All people have repeatedly seen the image of the main marine symbol - the anchor. It is present on chevrons, caps, belts, shoulder straps of sailors of all countries and nations, on the emblems of many cities and some states. And most of us at least once saw it with our own eyes, on ships or in museums. Anchor is one of the elements of any ship, the longest preserved in the salt sea ​​water even after the death of the ship. It is anchors that are most often found at the site of ancient shipwrecks, which allows scientists to attribute them to a certain era and classify them. After all, such an important and well-preserved item as ship cannons was introduced into use only in the fourteenth century, and ships plied the seas long before the advent of artillery.

And how often have you had to wonder why this device looks the way it does, and most importantly, how does it hold such a huge ship on which it is used? I'm sure not everyone can answer this question. Let's try to figure it out together.

The first anchors were ordinary stone, which was tied with a braided rope, rarely making holes in them. In the process of evolution of navigation and humanity as a whole, all kinds of devices began to be attached to the stones, often from the horns and bones of animals, allowing them to cling to the bottom soil. Before the anchor was purchased modern form He had to undergo many changes. In the classical sense, today's anchor appears to us in the form as it is depicted on the cockades of naval officers. This type of anchor was called "Admiralty". It consists of a spindle (central base rod), the curved elements at the bottom are called horns, and on the opposite side of the horns, a stem is located perpendicularly. This rod allows the anchor to turn in the right direction when hitting the bottom and allows the horns to dig into the ground with their paws. The anchor is immersed vertically with the horns down, after which, leaning on the rod, it turns under the action of the anchor chain or rope, and is pierced by one of the horns. Modern anchors have dozens of types, sometimes having a completely different look, and not two horns at all, but up to six pieces. At the same time, the horns are not necessarily located according to the “cat” principle, but often on one side, which is due to the design feature.

By the way, cat anchors with four horns curved upwards, which we used to consider a ninja tool for climbing walls, are precisely anchors of light weight. The idea to use them as such a device, as well as for coupling ships during boarding battles, arose later, already in the process of operation. Initially, such an anchor was adapted for boats and small boats. Modern anchors of this type have a small mass and are very loved by fishermen. They are used not only for their intended purpose, but also to search for recessed gear, trawl the day. The horns are often made foldable, or bendable, so that when maximum force is applied, they are released from the hook without forcing the anchor line to be cut. Then just straighten the bent horn.

But it's not just traction that keeps the ship in place. After all, there are huge warships, tourist cruise liners, which cannot be kept in place by one thrust of the anchor into the ground. Their anchors are impressive monsters, sometimes weighing up to 35 tons, and there are usually several such devices for each vessel. The force that must be applied to the anchor at the moment of separation from the bottom, when its spindle is horizontal, is called the holding force. The holding force coefficient is the difference between the weight of the anchor itself and the force required to lift it off the bottom. Taking this coefficient into account, a comparison is made of the types of anchor devices and their purpose for different conditions of use and different soils. Indeed, in addition to the bottom, the anchorage of the ship is due to many external factors, as the strength and direction of the wind, sea currents, waves, location relative to the coast, the presence of a bay. The holding force of any anchor is additionally affected by the weight of that section of the chain or cable, which is located directly on the ground. And this weight is often more than the anchor itself. Usually the length of this section can be from 20 to 75 meters. Although both the chain and the anchor still do not even make up a tenth of the mass of the ship.

The Admiralty-type anchor described above had a very impressive coefficient and was popular until the middle of the 19th century. But with all the positive qualities, due to the transverse rod, it could not fit compactly in the ship's hull. He was soon replaced by the Hall anchor, which had two swivel legs on one side and the technical ability to pierce them into the ground at the same time, provided that the anchor was released right on the move. It had the worst anchoring performance, but was much more compact and more comfortable in every way. Subsequently, this anchor ceased to be standard, but many subsequent improved products were based on its design. For example, very popular, especially in the river fleet, Matrosov's anchor, which has a similar appearance, but exceeding the holding force of the classic Admiralty anchor of equal weight by four and a half times. He is able to keep the ship even in conditions of powerful currents and soft soils.

The article is accompanied by a selection of photographic materials with different types of anchors and a diagram of a classic anchor.

M.

Answered by Kirill Plotnikov, engineer,

Senior Lecturer, Department of Construction

AND technical operation faculty courts

Shipbuilding and ocean engineering SPbGMTU

Attitude to anchor sailors in the era sailing fleet reflected in the expressions of the French language that have come down to us: "ancre d" esperance" - an anchor of hope, "ancre sacree" - a sacred anchor, and even "maitresse ancre" - madam anchor (in French, the word "anchor" is feminine). Anchors (and there were usually several of them on the ship) were used not only to keep the ship in a given place in the water area, but also to brake and even move the ship.Today, this device is still indispensable.

The holding force of the anchor device of the ship consists of two components: the first is created by the anchor when interacting with the sea soil, the second - by the section of the anchor chain that lies on the ground (for sea vessels, the length of this section is usually at least 25-50 m).

On giant ships with large windage (aircraft carriers, ocean cruise liners, etc.), anchors are used, the mass of which reaches 30 tons

For a reliable anchorage, the weight and design of the anchor is important. Usually they weigh several tons, and on giant ships with large windage (aircraft carriers, ocean cruisers, etc.), anchors are used, the mass of which reaches 30 tons. Impressive numbers, but it should be understood that the total weight of the anchors is not amounts to a tenth of a percent of the weight of the ship itself.

Each specific type of anchor behaves on different types soil differently. The holding force of the anchor is the force that must be applied to it in order to pull it out of the ground at the moment when the spindle (the massive rod to which the anchor horns are attached) is located horizontally. To compare different models, it is common to say how many times the holding force of the anchor exceeds its own weight (the so-called "holding force factor").

The first anchor was a stone

The first device used by ancient sailors as an anchor was an ordinary stone tied with a rope of animal veins, plant stems, and vines. The holding force coefficient of such an "anchor" is less than one, that is, its holding force is less than its weight.

Later, holes were drilled in the anchor stones and stakes (horns) were installed in them. Already in the time of the ancient Romans, the anchor became similar to the one that can be seen today on caps and cockades. Horns were fixedly attached to a massive spindle in the lower part. One of the horns of the anchor entered and buried in the ground. Since such an anchor falls “flat” to the bottom (that is, the horns are located in the plane of the bottom, and without additional devices the anchor will not engage and will be dragged along the ground), another rod was put on the spindle perpendicular to the horns - the stock. When falling on the rod, the anchor turned on the ground under the action of the rope tension and entered the ground with its horn. On the emblems that readers have seen many times, the stem is a transverse “stick” at the top of the anchor.

Names of anchor parts

The anchor is lowered into the water

Anchor cemetery in Portugal

By 1852, the Admiralty anchor became the most popular. In subsequent years, thousands of applications were submitted to the patent offices for the invention of new, more advanced anchors. So, the rod that prevents the anchor from being pulled into a niche in the side of the vessel (it is called the “clue”) was eliminated, and the “paws” became swivel. The most typical anchor of this type was named after the creator - the Hall anchor. It enters the ground with two "paws" at once. At the same time, its holding capacity is less than that of the Admiralty, but this, thanks to the convenience of its use, can be put up with. New designs of anchors continue to appear to this day.

No matter how perfect the anchor devices are, they cannot provide parking in any conditions, much depends on the wind. It is customary to assess wind speed in maritime practice on a special 12-point scale called the Beaufort scale, where zero points corresponds to a complete calm, and 12 points to a hurricane. For most vessels, anchorage is usually appropriate in winds up to 6-7. In addition, the speed of the current and the depth of the water area are taken into account.

Anchoring and disembarking

Despite the current availability of more advanced ship containment systems (for example, dynamic positioning systems associated with satellite navigation), anchors for many decades to come will be the simplest, cheapest and most reliable device that has absorbed the romance of maritime affairs.

Anchor(from Germanic, OE ankari "anchor", OE akkeri from Latin ansora from Greek agkyra) is cast, forged or welded

a structure used to hold a watercraft in place by gripping it with the underwater soil. The effectiveness of the anchor is estimated by the holding force coefficient - the ratio of the holding force to the weight of the anchor.

The size of the anchor for warships is determined by the area of ​​the midsection of the vessel (one quarter of the submerged part of the area of ​​the midship frame in feet, according to the Russian Admiralty rule, is equal to the weight of the anchor in pounds).

The history of the appearance of the anchor

An anchor appeared in the form in which we imagine it back in the distant Vst. about AD Pliny attributes the invention of the anchor to the Greek Eulampius, while others say that King Midas invented it.

In ancient times, anchors were made of wood. The wooden body of the anchor - the spindle was inserted into the middle of the wooden cross - the rod, along the entire length of which a hole passed, it was burned out with red-hot metal and filled with lead.

Sometimes an iron horn was made at the end of the rod, also filled with lead. Later, (possibly by Pliny or the philosopher Anacharsis) a second anchored horn and triangular arrow-shaped overlays on the horns - paws were introduced.

The rod was needed so that the anchor horns did not lie too horizontally on the bottom.

The Romans made it from an alloy of lead and antimony and then fixed it on a spindle with two rectangular holes. Such an anchor was found in Lake Nemi. Now many copies of similar stocks are known. It is assumed that anchors of a similar type were used for quite a long time.

With the development of iron smelting technology, the anchor began to be made of iron, although the rods could also be metal or wooden. At both ends of the spindle, these anchors had an eye. The purpose of the lower eyelet has not yet been found, it is believed that it served to fasten the anchor at the side. An anchor was found on Lake Nemi, which was completely made of iron and its stem was movable, as on later Admiralty anchors.

Anchor layout

Anchor development

In the Middle Ages, only iron anchors were made, which had wooden rods. Looking at the images on the miniatures of old manuscripts, coins, seals and paintings, we can confidently say that almost until the 18th century. the shape of the anchors did not change at all. There were only minor changes in the technique of their manufacture. In the XIV century. a four-horned anchor appears, which, however, was not very suitable for large ships. Such anchors were used mainly on galleys.

The spindle was made from several iron rods (or strips) that were welded together. According to the standard, four rods went to the core of the spindle, to which thinner ones were added to achieve the required thickness. After forging, the spindle section acquired an almost rectangular shape with rounded edges. The top of the spindle, equal to 1/16 of its length, had a square section. This part - the sheima - served to secure the stock, so it had protrusions on both sides - shoulders - or nuts on which the stock lay. There was a hole in the sheim - an ear through which the eye was passed. The paws at the anchor had the shape of an isosceles triangle: the sides were approximately 1/3 longer than the base. The stem was made of two oak bars, which were put on the collar and fastened with four or six iron yokes placed on the bars in a hot state.

There were anchors with curved horns, which were used mainly on merchant ships, but the most common were anchors with straight horns. They were in service with military courts until 1820. Later, they were abandoned due to frequent ship accidents that occurred during their use. TO early XIX V. are the first studies that led to significant changes in the design of traditional anchors. The most important of these were the appearance of a movable stem, then rotary horns, and the rejection of the stem. In addition, they began to use steel casting for the manufacture of anchors. In 1830 lieutenant of the English navy Roger, after many years of research and experience, proposed a new design of the anchor, which began to be called after him. The Roger anchor, which was used until recently, can be distinguished from others by the presence of an iron rod with a square hole in the middle. With this hole, the rod was put on the spindle collar and then cottered.

In order to remove the stem, it was necessary to remove the eye, so later it was replaced with a bracket. The stem could also be wooden.

Types of anchors by design

According to the design of the anchors, they differ into anchors with fixed and swivel paws, according to the method of fastening on the vessel after the removal of the vessel from the anchor - into falling (with rods) and retractable.

Types of anchors by purpose

Standing - placed in the nose to keep equipment in the parking lot.

Auxiliary - placed in the stern to prevent the ship from turning around while it is at anchor.

Dead - for long-term parking in one place, it is most often used on drilling ships, lighthouses, buoys. Dead anchors are often set by specialized vessels, and when unanchored, they are simply abandoned. In turn, dead anchors are directed and circular, the latter are much heavier.

Imports - to hold specialized watercraft like dredgers. The anchor is installed by a special vessel (bring), often on a non-navigable strand, so good holding power with a small mass is required. Often deliveries are made one-horned. The deliveries include papillon anchors designed for reliable retention in a wide sector.

Ship anchors - designed to hold watercraft in the parking lot on open water. Depending on the displacement, the characteristics of the soil in the parking lot and a number of other factors, various types of ship anchors must be used.

A mushroom anchor is a mushroom or umbrella-shaped anchor that has been used since 1850 for anchoring lighthouses, buoys and others.

Types of ancient anchors

Probably the earliest and simplest type of anchor was, of course, a stone with a rope tied to it. This type of anchor is still used on small fishing boats, boats and yachts, especially where the bottom is flat, rocky and the anchor with paws is completely useless, and then any heavy object can also play the role of a stone.

Malay anchor

Appeared approximately on the border of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. e. in the South China Sea region. It was made of solid wood and individual parts were tied with a rope. At the top of the spindle, a load was tied (a stone that was specially customized). The transverse rod was at the bottom and it had only one horn.

Chinese two-horned anchor

Appeared around the end of the 1st millennium BC. e. It was made of fairly durable wood that was forged with iron. The stem was located at the bottom.

Roman ship anchor

Appeared at the end of the 1st millennium BC. e. in the Mediterranean. According to the principle of action, it is similar to the Admiralty anchor. It was forged from iron or cast from bronze. In the upper part, under the bracket for the rope at the anchor, there was a wooden stock. There were also wooden anchors of a similar principle, with a heavy lead rod, which was required to flood the anchor rope. This anchor was highly valued; various sacred inscriptions were even applied to it.

Types of modern anchors

Admiralty anchor - Anchors similar to the Admiralty anchor existed before our era. However, the name "Admiralty" anchor was given in the 1820s, after the British Admiralty tested anchors of different devices and different forging technologies. It is a heavy forged steel anchor, with a steel bail at the top and a wooden stem above it. Until about 1700, the stock consisted of a single piece of wood, and later it began to be made, as a rule, from two wooden blocks connected by steel strips. The rod was inserted into the hole at the top of the spindle or covered it from the outside, like a Roman anchor.

The main advantage of the Admiralty anchor is a strong stable hold. But there are also many disadvantages. This is a very bulky structure, which, being suspended at the side, is dangerous both for the ship itself and for those passing nearby. So the anchor has to be rolled over the side, and for compactness, remove the stock. When the direction of the wind / current changes, the chain can wrap around the leg, and the anchor breaks.

Hall Anchor - Anchor with paws that turn on an axis. This is the optimal anchor on sandy soils, which is currently the most common (2008), although it is increasingly being replaced by newer and more advanced designs.

Denni's anchor - used in the US Navy. Unlike anchors of other types, its spindle rests with a thickened end against the paws, thanks to which the reliability of the anchor does not depend on the strength of the connecting bolt, and in the event of a breakdown of the latter, the reliability of holding the anchor does not decrease.

Anchor Inglefield (eng. Inglefield`s anchor) - is used as a dead anchor and werp in the German fleet. It consists of a tetrahedral spindle with two brackets, two paws fastened to the spindle with a through bolt, an insert and an anchor bracket. A cat is laid in the brackets on the spindle when lifting. The liner forces the tines to go deeper into the ground and limits their angle of rotation. For the reliability of the action, the anchor must be released on the move.

Anchor Marrel (eng. Marrel`s anchor) - used in the French fleet. In its design, it is very similar to the Inglefield anchor. The paws of the anchor are individually made and fastened with a thick bolt passed through the lower thickened part of the spindle. There are special tides for picking up paws.

Martin's anchor (English Martin "s anchor) - an anchor with a stem, a tetrahedral spindle with a thickening at the bottom, where paws made of one piece pass. The paws, due to their cylindrical shape, can freely rotate in the thickened part of the spindle. The bolt that fastens the paws to the spindle, has a special hole - a chute, limits the turn.In the Martin anchor of a new design, the paws have a special box.When the anchor falls to the bottom, the lower edge of the box lies on the ground and, when the anchor crawls under the tension of the anchor chain, makes the paws turn around.

Anchor Rogers

Rogers anchor (eng. Roger "s anchor) - an Admiralty-type anchor with small pointed paws and large horns. The rod is made of strip iron with butts at the ends that serve to clean the anchor. The trend has a through hole for the buoyrep. The Rogers anchor holds well in hard ground, but in soft ground its holding power is very small.

Sykes anchor is an anchor used primarily in the UK. Instead of a bolt, the Sykes anchor has a hinge that allows the paws to move in any direction.

Smith's anchor (eng. Smith "s anchor) - an anchor without a stem used in the English fleet. The spindle of the Smith anchor is made along with the trend. The paws of the Smith anchor are attached to the ends of a through bolt freely rotating in the trend. The angle of rotation of the paws is limited by the tides abutting the trend .

The Danforth anchor works on the principle of the Hall Anchor, but has a different design. The difference is that on this anchor - the trend has a stock. It prevents the anchor from tipping over on its side when falling on the ground, being a stabilizer.

Matrosov's anchor differs from the previous one in that it has a stock on the lower parts of the paws.

Mushroom Anchor - The mushroom-shaped, or umbrella-shaped, anchor began to be used from 1850, mainly for long-term and durable anchoring of floating lighthouses and other vessels of this kind.

Anchor-cat - used for small-sized vessels, a folding cat-anchor is preferred, which on large vessels can only be considered as an auxiliary due to the small holding force. Folding cat vanes minimize its transport dimensions, which is especially welcome on small inflatable boats. Anchor-cat is suitable for use on almost any soil. IN trading network anchors are offered with a weight of 1.5 to 12 kg with a resolution of 0.5 kg. For small boats with a displacement of 200-400 kg, an anchor-cat weighing 4-5 kg ​​is enough.

The inventor of the most famous plow anchor was the Englishman Taylor, who called it "CQR", which is pronounced as English word"secure" - safe or reliable.

Only in the Middle Ages anchors began to take on a modern form. They were made of iron, and the stem could be wooden or iron. They had straight horns with shovels, which eventually led to their abandonment due to frequent accidents. courts, when using them. (Fig. 15)

The real revolution in anchor business was Roger's anchor, named after the inventor himself in 1830. He was an officer in the Royal Navy of Great Britain and stubbornly pursued research and experiments in this area. Anchor differed from its predecessors by the presence of an iron rod with a square hole in the middle. With this hole, the rod was put on the spindle collar, and then cottered. In order to remove the stem, it was necessary to remove the eye, which was soon replaced with a bracket. (Fig. 16)

In 1852, William Parker developed admiralty anchor. It owes this name to the British Admiralty. The spindle and horns of this anchor, as well as the stem in cross section elliptical; the horns are curved in a circle; paws are much smaller, the iron rod is movable. It worked in the following way. The anchor fell to the bottom and touched the ground with the heel of the trend. Under the tension of the anchor rope, the anchor lay on the ground, and if its stem is horizontal, the paw burrowed into it. If the end of the rod touched the ground, then under the tension of the rope, the anchor turned on it, and the paw anchors entered the ground. The rod served to ensure that the horns of the anchor did not lie horizontally on the seabed. (Fig. 17)

Modern anchors appeared from the beginning of 1821, and the first inventor was Gaukins. A feature of this anchor was swivel horns and the absence of a stock. At the end of the horns were arrow-shaped tips. (fig.18)

Over time, this anchor was finalized by the Frenchman F. Martin and the Englishman Trotman, who proposed to make the horns of the anchors swing, respectively, they found application on ships with steam engine. At this anchor, only one paw went deep into the ground, while the other turned and pressed against the spindle, due to which the holding force increased. (fig.19)

In 1891, the British Admiralty tested several anchors on one ship at once to determine the best in all respects. It turned out to be Hall's anchor - deep enough and quickly burrowing into the ground. Anchor Hall sow day applies on . (fig.20)

On (Fig. 21, 22) shows some types of anchors used today.

types of "dead anchors"

In addition to these, there are other types anchors for various kinds of activities. A one-horned anchor is used to install barrels. Small four-horned anchors without a stem and without turning horns are called "cats" or verts. (Fig. 23)

(Fig. 24) shows what happens to the anchor when it is immersed in depth and lifted from the bottom of a river or sea. The anchor descends, slides along the ground, hooks and burrows into it. For lifting, the anchor chain is pulled and pulls the anchor out of the ground, and then rises.

And there are even more interesting anchors - floating, which are used in case of bad weather or stop ship at great depths to keep them against the wave. They are made from a square piece of canvas, which is stretched between two beams. Their length should be half the length of the beams at the mainmast. A cable is drawn from the ends of the beams, which is attached to a thick perlin in the middle. A load is suspended from the lower end of the floating anchor, and an anchor buoy is suspended from the upper end so that the anchor is in the water at a certain depth. (Fig. 25)

Some shipowners, in all honesty, use 10-12 kg of bricks. In a calm, and even with a slight wind, such carelessness is permissible. But with strong winds, this negligence can have serious consequences. And this is not only a violation of peace, but even the deformation and flooding of the floating craft, the threat to the lives of people on board.

What characteristics should be considered when choosing an anchor?

- Holding force. The higher the holding force, the less bulky anchor you have to carry with you. A fairly average indicator for most types of anchors: for every 100 kg of displacement 1 kg of anchor weight. In general, any seller should have lists that clearly show the calculated data for one or another type of anchor.
- bottom surface. Of all types of anchors, only Admiralty anchor does not care about the surface: it can be held on any type of bottom. The rest can work better on one of the soils, and not work at all on the other.

Types of anchors

1. Anchor cat
A fairly common type of anchor, which is used both as a dead anchor (on small boats) and as an additional one. Most of all, it is advisable to use a cat in reservoirs with a sandy bottom or in spiky areas. The paws firmly fix the anchor, catching on the wood, but this can also be a minus: if the hook is too tight, you will have to “give” the anchor-cat to the snag.
Some shipowners, when making homemade anchors of this type, take into account the critical load factor on the metal (often cast iron) that is required to unbend the cat. Thus, “by giving in to the gases”, it is possible to save the anchor, even though it is deformable. Cats are not suitable for muddy or rocky bottoms.

Differs in the high holding force on silty sites of a bottom. Two wide, elongated and sharp paws, located at a close distance from each other, are able to pierce into soft areas of the bottom and create a qualitatively high fixation of the boat.
The anchor has a somewhat angular shape, does not fold and has a large weight, which makes it unprofitable for watercraft with a small displacement.

It resembles, by modification, the Danforth anchor, but has a higher grip with the bottom, which is provided by the rods. It (traction) remains high even when the boat turns 360 ", which is especially important in a strong storm. The same quality can be added to the list of cons, because it can be very difficult to remove the anchor from the bottom. Good for muddy and small rocky areas bottom.

Similar to the two above, the anchor model. The Hall anchor works like this: touching the bottom, it lies flat, when the anchor chain stretches it, the lower tide of the paws clings to the ground, forcing the paws to turn and pick up the soil with the blades. In order for the anchor to work reliably, it must be given away on the move. The holding force is directly dependent on the soil. From a loose and heterogeneous bottom, such an anchor will simply pull out. Not suitable for waters with soft and muddy surfaces.

The Admiralty anchor is increasingly moving to museums, and less and less of it can be found on any ship, be it a boat, boat or yacht. The Admiralty anchor is much inferior in strength to anchors that use two paws for fixing. However, it also has its own, albeit small, advantages. For example, practicality. The Admiralty anchor is suitable for reservoirs with any type of bottom. Equally firmly holds the boat, and on muddy ground, and on rocky, and on the bottom entwined with algae.

6. Anchor "cobra"
It has a high holding force (up to 25-30 kg per kilogram of anchor weight). Thanks to a wide and sharp paw, it not only clings tightly, but when jumping out, it is able to quickly catch on to other parts of the bottom. A good model, but it is rather problematic to find a small cobra anchor. Shows itself well on a finely rocky and sandy bottom.

7. Anchor "Plow"
The design is similar to the "cobra" anchor, but, unlike the latter, is not monolithic. It consists of two independent parts, which are fastened in such a way that the "plow" is qualitatively kept in the ground even when the watercraft is turned up to 180".

1) Chain
A chain with large links connecting the anchor and cable can increase the holding power of the anchor. This happens due to the bending of the spindle: the chain bends it as close to the bottom as possible (pulling out the anchor, in this position, becomes more difficult). It is necessary that the length of the cable exceeds the distance to the bottom by seven to ten times. In this case, the holding force will be increased fully.

2) float
A prudent step is to make a foam float that is attached almost to the edge of the rope, a meter from the knot. Untethered or torn out - it will be much easier to find it.

3) Fixing
The most advantageous point, which is as low as possible along the stem. The higher the mount, the greater the lever and, accordingly, the less effort is required in order to turn the craft over or flood the bow. In a storm, this could very well happen.

4) Number of anchors
At least two. In addition to the camp, there should be, albeit small, a werp (auxiliary anchor). This is the minimum that should be on board. It's a good idea to add a storm anchor or parachute anchor (which is almost weightless) to the list, but many shipowners are very jealous of "extra" items on board.

5) How to save the anchor
The bottom surface is littered with snags and flooded trees, abandoned crab traps and other debris, the probability of being left without an anchor is very high. Therefore, it is not necessary to anchor without tying a buoy with a buoy to the trend (the junction of the horns with the spindle). It is best to have a buoy (it is called a tomb buoy) with a 10 - 25 m long buoy (depending on the depth at which you anchor) constantly in the supply of the vessel. In extreme cases, instead of a buoy, you can use any floating object: a wooden chock, a piece of foam, etc.
If the anchor is stuck and it is impossible to lift it by the anchor rope without the risk of breaking, it is enough to pull the buoyrep and the anchor will be released.
It is good to fix a permanent bracket on the trend or make a hole for a buoy.