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Russian epic heroes

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Ancient Rus' is a historical period covering the period from the 9th to the 13th centuries. This period is called Kievan Rus, because the main city at that time was Kyiv. Ancient Rus' occupied the territory of modern Ukraine, part Krasnodar Territory, part of the Volga region and part of the land in the north between the Baltic Sea and two lakes - Ladoga and Onega. physical map Ancient Rus'...

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Ancient Rus'
Political map of Ancient Rus'

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This was the capital of Ancient Rus'... Model of the central part of Kyiv

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A whole world of ancient Russian life opens up in epics. Their main character is a hero, a defender of the people. The heroes possessed great physical strength. So it was said about the beloved Russian hero Ilya Muromets: “Wherever you wave, here the streets lie, where you turn away - with alleys.” At the same time, he was a very peaceful hero who took up arms only in case of emergency. As a rule, the bearer of such an irrepressible force is a native of the people, a peasant son. Folk heroes also possessed great magical power, wisdom, cunning. People's memory has preserved the image of heroes who came not only from the peasant environment - the boyar son Dobrynya Nikitich, the representative of the clergy, the cunning and dodgy Alyosha Popovich. Each of them had his own character, his own characteristics, but they were all spokesmen for the people's aspirations, thoughts, and hopes. And the main one was the protection of Rus' from fierce enemies.

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In the epic images of enemies, real foreign policy opponents of Rus' are also guessed, the struggle against which has deeply entered the consciousness of the people. Under the name of Tugarin, a generalized image of the Polovtsy with their Khan Tugorkan is visible, the struggle against which took a whole period in the history of Rus' in the last quarter of the 11th century. Under the name "Zhidovina" Khazaria is displayed, the state religion of which was Judaism. Russian epic heroes faithfully served the epic prince Vladimir. They fulfilled his requests for the defense of the Fatherland, he turned to them at crucial hours. The relationship between the heroes and the prince was not easy. There were resentments and misunderstandings. But all of them - both the prince and the heroes in the end decided one common cause - the cause of the people. Scientists have proved that the name of Prince Vladimir does not necessarily mean Vladimir I. In this image, the generalized image of both Vladimir Svyatoslavich - a warrior against the Pechenegs, and Vladimir Monomakh - the defender of Rus' from the Polovtsy, and the appearance of other princes - brave, wise, cunning. And in the more ancient epics, the legendary times of the struggle of the Eastern Slavs with the Cimmerians, Sarmatians, Scythians, with all those whom the steppe so generously sent to conquer the East Slavic lands, were reflected. These were old heroes of very ancient times, and the epics that tell about them are akin to the epic of Homer, the ancient epic of other European and Indo-European peoples.

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Origin of epics
Epics got their name from the words "true", "was". In them, unknown ancient authors told about events that really happened: about battles with enemies, about the victories of Russian soldiers. Epics did not develop by themselves, without authors. They were composed talented people but not recorded.
Epics arose during the time of Kievan Rus. At that time, nomads often attacked Kievan Rus. Among the defenders were those who stood out for their courage and prowess. These are rich people. They loved their native land, stood guard over its borders, at any moment of danger came to the aid of their people, saved them from humiliation and ruin.

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Painting by V. Vasnetsov "Bayan"

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Cycles of epics
All epics are divided into two cycles: Kyiv and Novgorod. In Kyiv, actions take place in Kyiv or near it, Prince Vladimir stands in the center, the heroes protect the Russian land from nomads, the main characters are Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich and Alyosha Popovich. In the Novgorod epics, the main character is the Novgorod hero Sadko, he is engaged in trade, makes Rus' rich.

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The difference between epic heroes and heroes of fairy tales
Heroes of fairy tales are different from epic heroes. Heroes of fairy tales always use magic. They do all their actions for the sake of themselves or their family, and the heroes initially have great power and are the defenders of the entire Russian people.

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The meaning and origin of the word "hero"
This word has several meanings: Hero of Russian epics and fairy tales. Defender of the motherland, a warrior distinguished by extraordinary strength, courage, and prowess. Tall, strong build, strong man. uncommon, outstanding person(portable) According to linguists, the word "bogatyr" is derived from the word "rich man" - a rich person.

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What ancient Russian warriors looked like Each warrior in Ancient Rus' had to have special clothes, protective equipment and military weapons.

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Elements of clothing and military weapons of ancient Russian warriors
A helmet is a metal headgear that protects the head. Chain mail is a protective shirt made of steel rings. - Shield - a rounded metal board that protects against arrows in battle. A sword is an ancient piercing and chopping weapon in the form of a double-edged straight blade with a handle. A spear is a piercing or piercing-chopping polearm (a long wooden stick with a metal tip). A mace is a wooden or metal club with projections. A saber is a cold weapon that looks like a curved strip of steel, with a handle and scabbard. A bow is a throwing weapon designed to shoot arrows. - Arrows - a projectile for a bow, consisting of a thin wooden shaft and a metal or bone tip. A quiver is a case for arrows. A club is an ancient weapon, a heavy club with a thickened end.

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chain mail
Chain mail was made from metal rings that were riveted or welded together. In the X-XI centuries, it had the form of a long-sleeved shirt with short sleeves. Since the 12th century, the type of chain mail has changed, it has long sleeves, and to protect the neck and shoulders - chain mail mesh-aventail. The chain mail weighed 6-12 kilograms. It is curious that when modern craftsmen began to make chain mail, it turned out that they were made rather quickly.

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Old Russian foot warrior in a helmet with protection for the face and neck, in chain mail, with a spear and a shield. The figure on the right is a quiver with arrows.

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On the left is an old Russian warrior in a helmet with a protective net for the neck. On the right is an ancient Pecheneg (a variety of Turkic peoples) in a helmet and with a protective collar for the neck.

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On the left is a sculptural image of an ancient warrior, on the right is a drawing depicting a Russian equestrian warrior-archer (the main weapon for him is a bow) of the 13th century

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Three kinds of ancient Russian troops - a horseman with a spear, an archer and a foot soldier (he did not have a horse)

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This is how artists represent epic heroes. In the middle is an illustration by I. Bilibin "The Knight at the Crossroads". On the right is a reproduction from the painting by M. Vrubel "Bogatyr"

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Painting by V. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrsky lope", 1914

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There are also such modern images of heroes ...

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On the Internet, you can also find such an image ...

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When going into battle, ancient Russian warriors carried banners and standards with them, they protected their faces with a special metal mask, at first it protected only the upper part, but from the end of the 12th century, helmets with masks appeared that completely covered the face of a warrior. They were called masks because they usually had the shape of the face of a person or a mythical creature.

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Battle of Russian soldiers with enemies

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Russian epic heroes fought with enemies, they were monsters or evil and treacherous people. The most famous of the monsters is the many-headed snake, more often with three heads - the Serpent Gorynych

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Ancient Russian warriors fought against the invaders of the southern lands, defended the borders of Rus' in the west ... Heroic songs-epics were composed about especially distinguished brave men, glorifying the exploits of Russian heroes.

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Painting by V. Vasnetsov “Single combat of Peresvet with Chelubey” (Duel of Peresvet with Chebubey on the Kulikovo field in 1380).

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The most famous heroes: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha Popovich. Reproduction of the painting by V. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs" ("Three heroes")

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From the history of the painting
Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (1848-1926) - Russian artist. He came from a family where several generations had been priests. Studied at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. In his work, he relied on the traditions of ancient Russian art. Created genre and lyric paintings. He was the author of epic works on the themes of Russian history, Russian epics and fairy tales. He also worked in the field of architecture. Among the best works artist - "Heroes", "After the Battle", "Alyonushka", "Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible", paintings of the Vladimir Cathedral in Kyiv, a church in Abramtsevo. Before starting to create the famous painting "Heroes", he carefully studied the epics, collected material for a long time, which allowed him to truthfully portray the heroes. Looking at the picture, we see the living history of Rus'. For about 20 years, Vasnetsov worked on the creation of the canvas.

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Bogatyrs in the painting by V. Vasnetsov
The average hero is Ilya Muromets. He is the oldest of the heroes. Ilya peers tensely into the distance: will the enemy appear somewhere? A club of forty pounds hangs on his hand. In his other hand he has a shield and a spear. He is no longer young, but still very strong. His horse is a heroic, black color. The horse stands quietly and waits for an order. On the right hand of Ilya Muromets - Dobrynya Nikitich. He is from a richer family, and his shield is richer, and chain mail is more expensive, and his gaze is fixed, resolute. Beneath him is a white horse, nostrils flared, apparently, he senses the enemy and is ready to bear his rider. Alyosha Popovich is the youngest hero. He looks slyly, slyly. In his left hand he has a bow, and on his right hand there are bright (voiced) gooselets. He is a warrior and a hussler. Cunning, courageous, bold. He knows how to sing songs and knows how to fight.

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Kiev cycle of epics-epics about Ilya Muromets
The protagonist of these epics is the peasant Ilya from Murom. Hence his nickname, Murom. Having gained miraculous power from wandering sorcerers, he goes to the service of Prince Vladimir in Kyiv, performing amazing feats for the glory of Rus'. In these epics you can see pictures of the life of Ancient Rus' (Kievan Rus), it was very difficult and full of dangers. The main feature of the epic heroes of this period is love for their native land. They are distinguished not only by incredible strength, nobility, courage, but also by the desire to comply with all established customs.

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Artist - Mikhail Shemarov from Palekh

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Painting by V. Vasnetsov "Baptism of Rus'". In the center is Prince Vladimir

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Ilya Muromets Shot from the cartoon "Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber"

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Frame from the feature film "Ilya Muromets"

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Image of Ilya Muromets

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"Ilya Muromets", linocut by the artist Evgeny Shitikov

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Dobrynya Nikitich Shot from the cartoon "Dobrynya Nikitich"

Project Russian epics

Introductory article

Epics (old) - heroic-patriotic songs-tales that tell about the exploits of heroes and reflect the life of Ancient Rus' in the 9th-13th centuries; a kind of oral folk art, which is characterized by a song-epic way of reflecting reality.

The main plot of the epic is some kind of heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence the popular name of the epic - “old”, “old”, implying that the action in question took place in the past).

Epics, as a rule, are written in tonic verse with two to four stresses.

For the first time the term "epic" was introduced by Ivan Sakharov in the collection "Songs of the Russian people" in 1839. He suggested it, based on the expression "according to the epics" in the "Word of Igor's Campaign", which meant "according to the facts."

Dictionary of obsolete words

name - name, name.

Welcome - come for a visit.

Razdolice (smart. Caress.) - expanse.

caftan - Russian old men's long-sleeved clothing.

penny - an old coin, valued at 2 kopecks.

Obzhi - shafts of plows.

Bipod - plow - a primitive agricultural tool for plowing the land.

Rogachik - plow handle.

Guzhiki - leather loops in the yoke, which, with the help of an arc, attach the shafts to the harness.

Russian epics in the works of artists at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries
Sasovskaya secondary school SCHOOL №6
Russian epics
in the works of artists
at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries
Literature Project
Throughout Rus', the common people of heroes
loves, praises and honors, rye bread with
shares it, puts it in a red corner and sings
songs about glorious deeds - about how
cherish, protect the heroes of their native Rus'!
Work done:
class students
.
Scientific adviser: Russian teacher
language and literature
.

Plan

Introduction

Study of the literature on the topic

Appeal of artists to the epic theme

Russian epics in the works of artists

Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov

Sergei Timofeevich Konenkov

Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin

Conclusion

List of used literature

"Russian folk epics" - Volkh Vseslavich. Sadko. Heroes of epics. Bylina. Nikitich. Ilya Muromets. Alesha Popovich. Svyatogor. Ryabinin. Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich. The originality of the artistic world of epics. Folklore. Introduce the epic genre. Vasnetsov "Bogatyrs". Complete the crossword. Fairy tale. Narrators.

"Chronicles" - Kyiv Chronicles. Chronicles were also compiled in the Moscow era of Russian history. Chronicles appeared in Novgorod early. Chronicle is… Pskov chronicles. Novgorod chronicles. The Kiev Chronicle has been preserved in several lists very close to each other. Chronicles were kept in many cities. Only a few Novgorod chronicle collections have come down to us.

"Epic Heroes" - The plan of ancient Novgorod, the first free city of Rus'. Sculpture of an ancient warrior. Nikitich. The difference between epic heroes and heroes of fairy tales. The memory of the glory of the ancient Russian warriors lives on. Epics of the New City cycle. The most famous heroes Kyiv cycle of epics. Modern images of heroes.

"Epics about Russian heroes" - Bylina. Epic Collectors. Priceless treasures of the spiritual life of the people. Nikitich. tonic verse. Oratay is a plowman. Ilya Muromets. Guzhiki. Epic hero. Russian epics. Alexander Fyodorovich Hilferding. Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich. Alesha Popovich. Kyiv cycle of epics. Fairy tale. Construction.

"Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece" - New discoveries. main gods. Perseus. Myths of Ancient Greece. Help of the gods. Goddess Athena. Hindu myths. The death of a medusa. Nymphs. Ancient Greek gods. Prediction. Olympic gods. Scribes. Myths of lost civilizations.

"Epos" Kalevala "" - Favorite colors of the Karelians. Ancient Karelians. Creation of the world. The way of life of the Karelians, among whom she was born. Epos. A man wearing a long coat. Ilmarinen. Elias Lonnrot. What are the folk songs of the Karelian-Finnish epic "Kalevala" called? Karelian-Finnish poetic epic. The main characters of the epic "Kalevala".

In total there are 27 presentations in the topic

Motherland - everyone knows this word from childhood. Motherland is the land where you were born and live with your parents, relatives, friends. Many glorious deeds were performed by people protecting their land. And in ancient times, and in our time. The people remember the names of their heroes, they remember. Their glory is spreading throughout our land.

Epics Epics are heroic stories that in the old days were both sung and told. The main ones in epics are Russian heroes, defenders of the Fatherland. And their appearance is different, and the characters are dissimilar, and the origin is not the same, but they are all brave, strong, kind. Everyone is loved by the people, and invented by the people, as if the dreams of the people were embodied in them. This is how people should be. Epics told about the life of the ancient Russian state in those days when the main cities in Rus' were Kyiv in the south and Novgorod in the north.

Painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “Heroes” What is the composition of the painting, paints? Who and how is depicted on it? How does the artist of epic heroes draw us? Did you recognize them? What hyperbole and constant epithets can be used to describe the painting? Against what background are the characters depicted? What is the peculiarity of the Vasnetsov landscape? What feelings does this picture evoke in you?

Ilya Muromets Ilya Muromets is one of the main characters of Russian epics, a hero from the village of Karacharovo near Murom, embodying the popular ideal of a hero-warrior, people's protector. Appears in the Kiev cycle of epics: “Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber”, “Ilya Muromets and Poganoe Idolishche”, “Ilya Muromets Quarrel with Prince Vladimir”, “Ilya Muromets Fight with Zhidovin”.

The prototype of the epic character The prototype of the epic character is considered to be the historical strongman Chobotok, originally from Murom, who took monastic vows in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra under the name of Ilya, canonized as the Monk Elijah of Muromets (canonized in 1643). The first written information about him dates back to the 1630s; an early tradition places the life of Elijah in the twelfth century; Researchers date the burial to the 192nd century. In 1988, the Interdepartmental Commission of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR conducted an examination of the relics of St. Elijah of Muromets. Examination of the relics showed that the monk was exclusively strong man and had a height of 177 cm (for the Middle Ages, growth is above average). He had signs of a spinal disease (the epic Elijah could not move from birth until the age of 33) and traces of numerous wounds. The cause of death was probably a blow to the chest with a sharp weapon (spear or sword). Death occurred at the age of about 4055 years. It is believed that he died during the capture of Kyiv by Prince Rurik Rostislavich in 1204, accompanied by the defeat of the Pechersk Lavra by Rurik's allied Polovtsians. In that case, he must have been born between 1150 and 1165. “The Monk Elijah rests in a prayer position, folding the fingers of his right hand in the way that is customary even now in the Orthodox Church, the first three fingers together, and bending the last two to the palm of his hand. During the period of the struggle against the Old Believer schism, this fact from the life of the saint served as strong evidence in favor of the three-toed addition ”(Paterik of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra). The relics of St. Elijah of Muromets in the Near Caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

Ilya Muromets in folk art Only a few epic stories with the name of I. Muromets are known outside the provinces of Olonets, Arkhangelsk and Siberia (Collection of Kirsha Danilov and S. Gulyaev). Outside of these areas, only a few plots have been recorded so far: I. Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber; I. Muromets and robbers; I. Muromets on the Falcon-ship; I. Muromets and son. In the middle and southern parts of Russia, only epics are known without attaching I. Muromets to Kyiv and Prince. Vladimir, and the most popular plots in which robbers (I. Muromets and robbers) or Cossacks (I. Muromets on the Falcon-ship) play the role, which indicates the popularity of I. Muromets among the freedom-loving population, who hunted on the Volga, Yaik and included into the Cossacks. Monument to Ilya Muromets in Murom

Dobrynya Nikitich Dobrynya Nikitich is the second most popular hero of the Russian folk epic after Ilya Muromets. He is often portrayed as a service hero under Prince Vladimir. Epics often talk about his long court service, in which he shows his natural "courageousness". Often the prince gives him instructions: to collect and transport tribute, to rescue the prince's niece, and so on; often Dobrynya himself is called to fulfill an assignment that other heroes refuse. Dobrynya is the hero closest to the prince and his family, who fulfills their personal assignments and is distinguished not only by courage, but also by diplomatic abilities. Dobrynya is sometimes called a prince, and sometimes Vladimir's nephew. He knows how to read and write and is distinguished by a variety of talents: he is dexterous, turns on his leg, shoots excellently, swims, sings, plays the harp.

The prototype of the epic character The historical prototype of Dobrynya Nikitich Dobrynya, uncle and governor of Prince Vladimir, brother of his mother Malusha. Dobrynya was the leader of the young Vladimir in his reign in Novgorod and then the war with his brother Yaropolk; after the death of Yaropolk and the reign of his nephew in Kyiv, he became the ruler of Novgorod. He participated in a campaign against the Volga Bulgarians in 985 and baptized Novgorod with a fight in 989, at which he threw a statue of Perun into the Volkhov, which he had put up shortly before. Judging by the plots set forth in the annals, Dobrynya played big role in legends associated with Vladimir, acting as a wise adviser and chief assistant to the prince.

Alyosha Popovich Alyosha Popovich is the son of the Rostov priest Le(v)ontiy (rarely Fedor). All heroes are united by a common origin from North-Eastern Rus' (Murom, Ryazan, Rostov), ​​a trip to Kiev, associated with a duel with a monster, heroic service in Kiev at the court of Prince Vladimir the Red Sun. Alyosha Popovich is distinguished not by strength (sometimes his weakness is even emphasized, his lameness is indicated, etc.), but courage, prowess, onslaught, on the one hand, and resourcefulness, sharpness, cunning, on the other. Sometimes he is cunning and ready to deceive even his named brother Dobrynya Nikitich, infringes on his rights; he is boastful, arrogant, unnecessarily crafty and evasive; his jokes are sometimes not only cheerful, but also insidious, even evil; his comrades-heroes from time to time express their censure and condemnation to him. In general, the image of Alyosha Popovich reflects a certain inconsistency and duality. One of the most archaic stories associated with Alyosha Popovich is his battle with Tugarin. Alyosha Popovich strikes Tugarin on the way to Kyiv or in Kyiv (a variant is known in which this duel occurs twice). Tugarin threatens Alyosha Popovich to suffocate him with smoke, cover him with sparks, burn him with fire-flames, shoot him with firebrands or swallow him alive. The fight between Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin often takes place near the water (Safast River). Having overcome Tugarin, Alyosha Popovich dissected his corpse, scattered it across the open field. A similar version of the plot about the fight between Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin is the epic “Alyosha kills the Skim-beast”, where the opponent of Alyosha Popovich reminds Tugarin to many.

The birth of Alyosha Popovich was miraculous, reminiscent of the birth of the Volkh: it is accompanied by thunder; “Alyoshenka Chudorodych young”, barely born, asks his mother for blessings to walk around the wide world, not to swaddle him with swaddling clothes, but with chain mail; he can already sit on a horse and wield it, use a spear and a saber, etc. The cunning and dexterity of Alyosha Popovich is akin to the “tricks-wisdoms” of the Volkh, and his jokes and tricks are close to the magical transformations of the Volkh. Alyosha Popovich's wife in epics about him and the sister of the Zbrodovichs (Petrovichs, etc.) becomes Elena (Petrovna), she is also Elenushka, Olena, Olenushka (Volkh's wife is also called Elena). This female name, as it were, matches up with the name of Alyosha Popovich (options Olyosha, Valesha and Yeleshenka Elena and Olenushka, and thus a “homonymous” married couple is formed, similar to Volos-Veles Volosya or Els Elesikha.

The prototype of the epic character It is usually believed that the Suzdal boyar Alexander (Olesha) Popovich served as the historical prototype of Alyosha Popovich. According to the chronicles, this was the famous "brave" (selected warrior), who first served Vsevolod the Big Nest, and then his son Konstantin Vsevolodovich against his brother and contender for the Vladimir table, Yuri Vsevolodovich, and Alexander Popovich defeated several of Yuri's best warriors in fights. With the death of Constantine and the reign of Yuri (1218), he left for the Kyiv Grand Duke Mstislav the Old and died with him in the Battle of Kalka in 1223. Used literature: Heroic tales. Publishing Center for Children's Books. M., 1995.