transcript

1 TRADE STANDARD BLOCKS FOR STEEL DITCHES Design and dimensions ST Official publication of the MINISTRY OF HEAVY, ENERGY AND TRANSPORT MACHINERY Moscow 1972

2 Developed by VNIIPTMASH Director of the Institute A. Komashenko. X, Deputy Director for scientific work Skvortsov B. M. Head of the standardization department bolensky A. S. Head of the department of unified units Rybkin P. N. Performer Lukerin K. S. Introduced by VNIIPTMASH Prepared for approval by the Main Directorate lifting and transport engineering MTEiTM Chief Engineer LunenkoG. I. APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering Sign. to the stove 2/XI-71. Pech. l. 1.0 Uch.-: ed. l. 0.4 Circulation 4100 copies. Zach. inst Zach. type. 4 Price 5 kop. NIIINFRMTYAZHMASH, Moscow, I-164, Prospekt Mira, 106 Production and Printing Department of NIIINFRMTYAZHMASH

3 UDC, 2 Group G-86 TR A S L E V Y S T A N D A R T BLOCK FOR STEEL DITCHES 0ST24 Design and dimensions 1971 MM-002/6397 the introduction date is set from 1/year, for new design - from 1/Y1Y1972, "- Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law. 1. SCOPE This standard applies to cast iron and steel blocks with a diameter of from 320 to 900 mm for steel ropes operating at temperature environment from -40 to +40 C. The standard does not apply to blocks operating in explosive and fire hazardous rooms, chemical and radioactive environments, to blocks located in a horizontal plane, as well as to blocks designed for the passage of clamps through them, and blocks special purpose. Official publication "Reprint prohibited

4 2. CONSTRUCTION and DIMENSIONS The design and dimensions of the blocks must comply with Table. 1 of this standard. drawing and o h u, 1 / Ft d i ^ lg, d 7 "^ ^ ^ (v; CD sl SA7 13 n ^ Size for syraik L M1: 1 yg, 5

5 Dimensions in mm Table 1 p Execution 4 d 4 ^3 H k K B ^1 n R r 0 s Mass* 6 t 9 up to C A .5 8 St. 11 up to Q 80T 22 27A^ .3 8SA Cg , 0 8 St. 14 to Cd 28 34A.0 6 t 9 to C ^ St. 11 to 14 Z3bSd t IO5A A .5 12.0 SOCg A \ Zfi 8 St. 14 to C5 7 t 11 to 14 46C A , A ,0 21, St. 14 to C T 13A Cg A,0 9 St. 18 to Sd 36 45A,5 7 t 11 to A^, St. 14 to Sd 300 leot 170Ag Cg St. 18 to C A A.y,0 210Ag C A 28 Z4A7 SO , St. 18 to Sd T 250Ag Cg St. 23 to 28.5 eeosb t 23 to 28.5 SlOCg 550 b Corresponds to cast iron. 260Т 275Ag Cg A , A , A .0 2 90.0 97.0 o u Example symbol: cast iron block with a diameter of 530 for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block MF ST "block of steel with a diameter of 530 for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block St ST" block of ductile iron for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm:

6 Page 6 OCT TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1. Blocks must be made from gray cast iron grade not lower than SCh GST For very heavy-duty hoisting machines, as well as for machines transporting liquid or hot metal, blocks must be made of steel of grade not lower than steel 25L-11 GST or ductile iron grade VCh or VCh GST Maximum deviations of casting dimensions and allowances for machining, as well as maximum deviations in weight - must correspond to accuracy class III GST for cast iron drinking, III accuracy class "GST" for steel casting Unspecified casting radii 3-5 mm Casting slopes Cracks and junctions exceeding in depth allowance for machining Cracks and junctions are not allowed at all on unworked surfaces Shells, friability, black holes on machined surfaces of the stream profile are not allowed In castings are not allowed without correction by welding with subsequent annealing. by their dimensions exceed the values ​​indicated in Table 2. Table 2 Size and number of defects, not more than Surface Defect nature Total area in % of the part surface Depth in % of the part thickness Number of defects per 100 cm2 of surface Area of ​​one defect, cm2 Untreated Various shells Looseness, porosity 1 1.2 3 0.5 processed Shells various Looseness, porosity, 1 2 0.5 Black shells be subjected to annealing Non-dylindricity of the hole should not exceed half of the tolerance "on the diameter Rim thickness difference, measured on the area of ​​external untreated surfaces at equal radii, should not exceed 3 mm Knocks and dents on the machined surfaces are not allowed Blocks should be primed with anti-corrosion primer for painting Before priming All surfaces to be painted must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, rust and grease. final coloring is done

7 OCT Page 7 by the consumer after assembly of the assembly. holes d VI must be protected from corrosion and staining with an easy-to-wash coating Finished products shall be accepted by the manufacturer's technical inspector in accordance with the requirements of this standard. 4. MARKING, PACKAGING, TRANSPORTATION 4.1. Each block is supplied with an inscription, which should reflect the material, outer diameter and design of the block according to the rim profile. An example of a block marking with an outer "diameter of 450 mm for ropes with a diameter of 25 mm: made of gray cast iron SCh-450-8; made of steel St-450-8; made of high-strength cast iron VCh Finished blocks are packed in batches in wooden containers, the shape and dimensions of which are determined manufacturer The packaging must allow the transportation of batches of blocks by road and by rail The service life of the unit is at least 5 years. Note. The requirements for labeling, packaging and transportation must be met only in the case of centralized block production.

8 Irna.t) copy. VSHIARMTSHI

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98. On the BBKD, the possibility of the skier approaching the pulleys should be excluded.

99. On the BKD with drum-type towing devices and self-service, the distance between the support plate or traverse and the surface of the snow cover in the landing zone should be 0.6-1.0 m. (plates) above the snow cover should be at least 1.6 m.

100. The following signs should be installed in the landing zone:

Do not leave the towpath;

In the event of a fall, leave the towpath immediately;

Landing and landing on this section of the route is prohibited;

Take ski poles in one hand;

It is forbidden to use the style of "slalom" when moving along the track.

101. The landing zone must be located so that it can be quickly evacuated and to ensure that the towing devices are reset.

102. In the landing zone of the BKD with drum-type towing devices, the drums must pass at a height of at least 2.3 m from the surface of the snow cover. At the same time, after disembarking the passenger, the traction rope should not overlap with the road structures and towing devices on the side of the descent.

The distance from the BKD traction rope with towing rods to the surface of the snow cover must be no less than the length of the assembled towing device.
(Clause as amended, entered into force on June 10, 2016 by order of Rostekhnadzor dated April 28, 2016 N 170. - See previous edition)

103. The slope angle of the landing area must not exceed 6° towards the exit to the track:

At BKD with drum devices directly behind the support;

For BKD with towing devices of the rod type so that passengers release the towing devices immediately after the clamp passes the last support;

The paragraph has been deleted since June 10, 2016 - order of Rostekhnadzor dated April 28, 2016 N 170. - See the previous edition.

104. At the top station, the distance (L) between the start of the skiers' uncoupling point and the point where the rope enters the pulley or balancer must ensure that the towing device assumes its initial position, namely:

With a drum type device L 12 V;

With rod type device L 4 V,

Where V is the maximum road speed, m/s.

It is allowed to reduce this distance in case of ensuring the safe passage of the towing device in the station area.

On the BKD with towing devices of both drum and rod type, passengers are allowed to exit at the pulley, if this is provided for by the design of the station.
(The paragraph is additionally included from June 10, 2016 by order of Rostekhnadzor dated April 28, 2016 N 170)

105. Behind the landing zone, control devices are installed that automatically stop the road in the following cases:

The passenger did not have time to release the towing device;

The towing device has not returned to its original state.

106. On the BBKD route, control devices are located behind the disembarkation zone in such a way as to exclude the possibility of a passenger approaching the pulleys.

107. Information signs should be installed in the landing zones:

Preliminary notification of the place of disembarkation;

Release the towing device;

Do not linger at the drop off point.

Ropes

108. The steel ropes used on the CD must be for human cargo purposes, non-untwisting. The conformity of the rope must be confirmed by a certificate issued by the organization - the manufacturer of the rope.

109. The tensile strength of the ropes must correspond to the parameters determined by the formula:

Breaking strength of the rope as a whole, taken according to the certificate or test certificate;

S- the maximum tension of the rope;

The minimum safety factor, taken in accordance with the criteria given in paragraphs 118-122 of these FNR.

110. If the manufacturer's certificate (test certificate) indicates the total breaking force of all wires, the breaking force of the rope as a whole is determined by multiplying the total breaking force of all wires by the coefficient of section loss.

111. The coefficient of loss of section is:

For round strand ropes - 0.83;

For ropes of a closed structure - 0.9.

112. The choice of rope should be made in accordance with the criteria given in table No. 1.

Table N 1

Selection Criteria for Steel Ropes

113. The choice of the type of fastening of the ends of the rope must comply with the parameters given in table N 2.

Table No. 2

Rope end attachment options

114. The number of links when splicing traction and carrier-traction ropes should be minimal and determined taking into account the length of the supplied ropes.

The minimum length of the link must be at least 1200dk (dk is the nominal diameter of the rope). When making two or more links, the distance between them must be at least 3000dk.

115. The diameter of the rope in the area of ​​the coupling, measured in tension, should not exceed the nominal diameter by more than:

5% - between the knots of the link;

15% - in the place of the knots of the bridge for the CD with a non-detachable clamp;

10% - in the place of the knots of the bridge for the CD with a detachable clamp.

116. Splicing of the carrier rope, as well as splicing of tension ropes, is not allowed.
(Clause as amended, entered into force on June 10, 2016 by order of Rostekhnadzor dated April 28, 2016 N 170. - See previous edition)

117. It is allowed to splice the ends of BBKD traction ropes using special devices with wedge locks.

118. The minimum factor of safety of the supporting ropes must correspond to the specified value for the following three conditions:

119. The minimum safety factor of traction ropes must correspond to the following values:

120. The minimum safety factor for carrying-traction ropes is assumed to be 4.

INDUSTRY STANDARD

BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES STROK PROFILE

Design and dimensions

OST 24.191.01

Official edition

MINISTRY OF HEAVY, ENERGY AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING

Moscow 1971

DEVELOPED BY VNIIPTMASH

Director of the institute Komashenko A.Kh.

Deputy director for scientific work Skvortsov B.M.

Head of the standardization department Obolensky A.S.

Head of the department of unified units Rybkin P.N. Performer Baikova N.I.

INTRODUCED BY VNIIPTMASH

PREPARED FOR APPROVAL

Chief engineer Lunenko G.I.

APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering

UDC 621.861.2:001.4

Group G-86

INDUSTRY STANDARD

BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES STROK PROFILE DESIGN AND DIMENSIONS

24.191.01

Introduced for the first time

Letter from the Ministry of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering dated Zu_1_X_. 1970 No. MM-36/12446, the date of introduction is set from 1. I 1 1974

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

1. The area is common

This standard applies to the profiles of the stream of cast iron and steel crane blocks, enveloped by steel ropes with a diameter of 3 to 43.5 mm.

The standard does not apply to the profile of the strand of blocks located in a horizontal plane, as well as to blocks designed for the passage of rope clamps through them, to other blocks with profiles of the strand for special purposes.

The permissible angle of deviation of the rope v 1 from the middle plane of the block should be no more than

4r-2k 4fiTj->

where p is half the opening angle of the stream profile;

Uf(- rope diameter;

Block diameter along the center line of the rope;

K - coefficient depending on the bending stiffness of some types of ropes (Table 1)

Page 4 OST 24.191.01

2. Design and dimensions

The design and dimensions of the streams must comply with the drawing and table of this standard (see drawing and table 2) 1

OST 24.191.01 Page 5

Size for reference

Practice has established the following relationship between the diameter of the rope dk and the diameter of the rope pulley Dsh along the stream:

In American practice, the values ​​of Dsh are determined by the following formula:

Dsh \u003d Nmax + Px.kmax / Pp * dk,

where Nmax - dimensionless coefficient,

where: Qmax -- maximum hook capacity, kN; PP - breaking force in the rope as a whole, kN; Px.kmax - maximum tension of the movable end of the rope, kN; dk - rope diameter; mm.

We accept Dsh equal to 900 mm.

The correct shape of the pulley groove is essential for the proper operation of the rope. On fig. 5 shows the profile of the pulley groove. It also shows the connection of the profile elements with the diameter of the rope dк:

We take the radius equal to 15 mm.

H \u003d 1.75dk \u003d 1.7528 \u003d 49 mm

Rice. 5 Rope pulley groove profile

To prevent intense wear of the ropes and the side walls of the pulley grooves, their camber angle in traveling systems is assumed to be at least 50°. The surface finish of the groove must not be lower than the values ​​shown in fig. 4. The groove must be hardened by HDTV (or flame) to a hardness of HRC>45 to a depth of at least 3 mm.

Pressure between rope and groove :

where: Pn - nominal rope tension, MN.

We accept the pulley material - medium carbon steel, the grooves are processed to a purity of Ra12.5, [p] = 600-700 MN/m2.

The information below on the classification of ropes is far from new, and we can hardly add anything new. You can easily find similar materials on other resources, so why do we host it? Looking at the classification below, you will understand that the types of rope a large number of and sometimes even a specialist can be quite difficult to figure out what Rope 12-GL-VK-L-O-N-1770 GOST 2688–80 is.

Working with the same ropes, deciphering everything is easy enough, but if the client wants to buy a non-standard rope? This is where “Where to look? Where to get? What does this letter mean in the name? We have previously published material about ropes, but did not describe the classification in detail, so we hope that this article will be useful to you.

Classification, technical requirements, test methods, rules for acceptance, transportation, and storage of steel ropes are set out in GOST 3241-91 “Steel ropes. Specifications".

Classification of steel ropes

1. According to the main design feature:

• single lay or spiral consist of wires twisted in a spiral in one or more concentric layers. Ropes of a single lay, twisted only from round wire, are called ordinary spiral ropes. Spiral ropes with shaped wires in the outer layer are called ropes of a closed structure. Single lay ropes intended for subsequent laying are called strands.
• double lay consist of strands twisted in one or more concentric layers. Double lay ropes can be single-layer or multi-layer. Single-layer six-strand double lay ropes are widely used. Double lay ropes intended for subsequent laying are called strands.
• triple lay consist of strands twisted in a spiral into one concentric layer.

2. According to the shape of the cross section of the strands:

• round
• shaped yarn(triangular strand, flat strand), have a significantly larger contact surface to the pulley than round strand.

3. According to the type of lay of strands and ropes of a single lay:

• TC- with a point touch of the wires between the layers,
• OK- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers,
• LK-O- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers with the same diameter of the wires in the layers of the strand,
• LK-R- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers at different diameters of the wires in the outer layer of the strand,
• LK-Z- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers of the strand and the filling wires,
• LK-RO- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers and having layers with wires of different diameters and layers with wires of the same diameter in strands,
• TLC- with a combined point-line touch of the wires in the strands.

Strands with a point touch of the wires are made in several technological operations, depending on the number of layers of wires. In this case, it is necessary to apply different wire laying steps for each layer of the strand and twist the next layer in the opposite direction to the previous one. As a result, the wires between the layers intersect. Such an arrangement of wires increases their wear during shear during operation, creates significant contact stresses that contribute to the development of fatigue cracks in the wires, and reduces the filling factor of the rope section with metal.
Strands with a linear touch of the wires are made in one technological step; at the same time, the lay pitch is maintained, and the same direction of the wire lay for all layers of the strand, which, with the correct selection of wire diameters by layers, gives a linear touch of the wires between the layers. As a result, the wear of the wires is significantly reduced and the performance of ropes with a linear touch of the wires in the strands increases sharply in comparison with the performance of ropes of the TK type.
Strands of point-linear touch are used if it is necessary to replace the central wire in the strands of linear touch with a seven-wire strand, when a layer of wires of the same diameter with point touch is laid on a single-layer seven-wire strand of the LK type. The strands may have increased non-rotating properties.

4. According to the core material:

• OS- with an organic core - as a core in the center of the rope, and sometimes in the center of the strands, cores made of natural, synthetic and artificial materials are used - from hemp, manila, sisal, cotton yarn, polyethylene, polypropylene, capron, lavsan, viscose, asbestos .
• MS- with a metal core - as a core, in most designs, a double lay rope of six seven wire strands is used, located around the central seven wire strand, in ropes according to GOST 3066-80, 3067-88,3068-88 a strand is used as an MS the same construction as in the layer. They are advisable to use when it is necessary to increase the structural strength of the rope, reduce the structural elongation of the rope in tension, as well as at high temperatures of the environment in which the rope operates.

5. According to the laying method:

• Non-twisting ropes - H- the strands and wires retain their predetermined position after the bindings are removed from the end of the rope or are easily laid by hand with slight untwisting, which is achieved by preliminary deformation of the wires and strands when twisting the wires into a strand and strands into a rope.
• Unwinding ropes- wires and strands are not preliminarily deformed or insufficiently deformed before they are twisted into strands and into a rope. Therefore, the strands in the rope and the wires in the strands do not retain their position after the bindings are removed from the end of the rope.

6. According to the degree of balance:

• Straightened rope - P- does not lose its straightness (within the permissible deviation) in a free suspended state or on a horizontal plane, because after twisting the strands and spar, respectively, the stresses from the deformation of the wires and strands were removed by straightening.
• Unaligned rope- does not have such a property, the free end of the untied rope tends to form a ring, due to the deformation stresses of the wires and strands obtained during the rope manufacturing process.

7. In the direction of the lay of the rope:

• Right lay- not marked
• Left lay- L

The direction of the rope lay is determined by: the direction of the lay of the wires of the outer layer - for single lay ropes; the direction of the lay of the strands of the outer layer - for double lay ropes; the direction of the lay of the strands into the rope - for triple lay ropes

8. According to the combination of lay directions of the rope and its elements:

• Cross lay- the direction of the lay of strands and strands is opposite to the direction of the lay of the rope.
• One-sided lay - O- the direction of laying the strands into the rope and the wires in the strands are the same.
• Combined lay- K with simultaneous use of strands of the right and left lay directions in the rope.

9. According to the degree of twist

• spinning- with the same lay direction of all strands along the layers of the rope (six- and eight-strand ropes with an organic and metal core)
• Low spinning- (MK) with the opposite direction of the lay of the rope elements in layers (multilayer, multi-strand ropes and single lay ropes). In non-rotating ropes, due to the selection of lay directions for individual layers of wires (in spiral ropes) or strands (in multilayer double-lay ropes), the rotation of the rope around its axis is eliminated when the load is freely suspended.

10. According to the mechanical properties of the wire

• Brand VK- High Quality
• Grade B- high quality
• Mark 1- normal quality

11. According to the type of coating of the surface of the wires in the rope:

• From uncoated wires
• Made of galvanized wire depending on the surface density of zinc:
• group C- for medium aggressive working conditions
• group G- for tough aggressive working conditions
• coolant group- especially severe aggressive working conditions
• P- the rope or strands are coated with polymeric materials

12. According to the purpose of the rope

• cargo people - GL- for lifting and transporting people and goods
• Freight - G- for lifting and transporting and cargo

13. Manufacturing accuracy

• normal precision- not marked
• Increased accuracy - T- toughened limit deviations for the diameter of the rope

14. According to strength characteristics
Marking groups of tensile strength N/mm2 (kgf/mm2) - 1370 (140), 1470 (150), 1570 (160), 1670 (170), 1770 (180), 1860 (190), 1960 (200), 2060 (210), 2160 (220)

Examples of symbols for steel ropes

1. Rope 16.5 - G - I - N - R - T - 1960 GOST 2688 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 16.5 mm, cargo use, first grade, made of uncoated wire, right cross lay, non-twisting, straightened, increased accuracy, marking group 1960 N/mm2 (200 kgf/mm2), according to GOST 2688 - 80
2. Rope 12 - GL - VK - L - O - N - 1770 GOST 2688 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 12.0 mm, for human cargo, grade VK, made of uncoated wire, left one-sided lay, non-twisting, non-aligned, normal accuracy, marking group 1770 N/mm2 (180 kgf/mm2), according to GOST 2688-80
3. Rope 25.5 - G - VK - S - N - R - T - 1670 GOST 7668 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 25.5 mm, cargo, grade VK, galvanized according to group C, right cross lay, non-twisting, straightened, increased accuracy , marking group 1670 N/mm2 (170 kgf/mm2), according to GOST 7668 - 80
4. Rope 5.6 - G - V - Zh - N - MK - R - 1670 GOST 3063 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 5.6 mm, cargo purpose, grade B, galvanized according to group Zh, right lay, non-twisting, low-rotation, straightened, marking group 1670 N/mm2 (170 kgf/mm2), according to GOST 3063 - 80

Each rope design has advantages and disadvantages that must be properly considered when choosing ropes for specific operating conditions. When choosing, it is necessary to maintain the necessary ratios between the diameters of the winding bodies and the diameters of the ropes and their outer wires, as well as the necessary margin of safety, which ensures trouble-free operation.

Ropes of a single lay from round wires - ordinary spiral (GOST 3062-80; 3063-80; 3064-80) have increased rigidity, so they are recommended to be used where tensile loads on the rope prevail (lightning protection cables of high-voltage power lines, fences, stretch marks, etc.)

Double lay ropes with linear contact of wires in strands with ease of manufacture, they have a relatively high performance and have a sufficient number of various designs. The latter allows you to choose ropes for operation at high end loads, with significant abrasive wear, in various aggressive environments, with the minimum allowable ratio of the diameter of the winding body and the diameter of the rope.

Ropes type LK-R (GOST 2688-80, 14954-80) should be used when during operation the ropes are exposed to aggressive environments, intense alternating bending and work outdoors. The high structural strength of these ropes allows them to be used in many very demanding crane operating conditions.

Ropes type LK-O (GOST 3077-80, 3081-80; 3066-80; 3069-80; 3083-80) work stably in conditions of strong abrasion due to the presence of larger diameter wires in the upper layer. These ropes are widely used, but their normal operation requires a slightly increased diameter of blocks and drums.

Ropes type LK-Z (GOST 7665-80, 7667-80) used when flexibility is required, provided that the rope is not exposed to an aggressive environment. The use of these ropes in aggressive environments is not recommended due to the thin filler wires in the strands, which are easily corroded.

Ropes type LK-RO (GOST 7668-80, 7669-80, 16853-80) are characterized by a relatively large number of wires in the strands and therefore have increased flexibility. The presence of relatively thick wires in the outer layer of these ropes allows them to be successfully used in conditions of abrasive wear and aggressive environments. Due to this combination of properties, the LK-RO type construction rope is universal.

Double-lay ropes with point-linear contact of wires in strands of the TLC-O type (GOST 3079-80) should be used when the use of ropes with a linear touch of the wires in the strands is impossible due to a violation of the minimum allowable adjustment ratios between the diameters of the winding elements and the diameters of the wires of the rope or when it is impossible to provide the recommended safety margin.

Double lay ropes with point contact of wires in strands of TK type (GOST 3067-88; 3068-88; 3070-88; 3071-88) not recommended for critical and intensive installations. These ropes can only be used for non-stressful operating conditions, where alternating bends and pulsating loads are not significant or absent (slings, brace ropes, temporary timber-rafting supports and brake ropes, etc.)

Multi-strand double lay ropes (GOST 3088-80; 7681-80) depending on the accepted directions of laying strands in separate layers, they are made ordinary and non-rotating. The latter provide reliable and stable operation on mechanisms with free suspension of the load, and a large bearing surface and lower specific pressures on the outer wires make it possible to achieve a relatively high rope performance. The disadvantages of multi-strand ropes are the complexity of manufacturing (especially pre-deformation), the tendency to delamination, the difficulty of monitoring the state of the inner layers of the strands.

Triple lay ropes (GOST 3089-80) are used when the main operational requirements are maximum flexibility and elasticity of the rope, and its strength and bearing surface are not critical. Organic cores in strands are appropriate when the rope is intended for towing and mooring, where increased elastic properties of the rope are required. Due to the use of small diameter wires compared to the wires of double lay ropes, triple lay ropes require significantly smaller diameter sheaves for normal operation.

Trihedral strand ropes (GOST3085-80) characterized by increased structural stability, a very high fill factor and a large bearing surface. The use of these ropes is especially advisable for high end loads and strong abrasive wear. It is recommended to use these ropes both in installations with friction pulleys and in multilayer winding on drums. The disadvantage of triangular-strand ropes is sharp bends of the wires on the edges of the strands, increased rope rigidity, and laboriousness in the manufacture of strands.

Flat ropes (GOST 3091-80; 3092-80) find application as balancing on mine lifting installations. The advantages of these ropes include their non-torsion. However, the manual operations used in the sewing of the ropes and the relatively rapid destruction of the thong during operation limit the scope of use of these ropes in the industry.

Classification of ropes according to domestic and foreign standards