The construction of buildings, bridges and roads, the oil and gas refining and coal industries, sea and river navigation and other industries today cannot do without steel cable. Flexible and durable ropes twisted from steel wire are used for lifting and moving various equipment, building materials, structural elements and other cargo.

Features of the cable structure

Steel rope - complex metal product, which is the main element in many road-building, earth-moving, lifting machines and mechanisms. Any cable consists of many wires twisted into strands, braiding a common core of metal or other materials.

The strength and design of a rope depends on the number and thickness of wires in each strand, the number of cores and the material of their manufacture, the density and number of twists in the rope. The core of the twisted rope forms a model of the finished product and protects the surface of the rope from compression under high mechanical loads. A metal core increases the structural strength of the cable and, under tension and at high temperatures, reduces its structural elongation.

Rust control

The main problem of steel cables, corrosion, can be solved in three ways:

1. The initial wire is produced from stainless steel. The method is the most reliable and expensive.
2. Coating of wires with zinc or chromium. The most durable spraying is designed for several years of operation.
3. Combined cables with organic or synthetic core. Cores made of hemp, sisal, manila or cotton impregnated with a special lubricant minimize friction between the rope elements and extend its life. A stronger and lighter two-layer core made of polyamide threads is used in cables for equipment for extreme sports.

In terms of durability - quality - price, galvanized cables with non-metallic cores are considered the most optimal. Sometimes it is provided with a water-repellent lubricant (solidol or nigrol).

Quality characteristics of steel cable

One of the main aspects of assessing steel wire rope is its strength. Determined by the thickness, manufacturing method and design, the strength of the rope determines the permissible load on it. Working strength (permissible force) is determined by the maximum load at which the integrity of the cable is not compromised for a long time. Tensile strength is determined by the minimum load that destroys the steel cable. Without breaking, steel ropes with a thickness of 2...10 mm can withstand loads from 47 to 174 kg. The minimum breaking load for steel cables ranges from 235 kg for thin 2 mm ropes to 5880 kg for ropes with a diameter of 10 mm.

An important criterion when choosing a cable is flexibility. The more wires twisted into a strand of steel rope, the more flexible it is. In highly flexible cables, each of the 6 strands braiding the organic core is made up of 144 wires. consists of 72 42 elements is considered rigid. In production steel ropes wire with a thickness of 1...8 mm is used.

Types of steel ropes

The classification of cables is determined by the number of lays:

• With single lay, the wire is wound in a spiral onto the core. This rope can also be used as ready product, and as an element of more complex cables.
• For double lay, ready-made single strands are used, wrapping around the core in a certain sequence. This technique is used for the production of single-layer and multi-layer cables. Special wrapping rules allow double galvanized cables (strands) not only to withstand significant loads, but also not to twist during operation.
• The strongest and most reliable ropes are made with triple lay. To form them, strands are produced using a special method.

The direction of the strands when curling can be either right or left.

Cable markings

The designation of the type of galvanized cable is determined by the type of weaving of the strands. Depending on the method of wire arrangement, cables are divided into several types:

• LC - linear touch, in which the pitch of lay in all layers is the same with a repeating pattern.
• LK-O - when weaving a strand, wire of the same diameter is used.
• LK-R - the cable is formed by strands woven from wires of different diameters.
• LK-RO - in the manufacture of rope, strands of different types are woven.
• TK - point contact of wires. With this weaving, each layer of the strand has its own step, and the layers intersect with each other.
• TLK is a combined cable made of strands with both linear and point contact.

The correct choice of galvanized cable, depending on operating conditions and its purpose, affects the durability and quality of operation of the machines and mechanisms in which it is used. For example, the low density of the internal structure of TC types under dynamic load provokes strong friction of the rope layers and leads to its rapid wear.

The product marking also indicates the type of coating, diameter, type of lay, purpose, type of twist, straightening, accuracy and strength.

The state standard defines the requirements for galvanized rope, GOST has each type of steel rope. For example, steel cables of type LK-O double lay with a metal core are produced in accordance with the standard 3066-80, and with an organic core - 3069-80, single lay LK-O corresponds to the standard 3062-80, cables LK-R with an organic core are produced in in accordance with GOST 2688-80 and so on. These documents regulate the purpose, mechanical properties of grades, types of wire coating, direction and method of laying, combination of laying directions of its elements in a rope, manufacturing accuracy and degree of balance. Acceptance rules, technical requirements, marking, test methods, packaging, transportation and storage standards for cables are determined by GOST 3241-91.

Application of steel rope

Due to their reliability and practicality, galvanized steel wire cables are actively used as a component of industrial equipment in a wide variety of areas:

• in lifting and transport mechanisms;
• in road construction, earthmoving and mining units;
• in technology of oil and gas industries;
• in agricultural machines;
• in shipbuilding and other industrial sectors.

A wide range of cables of different diameters and strengths allows you to purchase the type of steel rope appropriate for specific equipment.

According to their purpose, steel cables are divided into two groups: intended only for working with loads and for lifting or transporting both people and loads.

Advantages of galvanized ropes

Coating steel wire with zinc increases the service life of steel rope by 3 times and allows its use in aggressive environments. Galvanized cables are characterized by a high level of corrosion resistance, which makes them possible to use on river and sea vessels. Due to their high wear resistance, they are actively used in all areas of industry.

Coating steel wire with zinc divides the cables into three groups according to operating conditions:

• In a harsh aggressive environment.
• In a particularly aggressive harsh environment.
• In a moderately aggressive environment.

Sheathed cable

Modern industry offers galvanized cable in PVC braid, which increases corrosion protection. Such ropes are successfully used when it is necessary to tie a load for immersion in liquid, as guy ropes when installing antennas and masts, during rigging and loading operations in adverse conditions and at low temperatures. Galvanized cable 3 mm in PVC sheath is used for overhead communication and power supply lines. Today, the range of galvanized cables is being expanded with products coated with materials that can withstand high temperatures and resist combustion.

Websites, like flowers and cars, need care. If a site is launched and no one cares about it, then sooner or later it will stop working. But a website is not just text and pictures, it is the face of a company on the Internet, a sales channel. And when the site stops working, at first glance nothing happens, but over time there are fewer calls and clients. Those who visit your site will think that the company has closed - after all, its site no longer works. Those who searched for your company on the Internet will not be able to find it - again, the site does not work. Only competitors will be happy.

“We ordered a website from our local web studio, paid for everything, and now our site is gone. The web studio doesn’t answer phones, doesn’t answer letters, we came to their office - it turns out they moved out a long time ago.” Unfortunately, this is a typical situation. It still happens "a programmer was working on our site, he quit with all the passwords", “The company went through a reorganization, while they were sorting out the cases, they lost the website” and of course “I don’t understand anything about your Internet, help me fix our site.”

“My company, YugPodzemCommunications LLC, is engaged in the laying and maintenance of external pipelines, the website was made for us by local Krasnodar developers back in 2008 and everything was fine - they monitored it, updated it, it was easy to find in Yandex. But I don’t know what happened - Either there is a crisis, or they are tired of doing their job - an employee comes up to me and says - Andrey Yuryevich, our site is not working, today the second client has already told about this. I call the programmers - and there is “the phone is unavailable.” The site address is on the business cards everywhere, in company cars. What should I do? I called my friends - they gave me the contact of the St. Petersburg guys, they fixed my website and are running it. Thank you! Best regards, A.Yu. Mostovoy."- client website ugpc.ru

STEPS TO RESTORE THE SITE:

Call us at 8-800-333-16-58 or write to e-mail [email protected] to clarify the cost and timing of work. Restoring a domain and website is not cheap, but the company’s reputational losses and the costs of creating a new website are much higher than the cost restoration work. The basic period for domain re-registration is 3 business days, site restoration is 5 business days.

Fill out a form for a domain for an individual (download the form) or send the details of your legal entity. For work whose cost is from 7,000 rubles. it is possible to conclude an agreement (download the agreement). You pay for the work.

What is a domain:

A domain is the address of a website on the Internet, a set of letters and numbers, like a telephone number. Our website address is dra.ru, VKontakte address is vk.com, Yandex address is yandex.ru. Domains are registered and maintained by domain registrars. Every website on the Internet has its own domain. Your site does the same, only now the domain is not working and needs to be restored.

Who is the domain registered to:

On individual or at entity at your request. If you - individual entrepreneur, then from the point of view legal status domains, the domain is registered to you as an individual. For some domain registrars it is possible to register for non-residents Russian Federation(foreign individuals and companies).

Who owns the domain:

A domain is not an object of property law (like an apartment or a car), so from a legal point of view it does not have an owner. A domain is an entry in the registry of a domain registrar that has an Administrator, who is essentially the owner (manages the domain, renews it, or can transfer the domain to another administrator). You can check who is the domain administrator through the Whois service of the registrar, for example, in Axelname - if in the Org: field it says KreoBits or CreoBits - then the domain is with us, if Private person - then the domain is with a private person (in accordance with Federal Law-152 on personal data, the registrar does not have the right to indicate the full name in public data and therefore “Private person” is written for all individuals).

We create an account (agreement) with an accredited domain registrar based on your personal application form or the details of a legal entity and carry out the registration of the domain in your name. We create a new hosting for the site and rebuild the site pages with text and pictures on modern system MODx site management. As a result, we get a fully working website that looks and is filled in the same way as the website you had before. We give you passwords for the domain, site editor and hosting.

What is hosting:

In order for a website to be accessible via the Internet, it must be placed on an Internet server (specialized computer). This service is called " hosting"(from English) hosting). Technically, a website is a set of files, it is hosted on a hosting and becomes accessible from any device connected to the Internet. If the hosting is good, then the site is always available, works quickly and does not break. If the hosting is bad, the site will work slowly and intermittently. We host restored sites on equipment in the Selectel data center (Moscow), this is one of the best hosting providers in the Russian Federation.

What is MODx:

MODx is a content management system from English. Content Management System (CMS). It is needed for the site to work, drawing an analogy - just as Windows is a system for managing a computer, and Android is for a smartphone and tablet, so MODx is the same thing, only for the site. But unlike Windows and Android, there are hundreds of site management systems for websites that differ in purpose and complexity, the most common of which are 1C-Bitrix, UMI.CMS, Wordpress, Joomla and MODx. the main task MODx, like any other CMS, provides the operation of the site and convenient tools for editing it by the programmer and editor (for example, the manager of your organization). CMS are paid and free, MODx is free, all management is in Russian.

What we will restore:

Everything we can restore, including the design of your site, its content (texts, pictures), functionality - structure, menu, search, catalog, form feedback. It's like recovering data from a broken computer (hard drive), if a good specialist will restore all the files as they were.

WHAT GUARANTEES?

We are a small company, we have been working since 2007, we value every client and value our reputation. Our guarantees:

• our company is not a fly-by-night company, we are already 9 years old, it’s easy to check, make an online extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities for KreoBits LLC (TIN 7840363309). You can also look at the arbitration practice (“cases in court”) for our organization; in 9 years of work there are only two of them, one of which we won, and the second in the process.
• work for amounts starting from 7,000 rubles. performed according to the contract
• DRA is a registered trademark - .
• gratitude to our organization from the government - . We have been working with the Natural Resources Management Committee for 7 years, maintaining and developing their website.

We ask you to be vigilant, because there are scammers working on our behalf who do not hesitate to introduce themselves as employees of KreoBits/DRA.RU and promise assistance in restoring sites and domains for a modest (or completely immodest) fee. Remember, we write only from @dra.ru addresses, for example, from addresses [email protected], [email protected] and if you received a letter from some other address, for example, [email protected], then these are scammers. Just call us at 8-800-333-16-58 and ask all your questions about site restoration. Our website dra.ru

Cables are products made from steel wires or twisted from plant and synthetic fibers. On ships and auxiliary vessels Navy cables are used as standing and running rigging, mooring lines and tugs, in lifting devices, for fastening objects on a ship, for diving work, in mine-sweeping, in instruments and mechanisms, for rigging and other work.

Material, design and classification of steel cables. The steel cables used on Navy ships are made of high-carbon galvanized steel wire with a diameter of 0.4 to 3.0 mm with a tensile strength of 130 to 200 kgf/mm2. The zinc coating of the wire, which protects the cable from rusting, comes in three groups: for light working conditions - LS; for average working conditions - SS; for harsh working conditions and in sea ​​water- JS. The wire is produced in three grades: B, I and II. The highest quality wire, with high viscosity and mechanical strength, is grade B (highest) wire, followed by wire grades I and II. By design, steel cables are divided into three types: single, double and triple lay.

Cables with single strands consist of one strand, in which wires of the same diameter are twisted in a spiral in one or several (up to four) layers around one of the wires (Fig. 4.1 ). The number of wires and layers in a strand is indicated in the cable characteristics by the sum of numbers, in which the first number indicates the presence of a central wire, the second - the number of wires in the first layer from the center of the strand, the third - in the second layer, etc. The sum of all numbers indicates the total number of wires in strands. For example, the notation 1 + 6 + 12 means that there are nineteen wires in a strand, of which six are twisted in the first layer and twelve in the second, one wire is central.

Rice. 4.1. Spiral single strand single lay cable

Rice. 4.2. Linear contact of wires in strands

Rice. 4.3. Point contact of wires in strands

Cables with double spools are called cable work cables. They are made by twisting several strands into one or two layers around a single metal, organic or mineral core (Fig. 4.4).

Rice. 4.4. Double lay cable: a - with a metal core; b - with an organic or mineral core

Rice. 4.5. Three-strand cable

Cable work ropes (turn-over) are called ropes. They are woven from several wire ropes, which in this case are called strands (Fig. 4.6). Cable work cables are made from thinner wire than cable work cables. They are much more flexible than the latter, but at the same time weaker by about 25°C. Cable work ropes are used mainly where special flexibility is required, for example, on light lifting mechanisms with rope winding on drums, for boat hoist paddles, etc. Thick cables with a diameter of 40-65 mm are used for mooring lines and tugs.

Rice. 4.6. Triple lay cable cable

Strands of double and triple lay cables consist of wires of the same or different diameters, twisted around a central wire or an organic (mineral) core in one or more layers. In the cable characteristics, if there are strands with an organic core, zero is put instead of one. The notation 0 + 9 + 1 5 means that the strand has 24 wires, twisted in two layers of 9 and 15 wires around an organic core. Wires in individual layers of a strand can have linear, point and point-linear contact - T L K (Fig. 4.7).

Rice. 4.7. Point and linear contact of wires in strands

TK type cables have wires of either the same diameter or two different diameters along separate layers of strands.

TLK type cables can have wires of the same diameter, two diameters, and different and identical diameters.

The cross-sectional area of ​​a cable of the LK type is filled with metal by 13% higher than that of a cable of the TK type, and the total breaking strength of the cable is higher by the same amount. The performance of the LK type cable is 1.5-2 times higher.

Steel cables have right and left laying directions of the strands. In the first case, the strands in the cable are twisted clockwise and form a direct descent cable (Fig. 4.8.6, c); in the second - counterclockwise, forming a return cable (Fig. 4.8, a).

Depending on the type of lay, cables can be single-sided, cross-layed or combined lay. A cable in which the direction of lay of the outer layer of wires in the strands and the strands in the cable is the same is called a one-way lay cable (Fig. 4.8,6). A cable in which the lay direction of the outer layer of wires in the strands and the strands in the cable is different is called a cross lay cable (Fig. 4.8, a). A cable twisted from strands, half of which has a right-hand lay of wires, and the other half has a left-hand lay, is called a combined lay cable (Fig. 4.8, c).

For single-laid cables, the wires are located at an angle to the cable axis, for cross-laid cables - parallel to the cable axis, for combined lay cables - in a herringbone pattern.

Rice. 4.8. Steel cable: a - left cross lay; b - right one-sided lay; c - right combined lay

The design of a steel cable is usually characterized by the formula

For example, the notation 6 x 30 + 7 means that the cable is made of 6 strands, each strand is made of 30 wires, the cable has 7 organic cores, of which one is common, and one in each strand. For a more detailed designation of the cable structure, letters are placed in front of the formula, characterizing the lay of the wires in the strands and the ratio of the wires by diameter. TK 1X19 means a single-strand cable with 19 wires in the cable when they touch each other. LK - 0 7 X 7 means a seven-strand all-metal cable, 7 wires of the same diameter in a strand, with a linear tangency in each of them.

The full characteristics of the cable are indicated by numbers and letters written in a certain order. For example, the notation LK-RO 6 x 3 6 + 1 - 1 8 - N - 1 7 0 - V - ZH S - L - O, GOST 7668-55, means a cable with a linear contact of wires of different and equal diameters along individual layers of the strand , six-strand, 36 wires per strand, with one central organic core, diameter 18 lsh, non-unwinding (a cable whose wires are given a spiral shape on special machines), made of wire with a tensile strength of 170 kgf/mm2, grade B, for harsh working conditions , left one-sided lay, GOST 7668-55.

In the characteristics of a specific cable, other designations are also used: NK - a non-rotating cable that does not rotate around its axis during operation (used for rescue, hydrological and other work); K - combined lay cable.

The cross-right lay cable (ordinary, unwinding) does not have a special letter designation.

Steel cables can be rigid or flexible. Rigid cables are made from a small number of large diameter wires, with or without one organic core. They have great strength. Flexible cables are made from a large number of thin wires and have one or more organic cores. In terms of flexibility, individual steel cables are not inferior to plant cables. Cables can be compared in terms of flexibility using the cable slenderness coefficient (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Rice. 4.9. Measuring the diameter of the cable with a caliper:

The relative elongation of steel cables (the ratio of the absolute increment in the length of the cable when stretched to its original length) is no more than 3%. This is their drawback, since with sudden jerks the cables break.

The weight of the steel cable W in kg is selected from GOST or calculated:

For single-strand spiral cables K = 0.52, for three-strand cables without an organic core K = 0.40, for cables with one organic core K = 0.37, for cables with several organic cores.

Breaking strength (strength, breaking force) - the minimum load at which the cable breaks. The value of the breaking strength R in kgf of a particular cable is selected from GOST or calculated:

For single-strand spiral cables K=70, for cables with one organic core K=40, for cables with several organic cores K=34.

Note: When measuring the cable along the circumference, the coefficient K is accordingly taken equal to 7.0; 4.0; 3.4.

Selection for certain conditions work is carried out according to the working tension (permissible tension that the cable can withstand during operation for a long time without violating the integrity of individual wires or the entire cable).

The value of the working strength of the cable P in kgf:

For cables used in standing rigging, n=4, for running rigging and lifting loads n=6, for lifting loads at high lifting speeds n=6 / 1 0, for lifting people n=14.

Example. Select a flexible steel cable for lifting a load of 2000 kg. The cable is based on a single-pulley movable block (the load W is held on two cables).

Solution. According to formulas (4.3) and (4.4) tension (working strength of the cable):

In table 4.3-4.9 contains data established by all-Union state standards for steel cables most widely used on ships and auxiliary vessels of the Navy.

Rules for acceptance of steel cables. Cables are supplied on wooden or metal drums or in coils, tied in 4-6 places (for cables with a diameter of up to 30 mm and a maximum weight of 700 kg). Cables used for lifting and lowering people are supplied only on drums.

Each cable is equipped with a tag attached to the drum or coil and a certificate. The tag indicates: factory, serial number of the cable, symbol, length, weight, date of manufacture and GOST of the cable. The certificate also indicates: the type of cable and its symbol, direction and type of lay, galvanization group, calculated tensile strength of the wire and the total breaking resistance of all wires in the cable, breaking strength of the cable as a whole.

Table 4.3. Notes: 1. Cables, the breaking strength of which is indicated to the right of the bold line (Table 4.3-4.9), are made of light-colored wire.
2. G O S T 2688-55 provides for the production of cables with a design tensile strength of cables of individual diameters and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely: 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240 kgf/mm2.

Table 4.4. Note: GOST 3062-55 provides for the production of cables with a design tensile strength of cables of individual diameters of 120 kgf/mm2 and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely: 190, 200, 210, 220. 230. 240 .250.260 kgf/mm2.

Table 4.5. Note: GOST 3066-66 provides for the production of cables with a design tensile strength of cables of individual diameters of 120 kgf/mm2 and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely; 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260 kgf/mm2.

Table 4.6. Note: GOST 3083-66 provides for the production of cables with a design tensile strength of individual diameters of 120 kgf/mm2 and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely: 190, 200, 210, 220 kgf/mm2.

Table 4.7. Note: GOST 3084-55 provides for the production of cables with a design tensile strength of cables of individual diameters of 120 kgf/mm2 and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely: 190, 200, 210, 220 kgf/mm2.

Table 4.8. Note: GOST 7668-55 provides for the production of cables with a design tensile strength of cables of individual diameters of 120 kgf/mm2 and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely 190 kgf/mm2.

Table 4.9. Note: GOST 7673-66 provides for the production of cables with a cable strength of individual diameters of 120 kgf/mm2 and above 180 kgf/mm2, namely: 190, 200, 210, 220 230 240, 250, 260 kgf/mm2.

After an external inspection, the cable is measured and its actual design is compared with the data indicated on the tag and in the certificate, for which the end of the cable is slightly unraveled and the number of strands, wires in the strands and the number of organic cores are recalculated; check the location of the strands in the cable and the wires in the strands. The cable design must comply with the data specified in the ship's requirements.

All data and inspection results are recorded in the cable log book.

Working with and caring for steel cables. The cables must be suitable for the operating conditions. A rigid cable, for example, cannot be used as moorings or passed through blocks, as it will quickly wear out. For mooring lines, tugs and equipment for lifting devices, a flexible cable is used.

The direction of lay and the order of winding the cable on the views, capstan drums and winches are selected so that the cable is additionally twisted during operation. This increases its density, and therefore its service life.

When loading and unloading, a cable wound on a drum must not be thrown or subjected to strong shocks, since if the drum breaks, it can become tangled and difficult to untangle.

The formation of loops is unacceptable, since when the cable is tensioned, they form a kink - a pebble, which sharply reduces the strength of the cable and makes it unusable. The loop should be carefully and correctly unfolded, without allowing the half-folded loop to be pulled out. When unraveling the coil, the cable is wound at the outer end, simultaneously rotating the coil or drum (Fig. 4.10), and immediately wound onto the view or laid on the deck in a coil.

Rice. 4.10. Unraveling coils and drums of steel cable:
a - correct; b - wrong

When mooring on moorings and during mooring itself, one should not allow one cable to clamp another or run in a different direction. Before being fed to another ship (shore), the cable is stretched on the deck and the loops are straightened. If it is necessary to lay the cable on the deck, the cable is circled into a coil of large diameter and the hoses being laid are tucked through one another.

When winding onto a drum, the cable should be wrapped with a wooden fly; It is forbidden to use a metal sledgehammer to avoid damage to the galvanization and subsequent rusting of the cable.

You should not tie knots from steel, even flexible cable. Two steel cables are connected using a bracket inserted into thimbles at the ends of the cable. With a high-quality splice, the loss of cable strength is about 15% - for cables with a breaking strength of wire 120-130 kgf/mm2, about 20% - with a breaking strength of 140-150 kgf/mm2 and up to 30% - with a breaking strength of wire 160-170 kgf/mm2. It is not allowed to weave ropes intended for lifting and lowering people.

In places of contact with sharp protruding parts, wooden spacers or mats are placed under the cable.

During operation, the cables must be lubricated regularly. A lubricant with anti-corrosion and anti-rot properties significantly increases the service life of the cables. A good lubricant is rope lubricant (industrial rope IR). Technical petroleum jelly (universal low-melting synthetic grease), gun grease (UNG), synthetic grease (universal medium-melting synthetic grease) and fatty grease (universal medium-melting synthetic grease) are also used. Technical Vaseline and gun lubricant are heated to 60-80° before use.

Do not use fuel oil, diesel fuel, used machine oil or other substances containing acids and alkalis to lubricate cables.

Cables are lubricated at least once every three months and each time after the cable is in water. Cables stored on a ship are lubricated at least once a year. Before lubricating, remove old dried ointment and dirt from the cables with metal brushes. The lubricant is applied in a light layer with chewing gum or rags. If rust is detected, the cable must be unwound from the view, cleaned of rust, wiped with a rag soaked in white spirit, wiped dry, lubricated and wound onto the view. Canned grease is removed with a rag.

If the cable must be in sea water due to operating conditions, it is useful to lubricate it with a boiled hot mixture consisting of equal parts of tree resin and lime. After work, the cable is washed with fresh water, dried, lubricated and wound onto a view.

Cables with organic cores should not be kept in places with high temperatures, as the cores may burn out.

The broken wires are cut short, and the cable in these places is braided with soft wire. Strong wire marks are placed on the ends of the cable to prevent unwinding.

In accordance with the requirements of the Navy Naval Charter and the Rules for the operation of hulls, devices and systems of ships and auxiliary vessels The Navy must conduct daily and periodic (at least once a month) inspections and checks of all cables. Deficiencies are eliminated immediately, and cables that have become unusable are replaced with new ones.

Storage and service life of steel cables. Used steel cables are stored wound in tight rows on spools covered with canvas covers, or rolled into coils laid on wooden banquets. In sunny weather, the covers are removed. Cables stored in ship storerooms are lifted to the upper deck at least once a year, their condition is checked and the lubricant is changed. Storerooms must be dry and systematically ventilated.

With proper care, the service life of standing rigging cables is virtually unlimited. For running rigging cables, mooring lines, and lifting cables, it is 2-4 years. Cables for lifting loads and people are considered unsuitable for use if the number of broken wires along a length equal to eight cable diameters is more than 10% of their total number or a whole strand has broken.

Excessive bending of the cable is also harmful, so the pulleys, rollers, and drums that the cable bends during operation must be carefully selected. The diameter of the drums and pulleys must be at least 4 diameters for cable work cables, and at least 18 diameters for cable work cables. When using cable in booms and hoists, the diameter of the pulley must be at least 300 times the diameter of the cable wire.

The service life of cables is significantly influenced by the diameter of the pulley piles, rollers or drums and the condition of their surfaces. Maritime practice recommends the following diameters of bales depending on the diameters of the cables (Table 4.10).