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The Russian Federation is the world leader in terms of forest reserves, owning twenty-two percent of the world's forest reserves. Wood reserves in our country amount to more than eighty billion cubic meters, more than forty billion cubic meters are suitable for use.

Forestry industry of the Russian Federation

The industrial sector, whose enterprises are engaged in the procurement and processing of wood, is called the forest industry or forestry complex. It is one of the oldest industrial sectors and has a complex structure. Each part of this structure is responsible for one of the stages of processing wood raw materials.

The structure of the forest industry is as follows:

1. The logging industry, which includes timber harvesting, logging (extraction of resin and preparation of stump tar), rafting of logs, activities for transferring wood from one type of transport to another, the use of non-valuable wood species and waste (sawmill, sawing sleepers, making chips, boards for containers). She is the most large industry timber processing industry.
2. Woodworking industry.
3. The pulp and paper industry mechanically and chemically processes wood raw materials.
4. The wood chemical industry processes wood raw materials using the dry method, engages in charcoal burning, and creates rosin and turpentine. This industry includes the production of varnish, ether, plastics, unnatural fibers, hydrolysis (creation of ethyl, tar, turpentine from waste in the manufacture of pulp and paper products).

The forestry and woodworking industries of Russia are conventionally divided into the following groups:

1. creation of lumber and furniture (mechanical processing);
2. wood chemical industry and the creation of pulp and paper products (chemical processing method).

Industrial enterprises related to the forestry and woodworking industries are engaged in:

1. harvesting of wood material;
2. processing of wood material;
3. wood chemical industrial processing of forest raw materials;
4. production of pulp and paper products.

These factories and plants produce round timber, boards, various wooden objects, forest chemical products and paper.

Conditions for the distribution of enterprises that belong to the forest industry

To locate enterprises related to the forest industry, The following conditions should be taken into account:

1. so that the raw material base is located close;
2. there must be sources of energy supply and water sources near the enterprise;
3. the presence of transport and transport roads is necessary;
4. better to create forest products in close proximity to its consumer;
5. create jobs.

Coniferous trees predominate on the territory of our state; they are more valuable for industry than trees with leaves. Our forests grow unevenly geographically. The largest number of forests is in several regions: Northern, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, Far Eastern and Siberian.

This industry consumes a lot of wood raw materials and leaves a large amount of waste. Twenty percent of the waste comes from the wood harvesting stage, and from forty percent to seventy percent of the waste is left as a result of processing raw wood materials.

The most important condition for placement industrial enterprises wood processing is the availability of raw materials from wood. Therefore, all processes for harvesting and subsequent processing of “business” wood are carried out in those regions of Russia where there is a lot natural forests. The northern, Siberian, Ural and Far Eastern territories of the country provide four-fifths of all industrial wood.

Sawmills and other wood processing (production of parts for construction needs, plywood, matches, furniture) can be located both in places where timber is harvested and in places where there are no forests (already cut trees are brought there). Basically, forest cutting and processing enterprises are located near rivers (lower reaches and mouths) and places where rivers along which logs are floated are crossed by railways.

Most lumber is produced in Siberia (its eastern and western parts, namely: in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Tomsk Region and Tyumen Region), the North (in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Region), the Urals (in the Udmurt Republic, Sverdlovsk region, Perm Region), the Far East (Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory), in the Kirov Region, in the Nizhny Novgorod Region.

Woodworking industry of the Russian Federation

This industrial branch performs mechanical, chemical and mechanical processing of wood.

It includes several productions:

1. sawmill (creation of sleepers and lumber);
2. production of houses from wood;
3. production of wooden parts for construction;
4. production of wood-based boards (blocks for doors and windows, parquet boards, wood fiber boards, wood fiber boards wood shavings, carpentry products);
5. production of containers from wood;
6. production of plywood, including parts that are glued and bent, as well as veneer;
7. making matches;
8. furniture manufacturing;
9. production of other wood products (wood flour, skis, frames for greenhouses).

Problems of the forest industry

Today there is a crisis in the forest industry. Although Russia is the first in the world in terms of forest resources, the wood processing, timber and pulp and paper products industries account for only a little more than three percent of total production. This is due to a decrease in demand for this type of product in the Russian domestic market. The market of the Commonwealth of Independent States is also in decline, which is why purchases of forest materials and pulp and paper products in Russian Federation. This industry in Russia has become dependent on foreign market. But for last years we began to export more “business” wood, cardboard, paper, and plywood to other countries. Seventy-one percent of the Russian Federation's forest products are exported.

Forest stocks are affected by excessive economic activity people and emergency situations (fires). Unauthorized cutting of trees is the main problem for the development of the timber industry in our country. There is currently no clear forest policy. To prevent such logging, it is necessary to eliminate the social instability of residents of the regions where wood is harvested and processed (increasing the number of jobs, opening new enterprises, using alternative energy sources).

Another problem was reducing the loss of raw materials during the harvesting and processing of wood. Wood raw materials should be used rationally (reduce wood waste and losses due to untimely or improper transportation, effectively use wood waste).

It should be remembered that wood processing plants and factories pollute environment. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment (use treatment facilities, improve production technologies and update equipment).

Directions in which the forest industry needs to be developed

In order to save wood raw materials and increase forest reserves, the forest industry must develop in several directions:

1. apply waste-free technologies;
2. reduce losses of raw materials from wood during its harvesting and alloying;
3. reduce the consumption of wood for the manufacture of sleepers by replacing them with reinforced concrete sleepers and increasing the service life of wood sleepers;
4. replace wooden containers with plastic containers;
5. use coniferous raw materials exclusively for their intended purpose;
6. restore forest lands;
7. protect the forest from fires and unauthorized logging;
8. develop an optimal model for wood resource management;
9. improve legislation for the protection of forest lands.

Thus, we can conclude that in the Russian Federation the forestry and wood processing industries are mainly concentrated in Siberia, the Urals, the North and the Far East. We provide ourselves with sawmill materials, cardboard, paper and plywood. And in order to continue to meet our needs for products made from wood raw materials, we need to restore forests and minimize environmental pollution during wood processing.

FORESTRY AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

a complex of mining and manufacturing industries, including logging, sawmilling, wood processing and wood chemical industries. Within the northern In the forest belt, coniferous wood is harvested and processed into wood boards, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia and Canada it is an industry of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the export of forest products. Within the southern zones where deciduous wood is harvested, Brazil, Tropical Africa, and the Southeast are of greatest importance. Asia. From here the wood is exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe.

Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.

Forestry and wood processing industry
a complex of industries, including logging, sawmilling, wood processing and wood chemical industries, whose enterprises carry out harvesting, complex mechanical and chemical processing and processing of wood. Products: lumber, sleepers, fiberboard and particle boards, plywood, furniture, matches, etc. In general, the world's timber harvesting (export) is growing, but the world's forest wealth is great, but not unlimited. The leaders are the USA, China, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Canada, etc. There is a sharp increase in the import of wood for production finished products from developing to developed countries (tropical wood accounts for approx. 1 /3 of world exports). The largest suppliers of commercial timber to the world market, in addition to economically developed countries, now include Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The world leaders in the production of lumber are the USA, Canada and China, in the production of fiberboards - the USA, China, and also (many times behind them) Canada, Germany, Russia. Leaders in the production of particle boards: USA, Germany, Canada, China. Traditionally, Russia occupied one of the first places in the world in the production of products in this industry, but in the last decade production has decreased by 3–5 times.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "Forestry and woodworking industry" is in other dictionaries:

A complex of industries for the procurement, mechanical and chemical processing and processing of wood; includes logging, sawmill, wood processing, wood chemical industries...

FORESTRY AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY, a complex of industries for the procurement, mechanical and chemical processing and processing of wood; includes logging, sawmill, wood processing, wood chemical industries... encyclopedic Dictionary

WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY, see Forestry and woodworking industry (see FORESTRY AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

See Forestry and wood processing industry... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Wood processing industry is a branch of the forest industry. Using various timber products as raw materials, the woodworking industry carries out mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing and processing of wood.... ... Wikipedia

Forestry, pulp and paper and wood processing industries- FORESTRY, PULP PAPER AND WOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY. During the years of the first five-year plans, independent organizations were practically created and organized. branches of the timber harvesting and processing industry, headed by the People's Commissariat of the Timber Industry... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: encyclopedia- (Industry) History of industry Main industries in the world Contents Contents Section 1. History of development. Section 2. Industry classification. Section 3. Industry. Subsection 1. Electric power industry. Subsection 2. Fuel... ... Investor Encyclopedia

Academy of Economics and Management

Essay
in regional studies on the topic:

« Forestry and wood processing industry of the world»

Performed:
student of group 110
(Organisation management)
Timofeeva M.G.
Checked by: Sverdlovskaya A.A.

Lipetsk, 2011
Content
1. Introduction
2. The concept of forest resources, their classification
3. Distribution of forest resources
4. Geography of the forestry and woodworking industry
5. General characteristics of the forest complex
6. Largest countries exporting forestry and wood processing products
7. Structure of world trade in forest products
8. Structure, principles of placement of forest industry facilities
9. Forestry and woodworking industries

10. Technological features of wood processing

a) Forest resources of Russia and their significance

Introduction
The forest industry is rightly called the most interesting topic for study, since it is complex, multifaceted, distributed throughout the world and its products are necessary for the economy of any country.
Forest industry products (round timber, sawlogs), production volumes, wood prices and other indicators are closely related to the environmental situation in the world, the situation of the world's forests at a given time, and, as a consequence, to the external and internal politics specific country on the issue of forest management.
Our country accounts for 22% of the world's forests. Wood reserves in Russia amount to 82 billion cubic meters, which exceeds the reserves of the United States and Canada by 3.5 times.
Forestry industryis the oldest industry that produces construction materials. It consists of many complementary industries. Industries differ from each other in production technologies and the purpose of the products produced, although they use the same source material.

The concept of forest resources, their classification

Of all types of vegetation on the planet and all categories of natural resources, forests are the most valuable. By modern research the total reserves of plant mass in forests amount to 82% of the total plant mass of the Earth or approximately 1960 billion tons, and the total reserve of wood in forests is more than 350 billion m.
The official definition of forest resources is given by the industry standard OST 56-108-98, which reads as follows: “Forest resources are understood as stocks of wood and non-wood products of the forest fund, forests not included in the forest fund, and lands covered with trees and shrubs. include: forest products made from wood or wood itself; non-wood products include all other products of non-wood origin...".
Forest resources can be classified as follows:
a) forest resources - the entire area occupied by trees or shrubs and used for forestry purposes (public and private forests, national parks and reserves, all forest crops and forest plantations, including fellings designed for one rotation, as well as areas under roads, watercourses, forest nurseries and small open areas that cannot be identified according to shooting conditions). Forest resources do not include urban gardens, orchards and industrial plantations (rubber, cinchona, etc.), forest pastures, and distant lands;
b) closed forests - forest areas used for forestry purposes, occupied by trees whose crown density is more than 20%. These include natural forest plantations (including young trees), as well as open-ended forest crops established for timber production, and protective forest belts where forestry-type farming is conducted.
c) open spaces (open woodlands) - non-forest areas in which the density of tree crowns ranges from 5 to 20% (for example, open spaces in Eurasia, savannas in the tropics).
In order to streamline the methods of forest management and prevent the depletion of wood reserves, forests were divided into three groups.
Forests of the first group are forests whose main purpose is to perform water protection, protective, sanitary, hygienic and health-improving functions, as well as forests of specially protected natural areas (forests of state nature reserves, national and natural parks, natural monuments, etc.).
Forests of the second group - forests in regions with high population density and a developed network of land transport routes; forests that perform primarily water conservation, protective, sanitary, health, and other functions of limited operational significance.
Forests of the third group are forests of rich forest regions, which are primarily of operational importance while ensuring the preservation of ecological functions. Forests of the third group are divided into developed and reserve.

Distribution of forest resources
The development of the world's forestry and wood processing industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources. There are two belts of these types of processing industries on Earth: the northern forest belt and the southern forest belt.
The northern zone is represented by coniferous (55%) and mixed forests (45% of Eurasia and North America), the southern zone is represented by forests of the equatorial and tropical zones. Equatorial rainforests are more productive, but trees of the same species are very rare. The largest reserves of timber in this belt are in Brazil, Indonesia, Venezuela, and Congo. In the regions of the northern belt, coniferous wood is harvested in Canada, Finland, Sweden, Russia (20%); For these countries, the forestry and wood processing industry is a branch of international specialization. Logging is also carried out in Germany, Romania, China, Japan, and France. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. There are 1.5 thousand sawmills in the country. The world's largest pulp and paper mill operates here.
In areas of the southern forest belt, deciduous wood is harvested. The timber industry here is most developed in Brazil and Colombia, in the countries of tropical Africa (Congo), and in Southeast Asia. In this belt, bamboo (India), jute (Bangladesh), and sesal (Brazil, Tanzania) are often used to make paper. Every year, 3.5 billion m3 of wood is harvested in the world, the volume of harvesting increases annually by 50 million m3.
In the countries of the northern and southern belts, the use of forest resources is irrational. Currently, there is a program for reforestation in North America, Europe, Brazil, Congo, Ethiopia, and Australia.
Geography of the forestry and woodworking industry
In recent decades, significant changes have begun to be felt in the geography of the forest industry due to the relationship between the northern and southern forest belts. In general, timber harvesting is growing (from 2 billion cubic meters in 1965 to 3.5 billion cubic meters in 19190). But if in the middle of the 20th century the countries of the 1st belt were much ahead of the countries of the 2nd belt, now this gap is shrinking. The largest timber producers are the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ukraine, China, and Sweden.
Of all harvested timber, commercial timber accounts for: in the countries of the northern belt - 80-100%, and in the countries of the southern belt - 10-20%.
Mechanical wood processing is primarily the production of lumber; largest producers: USA, Russia, Canada, Japan. Brazil, India, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland.
The leaders in chemical wood processing are the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, and Finland. Of the countries in the southern belt, only Brazil makes a significant contribution to world pulp production - 4%.
Paper production is also increasing. The main paper producing countries are the USA, Japan, and Canada.
There are significant differences between gross and per capita production in economically developed and developing countries.
On average, the world produces 45 kg of paper per capita. Finland takes the first place (1400 kg), and the figures in Sweden are also high (670 kg). Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg); in Europe the figures are higher than the world average, and in Russia they are lower (35 kg). The level of per capita indicator in developing countries is very low (for example, in India - 1.7 kg).
General characteristics of the forest complex

The products of the forestry complex, the volume of its production, the conditions of this market, prices and other indicators are directly related to the situation of the world's forests at a particular point in time, the environmental situation and, accordingly, the global and domestic policies of specific countries on the issue of forest management.
Economic, political, demographic and social trends shape forest management and influence the formulation of national policies and institutions. The main impacts on forest area and quantity come from demographic changes (growth) and urbanization of the population, demands for forest products, and the ability of forests to perform important environmental functions.
A large number of governmental and international organizations currently control forest-related issues and therefore influence the forest industry and industry pricing. Among such organizations are the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), established in April 1995 and held in Rio De Janeiro in June 1992 by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ,UNCED). The objectives of the IPF are to follow UNCED recommendations on the management of the world's forests and influence the global community on issues related to forests. IPF works collaboratively with international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, which has a major impact on the health of forests and the forest industry.
Other organizations include the Office of the World's Forests (SOFO), which provides regular information updates. The same can be said about the UN Commission on Agriculture (FAO). FAO's Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) informs decisions made by many other organizations.
The world's forest area, including natural forests and plantations, was estimated at 3,454 million hectares in 1995, with just over half in developing countries. The total loss of forests in the world in 1990-1995 was estimated at 56.3 million hectares, which translates into a decrease in forest area by 65.1 million hectares, mainly in developing countries, and an increase in forest areas there by 8.8 million hectares. In general, the decline in forest area is most noticeable in developing countries, although the extent of its decline was less than predicted for 1980-1990 and is currently continuing to decline.
Research into the causes of forest change shows that the main factors are agricultural development in Africa, Asia and large economic development programs accompanied by resettlement, infrastructure and agricultural development in Latin America and Asia. Although timber extraction is not the main reason for the decrease in forest area directly, it is indirectly an important factor because logging in many areas was accompanied by the construction of roads, which made previously remote areas easily accessible for agricultural colonization.
Although the total area of ​​forest cover is steadily decreasing, the demand for forestry products is steadily growing. FAO forest products statistics show that global consumption of forest products increased by 36% in 1994 compared to 1970.
Consumption of woodfuel, which is the main or sole source of energy for two-fifths of the world's population, continues to grow at 1.2% per year. Approximately 90% of woodfuel is produced and used in developing countries. Industrially the developed countries accounts for approximately 70% of the production and consumption of industrial forest products.
Many countries rely primarily on plantations and farm forestry to meet their forest needs. The amount of timber produced from plantations in Asia, Oceania and South America has increased sharply. In developing countries alone, the area of ​​forest plantations increased from 40 million hectares in 1980 to more than 80 million hectares in 1995.
One of the most important trends has been the development of more efficient processing technologies, allowing for significant growth in the final product while reducing the consumption of raw materials. The transition to more environmentally friendly technologies is also important.

Largest countries exporting forestry and wood processing products
The largest exporting countries of forest products are: Russia, USA, Malaysia, Canada, Indonesia, Finland, Sweden, Austria, France, Germany, South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia), China, Japan. Thus, Russia, the USA and Malaysia supply mainly wood and lumber; Finland, Austria, Sweden - paper, building materials, furniture; South America – pulp, lumber, cardboard. IN Lately The share of exports of roundwood and processed wood from developing countries is increasing (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Cameroon).
The largest companies in this industry are Kimberly-Clark, International Paper, Weyerhaeuser, Stora Enso, UPM-Kymmene, SCA.
Global trade in forest products exceeds US$140,000 million and is growing steadily year after year. The global forestry industry was significantly impacted by the financial crisis that began in 2008, which significantly reduced the growth rates of this and other industries.

Structure of world trade in forest products
The timber and paper complex currently accounts for approximately a tenth of all industrial production in countries with developed market economies.
Wood retains its place in the modern world as most important species natural raw materials used by civilization. Over the past two decades, wood has represented approximately 10% of the world's manufactured goods. According to this indicator, the timber and paper industry is approximately equal to the chemical industry, slightly superior to the food industry and almost twice as significant as the light industry or metallurgy.
The structure of world forest exports is dominated by semi-finished products and raw materials, and no more than a quarter of the world trade in timber and paper products can be classified as finished products.
In Finland, out of 9 billion dollars of forest exports, approximately 7 are pulp and paper products, 1 is lumber, while wood products account for only 2% of revenue, paper products - 5%, furniture - 2%.
In Sweden, out of 10 billion dollars earned in the forest market, 7 falls on pulp and paper products, 1.5 billion dollars on lumber; Wood products provide only 4%, paper - 5%, furniture - 9%.
Canada's timber industry generates $20 billion in total export earnings, incl. from sales of pulp and paper products - 13 billion, lumber - 5 billion, products and furniture bring 1.5 billion.
The United States earns 15 billion dollars in this market, of which 3 billion come from the sale of raw materials, 2 from lumber, almost 7 billion from pulp and paper goods, and one each from products and furniture.
Only for a few large exporters with an average forest supply, products and furniture together account for a significant part of the revenue: in Germany - approximately 50%, in France - 40%, in Austria - about 30%.
Structure, principles of placement of forest industry facilities

The forestry industry consists of several interconnected industries. The products of one industry serve as raw materials for another. This scheme allows, along with sequential processing of wood, complete recycling of waste.
Scheme 1

Forest industry enterprises that are located close to each other and have close production ties based on the sharing of raw materials, energy, transport and complete waste treatment form forestry complexes. The structure of the forest industry is presented in Table 2.
table 2

logging, felling, trailing (delivery to consumer)
mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, production of plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.
forest chemistry includes the production of pulp, paper and other products.
The pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, rosin, wood alcohol, and feed yeast.

Technological features of timber processing

logging
sawmills
crushing and production of plywood veneer
production of wooden containers
construction of wooden buildings
other wood products.

Forest resources of Russia and their significance.

Forestry and woodworking industry in Russia

Conclusion
The forestry and wood processing industry originated a very long time ago. The forest has been one of the main objects of human activity since ancient times. The forest provided wood, food, and shelter. With the development of production, the demand for forest industry products has steadily increased. Now the forestry industry supplies: wood, lumber, wood-based panels, raw materials for various industries, transport, construction, and agriculture.
The development of the global timber industry is directly related to the location of the largest forest areas. The main forest areas of the planet are located in South and North America, Siberia, and East Asia. The approximate area of ​​the world's forests is 3454 million hectares.
A characteristic feature of this industry is that the number of forests on Earth is constantly decreasing, and the demand for forest industry products is steadily growing. The decrease in the number of forests is associated with excessive deforestation, expansion of agricultural land, deterioration of the environmental situation, and climate change. The world community, concerned about this situation, is taking various measures to preserve and protect forests: in many countries, uncontrolled cutting of trees has been prohibited, programs have been adopted for the restoration of reforestation, the cultivation of industrial timber on special plantations, and measures have been introduced to improve the environmental situation. Humanity has come to understand that natural resources must be protected, preserved and, if possible, renewed. What is predatory deforestation,drilling of the wellsfor oil and gas production, the construction of mines for the extraction of minerals must be carried out under the strict control of the state and the world community.

Bibliography
1. Vavilova E.R. Economic geography and regional studies. Textbook - Gardariki, 2003.
2.Publisher: LLC "Editorial Journal" Cellulose. Paper. Cardboard", 2000

3. Internet resources: Electronic magazine forest industry. No. 4-7, 2007.

Forestry industry- the oldest among the industries producing structural materials. It unites enterprises of the logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries. It produces round timber, boards, wood products, paper and forest chemical products.

Distribution of forest resources

The geography of the world's forestry and wood processing industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources. Two belts have formed on Earth.

The first - the northern forest belt - covers mainly the taiga regions of Eurasia and North America. Coniferous wood is harvested here. For some countries (Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland), the forestry and woodworking industries are important sectors of international specialization.

The second - the southern forest belt - deciduous wood is harvested. Three main regions of the timber industry have developed here: Brazil, Tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. South America has the most diverse and richest timber reserves. The wood harvested here is mainly exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and is also used for firewood.

Geography of the forest industry

In recent decades, significant changes have begun to be felt in the geography of the forest industry due to the relationship between the northern and southern forest belts. In general, timber harvesting is increasing. But if in the middle of the 20th century the countries of the first belt were much ahead of the countries of the second belt, now this gap is shrinking. The largest timber producers are the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ukraine, China, and Sweden.

Of all harvested timber, commercial timber accounts for: in the countries of the northern belt - 80-100%, and in the countries of the southern belt - 10-20%.

Mechanical wood processing is primarily the production of lumber, the largest producers: USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland.

The leaders in the chemical processing of wood (the main sub-industry is the production of cellulose) are the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, and Finland. Of the countries in the southern belt, only Brazil makes a significant contribution to world pulp production - 4%.

Paper production is also increasing. The main paper producing countries are the USA, Japan, and Canada.

There are significant differences between gross and per capita production in economically developed and developing countries.

On average, the world produces 45 kg of paper per capita. The first place is occupied by Finland (1400 kg), the indicators are also high in Sweden (670 kg), Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg), in Europe the indicators are higher than the world average, and in Russia lower (35 kg). The level of per capita indicator in developing countries is very low (for example, in India - 1.7 kg).

Economically developed countries have been and remain the main exporters and importers of forest and forest-paper products. The main exporters are Canada, the USA, Russia, Scandinavian countries, Japan, and partly the USA. But recently the share of exports of roundwood and processed wood from developing countries (Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Cote d'voire, Gabon, Cameroon) has been increasing.

Forestry and wood processing industry

Forestry industry- the oldest among the industries producing structural materials. It unites enterprises of the logging, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries. It produces round timber, boards, wood products, paper and forest chemical products.

Distribution of forest resources

The geography of the world's forestry and wood processing industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources. Two belts have formed on Earth.

The first - the northern forest belt - covers mainly the taiga regions of Eurasia and North America. Coniferous wood is harvested here. It is worth saying that for some countries (Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland) the forestry and woodworking industries are important sectors of international specialization.

The second - the southern forest belt - deciduous wood is harvested. Three main regions of the timber industry have developed here: Brazil, Tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. South America has the most diverse and richest timber reserves. The wood harvested here is mainly exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and is also used for firewood.

Geography of the forest industry

In recent decades, significant changes have begun to be felt in the geography of the forest industry due to the relationship between the northern and southern forest belts. In general, timber harvesting is increasing. But if in the middle of the 20th century the countries of the first belt were much ahead of the countries of the second belt, now this gap is shrinking. The largest timber producers are the USA, Russia, Canada, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, Ukraine, China, and Sweden.

Of all the harvested wood, industrial wood accounts for: in the countries of the northern belt - 80-100%, and in the countries of the southern belt - 10-20%.

Mechanical wood processing is primarily the production of lumber, the largest producers: USA, Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, India, Germany, France, Sweden, Finland.

The leaders in the chemical processing of wood (the main sub-industry is the production of cellulose) are the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, and Finland. Of the countries in the southern belt, only Brazil makes a significant contribution to world pulp production - 4%.

Paper production is also increasing. The main paper producing countries are the USA, Japan, and Canada.

There are significant differences between gross and per capita production in economically developed and developing countries.

On average, the world produces 45 kg of paper per capita. The first place is occupied by Finland (1400 kg), the indicators are also high in Sweden (670 kg), Canada (530 kg), Norway (400 kg), in Europe the indicators are higher than the world average, and in Russia lower (35 kg). The level of per capita indicator in developing countries is very low (for example, in India - 1.7 kg).

Economically developed countries have been and remain the main exporters and importers of forest and forest-paper products. The main exporters are Canada, the USA, Russia, Scandinavian countries, Japan, and partly the USA. But recently the share of exports of roundwood and processed wood from developing countries (Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Cote d'voire, Gabon, Cameroon) has been increasing.

Forestry and woodworking industry - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Forest and woodworking industry" 2017, 2018.