Social work became integral part social scientific thought and social practice relatively recently. Its institutionalization takes place in difficult conditions constant struggle of ideas, concepts, paradigms. And at the present time, far from all problems related to philosophical, sociological, and political science, a unity of views has been formed. However, there is no doubt that social work has become a phenomenon of modern society.

The theoretical justification of social work currently proceeds in three directions. Firstly, the place of the theory of social work in the process of development of such disciplines as social philosophy, social history, political science, social psychology, cultural studies. Secondly, a search is underway for its own theoretical paradigm of social work as a specific object of research, and thirdly, its interaction with other sciences about man and society is revealed.

There are many approaches to the problem of determining the scientific status of social work. First of them proposes to consider it as an applied discipline, focused on studying the problems of a particular industry, sphere social science - social development. Second orients specialists towards a more complex structuring and status of social work - as a science that includes fundamental and applied problems. Third approach systematizes scientific knowledge in the field of social work on the most important problems and sectors related to supporting human vitality: medical care, education, employment, public order, pension services, assistance to low-income families, etc.

The theoretical growth of scientific knowledge in the field of social work in many countries of the world occurred in two directions. First direction concerned the strengthening of the importance in the system of psychological explanation of behavior, the behaviorist approach based on the theory of knowledge, the dominance of cognitive orientations. Second direction was associated with growing interest in substantiating the theoretical premises of social work and social practice.

Social relations, in the broad sense of the word, express connections and contacts between people occupying different positions in society and its social structure.

Let us consider what place the main object of our analysis - social work in all its structural, organized forms and dynamics of development - occupies in social space and time.

Social space as a form of social existence appears in the form of a vast “field”, where at different levels and in various fields In social reality, bodies and institutions interact, comprehensively ensuring social life, and diverse social connections and relationships develop between various social actors (social groups, individuals).

At the same time social activities is seen as a process unfolding in time, in the continuous movement of all structural elements and formations.

Without deep, comprehensive knowledge of your object, its components it is impossible to carry out full-fledged and effective professional activities. Therefore, along with the concept of “social space”, it is important to characterize social sphere, which is considered along with the economic, political, spiritual spheres, forming with them a single integrity in structural and functional terms - society. The main function of the social sphere is the reproduction and development of society and the individual as the creator of his own life activity. This function is “disconnected” into a number of derivatives - socio-integrative, social-adaptive, socio-productive, sociodynamic.

The most important facets of analytical work in the social sphere are the study of the elementary and higher needs of the subject (individual, family, team, group, etc.) and identifying the potential of these needs in accordance with scientifically based standards.

The main subject of research is social relations, relationships and interactions between groups of people, teams, individuals occupying different positions in society, taking unequal part in its development, and therefore differing in level and quality of life, sources and amount of income, structure of personal consumption, etc. .

To a certain extent, all these aspects are interconnected with social work, which considers them from the point of view of its research tasks.

So what is meant by social work?

Social work is understood as purposeful activity in society to provide assistance and support to various categories of the population who find themselves in difficult situations. life situation. But this is one approach.

The main goal of social work - caring for well-being and revealing the capabilities and abilities of the individual, family, and society for normal social functioning.

Such activities can occur at several levels: macro-, meso- and micro levels.

At the macro level, social work acts as certain measures to improve the living environment of people.

This activity is related to social management, i.e. it includes questions about legislative measures, the organization of social service infrastructure, public and state issues of regulation of social problems:

• assistance and creation of decent conditions for human life in society;
• prevention of socio-political and national-ethnic conflicts;
• identifying categories of citizens in need of assistance and developing sources of financing.

As we see, the most important forms of activity and existence of the assistance process are socio-political actions, work in the field of public education, organization of the functioning of social services designed to regulate social relations in places of social tension.

At the meso level, social work acts as a type of activity to provide assistance to an individual, family and various groups of people in need; the paradigm of assistance here is quite broad.

On the one hand, groups of people in need can be determined by the state. This will be connected with state social policy and the strategy of helping the least protected categories of citizens. In this case, the government sets the priorities. On the other hand, support priorities can be set by individual social service charities. The forms of activity in this case will be quite diverse - from the provision of various material benefits to the organization of the most important areas of people's lives.

At the micro level, social work is based on the needs of the individual (client). At this level, social work as a type professional activity is aimed at restoring or maintaining the societal and psychomental connections of an individual with society, a group or an individual. The paradigm of assistance in this case is quite broad: from individual consultations and patronage to work in groups.

Thus, the concept of “social work” intensifies a certain area of ​​scientific knowledge in the field of the social sphere as a whole, as well as the individual and his problems in society, and issues of providing social assistance and support to the population in difficult life situations.

• Payne, M. Social work: Modern theory/ M. Payne. - M., 2007. - P. 12-14.
• Social work: theory and practice: textbook. manual / ed. E. I. Kholostova, A. S. Sorvina. - M., 1991. - P. 5.

Social work refers to the number of professions that arose and are developing on the basis of society’s order to create a system of social assistance to the population. The history of the creation and formation of the basic approaches, goals, principles, methods and technologies of social work is long-standing and is based on the gradual development and improvement of the ideas of society and individuals about the content, structure, and characteristics of human science activities. The social assistance system has gone from a philanthropic approach in supporting socially vulnerable segments of the population, people who find themselves in difficult life situations due to social or personal problems, to the emergence of this type professional help, as social work, which is intended not only to create the necessary conditions for social security of citizens, but also for developing their capabilities and ability to build their lives, mobilizing internal resources in overcoming life crises.

The process of establishing social work as a type of professional activity began at the beginning of the 20th century. in countries Western Europe and the USA. In Ukraine, as in other Slavic states, state social assistance to orphans, the disabled, the poor, and military personnel developed back in the days of Kievan Rus and was reflected in the activities of the Kievan princes and the Christian Church. The main stages in the development of social work as a profession are discussed in the course "History of Social Work".

An attempt at scientific and theoretical understanding of various forms of social assistance was made already in the 19th century. both in our country and abroad. This is reflected in works concerning the social life of people (the conditions for the formation and implementation of life activities, freedom and equality, justice), and in specific areas of social work in the modern sense.

That is, social work originated as an applied science. Theoretical awareness, generalization "systematization of scientific knowledge about social processes and phenomena, progressive approaches to social support of the individual in a difficult life situation were determined on the basis of empirical data, facts practical activities and experience of organizations and institutions in the field social protection population, social services, education, specialized institutions.

Theoretical approaches to social work were formed at the beginning of the 20th century. in the works of foreign Western researchers. The most famous of them: M. Richmond (the theory of social diagnosis, the concept of intervention, maintaining a client’s history); V. Robinson (awareness of the client’s situation, values ​​and meanings of his existence, the meaning of past experience); J. Tart, A. Rank (functional school is based theoretical approaches It is not the diagnosis that lies, but the process of interaction between the social worker and the client, the principle of the synchronic approach, the principle of “here and now”); G. Hamilton (expansion of the concept of “diagnosis”, its new interpretation in accordance with new trends in social work - not as an attitude to action, but as a working hypothesis for understanding the client’s personality, his situation and problems); F. Bistek (interaction in individual work methods was considered as a system of dynamic interactions between a social worker and a client, aimed at achieving self-regulation and self-development by the client) H.Kh. Perlman (problem solving method - a synthesis of the approaches of the diagnostic and functional schools, the helping process consists of two main components: the helping process and the individual’s personal resources) F. Hollis and R. Small-lee (the concept of approximation, defines five theoretical concepts: assessment, personality in situations, process, relationships and intervention - intervention theory uses the methodology of systems theory and communication theory) and others. J. Konopka, X. Northen, M. Ross, R. Perlman and other researchers directed their work to find a common methodological basis for social work .

The development of the theory of social work was carried out in four main directions: the theory of individual work, the theory of group work, the theory of community work (in the community, community, society, microdistrict, etc.), the theory of administration and planning. In accordance with this, all approaches to determining specific forms, methods of social work, technologies of social work are divided into three groups: an individual, personal approach to the theoretical scheme of social work; societal approach, where the entire set of social connections and relationships is considered as a basic scheme; social - activity approach, when social work is considered in the traditional subject-object scheme for modern knowledge.

According to M.V. Firsov, the main directions in theoretical research are divided into:

1) a professionally oriented approach to social work, the theory of social work is considered as a subtheory of sociology;

2) co-critical dialects: scientists propose a structure of social work that is similar to the system-theoretical approach to considering the problem; level of activity of social work as a subsystem of society are divided into three working subsystems - social and public policy, social planning, social therapy,

3) dialectical-materialist (Marxist) analysis of the problem from the point of view of the category of poverty.

When formulating definitions of social work as a science, theory, and practical activity, such aspects as responsibility for the problems of society are taken into account; the balancing nature of society; fostering a certain social position towards one’s neighbor; applied theory of Christianity; features of democracy. The goal-setting of social work depends on social regulation in society, the integration of an individual in society, the restoration of the social significance of marginal, unprivileged sections of the population, the identification of Christian principles, the harmony of relationships in society, the guarantee of peace in society, and the pragmatic skills of democracy.

Social work as an applied science was formed on the basis of the application of the results of fundamental sciences to solve cognitive and socio-practical problems and on the basis of close interdisciplinary connections with the areas of scientific knowledge that constitute scientific base social work, such as: pedagogy, social pedagogy, sociology, psychology, ethics and aesthetics, philosophy, etc.

There is still no consensus among scientists regarding the definition of social work as a science. So, according to the authors of the textbook “Fundamentals of Social Work”, ed. P.D. Pavlenok: “social work constitutes a sphere of human activity, the function of which appears in the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about a certain reality - the social sphere and specific social activity.”

Discussions about the delimitation or identification of the essence of the concepts “social work” and “social pedagogy” are highlighted in the works of domestic scientists. Social educators L. Koval, I.D. Zvereva, S.R. Khlebik emphasize that “social work in our country (from its inception to the present) is characterized by the dominant role of social pedagogy and social education. At the same time, it is important to explain that the concept” social pedagogy “is not identical to the concept” school social work ". Social pedagogy, social pedagogical service (pedagogy of relations in society) is considered as a basic integrative basis in the system of social assistance services to the population, allows for timely diagnosis, identification and pedagogically expedient influence on relations in society, the development of various initiatives, the formation of value orientations personality, her attitude towards herself, her physical and moral health, and the environment."

In M.V. Firsova and E.G. Studenova we read: “J. Bernal argued that the paradigm of science can act in one or another sphere as an institution, as a method, as an accumulation of traditions and knowledge..., as a factor that shapes beliefs and attitudes towards the world and man. In light of this The statement of the mechanistic paradigm of science acted in relation to social work as a macro-mind that determined the logic of its scientific thinking and the principles of functioning in the context of other knowledge."

Social work of this time is characterized by reductionism, linearity, determinism, the primacy of matter over consciousness, the dictates of time and space, and the search for fundamental patterns within the framework of one’s knowledge. All these features of the general scientific paradigm are specifically reflected in the conceptual space of social work.

Doctor of Philosophy V. A. Nikten draws attention to the fact that social work as a new sphere of scientific knowledge is only gaining its place among other sciences, and the last decade of the 20th century. - This is the time of the birth of a new science - the theory of social work.

Development scientific research carried out on the basis of social and human sciences, in the context of which socially significant processes and phenomena are studied; the specifics of the activities of subjects of social protection and support of the population; socio-pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical conditions for the effectiveness of social work with various target groups and categories of population; social, socio-economic, socio-political living conditions of citizens, their needs, interests, requests and the like. Scientific research is carried out within the framework of sociology, pedagogy, psychology, philosophy, economics and other sciences, which significantly reduces the autonomy and scientific independence of social work. The uncertain scientific status of social work in Ukraine makes it much more difficult to determine the subject of research in the theory of social work.

In the scientific literature, the theory of social work is defined as: 1) a logical generalization of the experience of social life, based on an in-depth study of the essence of the phenomenon being studied and reveals its patterns; 2) a set of views and ideas that make it possible to interpret and explain facts; 3) the very form of scientific knowledge, which gives a holistic reflection of the most important connections of a certain area of ​​reality. As in every science, social work distinguishes the following basic elements of theory: initial principles (fundamental concepts, principles, patterns, axioms, etc.); an idealized object (a kind of abstract model of essential properties and connections); a set of laws and statements that are derived from the fundamentals of the theory in accordance with the principles of logic. Taking this into account, the theory of social work can be considered as a set of fundamental concepts, principles, patterns, abstract models and statements that express its essence in all its integrity and specificity. Social work theory forms the basis of social work as a unique field of scientific knowledge.

Thus, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “social work theory” and “social work as a science”.

Social work theory- a system of basic ideas in the public sphere of knowledge, a form of scientific knowledge that gives a holistic idea of ​​patterns and essential connections of reality. The criterion and basis for the development of social work theory is practice.

Social work as a science- the sphere of activity of the individual, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality; this is one of the forms of social consciousness, including both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and its result - the sum of knowledge that underlies the scientific picture of the world; coverage of certain branches of scientific knowledge related to the system of social protection of the population and individual support in difficult life situations. The immediate goal of science is the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of social reality, which constitute the subject of its study on the basis of the laws that it discovers.

The subject of research in the theory of social work is the social processes and phenomena that determine the life activity of the individual, social factors and factors for improving the social living conditions of various target groups and categories of the population. In Russian scientific sources, the subject of research in the theory of social work is defined as social phenomena, processes at various levels, reflecting a complex field-centric system.

Social work theory is social, community and applied science, objectives, content and prospects are formed in the context of the development of social work practice, in close connection with state social security and as an identification of socio-historical structures and development trends.

According to this definition, the formation of the theory of social work was carried out in the following areas: the development of theoretical models of socio-psychological assistance, socio-pedagogical influence and theories of social welfare of the population. Focused on these goals, the concept of social work theory is structured on the basis of two approaches: historical and systemic.

In modern scientific research, there is a steady tendency towards understanding social work as a profession intended and aimed at activating the client’s remaining capabilities, his positive life experience and creative potential in a certain life situation. The goal of social work is to transfer the client from subject-object relations to subject-subject relations, from a passive consumer of social services to an active person who is not indifferent to his own fate and the life of his family. Among the most common methodological approaches is social work focused on the client’s life situation and living space.

An important feature of the scientific nature of social work, its theoretical basis is the pattern. These are significant, necessary, stable and recurring connections that appear during the interaction of the subject and object of social work and predetermine the nature and direction of its influence on the development of specific social phenomena, processes, relationships, and on the effectiveness of measures for social protection of the population. The main laws of such work are: the conditionality of tasks and their content by the social policy of the state, the moral and humanistic values ​​of public life; compliance of the content, forms and methods of social work with the specific circumstances of clients’ lives; the common interest of the social worker and the client in the results of the interaction; integrity (complexity) of the impact on the client and the conditions of his life; solving social problems through personal ones; compliance of the powers and responsibilities of the social worker and social work bodies; dependence of the effectiveness of social work on professionalism and moral qualities specialists.

Social work as a science solves socially determined problems:

· Research and identification of factors of socio-political, socio-economic, socio-cultural impact on the individual and social groups or communities; accumulation of empirical material, its theoretical awareness, generalization, systematization, practical application;

Identification of subjects and objects of negative and positive influence on the individual and society as a whole; patterns of management, regulation and organization of social work as a practical activity;

· Usage various instruments studying sociological thought and the needs of citizens, social, socio-psychological, socio-economic and other problems of consumers of social services, the specific social environment, the operating conditions of subjects and objects of social work;

· Determination of correct, appropriate, scientifically based means, techniques, forms and methods of social work, its technologies, mechanisms for eliminating negative factors from the practice of public life that worsen the lives of citizens;

· Scientific development of a system for preventing the decline in the well-being of the people, stimulating progressive initiatives, developing forms, methods, areas of social work aimed at improving the situation of the people, personal self-development;

· Development of scientific approaches for rapid response of the state support system to the needs and problems of citizens, creation of appropriate public opinion, psychological assistance and social protection.

The focus of the theory of social work is a social problem - a social contradiction, perceived by the subject of activity (individual or group) as significant for him, the discrepancy between the existing desire, between the goal and the results of the activity, arises due to the lack or insufficiency of means to achieve the goal, obstacles to this way, the struggle between various actors, which leads to dissatisfaction of social needs. Social need, therefore, has an objective-subjective nature: in order to become a problem, the contradiction between various aspects of the activities of society or social groups must necessarily be experienced and assessed as a problem situation. Therefore, the study of a social problem involves both a description of the objective state of the social sphere using statistical methods(for example, collecting data on employment), and studying public opinion about the discovery of elements of dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs. The means of detecting a social problem are social diagnostics, as well as a comparison of the objective state of affairs with norms. Social problems arise at different levels of social reality - from small groups, for example, families, to humanity as a whole. In the latter case we are talking about global problems, since their solution requires coordinated international action throughout the world community. Social problems occupy an important place in social work, because it is interpreted as helping people solve their problems.

The essence of social work as a science also characterizes its scientific principles.

Principles of social work- an important structural component of the logical forms of scientific theory, thanks to which theoretical provisions are directly related to the practice of social work.

The most complete methodological approach to the classification of the principles of social work is reflected in the classification of V.I. Kurbatova. Given the fact that social work is universal look activity, is interdisciplinary in nature, its methodological principles are the integration principles of other sciences:

1. General philosophical principles that underlie all sciences about society, man and the mechanisms of their interaction: principles of determinism, reflection, development.

2. General principles social (social) sciences, principles of historicism, social conditioning, social significance, epistemological approach, unity of consciousness and activity; socio-political, organizational, psychological and pedagogical, etc.

3. Socio-political principles manifest requirements determined by the dependence of the content and direction of social work on the social policy of the state. This dependence determines conceptual approaches to the selection of priorities in social protection of the population, a combination of individual and general interests in social work. The main principles of this group include: unity of the state approach in combination with regional characteristics of social work, democracy and content and methods, taking into account the specific living conditions of the individual or social group when choosing the content, forms and methods of social work with them, the legality and fairness of the social worker’s activities.

4. Organizational principles - socio-technological competence of personnel, principles of control and verification of execution, functional certainty, unity of rights and duties, powers and responsibilities.

5. Psychological and pedagogical principles demonstrate requirements for the selection of means of psychological and pedagogical influence on clients of social services, the need to take into account individual characteristics when implementing any technological processes. The main principles of this group include: a comprehensive analysis of assessing the living conditions of clients and the choice of forms of work with them; an individual approach; purposefulness and targeting of social work.

6. Specific principles of social work determine the basic rules of work in the field of providing social services to the population: the principles of humanism, justice, altruism, communication, variability of social assistance, harmonization of public group and personal interests, and the like.

Important for social work as a professional activity are the principles: universality, protection social rights, tolerance, preventive orientation, reliance on own strength, client-centrism, mobilization of social resources, social response, confidentiality.

The level of social work as a social science is evidenced by the activities of scientific organizations and institutions that conduct scientific research in the field of social work. Scientific institutions of the education system (Institute of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Content and Forms of Education, Institute of Defectology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine and others) conduct research on the problems of socio-pedagogical, socio-psychological conditions of socialization, social rehabilitation of children and youth who find themselves in difficult life situations, develop guidelines social services, specialized social institutions, concepts, programs, projects for social support for the protection of children and youth with disabilities, orphans, children from problem families, children and youth prone to deviant behavior, etc.

There are four research institutions in the system of the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy: the Research Institute of Labor and Employment, the Research Institute of Social and Labor Relations, the National Research Institute of Labor Protection and the Research Institute for Social Protection of the Population. These research institutions focus on solving important problems in the field of demography, labor market and employment, social partnership, labor protection "payment, incentives and regulation of labor, social protection of the population, social assistance and adaptation of disabled people, etc. Scientific work focused on scientific support and justification of social policy objectives.

The research results are used in the legislative process, substantiation of industry regulations, forecast calculations for draft territorial programs, to increase the information armament of government bodies, and to solve practical issues of social protection of the population. Among the research works, the most significant are: the revised draft Law of Ukraine "On living wage", project State program overcoming poverty, draft Regulations on the calculation of total income to provide citizens with various types of government assistance, development of the Program for the development of the scientific, technical and regulatory framework for labor protection in Ukraine for 1998-2000 pp, research work aimed at studying clinical and technical aspects prosthetics, Classifier of professions, etc.

A special place is occupied by research into the problems of social protection of people with disabilities. Based on their results, new approaches have been developed for the further development of prosthetics for people with disabilities, the state of social protection of the population is being studied in the conditions of transformation of Ukrainian society, and approaches have been proposed aimed at increasing the efficiency of the social protection system of the population.

In the field of social protection of the population, automated information systems (AIS) have been created and are operating for processing documentation of recipients of pensions and benefits (ASOPD / COMTECH), subsidies for housing and communal services ("Our House"). Operated software automated information system"Lada", application complexes for accounting, human resources departments, office, legal services of social protection departments and services of social protection departments and boarding house services, etc. public service employment information and reference system "Employment-S" is being introduced, which covers the activities of the State Employment Center, regional and local employment centers, inspections for monitoring compliance with legislation on employment. In the field of labor protection, the UAIS "EGIDA" operates. Social protection, labor and employment agencies use several different email programs (T-Maii, ASTRA, UUCP, etc.), unified by standards governing file transfer.

The Institute of Social Research of the State Committee for Family and Youth Problems conducts sociological research to study public opinion in order to identify social problems, needs, interests and requests of various target groups and categories of the population, implements projects for social support of orphans and children without parental care , disabled children, social support for foster (adoptive) families.

Within the framework of foreign approaches, the features of the theory and practice of social work in different cultures, group social work, counseling in social work, auxiliary process in social work, theory of socio-psychological work, psychosocial therapy, paradigms of medical social work, training in social work, oriented to solving practical problems social work, etc. In domestic research, the emphasis is on on the theory of social work, current problems in the theory and practice of social work, social work with children and youth, development of a model of a specialist in the social sphere, social security. An important step in improving scientific approaches in the social sphere is the specialization of research in the study of forms, methods, and technologies of social work with various target groups and categories of the population.

In the formation of scientific and theoretical approaches to social work in Ukraine, several stages can be distinguished:

1. Analysis of empirical material accumulated during the activities of the social protection system in Ukraine and abroad, psychological and pedagogical approaches in working with children and youth until the 80s pp. XX century

2. Conducting discussions on the distinction between social pedagogy and social work as spheres of scientific knowledge and practical activity, determining the subject of research of social pedagogy and social work, the areas of purpose of social pedagogy and social work - the second half of the 80s - the beginning of the 90s pp.

3. Creation of departments of social work, associations of social educators and social workers; the appearance of dissertations on social and pedagogical work with various categories of children and youth - second half of the 90s pp.

4. Identification of special scientific research on certain groups of the population (special client groups, “risk groups”): people susceptible to drug and alcohol addiction, disabled people, orphans, problem families and others based on studying the work of specialized institutions (helplines, centers for working with women, rehabilitation centers, public organizations and so on.); creation of schools of social work; implementation of international social projects and programs.

5. Development of teaching aids, textbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias, methodological developments, anthologies and other scientific and educational publications - 2000-2002 pp.

Social work is one of the most humane professions in the world. A doctor treats our bodily ailments and monitors our health, a psychologist and psychotherapist treat our soul and nerves, and social work specialists treat social ills - poverty, deprivation, old age, childhood disorders, etc. The profession of "social worker" was introduced in Russian Federation in 1991. The first graduation of social work specialists from Russian universities was carried out in 1995. But even during this short time, social work specialists, and these are predominantly women, helped hundreds of thousands of Russians get back on their feet and improve their physical and mental health.

Social work specialists are those who care about people, strive to make their lives better, who share with them their sorrows and concerns, problems and misfortunes, who know how to sympathize and help. Specialists in the field of social work actively help mitigate the problem of social adaptation and inequality, respond to the needs of those people who find themselves on the periphery of society, in social isolation, whose rights are violated. They work in public and social institutions and departments, in private business, hospitals and clinics, schools and many other places. In Russia, the field of social work is an important partner of the state and an agent of its social reforms. That is why the quality of social assistance largely depends on the level of professionalism of those who perform their functions within this very important industry.

The nature of professional activity requires a social work specialist to be familiar with a wide range of issues, starting with the organization of the social security system as a whole and relevant legislation, elements of sociology and economics, and ending with specific, that is, presupposing knowledge of applied psychology, methods of working with “clients.” In this case, the main attention is paid to the dynamics of a given society, people's reactions to life's difficulties and the characteristics of the interaction of individuals with their social environment.

IN modern conditions The lives of millions of people depend to a large extent on the system of social services for the population and the level of training of social work specialists. Such professionals are needed in various organizations and services for social protection of the population, in consulting and rehabilitation services and centers, in employment services, in children's clinics, in career guidance centers, in state and local government bodies.

Unfortunately, social services in our country are not provided with everything necessary for successful activities, and the salaries of social work specialists are negligible and practically do not differ from the incomes of the poor people they have to serve. But I would like to hope that this situation will change in the near future better side. After all, today social work is one of the most popular specialties in the labor market, and this is due, first of all, to changes in priorities in public policy and the dynamic development of the social sphere in Russia.

ANNOTATION

Work 27 pp., 19 sources

Institute of Family and Marriage, persons included in the Institute of Family and Marriage, typology of family structures, social problems, social work, medical and social work, social work technologies, theory of social work, social protection of the population.

The course work is devoted to a current topic of scientific and applied significance - the study of the theoretical foundations for overcoming problems that arise in the institution of seven and marriage. Persons entering into a marriage relationship take on a huge responsibility to society - the creation and preservation of the main aspect of the continuation of life - family and family relationships. Social work takes on the responsibility of a dealer between the state and family members, performing medical, social, educational, legal and similar social roles. Social work is carried out with citizens in need of material, moral, psychological, legal or other social assistance.

Introduction

1. Historical stages of the family

1.1 Family in the pre-industrial era

1.2 Family and industrialization

2. Definition of family and family relationships

2.1 The essence of family

2.2 Structure, functions of family relationships

2.3 Types of families, typology of family structures

3. Main problems in the family and their identification

3.1 Social problems, disorganization and family crisis

3.2 Marital and divorce behavior

3.3 Self-preservation behavior

4. Family and politics

4.1 Purpose and main principles of state family policy

4.2 Management structure of state family policy

5. Family as an object of social work

5.1 Family is the main object of social work

5.2 Main objectives of social protection

5.2.1 Social assistance system for large families

5.2.2 Social assistance system for single-parent families

5.2.3 Social assistance system for large families

5.2.4 Social protection of young families

5.3 Medical and social work in family planning

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The family as a unit of society is an inseparable component of society. And the life of society is characterized by the same spiritual and material processes as the life of a family. The higher the culture of the family, the higher the culture of the entire society. Society consists of people who are fathers and mothers in their families, as well as their children. In this regard, the roles of father and mother in the family, and in particular the educational function of the family, are very important. After all, the kind of society in which our children will live depends on how parents teach their children to work, respect for elders, love for the surrounding nature and people, what values ​​parents instill in their children. Will this be a society built on the principles of love, goodness and justice, or vice versa? In this case, family communication is very important. After all, communication is one of the main factors in the formation of the personality of a child, a member of society. And therefore, moral principles are very important in family communication, the main one of which is respect for others.

The consequences of bad communication in the family can be conflicts and divorces, which cause great social harm to society and entail various social crimes. The fewer divorces in families, the healthier the society. Thus, society (and it can also be called a large family) depends in direct proportion on the health of the family, just as the health of the family depends on society.

In this work I will try to reveal the essence of the family, reveal its illnesses and find cures for them. To do this, I will use sociological materials on the study of the institution of family. In conclusion, I will outline a brief teaching about the family from a Christian position, due to the fact that social work in Russia has its roots in Orthodoxy, which is currently undergoing a revival.

1. HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE FAMILY

1.1 Family in the pre-industrial era

The main features of the family lifestyle in the pre-industrial era. Firstly, “family” and “economy” were inseparable concepts, production relations existed in the form of family, demographic relations, family problems were a “continuation” of issues of property and labor. Children, thanks to existing cultural norms of age seniority, were considered both as supported and as workers. Adults in such a family were also dependent on their children, needing their economic support in old age, and therefore paid great attention to the successful transfer of the family's economic resources to subsequent generations.

Secondly, the dominant feature of social life was the power of kinship. Families were not only large and complex, comprising several generations and lateral branches, but they were also connected by numerous kinship and property relationships with a large number of other families with whom they carried out “marriage” exchanges.

Thirdly, the predominant family was the peasant family, whose life, like the life of the noble family, was inextricably linked with the land. The land was not only the general basis of production, but also the basis on which the entire life of the family rested. The determining factor in motivating family behavior was child-oriented use of land. The family was a way of circulation of capital, movement land resources from generation to generation.

Fourthly, this predetermined many other characteristics of the family and, in particular, the fact that it had many children (both in social normative terms and in fact).

Fifthly, the distinctive feature of the patriarchal family was the powerful power of intergenerational ties. Age was the main agent of social control, in which older generations, using their right to control family resources, asserted and increased their status and power.

1.2 Family and industrialization

Firstly, “traditionalism”, familism, is characterized by the kinship-family principle of organizing life, the preponderance of the value of kinship over maximizing the benefits of the individual and over economic efficiency itself, while in the “modern family” kinship is separated from socio-economic activities, giving primacy to economic the individual's goals.

Secondly, an agrarian society has as its main economic unit a family household where, as a rule, all adults work at home and not for pay, but for themselves. The modern family model is associated with the separation of home and work; hired labor appears in large enterprises with individual wages, regardless of status in family and kinship networks.

Thirdly, there is little psychological separation between the family household and the rural community, ethnic and other social communities under “traditionalism” it contrasts with the sharp demarcation between home and the extra-family world, family primacy and the impersonality of relationships in the external environment under the conditions of “modernization”.

Fourthly, social and geographical mobility, under “traditionalism” associated with the fact that sons inherit the social status and professional specialization of the father, differs from the extra-family mobility of sons and daughters at the stage of industrialization.

Fifthly, the value system of familism, in the hierarchy of which in the first place are such benefits as debt, family responsibility, the value of children as contributions to the prosperous old age of parents, the dominance of the authority of parents and relatives, as it “modernizes” it becomes less stable and prestigious, giving way to place for the values ​​of individualism, independence, personal achievements, i.e. The system of family-centrism gives way to a system of egocentrism.

Sixthly, there is a transition from a centralized extended family-kinship system, consisting of three generations and dominated by elders, to decentralized nuclear families, in which marriage ties and matrimony become higher than clan parental ones, and in the marriage itself the interests of the couple are subordinated to the interests of the individual (deprivation of the individual from families, isolationism).

Seventh, the transition from divorce initiated by the husband (primarily due to the childlessness of the marriage) to divorce caused by interpersonal incompatibility of the spouses.

Eighth, the replacement of the “closed” system of choosing a spouse with an “open” system based on interpersonal selectivity by young people and people of each other, regardless of the requirements of kinship and traditions of dowry exchange and bride price (albeit while maintaining property interests and the inheritance system secured by the marriage contract ).

Ninth, the transition from a culture of large families with a strict taboo on the use of contraception to individual intervention in the reproductive cycle, i.e. to prevent and terminate pregnancy; this transition also eliminates the need to lengthen the reproductive period of life by approaching physiological boundaries - the start and end of childbearing, through early and continuous marriage, and the traditions of lifelong marriage.

2. DEFINITION OF FAMILY AND FAMILY RELATIONS

2.1 The essence of family

Family is a complex social, integrated, multifunctional concept, a form of human life, determined by existing socio-economic and legal norms. This is a system that has a certain structure, performs a number of different functions, a stable system of relationships between people in everyday life. It is closely connected with society, the state and develops simultaneously with it.

The family reacts very quickly and sensitively to all the positive and negative changes occurring in society, revealing the humane and inhumane meaning of the processes taking place in society, assessing the processes that are destructive and creative for the family. As part of society, the family was created, modified and developed along with it and, in turn, can influence the course of its development.

The most important functions of the family: demographic (reproduction of the population), economic, social, cultural, etc. Society and the state are interested in the well-being of the family, they carry out joint activities, are interconnected and mutually influence each other.

2.2 Structure, functions of family relationships

The structure - size, composition of the family - depends on the method of organization and ensuring the unity of its main elements, the distribution of gender and age roles in the family. The nature of the family structure is determined by the nature of socio-historical conditions: the inequality of a woman’s rights in society leads to her inequality in the family. The hierarchy of relationships in society leads to the hierarchy of relationships in the family.

Family power can be built on a variety of economic or moral authority: from direct violence to moral influence (from orders to polite friendly advice) and in the traditional representation of the structure, 2 types of family relationships can be distinguished.

The second is democratic (partnership), which involves an equal distribution of responsibilities, equal participation in solving all family problems, and is more progressive. Recently, equality of relations between spouses has become prevalent.

The structure of a family is related to the order and way of life, customs, traditions, relationships with other families and with the whole society. Violation of the family structure leads to disruption of its functions.

Family functions are the sphere of family activity that is directly related to the satisfaction of certain needs of its members. A family can have as many functions as there are types of needs it satisfies in a stable, repeating form.

For a young family, the biological - reproductive function is important, for an older family - the emotional one. Reproductive (generative) function - biological reproduction of life, maintaining continuity through the birth of children. It is necessary for the continuation of the human race. The function is social - society is deeply interested in the next generation being quantitatively larger than the previous one. This is also a moral and emotional need of a person. A family without a child is flawed. The function of primary socialization of children is the gradual introduction of the child by the family into society, familiarizing him with all the laws inherent in this society.

The medical function or maintaining the physical health of family members is primarily preventive in nature. It consists of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, giving up bad habits, active recreation, learning hygiene skills, and carrying out recreational activities. Family members should have information on health issues, promptly contact health workers for advice and help, and follow their instructions.

An unfavorable psychological climate in the family leads to depression, quarrels, mental tension, and a lack of positive emotions. If family members do not strive to change this situation for the better, then the very existence of the family becomes problematic.

2.3 Types of families, typology of family structures

The most common type is a nuclear family (from the Latin nucleus - core), consisting of one pair of spouses with or without children. It can be full or incomplete - with one parent and children. There are about 13% of such families. If a family has several family nuclei (grandparents, their children and grandchildren, or a family of brothers and sisters), it is called an extended, multi-generational, large family, there are only 3.4% of them. 58.4% of all families have children under 18 years of age. The share of small families (one, two children) in the total number is 58%, and large families - 9.8% (three or more children).

Division of families according to the family life cycle.

1. By marital status or age: the life path of each person can be represented as premarital, marital (newlywed, remarried, unregistered), postmarital (divorced, single, unmarried, widowed).

Division of families on a regional basis (urban, rural). Single-parent families, ethnically mixed, predominate in cities. There are more large, multi-generational families in rural areas, which is due to the peculiarities of housekeeping, living conditions, ethnic composition, etc.

Division of families by income level. A high-income family is considered to be one that can afford to use paid services in the social sphere. The level of well-being of a prosperous family is 15 - 20% above average; Such a family solves its problems independently, without outside help.

3. MAIN PROBLEMS IN THE FAMILY AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION

3.1 Social problems, disorganization and family crisis

The most acute general social problems of the family include: the sharply continuing stratification of society into the poor and the rich; persistent government budget deficit; demographic population decline; population migration; deterioration of the health of the nation, including the family; increase in the number of single-parent families; increasing dependency; domestic violence and confrontation; increase in social orphanhood; changing traditional roles, especially women in the family, etc.

Family disorganization is the family’s failure to fulfill its functions, a violation of its structure. Factors that hold a family together: emotional closeness; physical intimacy; cohabitation, housekeeping and raising children; legal registration of marriage; spiritual intimacy and coverage of marriage by the church. The most fragile is the family as an “empty shell”.

In conclusion, we can say that the values ​​of family, marriage, and motherhood are currently being destroyed. Social differentiation society continues to worsen, more and more families are falling into poverty. Therefore, society and the state must change their attitude towards the family as a social institution in order to preserve it.

3.2 Marital and divorce behavior

Marriage behavior consists of three parts: most often it is understood as a system of actions and relationships leading to marriage (marriage choice); the second type is marital behavior itself, which refers to men and women who have gotten married and become parents; finally, the third part is such a characteristic of conflict in marital behavior that leads to divorce or separation.

The driving force of marital behavior is the need for marriage and a marriage partner, and the dominance of the latter over the former means a decrease in the value of marriage and matrimony, since the value of partnership or companionate cohabitation increases.

On the other hand, when studying the circumstances leading to divorce, the above-mentioned feature is directly related to the increasing tendency to end the marriage due to weakening attitudes towards prolonging the marriage. In conditions of a crisis decline in the value of the family way of life, all the troubles of marriage and family, purely psychologically and due to the nature of interpersonal communication, begin to be perceived through the prism of the properties and traits of the other spouse. The instability of the family as an institution is felt in the emergence of a number of family problems, but the success of solving them depends on the individual qualities of the partner. The institution of family does not find support among social institutions, so divorces are on the rise, but at the level of divorcing spouses this produces widespread references to the dissimilarity of characters.

3.3 Self-preservation behavior

In sociology, self-preservation behavior is defined as a system of actions and relationships aimed at maintaining health throughout the full life cycle, and at extending life within this cycle. The basis for the study of individual behavior that mediates life and death, health and life expectancy is A.I. Antonov laid down the concept of dispositional regulation of social behavior. In general terms, it seemed clear that the final results associated with preserving the health and life of family members were determined (of course, ceteris paribus) by the state of family relationships and the specific definition of lifestyle situations.

When studying orientations to life spans, it is difficult to assess their effectiveness, since in principle it is impossible to determine the degree of implementation of these orientations based on the main result of self-preservation behavior - life expectancy - until the death of an individual. Of course, by the number of years already lived, one can judge this, so to speak, retrospectively, but for this, all age groups necessary for analysis should be represented in the sample (which increases the sample size and the labor intensity of the study).

4. FAMILY AND POLITICS

4.1 Purpose and main principles of state family policy

State family policy is a comprehensive system of state activities aimed at the family as social institution in order to strengthen, develop, sovereignty, protect the rights and interests of the family based on legal regulation relations with the state. This is a holistic system of principles, assessments and measures of an organizational, economic, legal, scientific, informational, propaganda and personnel nature, aimed at improving the conditions and quality of life of the family.

State family policy is independent direction social policy, solves only specific family problems; brings the family and the state to a new level of relations. For the first time, the object of state family policy was the family as a single whole, as a social institution with the introduction of a new social status, real rights, state guarantees for its functioning. The family becomes the object of state care and support.

Basic principles of family policy:

Autonomy and sovereignty of the family in making independent decisions regarding its development, providing the opportunity to choose forms of support only on a voluntary basis;

The priority of the interests of the child, regardless of his gender, age, type of family, ensuring his survival, protecting his full physical, mental, intellectual development;

Equal rights of all types of families to state support, regardless of social status, nationality, place of residence and religious beliefs. Equality between men and women in the fair distribution of family responsibilities and employment opportunities;

Partnership of state, public institutions, all citizens in family policy with the determining role of state bodies;

Availability, targeting, differentiation of social assistance to families. Providing all those in need with social guarantees for an acceptable standard of living for disabled family members, creating conditions for economically active family members for socially useful activities and improving well-being on a labor basis. Social protection of needy families from poverty, deprivation, forced migration, natural and man-made emergencies, wars and armed conflicts; - complexity. Social assistance covers all aspects of family life, all its functions;

Preventive focus and scientific validity. Social assistance is carried out on the basis of analysis, forecast of the development of the situation, and the participation of science in determining the content of family policy.

The presented principles of state family policy require further scientific and methodological development and funding for its implementation.

4.2 Management structure of state family policy

The Russian state is a secular democratic federal constitutional state with a republican form of government. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by: the head of state - the President of the Russian Federation; Parliament of the Russian Federation - the Federal Assembly - a representative and legislative body consisting of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma; The Government of the Russian Federation, exercising executive power. State family policy is carried out by the highest bodies of state power: legislative and executive. Basic laws are developed in the State Duma and implemented by the Government of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Federation locally.

As a result of transformations in Russia, a market economic model, a non-state sector of the economy, and new labor market relations have been created.

5. FAMILY AS AN OBJECT OF SOCIAL WORK

5.1 Family is the main object of social work

Taking the family as an object of social work and seeing it as a complex social system, when contacting it it is necessary to take into account the following: its structure, environment, functioning and history of development.

The generative function of the family is determined by the need to continue the human race, which is not only a biological need, but also has enormous economic importance for the preservation of the population. Labor potential tomorrow's babies and toddlers, children and teenagers. Society is interested in ensuring that each next generation is at least as numerous as the previous one. At the same time, the family is interested in children.

A social worker, based on the principle of maximizing the minimum (the desire to maximize the minimum resources of social assistance), must not only help the family survive difficulties by attracting funds from philanthropists or monitoring the fair distribution of government assistance, but also teach families self-help and mutual assistance, which have a greater effect than the most generous benefits. We must remember that morally is always better own earnings than social dependency. The program for the development of small and medium-sized family businesses and the assistance of municipal authorities in this matter can allow many Russian families to provide themselves with a decent life.

Family conflicts and domestic violence, emotional discord and disorganization, mismatch of family roles and unfair distribution of family responsibilities, drunkenness and many other problems - all these are the concerns of a social worker. It must be remembered that it is not the social worker who resolves the clients’ family problems, but the family, with the help of the social worker, realizes their problems and finds the strength to resolve them.

5.2 Main objectives of social protection

Currently, family policy in the Russian Federation has only a short-term nature of social protection in conditions of mass poverty of many Russian families. It is aimed at the survival of families and includes social assistance and social services families.

The main objectives of social protection: implementation of social rights established by law and minimum social guarantees; adaptation of the social protection system to changed socio-economic conditions; differentiated approach to various categories of the population.

5.2.1 Social assistance system for large families

The social worker communicates between the family and the subjects of social assistance. The employment service provides priority employment for parents with many children; ensuring, if possible, flexible schedule work; organizing training and retraining of parents to obtain another specialty; employing children and obtaining a specialty, attracting teenagers to work, obtaining the status of unemployed, and attracting them to work year-round.

Public education authorities are entrusted with: opening free sections and clubs, establishing preferential prices for the purchase of textbooks; organization of additional education to develop children's potential, free or discounted recreation for children in health camps, family leisure and interest clubs; opening of a pedagogical lecture hall (with consultations of a psychologist, teacher on family education).

Social protection authorities are involved in organizing benefits, benefits, providing family vouchers, opening family assistance centers, targeted social assistance, material assistance, allocating preferential loans for the purchase of durable goods, preferential allocation of plots for individual construction, and timely information about benefits.

A psychologist helps solve psychological problems of a family, including using a helpline to receive advice from a psychologist or teacher at the right time.

Health authorities provide a discount on the purchase of medicines, organize visits of specialists to the place of residence, appointments at medical institutions out of turn, vouchers to a sanatorium, therapeutic fortified meals, and preventive health care for family members.

Trade organizations undertake a sale of goods and | food products at reduced prices, provide preferential loans for the purchase of durable goods. Charitable organizations provide material and in-kind assistance, the church provides charitable and psychological support.

The executive city government ensures the timely issuance of salaries and benefits for children, provides the opportunity to improve housing, creates conditions for self-sufficiency of families (development of entrepreneurship, small and medium-sized businesses, farming, allocation of cash loans, soft loans, land, construction materials), provides assistance in organizing an association mothers of many children. Similar families participate in the creation of the Association of Large Families, the organization of mutual assistance (communication, clothing, shoes, toys, etc.). Neighbors create public opinion, provide assistance.

The parents’ place of work makes it possible to improve housing, receive financial assistance, organize home work for the mother, part-time working week or an additional day off, flexible work schedule, possibility of retraining. The Association has a territorial management structure and conducts quantitative and qualitative studies of the condition of all large families.

A card file has been created and identified different kinds large families, attention is paid to legal literacy, and regulatory documents are systematically studied; psychological and pedagogical education of parents is carried out, conversations, lectures, consultations with a psychologist, teacher, family holidays like a business game are held; cultural leisure activities for the family are organized (free tickets to the local theater, meetings with artists and poets).

Parents get rid of feelings of hopelessness and loneliness, feel each other’s support, their social circle expands, the organization of family life becomes more conscious, and they get the opportunity to pedagogically competently shape the personality of their children.

5.2.2 Social assistance system for single-parent families

Employment service: finding a convenient job for parents. Department of Public Education: the question of an extended day group, the problem of free meals, financial assistance, provision of textbooks, psychological problems of children, problems of leisure (rest) for children, children's dispensary institutions.

Neighbors: the problem of public opinion and family assistance. Former parent: problems of conflict situations. Executive branch: housing. Church: material and in-kind assistance. Trade organizations: food supply, etc. Psychologist: problems of psychological climate in the family. Health authorities: health issues of all family members; organization of medical and social patronage.

The problem of medical examination of chronically elderly people (difficulties with medications, qualified medical and hospital care, the high cost of care items (a bedpan, rubber rings for the prevention of bedsores, orthopedic shoes, glasses, hearing aids, etc.); the problem of caring for older, sick family members ; due to the unfavorable intrafamily psychological climate, the family represents a risk factor for diseases of the nervous system - neuroses, insomnia), etc. The older generation may have senile psychoses and decreased intelligence. Due to the difficulties of placing children in preschool institutions, their high fees, frequent colds, and poor quality nutrition, children do not attend kindergartens. Children who grow up and are raised by their grandparents at home get sick less and are in a better situation than those in kindergarten. The destruction of family traditions leads to the destruction of love and mutual respect.

5.2.3 Social assistance system for large families

Health authorities monitor the health of the older generation (especially if the elderly cannot visit clinics), drug provision (preferential for children and the elderly), and the health of all family members. The employment service deals with issues of employment of the middle generation in connection with the situation in the family, and, if necessary, employment of the older generation.

The transition to a market economy, unfavorable environmental conditions, hard physical labor, hazardous production - all this has led to an increase in cancer, diseases of the cardiovascular system, and mental disorders.

The World Declaration on Child Survival, Protection and Development in the 1990s indicates that protection environment and her rational use plays a vital role in the sustainable development of children. It is necessary to improve the quality of the environment, fight diseases, malnutrition, reduce the mortality rate, improve social services, break the vicious circle of poverty.

5.2.4 Social protection of young families

In order to support young families in accordance with the Federal Target Program “Youth of Russia”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 25, 1994 No. 1279, the following tasks are expected to be solved: development of mechanisms aimed at supporting families with young children; development of a network of information and consultations for young families; assistance in solving the housing problem and employment of young women with children; assistance in purchasing durable goods by young families and obtaining education.

Some of the tasks aimed at supporting young families are already being implemented in the Federal programs: “Children of Russia”, “Housing”, “Employment”, as well as in regional programs Oh.

In addition, it is necessary: ​​coordination of the efforts of various government public structures; systematization and interconnection of adopted and existing social programs in the part where they affect the problems of a young family; expansion of various forms of credit specifically for young families: targeted, preferential, long-term (10-15 years) loans for the acquisition of land, construction, organization of a farm, “family firm”, etc.; providing loans for education of adult family members and their children; creating conditions for employment, priority advanced training and retraining of young women with children, including the creation of opportunities for evening and part-time advanced training and education for mothers on long-term maternity leave; creating favorable conditions for raising children at home preschool age through a network of home-based social worker services; development of a system of benefits in the field of protecting the health of citizens, confirmed by the legislation of the Russian Federation, republics within the Russian Federation and legal acts of autonomous territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg (use of medical institutions, etc.); creation of a network of various consultations for young families (social and psychological assistance, medical-genetic, economic, legal, everyday problems, information and reference services on labor vacancies for seasonal and home-based work, as well as on retraining opportunities, on family business issues).

In the field of reproductive health, the program provides for a set of measures based on the principle of the right of spouses and individuals to freely and responsibly decide on the number of their children and to obtain the necessary information, education and funds for this, creating conditions for providing psychological and legal assistance to young spouses. This work is primarily related to the organization of social assistance services and centers “Youth and Family”, “Young Family” and others, the development and adoption of regional programs to support socially vulnerable families.

The main activity of the “Young Family” services, in addition to informational and methodological work, is to provide services such as social patronage of young families living in unfavorable socio-psychological conditions, medical and social patronage of minor pregnant women and nursing mothers, patronage of young families and individuals in need of constant care. The main activity of the “Young Family” services, in addition to informational and methodological work, is to provide services such as social patronage of young families living in unfavorable socio-psychological conditions, medical and social patronage of minor pregnant women and nursing mothers, patronage of young families and individuals in need of constant care.

Health authorities register and compile characteristics of the family, taking into account all its members; are engaged in dispensary observation, recommendations on career guidance and employment, sanatorium-resort treatment, paperwork, medical equipment, registration in specialized institutions, rehabilitation.

Social protection authorities make changes and additions to social security, provide benefits and services, organize material and other types of assistance, sanatorium treatment, adjustments to actions, registration in specialized institutions. Social protection bodies consist of: employment center (employment of mother and father); enterprises organizing work from home; career guidance center (career guidance for a child with disabilities).

5.3 Medical and social work in family planning

The vast majority of families in Russia, as in all developed countries ah, regulates the number of children and the timing of their birth. However, in most developed countries, the so-called contraceptive revolution has occurred, thanks to which the main method of family planning has become the prevention of pregnancy using various contraceptives. In Russia, termination of pregnancy through induced abortion is still one of the main methods of family planning. Although according to official data, the absolute and relative number of abortions has been decreasing in recent years as a result of measures taken within the framework of the federal target programs “Safe Motherhood” and “Family Planning,” these figures remain very high (2210.1 thousand in 1998).

It should be noted that about 300 thousand abortions occur among young women under the age of 19. Usage level modern methods contraception among women of childbearing age is very low. There is extremely insufficient awareness of these methods not only among the population, but also among specialists. One of the most dangerous trends currently is the increase in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among young people aged 15 to 19 years.

The high number of abortions and STDs contribute to the fact that every 10th married couple in our country is infertile, and determine the social significance of the problem of family planning. To solve this problem, a federal target program “Family Planning” was created, which provides for the creation of a service of the same name in the Russian Federation.

The basis of the regulatory legal framework for the formation of a family planning service is the orders of the Ministry of Health of Russia “On measures for the further development of gynecological care to the population of the Russian Federation” dated November 15, 1991 No. 186, “On conducting a survey of patients of family planning and reproduction centers in 1997-1998.” dated November 26, 1997 N° 392. These documents determined the main directions of activity of the family planning service. Family planning and reproduction centers are included in the range of health care institutions.

The main activities of such centers:

Targeted information work with various categories of the population and specialists to change attitudes towards family planning and sex education of adolescents at the societal and family level;

Providing medical, social and psychological assistance in the following areas: family planning; individual selection of contraception with follow-up; treatment and prevention of STDs and HIV infection, including rapid diagnostics; solving problems of psychosexual relationships; legal assistance;

Training and advanced training of personnel working in the field of family planning and sexuality education;

Providing adolescents and young people with affordable contraception and popular literature on family planning;

Work with teenagers and young people in organized groups in the form of conversations, showing and discussing special videos, distributing information materials about the work of the center;

Individual work with “difficult” teenagers, disadvantaged families and people with disabilities in order to provide assistance in matters of family planning and socio-psychological adaptation in the family and society;

Outpatient termination of pregnancy followed by selection of contraception;

Involving the media to disseminate and promote family planning ideas in the region.

Based on the need to develop in adolescents a positive attitude towards a healthy lifestyle and responsibility for planning their family, the Russian Family Planning Association has developed an educational program “Fundamentals of Family Planning and a Healthy Lifestyle.”

CONCLUSION

Today in Russia it is fashionable to talk about Orthodoxy, about the Christian faith, the faith of the fathers. Statistics show that approximately 80% identify themselves with Orthodoxy, about 50% are baptized; but, unfortunately, less than one percent can be called Christians. Liberalization of politics, development of a competitive market, freedom of religion leads our population to a distorted understanding of freedom, to chaos and permissiveness in mutual relations. Marriage relations of Russian citizens were not spared from this liberalization.

What does a healthy population mean? In my opinion, this is, first of all, moral purity, an intellect enlightened by the truth, a correct assessment of the surrounding reality and a sense of responsibility and duty to oneself, one’s neighbor, society, the state, the Earth, the future and, first of all, God and His body – the Church. In conclusion, I would like to briefly outline the Christian position on marriage.

First, it is appropriate to remember the wonderful saying: “Marriages are made in heaven.” What is briefly said here is that the union of two people in marriage cannot be the fruit of passions. It must have, and does have, its own essential, existential content that goes beyond moral, moral, sociological, and legal problems. Marriage cannot be understood as a natural satisfaction of a person’s physiological or mental needs.

The male and female sexes have the same nature, that is, ontologically there is no significant difference between a man and a woman. The dignity of a man and a woman is that they differ from each other as two parts of one whole. Neither of these parts can be complete without the other until unity is achieved.

Marriage is understood in Christianity as the ontological union of two people into a single whole, which is accomplished by God Himself, and is a gift of beauty and fullness of life, essential for perfection, for the fulfillment of one’s destiny, for transformation and entry into the Kingdom of God. Any other attitude towards marriage, for example, that present in other religions and teachings or the one that now dominates the world, can be perceived by Christians as a profanation of marriage, a catastrophic reduction in the concept of marriage and man, as a humiliation of man and God’s plan for him.

Husband and wife are united ontologically, their union should not be destroyed by man, therefore divorce cannot have God's blessing. From the Orthodox, church point of view, divorce is impossible. The gift of love, which is given in the sacrament of marriage by God's blessing, is an eternal gift, and love cannot be abolished, it cannot end with death.

It is required that marriage must be legalized by society, recognized as a legal state. This can be done in the forms in which it is customary to register a marriage at a given time. It must be announced in advance. There used to be engagement parties. They announced that such and such two people wanted to get married, and society perceived them as the bride and groom, and then, when they got married, as husband and wife. It was important that the marriage be perceived by society as legal.

Marriage is not a contract, it is a sacrament, a gift of love, indestructible, Divine. This gift must be preserved and warmed. But it may be lost. This is not a legal category and not a legal act. This is a spiritual category, an event of spiritual life. Marriage has its dignity depending on the state in which the parties are married. What kind of people get married and how they get married is what matters for the dignity of marriage. In the Christian consciousness, doubts about living together are shattered by the words of Christ: “What God has joined together, let no man separate.”

Following politicians, philosophers, theologians and other scientists who are trying to reveal, shape and enrich the mystery of the continuation of life, love and mutual creation, I consider it necessary to devote all my creative potential to enrich and strengthen the greatest sacrament on earth called marriage.

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Scientific and theoretical understanding of the forms of assistance to those in need from the very beginning was, as it were, “grouped” according to different levels social work practices, in particular

1. at the individual level,

2. groups and families,

3. organizations,

5. society.

The theories of Z. Freud, B.F. played a special role in the development of the theory of social work in the West when studying the practice of social work at the individual level. Skinner and J. Piaget.

B. Skinner believes that it is important to take into account three factors: firstly, an event that causes a certain human reaction; secondly, this reaction itself (its character, form, etc.); thirdly, the consequences.

The group as a specific phenomenon also attracts the attention of specialists from various fields of social knowledge. The “key” theories in the early development of social work as a science were those of Kurt Lewin, George Howmans and Alvin Sander.

Relatively recently, social work has recognized the importance of the organizational level as a distinct level of practice. Management, management - Made a great contribution M.P. Follett, F. Selznick, R. Merton, M. Zald, E. Goffman, etc.

Social workers actively use ideas R. Merton that many people associate their interests with the community in which they live (“The Meaning of Influence: A Study of External Influence and Communicative Behavior in a Local Community,” 1949). – group social work.

Mayer Zald(1931) in The Political Economy of Public Organizations (1973) considered the perspectives of the social sciences in the study of the functions of social service employees. M. Zald’s views help social workers pay attention to the following questions: what is the mechanism for obtaining social status, how are available resources used, etc.

Erwin Goffman(1922-1982) E. Goffman is best known among social workers "Shelter" ( 1961) "Imagining yourself in everyday life"(1959) expresses the idea that “everyone in the world is playing”, that we are all constantly “presenting” ourselves to others, and they to us - themselves. role theory, discussed in this book has entered the vocabulary of social workers.

USA A special role in social research. problems and their use in social work belongs to specialists of the Chicago School.

IN University of Chicago Since 1900, specialists in the field of social work and sociology have been trained. The object of their scientific research is tramps (N. Anderson. Tramps, 1923), slums (X. Sonbach. Gold Coast and slums, 1929)

The societal level of social work is based on a structural-functional approach, which presupposes an understanding of social life in the form of many interactions between people, their endless intertwining.

Women, representing two main areas of social work, played an important role in the development of social work around the world:

1. psychosocial, or “clinical”, social work, as it was called before, (aimed at the client’s personality)

2. structural social work, or work focused on the client’s social environment.

Feminist movement - the first practical steps in the field of theoretical understanding of social work were taken by feminists in many countries of the world

Shaw Lowell Josephine(1843-1905) She believed that the causes of poverty lie in the very character of poor people. In this regard, Josephine studied the character of poor people.

Mary Richmond(1861-1928) from 1889 engaged in social work as an assistant charitable organization in Baltimore. In 1917, she published her, which later became famous, book “Social Diagnoses”. She was often called the "mother of social therapy"

Bertha Reynolds(1883-1978) began her social work in an orphanage in Boston, which had many children of color. This practice reinforced her opinion that it is not the personality that needs to change, but and society.

Jane Adams(1860-1935) was skeptical about charity. Her work within the "settlement" movement.

Historically, the most famous schools of social work theory include

· diagnostic

· functional.

Diagnostic school is directly associated with Smith College in New York, where social workers have been trained since 1918. At this time, there is a need for specialists who can work to overcome the emotional problems of World War I veterans and members of their families.

Best of luck in area theoretical research achieved by Mary Richmond, who described the essence of the method of individual social work.

M. Richmond viewed poverty as a disease—an individual’s inability to independently organize his or her independent life. The client acted as a kind of patient, and the social worker’s task was reduced to “social healing” of an individual in an unsatisfactory condition and preparing the ward to be able to independently solve his problems, that is, social work was based on medical model.

M. Richmond believed that the most important thing in social work is to correctly make a social diagnosis and take it as a basis when choosing a method of assistance. She emphasized the importance of assessing each case individually, based on its internal conditions. Social diagnosis involved an assessment of both the client's personality and social status. M. Richmond considered social assistance as a combination of measures that result in changes in both the individual and the social environment.

Based on psychoanalytic approaches, M. Richmond divided social events into two complementary categories: an indirect method of “treatment” and a direct method.

Indirect method consists of influencing the environment, the ability, through changing the social environment, to influence the client’s life situation in a direction favorable to him.

Direct method consists in directly influencing the client himself with the help of proposals, advice, persuasion, as well as rational discussions with the aim of involving the client in the development and adoption of decisions. By establishing partnerships

The indirect method of influencing the client and the direct method determined in further development two directions in the theory of social work - sociological and psychological

In the book “Social Diagnoses” (1917) The process of interaction between a social worker and a client is described for the first time.

Subsequently, the procedure is formalized into a method of individual work, which has become fundamental in social work technologies.

were determined principles of interaction between a social worker and a client, which M. Richmond called "principles of mental hygiene":

Sympathize with the client

Give him preference

encourage him

· build joint clear plans of action with him.

Subsequently, these principles will be taken as the basis code of ethics social worker.

Further understanding and development of this approach is associated with the research of V. Robertson and G. Hamilton. Representatives of the diagnostic school of social workers argued that in order to determine treatment it is necessary to collect as much objective data as possible about the client and his situation.

V. Robertson suggests putting the focus not on the client’s situation, collecting information about the client’s past experience, his childhood, personality assessment, while the assessment of the situation becomes secondary.

G. Hamilton expands the concept of diagnosis and gives it a new interpretation in accordance with trends in social work. He rethinks diagnosis as the basis of the method; it begins to act not as a setting for action, but almost equality between honey. treatment and social work.

We observe another approach in the development of the theory and practice of social work in the direction of training social workers at the Pennsylvania School of Social Workers in the 30s, which was called "functional school of social work". This direction is associated with an interest in the social environment and the process of providing assistance, but not as a therapeutic process, but rather as a service provided within the framework of a social service. The main influence on the development of the theoretical attitudes of representatives of the functional school was the ideas of the Austrian psychoanalyst Otto Rank (birth trauma), and subsequently Carl R. Rogers