible deviations of standard products regarding their standard, quality, size, etc.

BACKBOARD - see Back board.

Plank board - sawing from logs and bars. The logs cut from the middle are called middle logs, followed by side or row logs and, finally, slabs. According to the finishing, boards are divided into edged boards, which have regular edges and the same width, half-edged boards - the first and second boards after the middle board, and semi-edged boards - the outer boards with irregular edges. According to the thickness of the boards, they are divided into 13-16 mm thick, boards - 18-25 mm thick, boards - 38-50 mm, floor boards - 65 mm, and 75-100 mm thick boards, called madril.

BOARD FOOT (Superficial foot) - the volume of wood contained in a board with an area of ​​1 square. foot and 1 inch thick. Thus, without taking into account shrinkage allowances, a board foot is equal to 1/12 cubic meters. foot. This measure is usually used to express the quantity of lumber for freight quotation in American and European-American trade.

INSPECTION OF CARGO IN SOFT PACKAGING (Spitting) - piercing cargo in soft packaging with sharp instruments during customs inspection. Spits are sharp instruments used by customs to probe bales, bales, and bags in order to detect undeclared cargo.

INSPECTION CERTIFICATE (Survey report) - a certificate that takes place in foreign practice, issued by a Lloyd's agent inspecting the damaged cargo or an agent of any insurance company; it details the condition of the cargo, the cause of damage and the amount of loss. The costs associated with obtaining this certificate are subject to reimbursement by the insurer when paying the insurance premium.

Searchers - customs officers inspecting cargo and monitoring the loading and unloading of foreign ships.

GET THE BOTTOM (That get soundings) - they say about the lot when it reaches the bottom. If the lot didn’t reach the bottom, then they say “swept away.”

DOSTRELKA- half of the first fork and further clarification of the target position before switching to defeat. The term is outdated.

DOSHCHANIK- a flat-bottomed, non-self-propelled wooden river vessel with a deck or half-deck and one mast. Loading capacity from 7 to 200 tons.

DOSHCHNIK HORSE - river wooden sailing and rowing vessel, 6.4-12.2 m long, 2.1-3.7 m wide and 0.8-1.1 m high; lifting capacity from 13 to 24.5 t\ mast with straight rack sail.

DOSHCHANIK DOLORUZN0Y - a wooden roadstead vessel with dimensions: length 12.2-15.2 m; width 2.4-2.9 m, height 1.5-2.0 m. These planks were built on the Volga (Astrakhan, Balakhna) for the transport of goods to sea vessels, which, due to their relatively high draft, could not leave the mouth of the Volga in the sea was fully loaded, and therefore they were additionally loaded in the roadstead.

DOSHCHNIK COSSACK - river sailing and rowing wooden vessel; dimensions: length 5.5-8.5 m, width 1.8-2.7 m, height 0.5-0.6 m, load capacity 0.3-0.6 tons. Built in the lower reaches of the river. Volga.

NON-WATER BOARD or NEVODNIK- river, wooden sailing vessel; dimensions: length 6.0-8.5 m or more, width 1.8-2.7 m, height 0.6-0.8 f, load capacity 0.4-0.7 tons. Built in the lower part of the Volga. Mast with a slanting raked sail. Used to transport fishing nets.

DRAG (Drag)- 1. A stationary vessel used to develop gold deposits at the bottom of natural or artificial basins. 2. A conical canvas bag with an opening diameter of approx. 60 cm and 1.5 m long, used on boats sailing with large following waves or surf. D. descend behind the stern at the thick end, with the opening forward; a thin guy is attached to the top of the cone, the free end of which is also taken onto the boat. The dredge towed forward by the hole is filled with water and provides significant resistance, which holds the stern of the boat. One has only to hold the guy and push the thick end, the dredge will immediately turn and, presenting almost no resistance, can easily be taken onto the boat.

PRECIOUS ITEMS (Costly articles) - individual shipments containing products made of precious metals, precious stones, works of art, if the cost of one shipment exceeds 100 pounds sterling.

DRAYK, DRAYKA (Turning fid or heaving fid) - a tool for rigging and sailing work, which is a small cylindrical piece of wood with pointed ends. It is used as a twist, wrap, or as a lever when pulling or tearing out ropes. “Draek and svayka are sailor’s relatives” is an old naval saying.

DRAW, DRAW, RIP (To haul taut, to bowse taut) - 1. Generally speaking, to pull, for example, to tear out a tackle means to pull it out tightly. In addition, the word D. has the meaning - to clean, for example, D. deck, D. copper, etc. In a figurative sense it means - to demand strict performance of service, to train. 2. See Draeck.

DRIVER or SPENKER (Driver or spanker) - 1. A slanting or gaff sail on the mizzen mast of a ship (fully rigged) or barque. 2. A sail rising to the mizzen yard (when mizzen yard still existed). The upper luff of this sail was tied to a yard, which was raised by a halyard through a block mounted on the mizzen yard; the lower corners of this sail were pulled by sheets to another yard or driver-spirit lying on the hookboard.

DRIVER-ALCOHOL - see Driver.

DRYREP (Tue) - gear for lifting the tops-yard.

DRIPE-BLOCKS (Tue-block) - single-pulley blocks tied to the tops-yard, through which the drape passes.

SHIT (Laths)- wooden strips 4.7-6 mm thick, 2.5 cm wide and from 45 to 122 cm long.

DRAT(old) - tench thread (in another way dratva ).

DRASHPILE- a spoiled word used instead of the word . It means a temporary, homemade windlass, which is used, for example, when pulling wall cables.

DREGER- see Draeger diving apparatus.

"Dreadnought" - English battleship, the prototype of the class of modern powerful battleships, for which its name has become a household name. "D". was built in England in 1905-06. based on the experience of the Russian-Japanese war. It had a displacement of 17,900 tons, armament of X - 12" (305 mm) guns in five turrets and a speed of 21 knots.

DREITOV-cm. Bitch.

DRIFT, DERIF (Lee-way) - the phenomenon of a ship drifting off its course line under the influence of wind; It has a particularly strong effect on sailing and longline vessels. The magnitude or angle of drift is called. the angle between the wake and the center line of the ship. If the wind blows from the left side, then D. is called. drift on the port tack, but if it blows from the starboard side, then - drift on the starboard tack.

GOLF STREAM DRIFT - see Atlantic Current.

DRIFT OF THE JAPANESE CURRENT - see Japanese current.

DRIFTGAGEL, DREVGAGEL (Crape-Shot) (old) - shrapnel shell.

TO DRIFT (Drive, fall to leeward) - 1. Move under the influence of wind or current, when the anchor is given, but the anchor is not taken well enough and crawls along the ground. 2. To move with the wind or current without the aid of any engine.

DRIFT CURRENTS - see Currents.

DREC, DREG (Grapiling) - small anchor weighing up to 48 kg. Always Admiralty system with iron folding rods. Used on boats.

DREKTOV, DREK-TOU - cable end tied to the drain. Drek.

DRILL- a tool driven manually or using an electric motor for drilling small holes.

DRIFT(old) - the difference between the diameter of the bolt and the hole.

DRIFTING SPIRES - patented spiers with a steam engine located above the spire drum. This device is convenient in that it frees up space on the deck around the spire, which makes the work of selecting the drift order easier.

DRIFTER FISHING - fishing with drift nets used to catch fish swimming in the surface layers of water, such as herring, mackerel, sardines, etc. It is extremely important in the fisheries of Western Europe.

DRIFTERS - fishing vessels adapted exclusively for fishing with floating nets. In terms of size, boats are smaller vessels than fishing trawlers. English and Scottish steam and diesel engines with a net lifting capacity of 50-60 tons have a length of 24-32 m and are equipped with machines with a capacity of 100-300 hp. With. Large continental-type boats, designed for long voyages, are made 40–50 m long. Along with ships of this type, small steam and diesel boats (Logger) with a length of 25–30 m are used in Germany. Larger ships in terms of the ratios of the main dimensions no different from typical trawlers. From the outside, trawlers differ from trawlers only in their fishing equipment and the absence of a tank. To ensure that the shrouds and stays do not interfere with fishing, the foremast is made of the launch type and is laid together with the boom on the wheelhouse.

DRIFTS(old) - side plating between the poop and the forecastle below the upper deck.

Splitting a bill of lading - release of cargo according to one bill of lading in parts.

"FRACTION"- a signal on the bugle, meaning to stop fire (shooting).

FIREWOOD, FIREWOOD - in timber export business - pieces of lumber from 15 to 175 cm long.

DROG(northern) - a halyard for raising the yard.

FLICK(northern) - they talk about the water, when it began to decrease after the tide, it also sunk and was cut off.

DROMHEAD ( Drum-head of a Capstan) - the upper part of the capstan drum, in which there are sockets for inserting embossings. Otherwise called the spire head.

Throttle - 1. A device that reduces the pressure of steam by passing it through a narrowed hole while maintaining the heat content of the steam constant. 2. A coil on an iron core with high inductive reactance. Used to obtain a large phase shift between current and voltage.

BE FRIENDS WITH THE SHORE (northern) - get closer, keep close to the shore.

HOCK- a birch pole from which levers for capstans on wooden ships are made.

OAK- durable wood; durable and fine-layered, difficult to process. Used for the manufacture of critical parts of the vessel. Oak contains tannic acid, which is corrosive to iron fastening parts in a damp place, so they must be galvanized.

"OAK"- a wooden cargo ship used off the coast of the Black Sea and at the mouths of the river. Dnieper; coastal boat is built up to 20 m in length, has a deck and two masts; River D. is smaller and without a deck. At the mouth of the river The Don uses a pre-load vessel - a flat-bottomed vessel without a keel or rudder to transport cargo to ships anchored in the roadstead.

STONE OAK - growing in America. Used in shipbuilding for the manufacture of highly curved parts.

DOUBLE-BOAT (old) - a military single-mast ship of the Russian rowing fleet of the second half of the 18th century. type of gunboat for operations in skerries, estuaries and off the coast (length up to 25 m, width up to 6 m and depth up to 2 m) had up to 8 guns, of which two or three were large caliber.

ARC (Voltaic arc) - shortened name for voltaic arc.

ARC(ast.) - the lower parts of the frames (floor timbers), trimmed and assembled for installation on a ship under construction. Once installed on a vessel they are called oflotins .

Arch of the great circle - part of the line of section of a ball by a plane passing through its center.

ARC RADIO TRANSMITTER - a continuous oscillation generator consisting of a power source, voltaic arc electrodes with blowing and an oscillatory circuit connected to an antenna. The arc radio transmitter is becoming obsolete.

DUDA (Boatswain's pipe) - a whistle of a special device for giving signals on a ship. D. is usually supplied to junior command personnel who are on watch or duty duty on the upper deck or in the premises of the ship. To give D. means to convey one or another order from the watch or duty commander of the ship, preceded by a signal to D. to draw the attention of the crew.

Muzzle- the front opening of the channel of a firearm, from which a projectile or bullet flies out when fired.

MUZZLE PLUG (Tompion) - a wooden plug or a special closing device, fixed at the muzzle of the gun in order to protect the latter’s channel from dust, splashes, etc. P.

MUZZLE (Chase of the gun) - the front part of the firearm's barrel. See Dulo.

Muzzle - a cut at the outer end of the gun muzzle.

MUZZLE BRAKE - a device mounted on the muzzle of a gun to reduce the recoil force of the gun when fired.

DUMMIS (Balance pistons, Dummy piston) - part of a jet steam turbine that serves to balance the axial component of steam pressure, and in low-speed turbines, the difference between the steam pressure in the turbine and the propeller thrust.

DUPLEX RADIO COMMUNICATION (Duplex - system) - radio communication, allowing reception during radio transmission.

DUPLIN- an expression meaning that the cable is pulled into the butt, the eye and its end are taken back again, so that both ends are at the disposal of the workers. If it is necessary to pull out the cable, one end is released. To place a perlin on a barrel with a hollow means to have a perlin threaded into the eye of the barrel so that both its ends are on the deck of the ship; at the moment of shooting from the barrel, one of the ends is given away, and the vessel is quickly freed from its connection with the barrel.

DUUMVIR (source) - the head of a fleet or squadron among the Romans.

SOUL SPONGE (Funny, dug-out) - see Shuttle.

HAZE (Haze, mist) - see Dry fogs.

SMOKE VENEER, SMOKESCAPE (Screening smoke) - a smoke cloud having sufficient density to cover a camouflaged ship or formation, placed between this ship or formation and the enemy in order to deprive the latter of the ability to observe, as well as to impede his maneuvering and use of weapons.

SMOKE PIPE (Funnel) - a pipe for removing combustion gases from the combustion device into the atmosphere. On small vessels (mainly towing vessels), which often have to pass under bridges, the diverter is made folding, that is, it falls to the stern while passing under the bridge.

SMOKE BUOYS - buoys with phosphorus or other smoke-forming substances used to set smoke screens at sea.

Flue gases - gaseous combustion products.

SMOKE APPLIANCES - special devices for releasing smoke and creating a smoke screen.

SMOKE PIPES (Tubes) - pipes of fire tube boilers through which flue gases pass; constitute the main heating surface of boilers.

CHIMNEY (Uptake) - channels through which fuel combustion products are discharged from the boiler into the chimney.

DIMSEL (Smoke-sail) - a small four- or three-cornered sail (canvas shield) placed in front of the galley pipe when the ship is facing the wind. The purpose is to prevent smoke from spreading across the deck. Used on old military (sailing) ships.

DAVIS- see Davis steering gear (screw).

DEADWEIGHT- see Deadweight.

DANDY- this is how the British sometimes call a small triangular sail a mizzen.

INCH- the former Russian measure of length, equal to 10 lines. One inch is equal to 25.4 mm.

DUNES- sandy hills carried by the wind from place to place.

DURALUMINUM - See Aluminum alloys.

Currently, a ship is called a warship. Tankers, bulk carriers, dry cargo ships, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civil or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once upon a time, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on sailing directions with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. Each of them had guns on board, and the crew consisted of desperate young men who were ready to do anything for the sake of profit and the romance of distant travels. Then, in these turbulent centuries, a division into types of ships occurred. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so it is worth focusing on sailboats. Well, maybe we can add some rowing ships.

Galleys

Getting into them is an unenviable lot. In ancient times, such punishment awaited inveterate criminals. They already existed in Ancient Egypt, Fincia, and Hellas. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. The main driving force was those same convicts, but they were sometimes assisted by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. By modern standards, these ships were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and their length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those distant times the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. The rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of galleys consists of ballistae and bow rams; in later centuries, these weapons were supplemented by artillery. The progress, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

Barki

So, a barque (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word “bark”) is a ship with a number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, with the exception of the mizzen (stern mast) rigging. Barks are quite large vessels, for example, “Kruzenshtern” has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 m, and a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the vessel even today does not seem low; under sail, the speed of this barque reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, was common for the merchant fleet of the 19th century - delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers along sea lines.

Brigantine raises sails

In fact, the same barques, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and navigability. Brigantines stand out for their speed and lightness. The sailing rig is mixed, with straight sails on the foresail (front mast) and oblique sails on the mainsail. Favorite ship of pirates of all seas. Historical sources mention brigantines with the so-called “Bermuda mainsail”, that is, a triangular sail stretched between the luff line and the luff, but none of the surviving representatives of the species can boast of it. However, these nuances are of interest only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others acquired a different meaning. An example would be a frigate. This concept survived later types such as ironclads, dreadnoughts and even battleships. True, a modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow more beautiful. In its original sense, it means a three-masted ship with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Beginning in the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” for a long time, meaning its predominant use in a separate zone of the naval theater of operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by its speed. Then, as the range of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. The displacement is average for that time, approximately. The most famous Russian frigate was called "Pallada", on which in 1855 a glorious expedition was undertaken to the shores of East Asia under the command of Admiral E.V. Putyatin.

Caravels

“She passed like a caravel...” is sung in a famous pop song. It doesn't hurt to study the types of sailing ships before composing lyrics for future hits. The compliment turned out to be somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared to a lifting, large and rather heavy vessel. In addition, the caravel’s nose is raised high, which can also be seen as an undesirable hint.

However, in general this type certainly has good seaworthiness. It is most famous for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World on three caravels (“Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina”). Externally, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. There are three masts, a foresail with straight sails, and the rest with lateen (oblique) sails.

Purpose: long-distance sea and transoceanic voyages.

The Russian word “ship” is morphologically derived from the word “caravel”. It gave its name to the famous French passenger airliner, which was very beautiful.

Clippers

All types of ships are created for fast sailing and are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word “cruiser”, and immediately everyone around will think something - some “Aurora”, others “Varyag”. Regarding clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This ship with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly bringing mail to distant colonies and carrying out especially delicate orders from the queen was the lot of clipper ships and their crews. And these ships carried out their work until the advent of steamships, and in some cases even later.

Galleons

Looking through the ancient types of warships, one cannot help but recall the Great Armada, which competed with the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare with it in perfection. At its core, this is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (that same “raised nose” has practically disappeared) and an elongated hull. As a result, ancient Spanish shipbuilders achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too tall next to the galleon (this was a disadvantage, such a target was easier to hit). The outline of the poop (stern superstructure) acquired a rectangular shape, and the crew’s conditions became more comfortable. It was on galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of this word.

The displacement of these “16th century battleships” ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and the nose was crowned with a majestic sculpture.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become “workhorses”, designed to transport a wide variety of cargo. Schooners occupy a special place among them. These are multi-masted vessels, distinguished by the fact that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are topsail, staysail, Bermuda or gaff, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be taken into account that the line between a two-masted topsail or topsail schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. It reached its greatest popularity in the American merchant fleet, in particular Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, and his crew hunt on a schooner. Compared to it, other types of ships are more difficult to control (According to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A kind of record was set in 1902, when a ship with seven masts (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy Shipyard) was launched.

Other types of ships

Photos of sailboats arriving at the international regatta from all over the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on websites. Such a parade is always an event; the beauty of these ships is incomparable. Barques, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, ketches, and yachts represent all types of ships that, fortunately, have survived to this day. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer to bygone centuries, full of adventure and romance of distant travels. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they believe in many countries, including ours. Having climbed up the shrouds, unfurled the sails and breathed in the free wind of the sea, you can take your seats at the modern control panels of dry cargo ships, bulk tankers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor with the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers; he will not let you down.