Current state and prospects of the textile industry. regional Programs, concepts and clusters of light industry development, official sources of information. Severe case of light industry

Severe case of light industry

What measures are needed to revive the Russian light industry? Most often, the concept of light industry in most people is associated with something frivolous. What is a shirt compared to nuclear icebreaker? One medium haul airliner, say a Boeing 767-300ER, costs approximately $115.5 million. To earn the same amount, it is necessary to produce and sell 5.77 million pieces of the average polo shirt. However, if you look closely at the details, the picture begins to play quite different colors.

In the world's largest economy China(GDP at PPP 21.2 trillion dollars for 2016) for the share of light industry accounted for 21%. This is only 2% less than the Celestial Empire receives from agriculture, and half of the total share of the country's manufacturing industry. More share only Portugal– 22%. Other countries have less: Italy – 12%, Germany – 6%, USA- 4%. But given the size of their economies, this is still significant money and a significant contribution to overall employment. able-bodied population. The latter is especially important, given the current crisis trends both in the world economy and in the Russian economy. Thus, the issue of the development of light industry in the Russian Federation is of particular importance, including because this industry differs significantly higher rates of return from investments compared to heavy industry, automotive or computer technology.

Chinese garment factory in Ganzhou

World practice shows that a new radio-electronic plant pays off in an average of 5-6 years, while a garment factory reaches self-sufficiency after 2.5–3 years. And in terms of investment capacity, it much lower, than a new rolling mill.

In addition, light industry products are bed linen, clothes, shoes, that is, goods literally everyday demand, not much, in fact, different from food. Why, then, the share of Russian light industry from 11.9% in 1990 collapsed to 1% and only recently barely reached 1.5% of GDP?

International division of "light" labor

Before undertaking an analysis of the prospects for the development of the domestic economy, it is necessary to consider the external conditions that affect the availability of opportunities and the dynamics of processes in general.

In the most general terms, the world light industry is represented by the following key areas: textile, footwear and clothing, of which the textile industry occupies the main place (over 65%). An important distinguishing feature of the industry is the progressive unevenness in the distribution of income from the sale of finished products.

If a century ago raw material producers received up to 50% of revenue, and manufacturers of semi-finished products and accessories took up to 25% more, today more than 60% of the profit is generated by the production of finished products and sales channels, and the share of raw materials is less than 10%.

The latter is especially important, since it directly points to the extremely high degree of competition that prevents a simple and quick revival of the production of the necessary types of raw materials in Russia. If the dressing of the skin is tied to animal husbandry, which, in addition to skins, also provides meat and milk, then the cultivation of cotton and silk is closely connected with climatic conditions, which in China, Taiwan, South Korea, India, Turkey and even Central Asia are significantly better than Russian ones.

Therefore, one should not be surprised that 30% of the world's cotton fabrics are produced by China, 14% by Malaysia, 10% by India, and 7% by Turkey. Of the 30-35 billion m² of world production of cotton fabrics per year, Russia's share is only 1.4 billion. The Soviet orientation played an important role here. textile industry for linen, wool and silk, the share of which in modern world consumption has decreased to 10% and continues to decline. For example, the total consumption of wool fabrics in 2015 was only 3 billion m².

On the other hand, there is a booming demand for blended fabrics, where the share natural fiber does not exceed 50%, the rest is artificial materials, such as viscose. At the moment, their consumption has reached 35–40 billion m² and continues to grow at a rate of 7% annually.

Cotton and synthetics are the most widely used fabrics in the world.

It is important to note that weaving is closely related to the production of raw materials, but it is even more critical depends on the location of the garment factories. The reason lies in the logistics costs.

It costs 5.5-6 times cheaper to transport raw cotton for the same distance than fabric made from it, and almost 11 times cheaper than clothes made from this fabric. Therefore, today garment production is localized primarily in regions with cheap labor.

Thus, in particular, the average hourly wage of an employee in Indonesia is $0.24; V Pakistan– 0.4; V India and China– 0.6; V USA– 13 (with the prospect of reaching 15 by 2020); in France- 14–15; V Germany- 21-22 US dollars.

As a result, the entire segment of mass production is occupied by the same China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Turkey, and in France, Germany and the USA only small-scale volumes of very expensive, therefore strictly niche brands remain.

There are few exceptions to this rule, perhaps, except perhaps the Spanish Zara, which produces 50% of clothing in Galicia.

Weaving factory in Malaysia. Employees not only work there, but also sleep. This was the case in Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In terms of consumption, the world looks exactly the opposite. Approximately 32% of light industry products are consumed by Europe, about 28% - USA, up to 30% - China. The rest of the world accounts for the remaining 10%.

Need to find a unique way

An analysis of external conditions shows that light industry is important for Russia and quite can serve as an important locomotive the country's economy. After all, in the USSR it provided an order of magnitude greater contribution to GDP. But in the current external and internal conditions, go the traditional way through the revival own production, or betting on low labor costs, we can't.

Summary indicators of the light industry of the Russian Federation for 2013-2016

The average monthly salary of a light industry worker in our country, according to the Ministry of Light Industry, is 18,596 rubles, or $1.96 per hour that triple above the level of China and in Five times higher than Pakistan, not to mention Bangladesh or African countries.

Moreover, if for Africa 40 cents per hour is quite substantial money, then less than two dollars per hour in Russia is considered clearly insufficient. Does this mean the deliberate impossibility of successful competition with the current leaders? Certainly not. If we count not through wages per hour, but move, as some Chinese manufacturers have begun to do, to the amount of costs per unit of output. And take into account the specifics of demand.

Climatic conditions do not allow Russia to grow competitive cotton. However, at the same time, we have sources of raw materials (oil and gas) for the production of artificial nonwovens for which demand is growing. Especially in the technical fabrics segments, finishing materials(for example, in the automotive and furniture industries), leisure goods (especially raincoat fabrics, as well as fabrics for tourist ammunition) and for sewing outerwear (for example, demi-season and winter jackets). If in 1950 the demand for artificial materials was only 5–7% of total consumption, today more than 70% are mixed fabrics. The global market for technical textiles alone is valued at $130 billion, while in Russia it barely exceeds 77 billion rubles. This is at least strange, given, for example, the import substitution program in the automotive industry, where the share of textile components reaches 20 kg per car. Unfortunately, 92–98% imports are still used there. In particular, the same China over the past three years has increased the output of polyamide by 170%, polyester fibers - by 200% and currently controls 46% of the market nonwoven materials. In 2015, they were imported to Russia in the amount of $3 billion.

Generally speaking, in terms of light industry products, the domestic market demonstrates a frankly ambiguous situation. On the one hand, the industry seems to be growing. There is no data for 2017 yet, but for the previous year, 2016, the growth was 20% in terms of shares and 18% in terms of budget revenues. At the same time, the share of exports is growing slightly, almost all products are consumed in the domestic market, where from 60 to 80% of the supply is imported, half of which is counterfeit.

At the same time, we still do not have the opportunity to successfully compete with Malaysian or Indian garment enterprises in Europe, but only the blocking of counterfeit deliveries (most often from Poland and Eastern Europe) allows a minimum triple capacity of the domestic market for domestically produced goods. Especially in segments such as bed linen, where the brand factor does not play a key role, while quality is decisive. Potentially, this can ensure revenue growth by 100-120 billion rubles in only one niche and up to a trillion rubles in the industry as a whole.

The results of import substitution speak about the fact that this is exactly the right thing to do. After the start of the sanctions war and the introduction of restrictions on the import of products from the European Union, which also included sources of counterfeit goods, the share of domestic knitwear in the Russian market rose from 4% in 2014 to 12% in 2016, and profit before tax for medium and large enterprises increased from 9 to 19%.

The contribution of the textile and clothing industry to the economy of the Russian Federation

There is an obvious conclusion.

In order to achieve economic indicators that allow it to successfully compete in the world market with the current leading global manufacturers, the Russian light industry needs to increase the scale of production by at least half an order of magnitude.

This is the only way to optimize costs and develop logistics to the required level. For this it is necessary regain control of the domestic market, at the same time restoring the level of production competence. Because the share of imports in the garments sold in the country is kept at the level of 82-84%, footwear - 85-88%.

And first of all, the question concerns the general consumer market, and not the rapidly growing segment of workwear. Yes, potentially the workwear segment in the country is “empty” by more than 3/4, but its conquest will only benefit in terms of increasing the production of domestic fabrics, while the enterprises of the Federal Penitentiary Service are primarily engaged in tailoring, which excludes the possibility of their effective use for tailoring other types of clothing, requiring a fundamentally different approach to design, quality and assortment.

Internal impediments to growth

However, light industry is not a superstructure of workshops and seamstresses, it is also the foundation of the means of production. More than a tenfold reduction in the industry over the past quarter of a century has led not only to a decrease in the production of the products themselves, it is much more important that at the same time the production of means of production, that is, the range of equipment necessary for the industry, completely ceased to exist.

As of 2016, the share of machine tools with a service life of up to 10 years was 37%; from 11 to 20 years old - 24%; more than 20 years - 39%. Considering that the average life of equipment in the world today fluctuates around 15–18 years, we have to admit that the lion’s share of the industry’s production fleet is hopelessly outdated and the necessary technical (and economic) indicators are not able to provide. But there is nothing to replace it, except for import. There was a vicious circle.

Industrial enterprises do not undertake the development and organization of the production of machine tools for light industry due to the lack of mass demand due to the small size of the industry. But the industry cannot grow in size, because the resources of the existing technical park have been exhausted, and there is nothing to update it with. Russian industry does not offer competitive equipment, and imports are expensive. In addition, the matter is complicated by various collisions of a foreign policy nature. Dead end.

It is assumed that the “Strategy for the Development of Light Industry until 2025” adopted by the Ministry of Trade and Industry of Russia should help the industry, and much of it will really benefit. However, we have to admit that it almost does not touch on the key issue - stimulating the development and production of domestic equipment. And without it, it is rather problematic to win back even the domestic market. As well as without the development of its own production of related accessories (from threads to rivets, zippers and buttons).

There is also a problem with finances. Current banking system is able to finance either projects guaranteed by the state, or projects that promise a quick turnaround and high profits. Light industry is perceived by bankers as only a kind of clothing store. This is facilitated by the seasonal specifics of the industry, concentrating business processes around seasonal collections. Designers quickly, within 8-10 weeks, came up with a line of models for the next season. In 2–3 weeks, technologists decomposed it into specific patterns and a detailed technical process, and in three months the plant sewed a batch, which, two weeks later, entered the retail network. 3/4 of the cost per batch of goods is recouped in the first 5-6 weeks of sales. Because banks believe that it makes no sense to issue loans to enterprises for more than 2–2.5 years. Moreover, at commercial rates, one of the highest compared to other industries. And the requirements for collateral are at least 20% higher than for other types of activities. Thus, the industry is severely limited in financial resources for its own modernization.

At the light industry forum, held under the auspices of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, leading representatives of the industry proposed to the government a conceptual development program, including proposals for solving financial difficulties, including the mechanism of targeted programs. There is hope that if not all, then a significant part of its points will be implemented in practice.

In the meantime, it should be noted that the crisis is not only problems and difficulties. No wonder in Chinese this concept is indicated by a combination of two hieroglyphs meaning danger and chance (opportunity). Sanctions, the depreciation of the ruble, a decrease in the purchasing power of the population caused by a slowdown in the country's economic growth - all this, of course, creates problems. However, at the same time it opens up new possibilities. So, for example, in the country in particular, and in the market as a whole, the trend of reducing the attractiveness of brands is gaining momentum. It is not so important for the consumer what is written on the logo, the main thing is how comfortable, beautiful, functional and affordable the product is. Surveys show that interest in branded clothing and footwear in Europe has declined by 26% over the past two years. In Russia, this figure was even higher - 34.7%. Thus, the niche for domestic manufacturers is expanding. In particular this applies men's suits and men's and women's outerwear, especially jackets.

In general, domestic enterprises sew beautifully and with sufficient quality have already learned. It remains to increase the volume of production to such a level when sewing inside Russia will become as profitable as ordering in Turkey or Southeast Asian countries. Already in this case, saving on logistics will give a significant advantage. What remains to be done is to increase the scale to the point that allows us to successfully compete on the price of the final product not only in the domestic, but also in the export markets, at least in Europe.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

GENERAL INFORMATION

Textiles - products made from flexible, soft fibers and threads (fabrics, cotton wool, nets, etc.), usually made from yarn on loom. Textiles also include matter that is not a fabric: knitwear, felt, modern non-woven materials, etc.

Textile industry - a group of light industries engaged in the processing of vegetable (cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf, jute, ramie), animals (wool, silkworm cocoons), artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, threads, fabrics. It includes the following industries:

cotton

woolen

silk

woolen

silk

hemp-jute

Textile is one of the main materials used in light industry. Before late XIX For centuries, only natural materials were used in the textile industry - cotton, wool, silk. Then, artificial (based on natural polymers) and synthetic (from hydrocarbon raw materials) fibers are becoming more widespread.

OKVED CLASSIFIER

According to the all-Russian classifier of species economic activity(OKVED), textile production belongs to section 17 of the same name, which has the following major subsections:

17.1 "Spinning textile fibers»

17.2 "Weaving"

17.3 "Finishing fabrics and textiles"

17.4 Manufacture of finished textile products other than apparel

17.5 "Manufacture of other textile products"

17.6 "Production of knitted fabric"

17.7 "Manufacture of knitwear"

INDUSTRY SITUATION ANALYSIS

Today, the situation in the world is developing in such a way that the bulk of textile production is concentrated in developing countries that have sufficient raw materials (for example, cotton) and cheap labor force. Developed countries, by importing fabrics, make ready-made garments from them, which are then exported to developing countries. At the same time, territorially, the production itself, which belongs to a developed country, may be located in another state.

The light industry of the USSR covered all stages of production - from the production (growing) of raw materials to the manufacture of garments. Today, the domestic light industry is experiencing serious difficulties, primarily due to the non-competitiveness of products in terms of price - Asian countries that use cheap labor offer much cheaper products. At the same time, the quality of Russian fabrics is often significantly higher. The share of domestic products today is no more than 30% of the market. It is practically impossible to determine the exact quantity due to the presence of "gray" imports. According to experts, the only competitive segment is the production of overalls, supported by government orders.

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ANALYSIS OF THE DATA OF THE FEDERAL STATE STATISTICS SERVICE

Rosstat data, which the service receives by collecting official data from market participants, may not coincide with the data of analytical agencies, whose analytics are based on conducting surveys and collecting unofficial data.

Figure 1. Dynamics financial indicators industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles

Figure 2. Dynamics of financial ratios of the industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles

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According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in the period from 2007 to 2015. there is a stable trend of revenue growth in the industry. Since data on sales volumes in physical terms are not available, it is not possible to conclude whether revenue is growing only due to price increases, or sales volumes in units of production are also growing, it is not possible. At the same time, gross margin and return on sales are also growing. A particularly sharp increase occurred in 2015. These data to some extent diverge from the data of independent sources.

Accounts receivable (in 2015 + 67% compared to 2007) and accounts payable (in 2015 + 101% compared to 2007) increased significantly, which indicates problems in mutual settlements with customers and suppliers. High accounts receivable may indicate a shortage working capital which can be covered with loans. Dynamics of the ratio of borrowed and own funds confirms this conclusion: borrowed money to own increased from 3.66 times in 2007 to 5.62 times in 2015.

Figure 3. Accounts receivable and payable by industry in 2007-2015, thousand rubles

Figure 4. Shares of regions in the industry's gross revenue in 2015

CONCLUSION

Despite the positive data from Rosstat, the textile industry in Russia is in a state of decline due to the low level of product competitiveness. The market is filled with cheap products from Southeast Asia, most of which are "gray" imports.

Some experts believe that the way out of their current situation is to accept experience developed countries importing textile products. The Government of the Russian Federation, however, has developed programs to support and develop the light industry, including the textile industry, as an integral part of it. It is planned to develop a specialized segment of polyester fabrics.

In general, even with successful process rehabilitation of the industry, we can hardly expect its growth in the next 5-7 years. The technologies used in the industry are highly labor and capital intensive.

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Light industry- includes a range of individual industries, which are mainly engaged in the production of consumer goods from various raw materials.

The light industry includes many industries and their sub-sectors, however, there are three main ones:

shoe,
textile
sewing.

Thanks to scientific and technological revolution, the textile industry has undergone significant changes in the course of its historical development. Until the turning point, all textiles were cotton products and fabrics, and a small part was occupied by materials like linen, wool, artificial fibers.

At the present time textile industry significantly expanded the range of products, this was due to the increase in the use of a variety of synthetic materials and fibers in the production of textiles.

Regarding the global scale, the textile industry is developing at an incredible pace. The main region, which today occupies about 70% of the volume of textiles produced, is Asia. If we consider this industry from the side of the category of products and goods, then we can say with accuracy that the countries of Asia bring about 50% of all cotton and woolen fabrics to the share of the world market.

There are several largest manufacturers of cotton products - China (about 30%), India (more than 10%), Japan, USA, Indonesia, Taiwan. A similar situation is observed in the distribution of volumes of woolen fabrics. China contributes about 15% to this segment, followed by Italy 14%, the USA, Japan, India, Turkey, and some Western European countries also enter and complete this list. Oddly enough, but having a huge share in the production of natural raw materials for the textile industry, the domestic manufacturer is experiencing a large production decline, so at the moment it is impossible to compete with imported goods without state special programs for development and support.

Together with the textile industry, we should also talk about the clothing industry. This branch of the light industry of the world specializes in the production of underwear, clothing and many different products.

Economy of Russia, figures and facts. Part 11 Light industry.

The distribution of production volumes in this industry does not differ from those in the textile industry. The world's leading exporters of these products are China, Colombia, South Korea, India, Taiwan. As for other developed countries, they specialize in the production of small volumes of fashionable, individual and elite products.

shoe industry, in comparison with the previous and other industries, has undergone a displacement and its production is mainly concentrated in developing countries. This is largely due to the cheaper labor force of these countries. And here China occupies a leading position on a global scale. According to modern estimates, China produces up to 40% of the products of the world consumer market.

The main problems and directions of development of light industry

One of the most important branches of the complex, which specializes in the creation of consumer goods, is light industry. This industry belongs to the manufacturing industries, since it produces various goods, which include fabrics, shoes and clothing. It also manufactures fabrics and items designed to create tires, cores in steel ropes, filter equipment and other items. Light industry in Russia is a field of activity that specializes in the production of ready-to-use goods, as well as items that are involved in other areas of production.

The large centers of light industry in Russia are numerous, and at the same time they constantly carry out research activities and also provide services to various sub-sectors.

Features of light industry

This area of activity has a significant impact on the country's economy, since it is distinguished by the presence big capital, characterized by fast turnover. Also, many other areas of activity are involved in the technological cycle of this industry, such as Agriculture and chemical industry, as well as many other industries.

Companies that operate in the field of light industry produce a huge range of goods that have industrial, special and technical purposes.

Light industry of the Russian Federation

The main consumers of these products are individuals who use them for their own needs. Accordingly, on light industry end-users have a direct influence, since supply is formed on the market depending on demand. However, the light industry in Russia is not very developed, since there is no significant and necessary state support, as a result of which there are many serious problems that require urgent solution and regulation by the Government.

Development of light industry

Since the goods produced by this field of activity are important and significant for the entire population of the country, the industry is constantly developing and modernizing, since it is necessary to constantly improve the quality of manufactured goods. The fact is that in other countries the light industry is more developed, as a result of which foreign competitors are able to offer the Russian population better and more reliable goods. This leads to the fact that domestic production and goods lose their attractiveness. Therefore, many large companies working in the light industry are trying to make certain changes in their activities, for which they acquire modern equipment and introduce innovative technologies.

Problems of development of light industry of the Russian Federation

There are several main problems that hinder the optimal and effective development this industry. It is believed that the most important disadvantage is the illegal import of goods, as well as unrecorded production, which is unofficial and clandestine. As a result, the Russian market has great amount goods of low quality and small, but attractive to potential buyers, price. This leads to the fact that goods released by official Russian companies having high quality, as well as those made from the right components, are not in demand.

As a result, domestic producers have to compete with counterfeit products, for which they reduce the quality of their products in order to slightly reduce prices. This leads to the fact that not only the quality of products that enter the market decreases, but also the profits of companies also decrease, and this reduces tax deductions to the country's budget. Therefore, the presence on the market of unrecorded foreign low-quality products has Negative influence for the development of the country as a whole. The only solution This problem will be the restriction of imports, as well as state support for Russian manufacturers operating in the light industry.

Also an important problem for this industry is that many companies use equipment and technologies that are backward and outdated, which leads to the fact that the products created are uncompetitive. Enterprises do not automated systems, so production is entirely based on manual labor, resulting in a significant increase in the cost of manufactured products. We should also highlight the unusually weak management in almost every enterprise, the lack of marketing departments and inefficient personnel policy. As a result, the management of the enterprise is carried out by incompetent people, which negatively affects the development of the industry as a whole.

Another important problem for this area of activity is that investments will be discouraged, since most large investors do not see the prospects and attractiveness of investing in light industry. Decreases even budget financing, which leads to the fact that the effectiveness of research and development is significantly reduced. As a result, the goods that are produced by enterprises are completely unsuitable in terms of their parameters and properties for the conditions and requirements of both the Russian market and the world market.

Accordingly, the light industry in Russia can develop and function normally only if the state pays more attention to this area, namely, certain changes are made to the legislation, there is serious state support for large enterprises, and all companies constantly re-equip equipment. Also, the state should take certain measures to protect official producers from shadow production. Only then can we expect that domestic goods will be competitive, of high quality and affordable.

Trends in the development of light industry in Russia, video

Features and prospects of light industry in Russia

Each branch of industry has its own significance and characteristics, therefore, in any case, the state should pay attention to the problems and prospects for the development of any field of activity. The light industry of Russia refers to such industries in which the production of goods intended for public consumption takes place. Additionally, products that are created by this industry are sent for use in other areas of activity, which include the automotive industry and the food industry.

Light industry of Russia - state and development prospects

The light industry of Russia today is quite well developed, since the results of its activities are effectively used for export to other countries, and at the same time, the products are considered competitive compared to those goods that are available on the foreign market. Additionally, it should be noted that this industry provides a huge number of jobs, and the majority of people employed in this area are women.

The development of light industry is ongoing, and at the same time it is considered an important area of activity in the state. This is due to the fact that the light industry has a direct impact on the economic situation in Russia, and it is also here that a very fast turnover of capital is observed, as a result of which stagnation and other problems that are inherent in many other sectors of activity are not observed. Additionally, it should be noted that the technological cycles of this area affect such an important industry as agriculture and chemical industry. Due to this, it is necessary to pay as much attention as possible to the development of light industry. As a result, it is possible to observe improvement of the situation in this field of activity every year.

Branches and enterprises of light industry in Russia

The light industry itself is subdivided into many different branches, each of which has its own characteristics and characteristics. First of all, it is necessary to single out the textile and leather industries, footwear and clothing, as well as fur. The textile industry is considered to be of the highest priority, significant and profitable, since the products from its work are in demand not only in the domestic market, but in foreign countries. Modern goods that are created at light industry enterprises successfully compete with other goods manufactured in various countries of the world.

This is because modern companies, which are numerous and also specialize in the creation of textiles or garments, try to introduce as many modern and innovative equipment into production as possible.

The result is high-quality products that do not contain harmful components, and also have an interesting and sophisticated design. However, such innovations require quite significant costs on the part of manufacturers, resulting in an increase in the cost of the product itself. This leads to higher prices for goods, and demand is constantly changing, so it is extremely important to establish optimal and permanent relations with other countries that will purchase light industrial goods for their own use.

Industry Development Issues

Certain problems in the development of light industry can be observed in Lately, when many European countries imposed numerous sanctions on Russia, as a result of which one can observe a rather significant decrease in the export of goods in this industry.

As a result, many products remain unclaimed, and it is almost impossible to sell them completely on the domestic market. This leads to the fact that enterprises engaged in this field of activity are trying with all their might to reduce the cost of manufactured goods. In most cases, this leads to a decrease in product quality, which is not a good indicator for the state of the Russian economy as a whole. That is why the Ministry of Light Industry in Russia is doing its best to improve the situation, for which companies are offered very favorable conditions for the purchase of innovative and modern equipment, which they can purchase at low interest rates on credit.

Additionally, all kinds of subsidies and benefits are provided for light industry enterprises that have come to a crisis state due to the fact that they cannot sell most of their products. It is with the help of innovative and unique equipment that it is possible to achieve that in order to obtain high-quality and reliable products, it will not be necessary to spend too much money, and the whole process will be fully automated, so there is no need for manual labor of workers. On the one hand, this is a very good solution, since labor costs will be minimal, but on the other hand, the number of jobs in the light industry is decreasing, and this leads to the fact that a large number of people cannot find a job, which leads to an increase in unemployment.

Thus, the light industry in Russia is an area that is considered promising and interesting for investors, although it is currently going through quite difficult times. However, the crisis situation is observed in almost every area of industry due to a significant decrease in exports. However, the state is taking certain measures aimed at improving the situation, so we can expect the improvement of the state of this sphere of activity in the near future.

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TEXTILE INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA: STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Abstract: the article is focused on the analysis of the state of the textile industry and the factors influencing this state. The main problems and possible options their decisions.

Keywords: textile industry, investment, strategy

Abstract: this paper focuses on the analysis of the state of the textile industry and the factors affecting this state. The main problems and their possible solutions.

Keywords: textile industry, investment, strategy

Main part

This article discusses the main problems of the textile industry of the Russian Federation, the solution of these problems, focuses on measures to eliminate them, and also considers the need and importance of using innovative products.

Target scientific article -- Analysis of the current state of the textile industry in Russia, identifying problems and finding methods to solve them.

Scientific controversy The following scholars are working on this issue:

Izgorodin A.K. “The textile industry provides its products to both the population ( different kind clothes, bedding, household items and interior), as well as various branches of engineering and non-engineering activities - electronics and nanoelectronics, energy, rocket and automotive engineering, micromechanics, robotics, agriculture, road construction etc. Therefore, development in this industry is important.”

Berkovich M.I. “The problem of competitiveness is decisive at all levels of the economy - from the country to individual product. At the same time, the least developed is the assessment of the competitiveness of industries that are not leaders, but play an important role in the country's economy.

SPERANSKY S.N. “managing the economic sustainability of textile enterprises, allowing the management of the enterprise to develop an action plan to increase economic sustainability under various scenarios of ongoing events”

Methods for researching scientific material. The following methods of scientific knowledge were used in the article: analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction method, modeling method and others.

Textile and clothing production makes a significant contribution to the development of light industry, and it is the pace of this production that determines the development of the industry as a whole.

The development of the textile industry is determined by the pace of fabric production (see table. 1) (the contribution is about 24%), the production of textiles (15%, including bed linen), non-woven materials (18%), knitwear (19%).

Table 1 -- investment growth rates in light industry, %

I note that in the near future there are no prospects that would make it possible to radically change the state of the industry. We can expect an increase in factors, by 3.4% for the production of leather, 2.5% for the production of shoes and leather products, due to the strengthening of factors affecting the increase in the state economy (including the growth of real disposable incomes of the population)

According to experts, textile production will improve due to the implementation of state support measures (through participation in the implementation of state orders, in sewing school uniforms) in the manufacture of fabrics.

The prospects for the textile industry are vague, as it is not so much due to restrained consumer demand as a factor in the chronological technological lag in improvement and development in the textile industry from Western countries (see Fig. 1)

Most of the fabrics are transported under gray schemes, importers save on customs duties and taxes. Our textile industry is not able to compete, unless, of course, it also goes into the shadows.

Picture 1 -- Specific gravity textile industry enterprises using technological innovations by country.

Statistics show that for the second decade the textile industry has been in decline (on average by 4% per year), and there are more and more companies that operate at a loss. The capacities of textile factories are on average 25% loaded. (see Fig. 2). But, one way or another, the fabric industry in the Russian Federation is rather alive.

The Russian textile industry feels confident only in the production of textiles for household utensils and bed linen (because other products are not in demand on the domestic market) (see Fig. 3). In 2015, the decline in real disposable money income of the population may be 4%. competition textile investment marketing

Figure 2 - Producer price index of textile products.

The production of synthetic fibers, mixed fabrics (natural fabric with synthetic) is just beginning to develop, as it requires the most complex technological levels of production and equipment. The main consumer of such fabrics is furniture companies, but, unfortunately, they use the services of European manufacturers.

Sewing factories producing inexpensive products unable to compete with manufacturers from Southeast Asia, as their technologies change dynamically. There are several factors that prevent domestic factories from competing. The first factor is a high dependence on foreign production of raw materials, plus a high customs duty and VAT are added to the cost of raw materials, which increases the cost of the final product by at least 30%. In Russia, you can find manufacturers of this raw material, but their number is small - only 25%. Mostly wool and linen. Everything is in table 2.

Table 2 - the number of operating organizations in the textile industry

Another factor is dependence on imported equipment. High duties stop the renewal of factories (in some large factories, the equipment has not been changed since the 50s).

The times are not very bright for Russian fabric factories, and this is a reason to change their strategy, not competing with manufacturers from Southeast Asia, constantly losing product quality. This strategy will not pay dividends. You need to be able to create a production where the price of fabric will be comparable to Asian products, and in quality close to European. Besides competitive advantages Russian factories in the European market in that they are closer to European markets than Asian suppliers, which significantly reduces both the price and delivery time.

Based on the results of the analysis, 4 main strategic directions for the development of light industry in Russia until 2025 were identified:

I. Creation in Russia of the production of chemical (synthetic and artificial) fibers with an export orientation.

II. the creation in Russia of the production of leather materials for both the clothing and footwear industries, as well as for the furniture and automotive industries.

III. creation of favorable conditions for the localization of the production of clothing, footwear and textiles.

Table 3 - the volume of shipped goods of own production, work performed and services on their own by type of economic activity (in actual prices; billion rubles)

Need to create effective system sales, because it is necessary to compete not only with the price of goods and quality, but also with service. And that is why large Russian textile enterprises create their own sales bases (wholesale bases, Retail Stores) - this gives them options such as:

I. price management

II. precise definition sales volumes

III. makes it possible to be closer to the consumer

IV. restrict competitors' access to the local market

V. control financial flows and promptly respond to demand.

Bibliographic list

1. Melnikova O.V., Marchenko A.A. //news of higher educational institutions. textile industry technology pages: 200-203 (accessed 20.04.2016)
2. Konkov P.A., Moryganov A.P., Stokozenko V.G., Zakharov A.G. //Textile industry (accessed 20.04.2016)
3. Popov A.A.1, Kalmykova T.N. // contemporary issues science and education pages: 421 (accessed 20.04.2016)
4. Selivanova U.I. //infrastructure sectors of the economy: problems and development prospects pages: 59-64 (accessed 20.04.2016)
5. Myrkhalykov Zh.U., Tashmenov R.S., Dzhanpaizova V.M., Ashirbekova G.Sh. //Science and world pages: 56-58 (accessed 20.04.2016)
6. Temnova N.K. //news of higher educational institutions. textile industry technology pages: 5-11 (accessed 20.04.2016)
7. Ibragimova N.U., Gabitova Z.R., Nigmatullina R.A. // Bulletin of the Bashkir University Pages: 933-940 (accessed 20.04.2016)
8. Teslenko I.B., Kovalenko S.Yu. //Journal: news of higher educational institutions. Technology of the textile industry pages: 17-120 (Accessed 20.04.2016)

In 1999 and 2000, light industry enterprises used the opportunities that had arisen to expand import substitution, increasing the growth rate of production volumes up to 20% annually.

However, since 2001, in the light industry, there has been a slowdown in the growth rate of production, and then its reduction, and the financial and economic indicators of the industry have deteriorated.

In order to understand what this is connected with, it is necessary to consider the problems of the development of light industry.

The main reason for the crisis in the light industry is the technological backwardness of most enterprises, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of products. To get out of this situation, it is necessary to activate innovation activities, main task which is the implementation and use of the results scientific research and developments in enterprises. An analysis of the situation in the field of innovation activity showed that the demand for basic scientific and technological achievements and technologies is rather low, which increases the technological backwardness of the industry. The innovative activity of enterprises is mainly constrained by a lack of financial resources; among other reasons, too high costs for innovation and long payback periods are singled out.

To intensify innovation activities, the following measures are required:

1. Improvement of the regulatory and legal system by the state, in order to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise;
2. Economic support for enterprises involved in innovation;
3. Support for innovation activities at the regional level;
4. Development of international cooperation in the field of innovation.

To improve innovation activity, it is necessary to have research institutes.

There are also staffing issues. First, there is a shortage of qualified top and middle managers. Secondly, the lack of knowledge and initiative among many executives necessary for the successful transition of production from command-and-control methods of functioning to market and successful development enterprises in modern conditions. This problem can be solved by training new and retraining old personnel.

For a separate branch of light industry, there is a problem of the raw material market. First of all, this is a problem of the textile industry, the main raw material for which is cotton. In Soviet times, the main suppliers of cotton were Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, but along with the collapse of the USSR, economic ties were also broken. Due to the desire of the former Soviet republics to earn more money, raw materials were supplied at dumping prices outside the former Union, which reduced the supply of cotton to Russia. This problem can be solved by reducing the share of cotton products and changing the structure of production.

Despite the existence of serious problems in the development of light industry, there are also promising areas of development.

It should be noted that today in Russia there is a sufficient raw material base for light industry, which can be used more efficiently. Even now, Russia can almost completely satisfy the needs of enterprises in flax fiber, leather and fur raw materials, artificial fibers, threads, and wool. It is required to solve the issues of production of a sufficient amount of synthetic fibers and threads.

One of promising directions development will be a change in the structure of production of the textile industry, a decrease in the share of cotton and an increase in the share of linen products. This requires a broad development of flax processing processes not only at the enterprises of the linen industry, but also at the enterprises of the cotton industry. In the future, the following tasks should be solved:

I. Creation of a reliable base of domestic natural raw materials by increasing the gross harvest of flax, as well as the release of flax from the production of technical products;

II. Replacement at the enterprises of the cotton industry of a part of the purchased cotton fiber with flax due to the development of new technologies;

III. Development of export potential through the supply of linen, as well as high-quality linen fabrics and finished products.

Likewise, for perspective development The industry needs to improve the quality of its products and make them competitive with imported goods. This requires the modernization of production and the development of the scientific and technical industry. In the near future, it is advisable to develop existing techniques and technologies in the direction of the existing technological equipment, allowing more complete use of domestic natural and chemical raw materials in order to expand the range, improve quality, and competitiveness of products.

For the prospective development of light industry, it is necessary to increase the investment attractiveness of production. This requires an appropriate regulatory framework, it should be profitable for an entrepreneur to invest in light industry enterprises. On the one hand, in the light industry, the turnover of funds occurs 2-4 times, which in itself is already profitable. But besides this, it is necessary to change the financial and legal policy of the state in relation to light industry. On the part of the state, the priority measures aimed at creating conditions for the development of the industry will be:

1. lower import customs duties for high-performance technological equipment for light industry not produced in the Russian Federation;
2. optimization of customs duties on raw materials and materials used by light industry enterprises;
3. inclusion in the current and developing federal target programs major works aimed at introducing new technologies in the light industry.
4. suppression of illegal import of light industry goods into the territory of the Russian Federation and improvement of the mechanism for receiving and using humanitarian aid;
5. suppression of illegal production of light industry products
6. intensifying work on the implementation of measures that contribute to improving the supply of raw materials for light industry "".

Also state activity is aimed at supporting the export of products, as evidenced by the Concept for the development of state financial support for the export of industrial products, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 14, 2003 No. 1493-r.

Application.

Light industry of the Irkutsk region

The light industry of the region includes the organizations of JSC Sewing Firm ViD, LLC PKF Revtrud, LLC Bratskaya Garment Factory, LLC Telminskaya Garment Factory, LLC Blik, LLC Special Shoes.

Dynamics of production in the light industry of the region

Name of indicator

Years 2001 2002 2003 2004

Volume index, % 108 85 90 85

Volume of industrial output, million rubles 289 390 304 328

Share in industry, % 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Investments, million rubles - 5.5 8.4 27.8

Number of enterprises, units 241 181 169 153

Number of employees, pers. 6,577 6,249 5,496 4,700

Average monthly salary, rub. 1,183 1,452 1,575 1,910

The volume of shipped products in 2005 amounted to 424.8 million rubles, the weighted average index industrial production in 2005 it was 104%.

Main problems:

1. Annually increasing imports of light industry goods from the countries of Southeast Asia, Germany and the CIS countries. At the same time, the rate of growth in the import of goods outstrips the rate of growth in production in the region.
2. Inefficient use of production capacities at some organizations (load percentage - no more than 50%).
3. Depreciation of technological equipment (its active part).
4. Low level of management.
5. Low pay.
6. Lack of opportunities for light industry organizations to obtain long-term loans for 10-15 years for replenishment of working capital, technical re-equipment of production and production of competitive products.
7. Lack of textile mills in the region, location of the main producers of raw materials and materials in the European part of the Russian Federation.

Implementation of highly effective business plans aimed at the production of competitive products, technical re-equipment of production, employment of the population of the region

1. OK, established by law, providing regional state support for investment projects implemented by light industry organizations, placing regional state orders.
2. Creation of favorable conditions for promoting the products of domestic producers in the domestic and foreign markets.
3. Ensuring the implementation of mutually beneficial trade between light industry organizations of the region and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the creation of joint organizations.
4. Assistance in organizing the export of finished products, including to Mongolia, to expand sales markets.
5. Facilitate the creation of an effective mechanism for the suppression of illegal imports, as well as control over compliance with the quality and certification of products imported into the territory of the Russian Federation.
6. Assistance in the organization of specialized exhibition and fair events with the participation of domestic manufacturers.
7. Assistance in the organization of education, training, retraining and advanced training of managers and specialists of enterprises in the industry.

Carrying out activities to increase the output of competitive products, preserve jobs, and grow wages, an increase in tax deductions is provided by organizations annually in the developed business plans (investment projects). At present, long-term investment projects on the technical re-equipment of production at JSC Sewing Firm ViD, LLC Spetsobuv, LLC Blik. Mutual obligations between the administration of the region and organizations of light industry are fixed in the annual Agreements, the implementation of which ensures the solution of the tasks set for the current year.