Determine the piece-by-piece calculation time when processing parts with an allowance for heat treatment and grinding on a screw-cutting lathe (model 1K62). Surface roughness on all sides - Ra 25. Tools - cutters with T15K6, T5K10 plates, drills made of R6M5 steel. Blank - forging. The initial data is shown in Fig. 1 and Table 10

Table 10 - Input data for subsection 5.1

Table 11 Calculation of the norm for part-time operating time T N. OP

T N. SHT = T N. OP K PAR K M. O =26.251.00.8 =21 min.

where K PAR, K M. O are the coefficients of change in working conditions depending on the volume of the batch of processed parts (Table D4) and changes in working conditions depending on the material of the processed steel and processing time (Table D5).

Piece-calculation time T ШТ-К, min., is determined by the formula:

T SHT-K = (T PZ /n) + T N. SHT +T ORM +T OTL = (12/4) +21+1.68=25.68 min.

where T PZ is the preparatory and final time (Table E1), min.; n - number of manufactured parts (Table 10), pcs.; T ORM, T OTL - time for servicing the workplace, rest and personal needs, min., T ORM + T OTL = 0.08 T N. SHT = 0.08 1.68 = 2.1 min.

Rationing of planing work

Determine the piece-by-piece calculation time when processing a part with an allowance for heat treatment and grinding on a longitudinal planing machine.

The roughness of the processed surface is Ra 25. The tool is cutters made of steel R6M5. Blank - forging.

The initial data is shown in Fig. 2 and Table 12.

Table 12 - Input data for subsection 5.2

Table 13 Calculation of the norm for part-time operating time T N. OP

Partial piece time T N. ШТ, min., is determined by the formula:

T N. SHT = T N. OP K PAR K M. O =264.51.21.0 =317.4 min.

where K PAR, K M. O are the coefficients of change in working conditions depending on the volume of the batch of processed parts (Table E7) and changes in working conditions depending on the material of the processed steel and processing time (Table E8). Piece-calculation time T ШТ-К, min., is determined by the formula:

T SHT-K = (T PZ /n) + T N. SHT +T ORM +T OTL = (22/2) +317.4+25.39 = 353.79 min

where T PZ is the preparatory-final time (Table E1), min.; n - number of manufactured parts (Table 10), pcs.; T ORM, T OTL - time for workplace maintenance, rest and personal needs, T ORM + T OTL = 0.08 T N. SHT T N. SHT = 0.08 317.4 = 25.39 min

“STANDARDING MACHINE WORKS. DETERMINATION OF AUXILIARY TIME IN MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF BLANKETS TRAINING MANUAL Samara 2008 Introduction Technological operation of mechanical engineering...”

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R.G. GRISHIN, N.V. LYSENKO, N.V. NOSOV

STANDARDING MACHINE WORKS.

DEFINITION OF AUXILIARY

TIME DURING MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF WORKPIECES

TUTORIAL

Samara 2008

Introduction

Technological operation of the machine construction production

is the main calculation element of the technological process. The processing time of the workpiece and the cost of performing the operation serve as a criterion characterizing the feasibility of its construction, taking into account the given production program and certain organizational and technical conditions. The technical time standard, which determines the time spent on performing an operation, serves as the basis for paying the machine operator for work and calculating the cost of the part and product. Based technical standards time, the duration of the production cycle is calculated, the required number of machines, tools, workers is determined by the production area of ​​sites and workshops. The standard piece time is one of the main factors for assessing the perfection of the technological process and choosing the most progressive option for processing the workpiece.

The purpose of this methodological manual is to help students of mechanical engineering specialties in working on coursework and diploma projects with technical standardization of mechanical engineering production operations. The manual provides the necessary reference materials for determining auxiliary time.

1. The purpose and objectives of technical standardization When designing technological processes, one of the important tasks is to determine economically determined time standards for processing parts. The implementation of this work is an important stage in students’ training and is aimed at instilling practical skills in standardizing technological processes during the machining of workpieces on metal-cutting machines.

The purpose of this teaching aid is to teach the student to independently solve issues related to determining time standards when performing technological operations.

2. Rationing of machine tools. Basic provisions Labor standards set costs the required time to produce a given object of labor for this enterprise, i.e. labor norm is a specific expression of the measure of labor.

Labor standards in production perform important functions as a meter of labor productivity, a measure of labor costs and remuneration for labor. As a measure of the level of labor productivity, the labor cost rate performs the function of a means, a production management tool. Using the norm, the level of labor productivity is assessed. As a measure of labor costs, the norm is the basis for calculating and accounting for many indicators of the production and economic activity of an enterprise. Based on the standards, product design options, methods of implementing technological processes, methods of organizing production, labor and management are selected. As a measure of remuneration for work, the norm is the basis of calculation wages, its differentiation by quantity and quality of labor.

In the conditions of mechanical engineering production they are widely used various methods processing on turning, milling, drilling, grinding and other machines.

The first stage of labor standardization during the mechanical processing of materials performed on metal-cutting machines is the assignment of cutting modes. The selection and calculation of cutting modes consists of establishing the cutting depth t, feed S, the number of transitions (working strokes) i and cutting speed with permissible cutting forces and power required for processing. The selected cutting modes should provide, depending on the accepted criteria, the highest labor productivity or the lowest cost of processing the workpiece, while ensuring that the requirements for the accuracy and quality of the surface layer of the product are met.

The standardization of each type of processing on metal-cutting machines includes the definition of:

basic technological time;

auxiliary time: for installation and removal of parts associated with the transition to a set of techniques not included in the transition, i.e.

to control the machine, to measure the surface being processed;

time for organizational Maintenance workplace, leisure and personal needs;

preparatory and final time.

The standard piece time when performing work on metal-cutting machines under mass production conditions is determined by the formula:

a + a T Ш = T OP 1 + obs o. l.n., min where TOP is operational time, aobs is time for servicing the workplace (caring for the machine and workplace during the work shift, changing the tool due to its dullness, adjusting and fine-tuning the machine during operation, sweeping away chips during operation ) as a percentage of operational time; ao.l.n. – time for rest and personal needs as a percentage of operational time.

Time for rest and personal needs is determined depending on the mass of the workpiece, the nature of the feed, the amount of operating time and the proportion of machine time in the operating time.

Operating time is determined by the formula:

T OP = T O + T V, min where TO is the main technological time for performing the operation: TV is the auxiliary time spent by the worker on performing techniques aimed at ensuring the completion of the main work, and repeated when processing each part, or in a certain sequence after some number of parts.

When determining auxiliary time Special attention attention should be paid to taking into account all possible combinations in time of individual techniques while working with both hands simultaneously.

The main machine time is determined by the following formula:

L TO = i, min nso where L is the estimated length of the machined surface of the part, mm; n – spindle rotation speed, rpm; so – cutter feed per revolution, mm; i – number of passes.

The estimated length of the machined surface of the part (mm) is determined as the sum L = l +l1+l2, where l is the length of the machined surface of the part; l1 - the amount of infeed and overtravel of the tool; l2 - additional length for taking test chips, when working using the method of trial runs and measurements.

The cutting depth t is determined from the drawing of the part depending on the allowance for roughing and finishing the surface of the part.

Allowance for roughing and finishing (mm), for example, when turning, is determined by the formula:

d (d1 2h1) h=, where d is the diameter of the part after roughing; d1 – diameter of the part after roughing; h1 – allowance for finishing.

If it is impossible or impractical to remove the processing allowance in one pass, then the surface of the part is processed in several passes. The number of passes i is determined from the ratio of the allowance h to the cutting depth t, i.e. i = h/t.

For example, the diameter of the workpiece when turning is 85 mm.

When performing the operation, it is required to obtain 65 mm with a cutting depth in one pass of t = 2.5 mm. The total allowance per side is determined by the formula:

D d child Then the number of passes i = h/ t = 10/2.5 = 4. Thus, to grind the surface of a workpiece of 65 mm, it is necessary to make a pass.

The amount of feed S per one revolution of a product or tool, cutting speed and power required for cutting are established according to standards. The feed rate S depends on the depth of cut, the roughness of the machined surface, the rigidity of the technological system “workpiece – tool – fixture – machine” (ZIPS), and the strength of the system elements.

Questions for self-test 1. Explain the importance of rationing when performing machine tools?

2. What elements are used to determine the rate of piece time Tsh?

3. Define operating time.

4. How is the estimated processing length determined?

6. What should you do if it is impossible to remove the processing allowance in one pass?

3. Guidelines for determination The time standards given in the textbook are intended for technical standardization of machine tools in mass production.

The standards provide for the following organizational and technical conditions characterizing mass production:

1. The enterprise has been producing products for a long time in large series of a limited and stable range.

2. The enterprise has a high level of production specialization, large specific gravity specialized equipment, special tools and devices designed to perform a specific operation when processing similar parts of a narrow range.

3. Homogeneous operations are performed on machines and a limited number of similar parts are attached to each machine.

4. Machining of parts on machines is carried out, as a rule, with tools set to size without test chips.

Processing on machines is carried out on the basis of operational maps of technological processes, developed in detail for operations and transitions, indicating the operating modes of the equipment, the execution time of each transition and the standard piece time for the operation.

6. Work orders, technological documentation, workpieces provided by the technology, tools and devices are delivered to the workplace by support staff.

7. The tool is sharpened centrally.

8. Machine tools that process heavy parts are equipped with lifting and transport means.

9. Workplace provided with the necessary set of devices that help reduce auxiliary time and time overlaps self made time of machine operation of the machine (the presence of a set of two mandrels, two clamps, rotary tables, high-speed pneumatic devices, multi-place devices and devices used in areas of group processing of parts, etc.); at a distance of up to 1 m from the machine, bedside tables, racks or racks for folding parts and bedside tables for drawings and tools are installed; For large parts, racks or roller tables are installed at a distance of 1 m from the machine.

The manual contains regulatory materials for calculating technically sound time standards for work performed on equipment used in mass production.

When rationing machine work according to these standards, auxiliary time, time for servicing the workplace, preparatory and final time and time for breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker are determined.

Time standards for each type of equipment are developed for sets of techniques, compiled according to technological characteristics and types of work encountered during the processing of parts.

Depending on the type of equipment used and the nature of the work performed on it, the standards provide for different degrees of enlargement of standards and two methods for determining auxiliary time for an operation:

When calculating the norm of piece time for work, perform I.

on universal equipment intended for multi-transition work (maps 1-20), determining the auxiliary time for an operation consists of finding the corresponding maps and then summing up the time for installing and removing the part; time for passage (or surface treatment), determined for each transition in the operation separately; time to change the equipment operating mode, change tools and move machine parts; time for control measurements of the treated surface.

For equipment intended primarily for one II.

transitional operations (cards 21-63), processing on which is carried out without changing the operating modes of the equipment and changing tools within the technological operation, auxiliary time is given in the form of an enlarged set of techniques for the operation. For machines of this group, auxiliary time is determined from standard maps in accordance with the nature of processing without subsequent summation of individual terms.

The exception is certain types of machines in this group, for which the time for additional techniques is taken into account, added to the time for the operation in cases of changed content of the work. The time for control measurements of a part on these machines is taken into account only in cases where it does not overlap with the main time.

The given time standards are calculated to standardize work when servicing a worker of one machine (work on one machine).

When rationing multi-machine work to calculate time standards, in addition to the given standards, it is necessary to additionally use the methodology and standards for rationing during multi-machine maintenance.

When calculating piece time standards, it is necessary to take into account the conditions that influence changes in the pace of work and productivity of the machine operator. The pace of work depends on the scale of production.

Under the existing organizational and technical production conditions, the duration of processing is significantly influenced by the size of the batch of parts processed continuously at one workplace during work without equipment readjustment.

In large-scale production, batch sizes of parts are not constant and vary widely depending on the number of machines produced by the enterprise.

The standard time in the collection is calculated for the average size of the batch of processed parts.

To take into account different scales of production, the standards provide correction factors for processing time, which are used when calculating auxiliary time for an operation in cases where the batch sizes of processed parts in production differ from the sizes for which the standards are calculated.

When developing technological processes and calculating piece time standards, enterprise planning bodies clarify in advance the average size of batches of products that will be put into production. In accordance with the established average batches, correction factors are selected, and the time calculated according to the standards is adjusted.

When completing coursework and graduation qualifying work The annual production volume of products is established by the scientific supervisor.

3.1. Auxiliary time standards for installation Time standards for installation and removal of parts are given in cards by type of device depending on the type of machine.

The standards provide for the most common standard methods of installing and securing parts in universal and special clamping devices. The weight of the part is taken as the main factor of duration. In addition to this factor, the following are taken into account: the method of fastening the part and the type of device; presence and nature of reconciliation; the nature of the installation surface; number of simultaneously installed parts, etc.

The standard time for installing and removing a part includes next job: install and secure the part, turn the machine on and off, unfasten and remove the part, clean the device from chips.

Time for the techniques of “turning the machine on and off” is given along with the installation and removal of the part in order to consolidate the standards.

In some cases, on drilling machines, when working on a table without securing a part, or when installing in mobile jigs, when it is possible to install and remove a part on the machine without turning off the spindle rotation and subject to compliance with safety regulations, the standard time should be reduced in accordance with instructions given in the standard maps.

When working in special devices, auxiliary time for installing and removing a part is defined as the sum of time for installing and removing a part in a single or multi-place device; to secure the part, taking into account the number of clamps; to clean the device from chips.

The standards provide for the installation and removal of parts weighing up to 20 kg manually and above 20 kg using lifting mechanisms.

Manual installation of parts weighing more than 20 kg is given in the standards for use in certain cases when processing in areas where there are no lifting vehicles. Manual installation of parts weighing more than 20 kg by men under 18 years of age and women is not allowed.

3.2 Standards for auxiliary time associated with a transition or a processed surface Standards for auxiliary time associated with a transition or a processed surface are given by type of machine in the form of enlarged sets of techniques compiled according to technological characteristics and types of work found in large-scale production.

The standard maps in this section contain:

a) time associated with the passage (or surface being treated);

b) time for techniques related to transition that are not included in the complex of time for passage (or surface);

c) time for drill leads to remove chips when working with drills;

d) time to align the spindle axis with the axis of the hole being machined (for boring machines);

e) time to remove the part for measurement during processing (for surface grinding machines).

A set of auxiliary time techniques associated with a transition or passage (or surface being processed) involves performing the following work:

a) bringing the tool (cutter, drill, milling cutter, etc.) to the part;

b) turning the feed on and off;

c) test measurements of the part made during surface treatment;

d) retracting the tool to its original position.

In this case, factors influencing the duration are taken into account: machine size; size of the surface being processed; processing accuracy; measurement method.

Trial measurements of the dimensions of a part during processing, in the complex of time per pass (or surface being processed), are provided only for grinding work and for multi-transition operations on rotary and longitudinal milling machines.

In other types of machine tools, the achievement of the required dimensions, if there is appropriate specialization, is ensured without measurements during processing with a tool set to the size, or by maintaining the dimensions along the dial with subsequent control measurements of the machined surface.

In order to further consolidate standards, reduce the volume regulatory materials and making it easier to use them during standardization, the maps of time standards do not contain data that takes into account different lengths of the surface being processed. In the standards for time per pass, the time taken for one length of the surface to be processed is taken for this purpose.

In additional techniques, time is given for moving parts of the machine for any other length, taken into account in cases where the length of the surface being processed exceeds the calculated one adopted in the complex standard time for passage.

The time for moving machine parts is given without dividing into manual movement and movement with mechanical rapid feed. According to the results of timing observations and studies, it was found that the speeds of movement of machine parts when working with accelerated mechanical and manual feed on universal equipment in most cases are the same or differ slightly and dividing them into separate tables is impractical.

When calculating the time standards associated with a passage for work with trial measurements, the number of trial measurements is set variable depending on the processing accuracy and the size of the surface being processed.

Based on observational materials and the results of an analysis of time spent on work carried out with trial measurements, it was found that the number of such measurements made during surface treatment is a variable value and, in addition to the accuracy of processing, also depends on the size of the surface being processed, changing upward with increasing processing sizes.

3.3 Auxiliary time standards For equipment designed to perform single-pass (or single-pass) work with constant cutting conditions in one operation (multi-cutting machines, gear-cutting machines, thread-processing machines, broaching machines, etc., cards 28-34), the auxiliary time is given in the form an enlarged set of work methods for the operation, including time for installing and removing the part.

The auxiliary time associated with the operation is given depending on the design of the fixture, the weight of the part, the method of performing the operation and other factors.

The auxiliary time standards for an operation are developed taking into account the equipment available in industry, which covers machines with a semi-automatic cycle and manually operated machines.

For machines with a semi-automatic cycle (semi-automatic), the time for the operation in the standard cards includes the time for processing and removing the part, and the time for starting the machine. The time for approaching and installing the tool for the processing size, for turning the feed on and off, for idling for these machines is determined according to the passport data of the machine and is included in the standard piece time as a separate term.

When calculating the standard piece time for work performed on multi-spindle semi-automatic lathes, the auxiliary transition time is established according to the machine’s passport data when determining the cycle time. The cycle time includes the time for tool approaches to the machining size, for idle strokes and the time for switching the spindle to the next position.

The time for installing and removing a part is not taken into account in the standard piece time on these machines. This time is the overlapped cycle time of the machine.

When determining the standard piece time for work on modular multi-tool drilling and boring semi-automatic machines, the auxiliary time associated with the operation includes the time for installing and removing the part, determined from standard maps in accordance with the method of installing the part on the machine, and the time for inputs and outputs tool, determined from the machine’s passport data.

Auxiliary time associated with the operation for manually controlled machines does not require additional calculations when determining the rate of piece time.

The time for measuring the surface being processed, carried out during the processing of the part, is not included in the time standards for the operation. Achieving the required processing dimensions on machines of this group is ensured automatically by the design of the machine or cutting tool. For certain types of machines, when working on which, in order to obtain the required dimensions, it is necessary to measure the part during processing (for example, on thread-grinding, slot-grinding machines), the charts of time standards for an operation provide time for measurement in the form of additional techniques, which is added to the time for the operation in the required sizes depending on the accuracy of the surface being processed.

3.4 Standards of auxiliary time for control measurements of the treated surface Standards of auxiliary time for measurements should only be used to determine the time for control measurements after the end of surface treatment.

Time for measurements taken during the surface treatment process, such as trial measurements during grinding, is included in the maps of auxiliary time associated with surface treatment by type of equipment.

The time required for a control measurement involves performing tasks typical for machining on machines, including time for picking up the tool, setting the measurement size, and time for cleaning the surface being measured.

The standards do not provide for certain types of work that are rarely encountered during measurements, for example, waiting for the part to cool down, which is encountered during grinding work, washing contaminated parts before measurement, etc. The time for such work is set taking into account the actual processing conditions in accordance with local regulations.

When performing work on grinding machines with a device for automatic measurement during the processing of a part, the auxiliary time on the surface should be taken according to time cards for processing without measuring the part.

When calculating piece time standards, the time for control measurements is determined taking into account the necessary frequency of such measurements during the work process.

The frequency of control measurements depends on the following main factors:

a) stability of the dimensions obtained during processing, determined by technological process, design of the cutting tool, method of performing the work, etc.;

b) permission for processing;

c) machine accuracy;

d) processing dimensions.

The frequency of measurements for each type of work is determined taking into account the listed factors according to the maps located in the application (see map 64).

It should be borne in mind that the time for control measurements should be included in the standard only in cases where this time cannot be covered by the main (technological) time.

3.5 Time standards for servicing a workplace The time for servicing a workplace is given by type of machine.

The time given in the standard maps is calculated for workers servicing one machine and includes time for technical and time for organizational maintenance of the workplace.

The standards provide time for completing the following work.

3.5.1 Maintenance of the workplace includes:

a) changing the tool due to dullness (for machines working with blade tools); periodic dressing of the grinding wheel and its replacement due to wear (for grinding machines);

b) adjustment and adjustment of the machine during operation;

c) sweeping and periodically cleaning up chips during work.

3.5.2 Organizational maintenance of the workplace includes:

a) inspection and testing of equipment;

b) laying out tools at the beginning and cleaning them at the end of the shift;

c) lubrication and cleaning of the machine during the shift;

d) receiving instructions during the shift;

e) cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

Depending on the type of machine and the work performed on it, the standards provide two ways to calculate time for servicing a workplace.

I. For machines operating with blade tools, the time for servicing the workplace (technical and organizational) is set as a constant value, which is calculated when calculating the rate of piece time as a percentage increase to the operating time.

II. For grinding machines, this time is divided into maintenance time and organizational maintenance time for the workplace and is calculated separately when calculating the rate of piece time. The maintenance time for this group of machines is determined by calculation, taking into account the service life of the grinding wheel, the time for its dressing and the main processing time of the part. The time for organizational maintenance of the workplace is set as a constant value, calculated as a percentage increase to operational time.

The maintenance time for changing a tool due to dullness and the accompanying subsequent adjustment and adjustment of the machine is established in the standards by calculation, taking into account the balance of operational time (the share of machine time in operational time), determined by timing observations and photographs of the working day, and the operating time of the tool before dulling (resistance period), adopted based on the materials of the standards for cutting conditions.

On machines operating with blade tools, this time takes up a small share, has little effect on the accuracy of the piece time standard and is set as an enlarged time complex as a percentage.

On grinding machines, the maintenance time associated with dressing the grinding wheel normally takes up significant piece time. Depending on the nature of the precision grinding work being performed, this time varies widely and therefore must be calculated separately for each operation.

3.6 Time standards for rest and personal needs Time for rest and personal needs in the cards is given as a percentage of operational time. This time is set differentially depending on the worker’s employment and labor intensity.

For work with mechanical feed, time is provided for personal needs and physical education breaks, and for work with manual feed, additional time for rest breaks is taken into account, set for each operation depending on the intensity of work.

3.7 Standards for preparatory and final time The standards for preparatory and final time provide for the following work:

a) receiving a work order at the workplace, technical documentation and the necessary training;

b) familiarization with the work and drawing;

c) preparing the workplace, setting up equipment, tools and devices;

d) trial processing of a part on machines operating during single-pass operations with a tool set to size;

e) removal of tools and devices after finishing processing of a batch of parts.

Preparatory and final time is defined as the sum of:

a) time for setting up the machine, depending on the method of installing the part and the number of tools involved in the operation;

b) time spent in cases of working with any additional, irregularly encountered device or device provided for by the technological process for the operation;

c) time for trial processing of the part.

The guidelines provide the calculated values ​​that are most often encountered and used in technical standardization when calculating piece time standards: the values ​​of infeed and overtravel of the tool, additional lengths for taking test chips, etc.

Questions for self-test 1. List the organizational conditions for mass production.

2. List the components by element when determining auxiliary time.

3. What set of auxiliary time techniques is needed when performing a transition from the aisle?

4. List the standards for auxiliary time associated with the operation.

5. By what criteria is the auxiliary time for control surface measurements determined?

6. How to determine the frequency of control measurements?

7. What elements make up the standards for workplace maintenance?

8. What elements of time include organizational maintenance of the workplace?

9. How to determine the standards for time for rest and personal needs?

10.What elements of time are included in the standards for preparatory and final time?

4. Standardization of operations performed on CNC machines Piece processing time of a part where T 0 = T 0 j is the main time for the operation, min; T 0 j - the main time for performing the j – th transition of processing an elementary surface;

TV = Tv.u.+Tm.v. – auxiliary time, including time Tv.u. for installation and removal of the workpiece and auxiliary time Tm.v. associated with the implementation of auxiliary moves and movements during surface treatment, min; Tobs – workplace servicing time, min; T.l.n. – time for rest and personal needs, min; assigned as a percentage of operational time Top = To+ Tv.u.+ Tm.v.; L – length of the processed surface, mm; l – length of tool penetration and overtravel, mm; i – number of working strokes; sm – minute feed, mm/min; n – workpiece or tool rotation speed, rpm; s – feed per revolution, mm/rev.

Operating time of the machine according to the control program (processing cycle time) Tp.u.= T0+Tm.v.=Top.n.

Elements of piece time are determined in the same way as for cases of processing on manually operated machines. If q workpieces are processed simultaneously on a machine, then piece time Machine-auxiliary time Tm.v. includes a set of techniques associated with positioning, accelerated movement of the working parts of the machine, bringing the tool along the axis into the processing zone and subsequent withdrawal, automatic change of the cutting tool, rotation of the head (tool holder) or from the tool magazine. These time elements depend on the speed of movement. The standards adopt a length of 5 and 300 mm, respectively, for installation and accelerated movements. If the lengths or speeds of movement differ from the accepted ones, then the movement time must be recalculated by multiplying it by the coefficients where Lф and Lн – actual and standard movement length, mm;

Vf and Vn – actual and standard speed of movement; According to the standards, the speed of installation movement (positioning) is 50 mm/min.

When drawing up a control program (CP), one should take into account the possibility of combining techniques and assign such a sequence of execution of processing transitions so that Tm.v. was minimal. So, when processing on machines with a cross table and a rotating turret, one should be processed completely from one positioning (for example, centering a drill), and then the other, etc. holes, since the time for changing a tool is significantly less than the time for positioning (TpozTsm.in). For drilling-milling-boring machines with Tsm.in.Tpoz magazines, it is therefore advisable to process all holes first with one and then with another tool.

Since the methods of installing and securing workpieces when processing on CNC machines do not fundamentally differ from the methods used on manually controlled machines, Tv.u. determined according to existing standards for manually operated machines. On machines with replaceable satellite pallets, only the time required to change the pallet and move the table to the working position is taken into account.

Work on organizational maintenance of the workplace includes: inspection, heating of the CNC system and hydraulic system, testing of equipment, receiving tools from the foreman (adjuster) during the shift, presentation quality control inspector test part, cleaning the machine and workplace upon completion of work.

Maintenance of the workplace includes: changing a dull tool, correcting the tool to specified dimensions, adjusting and adjusting the machine during the shift, removing chips from the cutting zone during operation.

Piece-calculation time where Тп-з – piece-costing time per batch, min; nз – batch size of parts put into production.

The lot size is determined by actual data or by calculation (when estimating economic efficiency):

where P is the annual production of parts, pcs.; Sn – number of launches per year.

Under mass production conditions, Sn is 4; 6; 12 and 24. For medium-scale (600-1200 parts per year) production, you can take Sn = 12. Approximately nз is determined from the table. 1.

Number Size of the launch batch n3 (pcs.) with a piece time of 2. The size of the launch batch of parts is calculated based on the average stock of piece work time of the machine, equal to 300 minutes per shift. The number of shifts per month is assumed to be 45.

Preparatory - final time Tp-z when processing on CNC machines consists of time costs (methods) Tp-z1, costs Tp-z2, taking into account additional work, and time Тп-з3 for trial processing of the part:

The costs of Тп-з1 include the time for receiving the work order, drawing, technological documentation at the workplace at the beginning of work and for delivery at the end of the shift. It takes 4 minutes to familiarize yourself with the documents and inspect the workpiece; for the master’s briefing – 2 minutes; to install the working parts of the machine or clamping device along two coordinates to the zero position - 4 minutes; installation of punched tape – 2 minutes; total for a set of techniques – 12 minutes. In accordance with the guidance material of Orgstankinprom, a single standard (Tp-z1 = 12 min) has been adopted for all CNC machines.

Time standards for work performed on CNC machines (adopted in the machine tool industry) are given in Appendix 2, table. 2-5.

Questions for self-test 1. What formula is used to determine the main time for completing the transition of an elementary surface?

2. How to determine the operating time of the machine according to the program?

3. What set of techniques includes machine-auxiliary time?

4. What work includes organizational and technical maintenance of the workplace?

5. How is the average batch size for a part launch determined?

Example 1. Determine the rate of piece work and the rate of preparatory and final time for a rough turning operation in small-scale production.

Initial data. The detail is a glass. Material – gray cast iron C415, HB 163…229. Blank – casting. Part weight 0.7 kg. Equipment – ​​screw-cutting lathe 16K20. Device – 3-jaw self-centering, pneumatic. Processing without cooling. Lot of parts 200 pcs.

Organizational conditions. 1. Receipt and delivery of tools and devices are carried out by the worker himself. 2. Sharpening of cutting tools is centralized. 3. The layout of the workplace meets the requirements of the scientific organization of work.

A. Install and remove the part.

1. Trim the end, turn. 1.

2. Sharpen the surface. 2.

3. Bore the hole. 3.

Cutting tool VK6.

Measuring tool – caliper ShTs-2.

The procedure for calculating cutting conditions will be carried out according to the reference book.

Rice. 1. Sketch of glass processing Determine the length of the surface to be processed.

Estimated processing length where y is a component of the working stroke length, mm; Lext – additional cutting length when working using the method of trial runs and measurements. When using the method of automatically obtaining dimensions, this term is not taken into account.

According to table. on page 300, at =90 and cutting depth t=3 mm, y = 3..5 mm; we accept 4 mm. Therefore Lрх=13.5+4 = 17.5 mm.

We assign the caliper feed per spindle revolution S0 in mm/rev. With D = 80 mm, VK6 cutter according to table. (page 23) recommended feed S = 0.8…1.2 mm/rev with a rigid technological system. We accept the feed value according to the passport Sst = 1.2 mm/rev. We determine the cutting speed during transverse turning according to map T-4 (pages 29-30). The table value of the cutting speed for our processing conditions is V = 64 m/min.

Spindle rotation speed We adjust the spindle rotation speed according to the machine datasheet nst = 250 rpm.

The actual cutting speed is determined by the formula:

The minute feed Sm in mm is determined by the formula When trimming the end of edge 1, the entire allowance is removed in one pass.

Let us determine the main (technological machine) processing time where i is the number of passes during processing.

Similarly, we determine the cutting modes when turning surfaces. 2 and rep. 3.

Transition 2. Turning of the outer surface 77-0.74 mm. Workpiece diameter D = 80 mm, length of machined surface lres = 20 mm.

Estimated processing length Lcalc=20+4=24 mm.

Depth of cut At t = 1.5 mm, Dzag = 80 mm, VK6 cutter, recommended longitudinal feed S = 0.8..1.2 mm/rev. We accept according to the machine passport Sst = 1.2 mm/rev.

Cutting speed for longitudinal turning at НВ143…229, t = 1, mm, S = 1.2 mm/rev, =90 recommended V = 62..64 m/min. We take V = 63 m/min. Spindle rotation speed According to the machine passport nst = 250 rpm.

Actual cutting speed Minute feed Sm=1.2·250=300 mm/min.

Number of passes during turning i = 1.

Determine the main time Transition 3. Boring a hole 60+0.74 mm to a length of 18 mm.

Estimated processing length Lcalc=18+4=22 mm. Depth of cut Caliper feed rate at t = 3.5 mm recommended S = 0.15... 0.2 mm/rev. We accept the feed value according to the machine passport Sst = 0, mm/rev. Recommended cutting speed Vtable = 93 m/min (page 30).

Let's determine the spindle rotation speed and adjust it according to the machine datasheet nst = 500 rpm.

The actual cutting speed Minute feed will be S m = S st nst = 0.18 500 = 90 mm/min.

Main time Total main time when performing three transitions Determination of auxiliary time for the operation (see Appendices) a) Auxiliary time for installation and removal of the part tust is determined from the table. cards 11. When installing a workpiece weighing up to 1 kg in a self-centering chuck with pneumatic clamping without alignment tst=0, min.

b) The auxiliary time associated with the transition tper is determined from the table. cards 12, sheet 1.

Transition 1. When transverse turning with setting the position of the cutter along the dial tper = 0.15 min.

Transition 2. When longitudinal turning with the installation of the cutter along the limb, the measured size is up to 100 mm tper = 0.12 min.

c) Auxiliary time associated with the transition to techniques not included in the complexes tper is determined according to the table. cards 12, sheet 3.

Transition 1. After boring the previous part, it is necessary to change the spindle speed 0.035 min, change the value 0.04 min, rotate the cutting head 0.05 min.

Transition 2. In each transition, the spindle speed and feed rate remain the same as in transition 1. It is only necessary to rotate the cutting head 0.05 min.

Transition 3. Before boring the hole, it is necessary to change the spindle speed to 0.035 min; change the feed rate 0, min; rotate the cutting head 0.05 min.

The auxiliary time calculated by elements is summed up for each operation transition.

Transition A. tset=0.18 min.

Transition 1. tper+ tper = 0.15+0.035+0.04+0.05=0.275 min.

Transition 2. tper + tper = 0.12 + 0.05 = 0.17 min.

Transition 3. tper+ tper = 0.12+0.035+0.04+0.05=0.245 min.

2) Auxiliary time for control measurements tmeas is established according to the table. cards 63, sheet 7, measurement with calipers: surfaces 1 – 0.08 min; surfaces 2 – 0.1 min; surfaces 3 – 0.12 min.

The frequency of monitoring is determined according to table. cards 64, sheet 1: when installing the cutter along the dial for workpiece sizes up to 200 mm, the periodicity coefficient is 0.3.

Thus, we obtain. The correction factor for auxiliary time, depending on the size of the batch of parts, is determined from the table. cards 63, sheet 2.

With a batch size of n = 20 pieces and operational time per part Auxiliary time per operation Let us determine the time for servicing the workplace where aobs is the time for servicing the workplace as a percentage of the operational time, determined from the table. cards 13, aobs = 3%.

Time for breaks for rest and personal needs where ao.l.n. – time of breaks for rest and personal needs as a percentage of operational time, determined according to table. , is 4%.

Then the piece time will be Tsht = To+Tv+Tobs+To.l.n = 0.38+0.96+0.04+0.05 = 1.43 min.

Preparatory and final time Tp.z. determined according to table.

Tp.z. = 22 min.

Piece-calculation time Example 2. Determine the piece and piece-calculation time for a drilling operation under mass production conditions.

The part is a handbrake pad.

Blank – casting from malleable iron KCh37-1, 130…170 NV Fig. 2. Processing sketch Calculation of cutting conditions. Cutting modes are selected according to the reference book. The calculation is carried out in 6 stages.

Stage 1 – determining the length of the working stroke.

The magnitude of the working stroke is assigned based on the length Lр.х. = lres+l1+l2, where l is the length of the machined surface of the part; У1 - the amount of infeed and overtravel of the tool; lext - additional length of idle stroke.

lres = 17+20 = 37 mm – common for all tools.

l1 = 8 mm – for a drill, 4 mm for a countersink, 17 mm – for a reamer. We accept a maximum value of 17 mm, because During mass production, changeovers should be minimal.

l2 = 55 mm additional no-load length (based on the configuration of the part).

Thus: Lр.х. = 37+17+55 = 109 mm.

Stage 2 – assignment of submission.

We determine the standard feed values.

When drilling S standard. = 0.5 mm/rev;

When countersinking Sо norms. = 0.6 mm/rev;

When unfolding S is normal. = 1.2 mm/rev.

We check the feed according to the machine passport, choosing one that does not exceed all three feeds: So prin. = 0.48 mm/rev.

Stage 3 – calculation of cutting speeds, revolutions and minute feed of the tool.

For a drill (card C-4, p. 110):

Vnorm = 17 · 1.0 · 1.15 · 1.0 = 19.6 m/min For a countersink (card C-4, page 120):

Vnorm = 37 · 1.0 · 1.15 · 1.0 = 42.6 m/min For sweep (map C-4, p. 124):

Vnorm = 12 m/min.

The corresponding cutting speed values ​​and tool rotation numbers are calculated using the formula:

When drilling nnorm = 337 rpm, When countersinking nnorm = 689 rpm, When reaming nnorm = 191 rpm.

Minute feed Smin = So · n.

For a drill Smin = 0.48 · 337 = 162 mm/min, For a countersink Smin = 0.48 · 689 = 331 mm/min, For a reamer Smin = 0.48 · 191 = 92 mm/min.

The smallest value of the minute feed Smin = 92 mm/min corresponds to the machine spindle speed:

We accept the closest spindle speed according to the machine data sheet nsp.prin = 185 rpm.

Actual cutting speed:

When drilling Vf = 10.8 m/min, When countersinking Vf = 11.5 m/min, When reaming Vf = 11.6 m/min.

Minute feed value Smin = 0.48 185 = 88.8 mm/min.

Stage 4 – determination of computer time.

Since there are 3 transitions in the operation, the machine time is: To = 1.23 · 3 = 3.69 min.

Determination of auxiliary and preparatory-final time. Auxiliary time consists of several components:

Auxiliary time at the transition tper, Time for installing and removing the part tу.с.д, Time for turning on and off the machine tvkl, Time for installing and removing the tool tinstr, Time for changing the conductor bushings tcm.k.vt., Time for lubrication of the tool tcm.in (K-22, l.2), Time for measurements tmeas (K-63, l.4).

tper = 0.07 min (K-21, l.1), ts.d = 0.04 min (K-10, l.3), ton = 0.015 min (K-21, l.2), tinstrument 0.04 min (K-21, l.2), tcm.k.w. = 0.05 min (K-21, l.2), tcm.in = 0.055 min (K-21, l.2), tmeas = 0.08 min (K-63, l.4) – measured with a smooth gauge PR-NOT, tmeas = 0.16 min (K-63, l.4) – measured with a gauge for alignment.

We determine Tv taking into account 3 transitions (3 tper), 3 turning the machine on and off (3 ton), 3 tool changes (3 tinst), 3 tool lubrications (3 tsm.in) and changing 3 conductor bushings (3 tcm.k.w), + 0.16 = 0.97 min.

Operating time:

Workplace maintenance time:

Tobs = 3%Top = 0.03 · 4.66 = 0.14 min (K-22).

Time for rest and personal needs:

Tol = 4%Top = 0.04 · 4.66 = 0.19 min.

Tsht = Top + Tobs + Tol = 4.66 + 0.14 + 0.19 = 4.99 min.

Preparatory and final time for a batch of parts Tp.z. = 13 min (K-22).

Piece-calculation time for a batch of parts:

Example 3. Standardization of work on a CNC machine.

Initial data: workpiece - casting weighing 1.7 kg, steel grade 35L; CNC milling machine model 6R11FZ-1, control system N-33; the workpiece is placed in a machine vice without alignment; there are 90 parts in the batch, zero coordinates X0 = 0, Y0 = +50, Z0 = +40; spindle speed 600 rpm; tool – end mill with a diameter of 10 mm; number of proofreaders in the program 4.

Organization of workplace maintenance: the worker receives work orders, drawings, technological documentation, software, cutting tools and workpieces at the workplace.

(milling of a window with dimensions 22x45x20 mm) The choice of cutting parameters was made taking into account the standards recommended. The feeds used in the program under codes 7000, 4690, 1640 are respectively 2400, 1200, 400 mm/min.

To normalize the automatic operation of the machine when performing working and auxiliary moves, the corresponding lengths of movements and feeds are determined. So, in the 2nd frame, with a linear displacement “0” of the part (G58), a movement occurs along the Z axis from the machine zero point (Z0 = +500) to the coordinate Z0 = +40. The travel length will be 500 - 40 = 460 mm at a feed of 2400 mm/min (at the same time movements are carried out along the X and Y axes).

Movements in the 4th and 5th frame along the X and Y axes are performed with one feed (1200 mm/min) at 15 and 68 mm. In blocks 6-12, the movement is performed with a feed of 400 mm/min for 62+3+2+12+35+12 = mm. In the 13th frame, when returning along the Z axis to “0” of the machine (Z0 = +500), the movement is performed with a feed of 2400 mm/min at 500-(62-40) = mm.

In the 1st frame, spindle rotation is turned on (M03). Time to complete the specified change for of this machine taken equal to 0.01 min., i.e. Toast = 0.01 min.

Time for automatic operation of the machine according to the program Time for automatic operation of the machine Ta Auxiliary time for Map (in a vice) Auxiliary time for controlling the machine - turn on the machine, move the table according to XY axes. Move the shield, bring the tool in, withdraw tvsp (four dimensions) tcontrol Piece time standard 1. General machine-building enlarged time standards for work performed on metal-cutting machines. Single, small-scale and medium-scale production. Part I. Screw-cutting and rotary lathes. M. Research Institute of Labor, 1986.-430 p.

2. General machine-building enlarged time standards for work performed on metal-cutting machines. Single, small-scale and medium-scale production. Part II. Milling machines. M. Economics, 1988. 286 p.

3. Novikov A.N. and others. Labor rationing in mechanical engineering. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1983.-160 p.

4. General machine-building standards for auxiliary time, for servicing the workplace and preparatory and final time for technical standardization of machine tools. Mass production. 3rd ed., updated. and additional

M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1984.-421 p.

5. Rationing of machine tools: method. decree. to complete coursework and diploma projects and practical classes/ Kuib. Polytechnic inst: comp. A.N.

Owl. Kuibyshev, 1989. -42 p.

6. Calculation and selection of cutting modes for single and multi-tool configurations of operations: method. decree. to practice classes, coursework and diploma design in mechanical engineering technology for students of specialty 0501/Kuibysh. Polytechnic Institute; Comp. V.A. Akhmatov – Kuibyshev, 1988

7. Metal cutting modes: Handbook / Ed. Yu.V. Baranovsky. M.:

Mechanical Engineering, 1972. 407 p.

8. Handbook of mechanical engineering technologist: in 2 volumes / Ed. A.G. Kosilova and R.K. Meshcheryakov - 4th ed., revised. and additional –M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1986.

9. Handbook of mechanical engineering technologist: in 2 volumes, volume 1/ Ed. A.M. Dalsky, A.G. Kosilova and others – 5th ed., corrected. –M.: Mechanical Engineering – 1, 2003- 10. Handbook of technologist – mechanical engineer: in 2 volumes, volume 2/ Ed. A.M. Dalsky, A.G. Kosilova and others – 5th ed., corrected. –M.: Mechanical Engineering – 1, 2003.

11. Collection of practical works on mechanical engineering technology: Textbook. allowance/ A.I. Medvedev, V.A. Shkred, V.V. Babuk et al.; Under. ed. I.P. Filonova. – Mn.: BNTU, 2003. – 486 p.

12.Metal cutting modes: Handbook / Ed. HELL. Korchemkina. – M.:

NIIavtoprom, 1995. – 456 p.

Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Installation on the centering mandrel Item No. Notes: 1. In cases where the time for installing the part on the mandrel and removing it from the mandrel overlaps with the main (machine) time, the work should be carried out with two mandrels and the time taken in positions 16-18. 2. When installing parts made of light alloys, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1.1.

Item No. 4 fastening Nut and quick-release washer with price - 0.35 0.42 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.1 2, expanding over one Note: when installing parts made of light alloys, apply the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1, item number of prismatic faces for each next part, add Notes:1. When reinstalling a part, use the time on the map with a coefficient of 0.8. 2. When reinstalling parts made of light alloys, apply the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1.1.

Auxiliary time for installation and removal of the part Item No. Method of installation of the part Installation state - Nature of quantity Notes: 1. The time for installation and removal in position 4-30 provides for fastening one part weighing up to 20 kg with two bolts and weighing over 20 kg with four bolts, and in pos. 31-35, fastening with two bolts, regardless of the number of simultaneously installed parts. In the case of fastening a part with a larger (or smaller) number of bolts, 0.4 minutes should be added (or subtracted) to the time for each subsequent bolt. 2. If it is necessary to additionally fasten a part with a wedge or a clamp, a time of 0.15 minutes for each wedge or 0.5 minutes for each clamp should be added to the table time3. When installing parts made of light alloys, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1.1. 4. If, when working on drilling machines, according to safety regulations, installation and removal of a part is allowed without turning off the rotation of the machine spindle (when working without fastening the part), then reduce the time according to the map in position 1 by 0.04 minutes.

Item No. Note: 1. The time in the card is given for attaching and detaching the part with three bolts. If it is necessary to fasten a part with a large number of bolts, 0.4 minutes should be added to the time for each subsequent bolt. 2. When installing a part supported by jacks, the time on the map should be added to the time for each jack in the amount of 1 minute. 3. When installing parts made of light alloys, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1.1.

Item No. Notes: 1. The time in the card is given for attaching and detaching the part with two bolts. In cases where a part is fastened with a large number of bolts, 0.4 minutes should be added to the time for each subsequent bolt.

2. When installing parts made of light alloys, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1.1.

Item No. Item No. with slats AUXILIARY TIME FOR INSTALLING AND REMOVAL OF THE PART Installation in a separator on the round table of a vertical finishing machine Item No. In the separator socket without fastening Item No. with a puller (to the machine when installing and from the machine when removing) length of movement in m to Notes: 1. The time for turning is added to the time for installing and removing the part in cases where the part is reinstalled during the operation.

2. The time for transporting the part is added to the time for installation and removal in cases where the parts are located at a distance of more than 5 m from the machine.

Item No. 15 When installing a part in multiple places - Plane, prism 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.20 0, 16 add the next part with two fingers 0.09 0.10 0.11 0, 18 0.21 0.29 0, AUXILIARY TIME FOR INSTALLING AND REMOVAL OF THE PART Installation in special devices Item No. Item No. Notes:

1. When installing parts made of light alloys, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1.1.

2. When working with an overhead jig, take the time to install the jig equal to the time to install the part in accordance with the method of basing and fastening and add it to the time for installing and removing the part.

3. If, when working on drilling machines, according to safety regulations, installation and removal of a part without turning off the machine is allowed (when working without fastening the part or in a movable jig), then reduce the time according to the map by 0.03 minutes.

Item No. Handle of pneumatic quick-release washer clamp Item No. Finger lock or pin Item No. 1 Diaphragm chuck for thin-walled parts Chuck for grinding cylindrical holes Chuck for grinding holes of cylindrical gears with fixation on the hole Handle Item No. Method of installing the tool on the 16th length when installing the cutter Auxiliary time associated with the transition Position No. Time for techniques associated with the transition that are not included in the complexes Position No. upon completion of thread cutting with a cutting device when cutting multi-start threads in the longitudinal direction to length

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Item no.

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10 when installing a lifting device *When setting up a machine with the installation of a set of cutters pre-assembled on a mandrel, the time is determined by positions 2,5,8 or 11.

Time for techniques associated with the transition that are not included in the complexes Change the amount of serve Note: the time associated with the passage does not include the time for the reverse movement of the table. This time is set according to the machine’s passport data and is added to the transition time.

Time for servicing the workplace and preparatory work - Longitudinal milling machines

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1. For multi-spindle semi-automatic lathes, auxiliary time is established according to the passport data for tool approaches for the processing size, idle strokes and time for switching the spindle to the next position.

2. For modular drilling and boring machines with a semi-automatic cycle, the auxiliary time for installing and removing the part is determined according to the standard maps and the time for tool approaches and withdrawals is established according to the machine’s passport data.

3. For thread rolling machines - automatic machines that work with flat dies, auxiliary time is not calculated.

changing the clamping device) Receipt of tools and devices by the performer before the start of the work and their delivery after finishing the processing of a batch of parts When processing conical surfaces with the table rotated by 5 When processing with a steady rest When processing with an automatic measuring device at 7 When installing the grinding wheel position No. No. position 2 With a pneumatic device or a retraction handle In the centers 4 A pneumatic device with a host or a retraction handle 6 With a Pneumatic device with a driver or a retraction handle chuck 7 In centers with a self-locking Pneumatic device or a retraction handle 9 ania with a pneumatic device or a pull-out handle position number 1. In cases where the time for putting on a clamp overlaps the main (machine) time, work should be carried out with two clamps and the time for installing and removing the part should be taken according to the positions “without putting on 2. When When reinstalling a part, apply the time on the map with a coefficient of 0.8.

Installation method Pino supply method Mass of the part in kg before the mandrel with a removable device or withdrawal handle 13 Install and remove By rotating the handwheel 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.41 0.52 1 .85 2, part with mandrel Pneumatic 0.1 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.27 0.35 0.46 1.75 1, Auxiliary time for installation and removal Obtaining tools and accessories by the performer When processing in several working strokes (operations) for Grinding with longitudinal feed Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Item No. Nature of processing. Installation method - Part length positions Chuck for grinding the holes of the cylindrical gear with a fixed- Sliding bar Chuck for grinding the holes of the cylinder with a pneumatic handle and bars of the cylindrical gears Sliding bars Chuck for grinding the holes of the bevel gears with a pneumatic clamp sliding plank positions No. Item No. In a chuck with pneumatic clamping Partial piece time Item No. 1. Diameter of the installed product and measuring tool 3. Accuracy and rigidity of the machine (see map) 4. Lots of parts (see map) Preparatory and final time for a lot of parts Surface grinding machines Item No. Receiving tools and devices for completing processing of a batch of parts When processing in a vice or a special device When processing with an automatic measuring device during the grinding process Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Item No. with a screw pneumatic machine (or with a chemical clamp Item No. Condition Installation method Installation characteristics ter was cut out in a surface-checking vise Position No. installation-installation Character On a table with fastening with two bolts and strips Position No. In the case of fastening parts with a larger (or smaller) number of bolts, add (or subtract) 0.4 min for each subsequent bolt.

Note. If it is necessary to additionally fasten a part with a wedge or a clamp, a time of 0.15 minutes for each wedge or 0.5 minutes for each clamp should be added to the table time. Item No. Item No. Close and open Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Item No. Installation method fastening parts Note. When reinstalling parts, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 0, item no. 9. When installing a part in a plane, fitting on each finger, hardening the subsequent action. Auxiliary time for installing and removing part no. item 2. Correction factors for incomplete piece time 1. Diameter of table and measuring tool Group of machines:

table length in mm up to 2. Circle shapes 3. Part speeds and circle diameter 4. Processed material, dimensional accuracy and surface roughness (see map) 5. Machine accuracy and rigidity (see map) 6. Part batches (see map ) Preparatory and final time for a batch of parts Thread grinding machines 2. To receive tools and accessories before the start Receipt of tools and accessories by the work performer before the start and handing them over after finishing the processing When grinding with checking the profile on an optical device (comparator) in the laboratory When rolling a profile multi-thread circle position in a chuck with fastening by a pneumatic device or a retraction handle In a chuck with pneumatic preload Note. When reinstalling parts, apply the time according to the map with a coefficient of 0, Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Thread grinding machines positions No. Installation method Supply method Preparatory and final time for a batch of parts Gear grinding machines Gear grinding 2. For receiving tools and accessories before the start and handing them over after completion of processing Receipt of tools and accessories by the performer of work before the start and handing them over after finishing processing of a batch of parts Rotate the caliper at an angle to grind the screw tooth with an abrasive worm Auxiliary time for installation and removal of the part Medium-scale production Item No. to the mandrel On a center smooth or splined Auxiliary time for installation and removal parts item No. mandrel with nut and quick-release washer with preload - 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.45 0.54 0.58 0.69 0.81 1.04 3, Auxiliary time for installation and removal of part No. positions In a self-centering chuck with fastening with a pneumatic clamp 4 when supplying the quill with a pneumatic device - 0.22 0.26 0.31 0.41 0.49 0.64 0.69 0.87 1.04 2, or with a retraction handle Preparatory - final time for a batch of parts Grinding machines Receipt of tools and devices by the contractor before the start of the work and delivery of them after finishing the processing of a batch of parts Auxiliary time for installation and removal of the part Item No. Method of setting pneumatic Honing, superfinishing and lapping Machinability groups by honing, superfinishing and lapping various grades of materials Processing groupsGrades of materials being processed I b) alloyed with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, 15Х, 20Х, 45Х, 30ХА, 38ХА, vanadium, titanium, silicon, phosphorus, aluminum - 40ХА, 38ХМУА, 50ХА and similar b) alloyed with nickel, manganese, unhardened 30G2, 40G, 40G2, 50G, 50G2, 65G and alloyed with nickel, manganese, hardened or 20ХН, 50Г, 33ХСА, 20ХН, Preparatory and final time for a batch of superfinishing parts and Auxiliary time for installation and removal of parts 2. Correction factors for incomplete piece time 1. Type of abrasive material abrasive material 2. Accuracy and rigidity of the machine (see map) 3. Lots of parts (see map) Auxiliary time for installing and removing parts position No. In a self-centering pneumatic chuck with a fastening 0 ,22 0.15 0.14 0.1 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.34 0, wrenching Auxiliary time for installing and removing part No. Main elements of the fixture position Flat, prism Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Handle for pneumatic or hydraulic clamping Handle for eccentric or roller clamping Nut with a wrench Sliding or rotary bar, quick-release nut with a washer for the nut hole Length of the machined surface in mm

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where Wb is the width of the bar, mm; Z – number of bars around the circumference in one row; Dд – hole diameter, mm Auxiliary time for installation and removal of part item no. item no. II. Correction factors for partial piece time depending on:

1. Surface roughness and the ratio of the length of the processed surface to the length of the bar Reducing the surface roughness (parameter Ra) 2. Groups of the material being processed and the number of bars in the mandrel 3. Vibration frequencies of the bars Number of double strokes in 4. Batches of parts Preparatory and final time for a batch of parts Receipt tools and devices by the contractor to start and hand them over after finishing the processing of a batch of parts Auxiliary time for installing and removing the part Item No. In centers with a self-clamping drive para-pneumatic taut, putting on the part pneumatic Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Double-sided clamp Measurements Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements of position No. Pneumatic plug (Solex) Flat gauge for measuring grooves Gauge - single-sided plug for checking the relative position of the axis Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Auxiliary time for control measurements Note. When measuring according to the 1st accuracy class, use the time on the map with a coefficient of 1. Auxiliary time for control measurements Auxiliary time for control measurements Item No. Note. When measuring according to the 1st accuracy class, use the time according to the map with a coefficient of 1. Auxiliary time for control measurements Probe tool Measuring position No. Note. The table time corresponds to the following operating conditions:

1. Measurement with a universal tool is carried out by setting it to size during the measurement process.

2. When measuring several surfaces with a micrometer with a difference in size of 10 mm or more, the time for setting the tool in the amount of 0.2 minutes should be added to the table time.

3. A – measurement of rigid structure parts; B – measurement of thin-walled parts, including testing for ellipticity.

4. When processing planes, linear dimensions are measured at one point along the width or height without taking into account the length of the workpiece.

5. When measuring with staples several surfaces of the same dimensions of one part, for each subsequent surface the tabulated time should be taken with a coefficient K = 0.6.

6. When measuring in an awkward position, the table time should be taken with a coefficient K = 1.3.

7. When cleaning the hole from chips with compressed air for measurement, 0. min should be added to the table time (if necessary).

8. Time does not provide for the transfer of the performer. When the performer moves to perform control measurements, 0.01 minutes should be added to the table time for each step (0.7 m).

Frequency of control measurements of the part per operation Types of processed parts Precision measured size, cutting measures, setting chips, surfaces, nature of bone framing Frequency of control measurements of the part per operation of surfaces, nature of framing Final 4-5th degree shaft machines final Notes. 1. The frequency of measurements is expressed as coefficients of the time for control measurements of parts being measured. If the batch size does not correspond to the table coefficients, then the coefficients for the frequency of measurements should be taken depending on the batch size.

2. The time taken from card 63 should be multiplied by the coefficients of this card.

3. The specified frequency of measurements when processing planes refers to cases when one part is processed on the table. When processing several parts on the table at the same time, you should measure one or more parts from the total number of parts on the table.

4. The frequency of measurements for laping refers to each of the parts of the batch that are simultaneously processed on the table.

Machine-auxiliary time Tm.v., time Tobs.p for servicing the workplace and personal needs, preparatory and final time Tp-z when working on CNC machines. Chuck center lathes 1A616F3, 16B16F3, 16K20F3, MK6064F3, chuck lathes RT725F3, cartridge machines 1713F3, 1B732F3, 1734F3, rotary turning single-column machines 1512F2, 1516F Machine-auxiliary time Тм.в. (min), spent:

for the simultaneous movement of working bodies, accelerated (over the length) Tobs for servicing the workplace, personal needs in % of operational time Preparatory and final Tp-z2 (min) for a set of techniques (Tp-z1 = 12 min) spent on performing additional work:

when switching from center work to cartridge work or the spindle rotation speed is changed manually in 0.08 min.

Accordingly, accelerated movement from the zero position along the Z axis (0.2 min) and along the X axis (0.13 min) Notes: 1. For machines 1B732F3 and 1734F3, the time for reinstalling replaceable gears in guitar 6 min.

2. Machine 1734F3 with two supports, which have movements along the X, Z and U, W axes. Of the four controlled coordinates, two of one of the two supports are simultaneously controlled, i.e. X and Z of the left or U and W of the right caliper. In cases where the accelerated and installation movements and rotation of the tool holder of two supports do not coincide, Tm.v. for the entire complex of elements of one support, as a rule, is overlapped by the main (machine) time of another support.

3. For machines 1512F2 and 1516F2, Tp-z may include time for installing the device manually (with a lift) - 7 (10) minutes; time for setting the vertical and horizontal supports to the zero position at the beginning of the crossbar operation is 9 minutes.

Vertical drilling machines 2Р118Ф2, 2Р135Ф2, horizontal boring machine 2А622Ф2, vertical drilling, milling and boring machines with tool magazine 243ВМФ2, 245ВМФ2, horizontal drilling, milling and boring machine with tool magazine 6906ВМФ2, vertical milling machine ny console machines 6R11F3, 6R13F3, 6R13RF3, with cross table machines 6520F3, 6520RF3, 6540RF Machine-auxiliary time Тм.в. (min), spent:

for simultaneous movement of the cross table along the X and Y axes (working bodies along the axes, accelerated (in length, mm) for supplying tools in the cutting zone along the axis for changing tools from the magazine automatically (manually) Tobs.p. for servicing the workplace and personal Preparatory - final time Тп-з (lift) turret head (magazine) Notes: 1. The table is compiled according to the guidance material of the Orgstankinprom software “Rationing of operations performed on metal-cutting machines”, M.: NIImash, 1975 144 p.

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A feature of labor standardization in processing operations is the selection of the most rational operating modes of equipment, i.e. selection of the optimal combination of cutting speed and feed, ensuring under these conditions, taking into account the appropriate use of the cutting properties of the tool and the kinematic capabilities of the equipment, the highest productivity and the lowest cost of processing.

Operating time for machine operations is always standardized separately: the time of machine work and the time of auxiliary work are determined.

The choice of material for the cutting part of the tool and its geometric shapes is important factor, which determines the level of cutting mode. The basis for this choice is the nature and conditions of processing, the characteristics of the material being processed.

For any type of material processing on metal-cutting machines important has a choice of the optimal cutting mode, which is a certain combination of: cutting speed and depth, cutter feed value.

Optimal cutting conditions is called a mode in which the least amount of time spent on processing a part and its minimum cost are achieved.

Cutting speed υ is the length of the path of movement of the tool or workpiece per unit time in the direction of the main movement, as a result of which the chips are separated from the workpiece.

Feed s– translational movement of a tool or workpiece to sequentially remove chips from the entire machined surface.

Depth of cut t– thickness of the metal layer removed in one pass, i.e. the distance between the processed and processed surfaces. Depth of cut depends on allowance h for processing the part. To reduce processing time, you should strive to work with the fewest number of passes i and greatest depth of cut t. IN general view cutting depth:

t = h/i. (8.22)

Machining allowance for surface turning and boring, drilling, countersinking, reaming on one side:

h = (D – d) / 2, (8.23)

Where D– diameter of the workpiece or part before processing, mm;

d– the same after processing, mm.

Machining allowance for end turning:

h = (L – l) / 2(8.24)

Where L– length of the workpiece or part before processing, mm;

l– the same after processing, mm.

The feed depends on the accepted cutting depth, surface roughness, and permissible force on the weakest link in the AIDS system.

Machine time is determined for each transition in the process of processing a part on a machine, after which the execution time of all transitions is summed up and included in the main (technological) time to calculate the rate of piece time.

The following elements are included in the time standard when rationing labor on metal-cutting machines:

Main time (time during which the cutting process is carried out);

Auxiliary time (time spent on securing, installing and removing the workpiece, operating the machine, rearranging measuring tools);

Time spent on workplace maintenance (time spent on replacing dull tools, adjusting, lubricating and cleaning the machine during a work shift, cleaning the workplace);

Time for rest and personal needs;

Preparatory-final time (time spent on receiving the task, familiarizing yourself with the drawings, submitting the work).

Locksmith work represent cold processing of metals by cutting, performed manually (file, hacksaw, marking, chopping metal, etc.) or mechanized (hand press, electric drill, countersink, tap, etc.) method. These works are performed during the assembly of machines and mechanisms, or instead of processing on machines, due to the inaccuracy of machining. The less such work, the more advanced the technology used. The largest share of plumbing work performed during assembly occurs in individual and small-scale production.

2.8.1 Standardization of operations on universal manually operated machines.

Determination of basic (technological) time.

The main time is determined by calculation formulas for the corresponding type of work and for each technological transition (T o1, T o2, ..., T o n).

Basic (technological) time for the operation:

where n is the number of technological transitions.

Definition of auxiliary time.

For equipment designed to perform single-transition work with constant modes in one operation (multi-cutting machines, hydrocopying machines, gear-processing machines, broaching machines, thread-processing machines), the auxiliary time T in is given for the operation, including the time for installing and removing the workpiece.

Auxiliary time for an operation is determined by the formula:

where t mouth is the time for installing and removing the part, given by type of device, regardless of the type of machine, min;

t per – time associated with the transition, given by type of machine, min;

t’ per – time not included in the time complex associated with the transition, min;

tmeas – time for control measurements after completion of surface treatment. The time for control measurements is included only in cases where it is not covered by the main time or is not included in the time complex associated with the transition, min;

Kt in – correction factor for auxiliary time, min.

Determination of operating time:

, min

where T o is the main processing time;

T in – auxiliary time for processing, min.

Determining time for workplace maintenance and personal needs.

Time for workplace maintenance, rest and personal needs is determined as a percentage of operational time according to regulatory reference books.

Piece time norm:

where α obs and α oln are the time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs, expressed as a percentage of operational time.

Determination of preparatory and final time.

Preparatory and final time T pz is normalized for a batch of parts, and part of it per part is included in the standard piece-calculation time:

, min

where n d is the number of parts in the batch.

2.8.2 Standardization of operations on universal and multi-purpose CNC machines.

Standard time and its components:

, min

where Tca is the cycle time of automatic operation of the machine according to the program, min.

, min

where T o – the main (technological) time for processing one part is determined by the formula:

, min

where L i is the length of the path traversed by a tool or part in the feed direction when processing the i-th technological section (taking into account plunge-in and overtravel), mm;

S mi – minute feed at the i-th technological section, mm/min;

Т m-v – machine-auxiliary time according to the program (for supplying a part or tool from the starting points to the processing zones and removal, setting the tool to size, changing the tool, changing the value and direction of feed), time of technological pauses, min.

, min

where Тв.у – time for installing and removing the part manually or with a lift, min;

Tv.op – auxiliary time associated with the operation (not included in the control program), min;

T v.meas – auxiliary non-overlapping time for measurements, min;

K t in – correction factor for the time of performing manual auxiliary work, depending on the batch of processed parts;

α tech, α org, α department – ​​time for technical, organizational maintenance of the workplace, for rest and personal needs during single-machine maintenance, % of operational time.

The standard time for setting up a machine is presented as the time for preparatory and final work on processing batches of parts, regardless of the size of the batch, and is determined by the formula:

where T p-31 is the standard time for receiving a work order, technological documentation at the beginning of work and delivery at the end of the shift, min; T p-31 = 12 min;

T p-32 – standard time for setting up a machine, fixture, tool, software devices, min;

Min.

Technical standardization.

Technical standardization is carried out for operation 005 “Lathe with PU” and operation 030 “Complex with PU”.

1. Operation 005 “Lathe with PU”.

1.1 The main (technological) processing time for each transition is determined by the formula:

, min

, min

L 1 =(113-70)/2 + (65-33)/2 + 4=42mm;

L 2 =35 + 5 +2 + 4 + 2.5 +4 = 57mm;

L 3 =(113-70)/2 + 4=11mm;

L 4 =57 + 4 = 61mm;

L 5 =57 + 4 + 1 + 4 = 66mm.

T o1 = 42/(0.6 × 315) = 0.22 min;

T o2 = 51/(0.6 × 500) = 0.27 min;

T o3 = 11/(0.15 × 500) = 0.14 min;

T o4 = 61/(0.3 × 800) = 0.25 min;

T o 5 = 66/(0.15 × 1250) = 0.35 min.

1.2 The main processing time for an operation is determined by the formula:

0.22 + 0.17 + 0.14 + 0.25 + 0.35 = 1.23 min.

1.3 Auxiliary time for the operation is determined:

, min

t v.u =0.21 min;

t mv1 =0.38min;

t mv2 =0.58 min;

t mv3 =0.33min;

t mv4 =0.26 min;

t mv5 =0.16 min.

0.21 + 0.38 + 0.58 + 0.33 + 0.26 + 0.16=1.92 min.

1.4 The time for servicing the workplace and the time for breaks for rest and personal needs is 5% and 4% of the operational time, respectively:

α obs =5% α oln =4%

1.5 Piece time is determined by the formula:

T pcs = (1.23 + 1.92) × (1 + (5 + 4)/100) = 3.43 min

1.6 The preparatory and final time is determined by the formula:

T p-32 – time to set up the machine, T p-32 = 24 minutes;

T sample – standard time for trial processing (of the first part),

T arr. = 14 min.

T pz =12 + 24 + 14 = 50 min.

2. Operation 030 “Complex with launcher”.

2.1 The main (technological) processing time for each transition is determined by the formula:

, min

, min

where l cut – cutting length, mm

y, ∆ - amount of infeed or overtravel, mm

L – path length of the cutting part of the tool, mm.

L 1 =2 + 3=5mm;

L 2 =18 + 5 + 2 =25mm;

L 3 =18 + 2 + 3 =23mm;

L 4 =18 + 2 + 8 =28mm;

L 5 =18 + 2 + 8 =28mm.

T o1 = 4 × 5/(0.15 × 900) = 0.15 min;

T o2 = 4 × 25/(0.26 × 850) = 0.45 min;

T o3 = 4 × 23/(0.5 × 650) = 0.28 min;

T o4 = 4 × 28/(0.8 × 250) = 0.5 min;

T o 5 = 4 × 28/(0.8 × 110) = 1.14 min.

2.2 The main processing time for an operation is determined by the formula:

0.15 + 0.45 + 0.28 + 0.5 + 1.14 = 2.52 min.

2.3 Auxiliary time for the operation is determined:

, min

where t в.у – auxiliary time for installation and removal of the part, min;

t mv – machine auxiliary time associated with performing auxiliary moves and movements when processing surfaces and turning the turret, min.

t v.u =0.33min;

t mv1 =0.28 min;

t mv2 =0.37 min;

t mv3 =0.37 min;

t mv4 =0.41 min;

t mv5 =0.41 min.

0.33 + 0.28 + 0.37 + 0.37 + 0.41 + 0.41 = 2.17 min.

2.4 Time for servicing the workplace and time for breaks for rest and personal needs is 4% of the operational time:

α obs =4% α oln =4%

2.5 Piece time is determined by the formula:

T pcs = (2.52 + 2.17) × (1 + (4 + 4)/100) = 5.07 min.

2.6 The preparatory and final time is determined by the formula:

where T p-31 is the time to obtain the tool, T p-31 = 12 minutes;

T p-32 – time to set up the machine, T p-32 = 28 minutes;

T sample – standard time for trial processing (of the first part),

T arr. = 19 min.

T pz =12 + 28 + 19 = 59 min.

Size: px

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Transcript

1 R.G. GRISHIN, N.V. LYSENKO, N.V. NOSOV RATING OF MACHINE WORKS. DETERMINATION OF AUXILIARY TIME DURING MECHANICAL OPERATION OF BLANKETS TRAINING MANUAL Samara 008

2 Introduction The technological operation of mechanical engineering production is the main calculation element of the technological process. The processing time of a workpiece and the cost of performing an operation serve as a criterion characterizing the feasibility of its construction, taking into account a given production program and certain organizational and technical conditions. The technical time standard, which determines the time spent on performing an operation, serves as the basis for paying the machine operator for work and calculating the cost of the part and product. Based on technical time standards, the duration of the production cycle is calculated, the required number of machines, tools, and workers is determined by the production area of ​​sites and workshops. The standard piece time is one of the main factors for assessing the perfection of the technological process and choosing the most progressive option for processing the workpiece. The purpose of this methodological guide is to help students of mechanical engineering specialties in working on coursework and diploma projects with technical standardization of mechanical engineering production operations. The manual provides the necessary reference materials for determining auxiliary time. The purpose and objectives of technical standardization When designing technological processes, one of the important tasks is to determine economically determined time standards for processing parts. The implementation of this work is an important stage in students’ training and is aimed at instilling practical skills in standardizing technological processes during the machining of workpieces on metal-cutting machines. The purpose of this teaching aid is to teach the student to independently solve issues related to determining time standards when performing technological operations.

3. Standardization of machine tools. Basic provisions Labor rationing establishes the required time spent on the production of a given object of labor at a given enterprise, i.e. labor norm is a specific expression of the measure of labor. Labor standards in production perform important functions as a meter of labor productivity, a measure of labor costs and remuneration for labor. As a measure of the level of labor productivity, the labor cost rate performs the function of a means, a production management tool. Using the norm, the level of labor productivity is assessed. As a measure of labor costs, the norm is the basis for calculating and accounting for many indicators of the production and economic activities of an enterprise. Based on the standards, product design options, methods of implementing technological processes, methods of organizing production, labor and management are selected. As a measure of remuneration for work, the norm is the basis for calculating wages and their differentiation according to the quantity and quality of labor. In mechanical engineering production, various processing methods are widely used on turning, milling, drilling, grinding and other machines. The first stage of labor standardization during the mechanical processing of materials performed on metal-cutting machines is the assignment of cutting modes. The selection and calculation of cutting modes consists of establishing the cutting depth t, feed S, the number of transitions (working strokes) i and cutting speed with permissible cutting forces and power required for processing. The selected cutting modes should provide, depending on the accepted criteria, the highest labor productivity or the lowest cost of processing the workpiece, while ensuring that the requirements for the accuracy and quality of the surface layer of the product are met. The standardization of each type of processing on metal-cutting machines includes the definition of:

4 main technological time; auxiliary time: for installation and removal of parts associated with the transition to a set of techniques not included in the transition, i.e. to control the machine, to measure the surface being processed; time for organizational and technical maintenance of the workplace, for rest and personal needs; preparatory and final time. The standard piece time when performing work on metal-cutting machines under mass production conditions is determined by the formula: aobs + ao. l. n. Т Ш = TOP +, min 00 where T OP is the operational time, and obs is the time for servicing the workplace (caring for the machine and the workplace during the work shift, changing the tool due to its dullness, adjusting and fine-tuning the machine during operation, sweeping away chips in work process) as a percentage of operational time; and o.l.n. time for rest and personal needs as a percentage of operational time. Time for rest and personal needs is determined depending on the mass of the workpiece, the nature of the feed, the amount of operating time and the proportion of machine time in the operating time. Operational time is determined by the formula: T = T + T min OP O V, where T O is the main technological time for performing the operation: T In the auxiliary time spent by the worker on performing techniques aimed at ensuring the completion of the main work, and repeated when processing each part, or in a certain sequence through a certain number of parts. When determining auxiliary time, special attention should be paid to taking into account all possible combinations in time of individual techniques when working with both hands at the same time.

5 The main machine time is determined by the following formula: L TO = i, min ns where L is the estimated length of the machined surface of the part, mm; n spindle rotation speed, rpm; s o cutter feed per revolution, mm; i number of passes. The estimated length of the machined surface of the part (mm) is determined as the sum L = l +l +l, where l is the length of the machined surface of the part; l the amount of infeed and overtravel of the tool; l additional length for taking test chips when working using the method of trial runs and measurements. The cutting depth t is determined from the drawing of the part depending on the allowance for roughing and finishing the surface of the part. Allowance for roughing and finishing (mm), for example, when turning is determined by the formula: d (d h) h =, where d is the diameter of the part after roughing; d diameter of the part after roughing; h allowance for finishing. If it is impossible or impractical to remove the processing allowance in one pass, then the surface of the part is processed in several passes. The number of passes i is determined from the ratio of the allowance h to the cutting depth t, i.e. i = h/t. For example, the diameter of the workpiece when turning is 8 mm. When performing the operation, it is required to obtain ø 6 mm at a cutting depth of t =, mm in one pass. The total allowance on the side is determined by the formula: D ddet 8 6 h = zag = 0 mm. = Then the number of passes i = h/ t = 0/, =. Thus, to grind the surface of a workpiece ø 6 mm, it is necessary to make a pass. o

6 The amount of feed S per one revolution of a product or tool, cutting speed and power required for cutting are established according to standards. The feed rate S depends on the cutting depth, the roughness of the machined surface, the rigidity of the technological system “workpiece tool fixture machine” (ZIPS), and the strength of the system elements. Self-test questions. Explain the importance of rationing when performing machine tools? What elements are used to determine the rate of piece time T w?. Define operational time. How is the estimated processing length determined? 6. What should you do if it is impossible to remove the processing allowance in one pass? Guidelines for determining auxiliary time The time standards given in the textbook are intended for technical standardization of machine tools in mass production. The standards provide for the following organizational and technical conditions that characterize mass production:. The company has been producing products in large series of a limited and stable range for a long time. The company has a high level of production specialization, a large proportion of specialized equipment, special tools and devices designed to perform a specific operation when processing similar parts of a narrow range.. The machines perform homogeneous operations and a limited number of parts of the same type are attached to each machine. Parts are processed on machines, as a rule, with tools set to size without test chips. 6

7. Processing on machines is carried out on the basis of operational maps of technological processes, developed in detail for operations and transitions, indicating the operating modes of the equipment, the execution time of each transition and the standard piece time for the operation. 6. Work orders, technological documentation, workpieces provided for by the technology, tools and devices are delivered to the workplace by support staff. 7. The tool is sharpened centrally. 8. Machine tools that process heavy parts are equipped with lifting equipment. 9. The workplace is provided with the necessary set of devices that help reduce auxiliary time and overlap the time of manual work with the time of machine operation of the machine (the presence of a set of two mandrels, two clamps, rotary tables, high-speed pneumatic devices, multiple devices and devices used in areas of group processing of parts, and etc.); at a distance of up to m from the machine, bedside tables, racks or racks for folding parts and bedside tables for drawings and tools are installed; For large parts, racks or roller tables are installed at a distance of m from the machine. The manual contains regulatory materials for calculating technically sound time standards for work performed on equipment used in mass production. When rationing machine work according to these standards, auxiliary time, time for servicing the workplace, preparatory and final time and time for breaks for rest and personal needs of the worker are determined. Time standards for each type of equipment are developed for sets of techniques, compiled according to technological characteristics and types of work encountered when processing parts. 7

8 Depending on the type of equipment used and the nature of the work performed on it, the standards provide for different degrees of aggregation of standards and two methods for determining auxiliary time per operation: I. When calculating the norm of piece time for work performed on universal equipment intended for multi-transition work (maps 0), determining the auxiliary time for an operation consists of finding the corresponding maps and then summing up the time for installing and removing the part; time for passage (or surface treatment), determined for each transition in the operation separately; time to change the equipment operating mode, change tools and move machine parts; time for control measurements of the treated surface. II. For equipment intended mainly for single-transition operations (cards 6), processing on which is carried out without changing the operating modes of the equipment and changing tools within the technological operation, auxiliary time is given in the form of an enlarged set of techniques for the operation. For machines of this group, auxiliary time is determined from standard maps in accordance with the nature of processing without subsequent summation of individual terms. The exception is certain types of machines in this group, for which the time for additional techniques is taken into account, added to the time for the operation in cases of changed content of the work. The time for control measurements of a part on these machines is taken into account only in cases where it does not overlap with the main time. The given time standards are calculated to standardize work when servicing a worker of one machine (work on one machine). When rationing multi-machine work to calculate time standards, in addition to the given standards, it is necessary to additionally 8

9 use methods and standards for standardization during multi-machine maintenance. When calculating piece time standards, it is necessary to take into account the conditions that influence changes in the pace of work and productivity of the machine operator. The pace of work depends on the scale of production. Under the existing organizational and technical conditions of production, the duration of processing is significantly influenced by the size of the batch of parts processed continuously at one workplace during work without equipment readjustment. In large-scale production, batch sizes of parts are not constant and vary widely depending on the number of machines produced by the enterprise. The standard time in the collection is calculated for the average size of the batch of processed parts. To take into account different scales of production, the standards provide correction factors for processing time, which are used when calculating auxiliary time for an operation in cases where the batch sizes of processed parts in production differ from the sizes for which the standards are calculated. When developing technological processes and calculating piece time standards, enterprise planning bodies clarify in advance the average size of batches of products that will be put into production. In accordance with the established average batches, correction factors are selected, and the time calculated according to the standards is adjusted. When performing coursework and final qualifying work, the annual volume of product output is established by the supervisor... Standards for auxiliary time for installing and removing parts 9

10 Time standards for installing and removing parts are given in cards by type of device depending on the type of machine. The standards provide for the most common standard methods of installing and securing parts in universal and special clamping devices. The weight of the part is taken as the main factor of duration. In addition to this factor, the following are taken into account: the method of fastening the part and the type of device; presence and nature of reconciliation; the nature of the installation surface; number of simultaneously installed parts, etc. The standard time for installing and removing a part involves performing the following work: install and secure the part, turn on and off the machine, unfasten and remove the part, clean the device from chips. Time for the techniques of “turning the machine on and off” is given along with the installation and removal of the part in order to consolidate the standards. In some cases, on drilling machines, when working on a table without securing a part, or when installing in mobile jigs, when it is possible to install and remove a part on the machine without turning off the spindle rotation and subject to compliance with safety regulations, the standard time should be reduced in accordance with instructions given in the standard maps. When working in special devices, auxiliary time for installing and removing a part is defined as the sum of time for installing and removing a part in a single or multi-place device; to secure the part, taking into account the number of clamps; to clean the device from chips. The standards provide for the installation and removal of parts weighing up to 0 kg manually and above 0 kg using lifting mechanisms. Manual installation of parts weighing more than 0 kg is given in the standards for use in certain cases when processing in areas where there are no lifting vehicles. Not allowed 0

11 manual installation of parts weighing more than 0 kg by men under 8 years of age and women... Standards for auxiliary time associated with the transition or the processed surface Standards for auxiliary time associated with the transition or the processed surface are given by type of machine in the form of enlarged complexes of techniques compiled according to technological characteristics and types of work encountered in large-scale production. The standard maps of this section contain: a) time associated with the passage (or surface being treated); b) time for techniques related to transition that are not included in the complex of time for passage (or surface); c) time for drill leads to remove chips when working with drills; d) time to align the spindle axis with the axis of the hole being machined (for boring machines); e) time to remove the part for measurement during processing (for surface grinding machines). A set of auxiliary time techniques associated with a transition or passage (or surface being machined) involves performing the following work: a) bringing a tool (cutter, drill, milling cutter, etc.) to the part; b) turning the feed on and off; c) test measurements of the part made during surface treatment; d) retracting the tool to its original position. In this case, factors influencing the duration are taken into account: machine size; size of the surface being processed; processing accuracy; measurement method.

12 Trial measurements of the dimensions of the part during processing, in the complex of time per pass (or surface being processed), are provided only for grinding work and multi-transition operations on rotary and longitudinal milling machines. In other types of machine tools, the achievement of the required dimensions, if there is appropriate specialization, is ensured without measurements during processing with a tool set to the size, or by maintaining the dimensions along the dial with subsequent control measurements of the machined surface. In order to further consolidate the standards, reduce the volume of standard materials and facilitate their use during standardization, the maps of time standards do not contain data that takes into account different lengths of the surface being processed. In the standards for time per pass, the time taken for one length of the surface to be processed is taken for this purpose. In additional techniques, time is given for moving parts of the machine for any other length, taken into account in cases where the length of the surface being processed exceeds the calculated one adopted in the complex standard time for passage. The time for moving machine parts is given without dividing into manual movement and movement with mechanical rapid feed. According to the results of timing observations and studies, it was found that the speeds of movement of machine parts when working with accelerated mechanical and manual feed on universal equipment in most cases are the same or differ slightly and dividing them into separate tables is impractical. When calculating the time standards associated with a passage for work with trial measurements, the number of trial measurements is set variable depending on the processing accuracy and the size of the surface being processed. Based on observational materials and the results of an analysis of time spent on work carried out with trial measurements, it was agreed

13 it is new that the number of such measurements made during surface treatment is a variable value and, in addition to the processing accuracy, also depends on the size of the surface being processed, changing upward as the size of the treatment increases. Standards for auxiliary time associated with the operation For equipment, designed to perform single-pass (or single-pass) work with constant cutting modes in one operation (multi-cutting machines, gear-cutting machines, thread-processing machines, broaching machines, etc., cards 8), auxiliary time is given in the form of an enlarged set of working methods for the operation, including time for installation and removal of parts. The auxiliary time associated with the operation is given depending on the design of the fixture, the weight of the part, the method of performing the operation and other factors. The auxiliary time standards for an operation are developed taking into account the equipment available in industry, which covers machines with a semi-automatic cycle and manually operated machines. For machines with a semi-automatic cycle (semi-automatic), the time for the operation in the standard cards includes the time for processing and removing the part, and the time for starting the machine. The time for approaching and installing the tool for the processing size, for turning the feed on and off, for idling for these machines is determined according to the passport data of the machine and is included in the standard piece time as a separate term. When calculating the standard piece time for work performed on multi-spindle semi-automatic lathes, the auxiliary transition time is established according to the machine’s passport data when determining the cycle time. The cycle time includes the time

14 minutes for tool feeds per machining size, for idle strokes and time for switching the spindle to the next position. The time for installing and removing a part is not taken into account in the standard piece time on these machines. This time is the overlapped cycle time of the machine. When determining the standard piece time for work on modular multi-tool drilling and boring semi-automatic machines, the auxiliary time associated with the operation includes the time for installing and removing the part, determined from standard maps in accordance with the method of installing the part on the machine, and the time for inputs and outputs tool, determined from the machine’s passport data. Auxiliary time associated with the operation for manually controlled machines does not require additional calculations when determining the rate of piece time. The time for measuring the surface being processed, carried out during the processing of the part, is not included in the time standards for the operation. Achieving the required processing dimensions on machines of this group is ensured automatically by the design of the machine or cutting tool. For certain types of machines, when working on which, in order to obtain the required dimensions, it is necessary to measure the part during processing (for example, on thread-grinding, slot-grinding machines), the charts of time standards for an operation provide time for measurement in the form of additional techniques, which is added to the time for the operation in the required sizes, depending on the accuracy of the surface being processed.. Standards of auxiliary time for control measurements of the treated surface Standards of auxiliary time for measurement should only be used to determine the time for control measurements after the end of surface treatment.

15 Time for measurements taken during the surface treatment process, such as trial measurements during grinding, is included in the maps of auxiliary time associated with surface treatment by type of equipment. The time required for a control measurement involves performing tasks typical for machining on machines, including time for picking up the tool, setting the measurement size, and time for cleaning the surface being measured. The standards do not provide for certain types of work that are rarely encountered during measurements, for example, waiting for the part to cool down, which is encountered during grinding work, washing contaminated parts before measurement, etc. The time for such work is set taking into account the actual processing conditions in accordance with local regulations. When performing work on grinding machines with a device for automatic measurement during the processing of a part, the auxiliary time for the surface should be taken according to time cards for processing without measuring the part. When calculating piece time standards, the time for control measurements is determined taking into account the necessary frequency of such measurements during the work process. The frequency of control measurements depends on the following main factors: a) the stability of the dimensions obtained during processing, determined by the technological process, the design of the cutting tool, the method of performing the work, etc.; b) permission for processing; c) machine accuracy; d) processing dimensions. The frequency of measurements for each type of work is determined taking into account the listed factors according to the maps posted in the application (see map 6).

16 It should be borne in mind that the time for control measurements should be included in the standard only in cases where this time cannot be covered by the main (technological) time. Time standards for servicing a workplace The time for servicing a workplace is given by type of machine. The time given in the standard maps is calculated for workers servicing one machine and includes time for technical and time for organizational maintenance of the workplace. The standards provide for time to complete the following work... Maintenance of the workplace includes: a) changing tools due to dullness (for machines operating with blade tools); periodic dressing of the grinding wheel and its replacement due to wear (for grinding machines); b) adjustment and adjustment of the machine during operation; c) sweeping and periodic cleaning of chips during work... Organizational maintenance of the workplace includes: a) inspection and testing of equipment; b) laying out tools at the beginning and cleaning them at the end of the shift; c) lubrication and cleaning of the machine during the shift; d) receiving instructions during the shift; e) cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift. Depending on the type of machine and the work performed on it, the standards provide two ways to calculate time for servicing a workplace. I. For machines operating with blade tools, the time for servicing the workplace (technical and organizational) is set as a constant value, which is accrued when 6

17 In addition to the norms for piece time, a percentage increase to operational time. II. For grinding machines, this time is divided into maintenance time and organizational maintenance time for the workplace and is calculated separately when calculating the rate of piece time. The maintenance time for this group of machines is determined by calculation, taking into account the service life of the grinding wheel, the time for its dressing and the main processing time of the part. The time for organizational maintenance of the workplace is set as a constant value, calculated as a percentage increase to operational time. The maintenance time for changing a tool due to dullness and the accompanying subsequent adjustment and adjustment of the machine is established in the standards by calculation, taking into account the balance of operational time (the share of machine time in operational time), determined from timing observations and photographs of the working day, and the operating time of the tool before dullness ( durability period), adopted based on the standards for cutting conditions. On machines operating with blade tools, this time takes up a small share, has little effect on the accuracy of the piece time standard and is set as an enlarged time complex as a percentage. On grinding machines, the maintenance time associated with dressing the grinding wheel normally takes up significant piece time. Depending on the nature of the work being performed, precision grinding, this time varies widely and therefore must be calculated separately for each operation..6 Time standards for rest and personal needs Time for rest and personal needs in the maps is given as a percentage of operational time. This time is set differentially 7

18 baths depending on the worker’s employment and labor intensity. For work with mechanical feeding, time is provided for personal needs and physical education breaks, and for work with manual feeding, an additional time for rest breaks is taken into account, set for each operation depending on the intensity of work..7 Standards for preparatory and final time for processing a batch of workpieces Standards for preparatory and final time provide for the following work: a) obtaining work orders, technical documentation and necessary instructions at the workplace; b) familiarization with the work and drawing; c) preparing the workplace, setting up equipment, tools and devices; d) trial processing of a part on machines operating during single-pass operations with a tool set to size; e) removal of tools and devices after finishing processing of a batch of parts. Preparatory and final time is defined as the sum of: a) time for setting up the machine, depending on the method of installing the part and the number of tools involved in the operation; b) time spent in cases of working with any additional, irregularly encountered device or device provided for by the technological process for the operation; c) time for trial processing of the part. The guidelines [,7] provide the calculated values ​​that are most often encountered and used in technical standardization when calculating piece time standards: infeed values ​​8

19 and tool overtravel, additional lengths for taking test chips, etc. Questions for self-test. List the organizational conditions of serial production.. List the components by element when determining auxiliary time.. What set of auxiliary time techniques is necessary when performing a transition from the aisle? List the standards for auxiliary time associated with the operation. By what criteria is auxiliary time for control surface measurements determined? 6. How to determine the frequency of control measurements? 7. What elements make up the standards for workplace maintenance? 8. What elements of time include organizational maintenance of the workplace? 9. How to determine the standards for time for rest and personal needs? 0.What elements of time are included in the standards for preparatory and final time? Where. Standardization of operations performed on CNC machines Piece processing time of a part T = T + T + T + T T = T 0 j pcs 0 V obs. l. n. 0 main time for operation, min; T 0 j is the main time for performing the jth transition of processing an elementary surface; (L + l) i (L + l) T0 j = = ns s T B = T v.u. +T m.v. auxiliary time, including time T v.u. for installation and removal of the workpiece and auxiliary time T m.v. associated with the implementation of auxiliary moves and movements during surface treatment, min; T obs workplace service time, 9 m

20 minutes; T o.l.n. time for rest and personal needs, min; assigned as a percentage of operational time T op = T o + T v.u. + T m.v. ; L length of the processed surface, mm; l length of tool penetration and overtravel, mm; i number of working strokes; s m minute feed, mm/min; n rotation speed of the workpiece or tool, rpm; s feed per revolution, mm/rev. Operating time of the machine according to the control program (processing cycle time) T p.u. = T 0 +T m.v. =T op.n. Elements of piece time are determined in the same way as for cases of processing on manually operated machines. If q workpieces are processed simultaneously on a machine, then piece time T pcs = t q Machine auxiliary time T m.v. includes a set of techniques associated with positioning, accelerated movement of the working parts of the machine, bringing the tool along the axis into the processing zone and subsequent withdrawal, automatic change of the cutting tool, rotation of the head (tool holder) or from the tool magazine. These time elements depend on the speed of movement. The standards adopt length and 00 mm, respectively, for installation and accelerated movements. If the lengths or speeds of movement differ from the accepted ones, then the time of movement must be recalculated by multiplying it by the coefficients L Ф K L = ; KV = Lн where L f and L n are the actual and standard displacement lengths, mm; V f and V n speed of movement actual and according to standards; According to the standards, the speed of installation movement (positioning) is 0 mm/min. When drawing up a control program (CP), the possibility of combining techniques should be taken into account and a sequence of processing transitions should be assigned such that T m.v. was minimal. So, when processing on machines with a cross table and rotation 0 i V V n f

The 21st turret should be used to completely process one thing from one positioning (for example, center drilling), and then the other, etc. holes, since the time for changing a tool is significantly less than the time for positioning (T pos >> T cm.in). For drilling and milling boring machines with T magazines, see in. >T poses, so it is advisable to process all holes first with one and then with another tool. Since the methods of installing and securing workpieces when processing on CNC machines do not fundamentally differ from the methods used on manually controlled machines, then T.u. determined according to existing standards for manually operated machines. On machines with interchangeable pallets, only the time required to change the pallet and move the table to the working position is taken into account. Work on organizational maintenance of the workplace includes: inspection, heating of the CNC system and hydraulic system, testing of equipment, receiving tools from the foreman (adjuster) during the shift, presenting a test part to the quality control inspector, cleaning the machine and workplace at the end of the work. Maintenance of the workplace includes: changing a dull tool, correcting the tool to specified dimensions, adjusting and adjusting the machine during the shift, removing chips from the cutting zone during operation. Piece calculation time T pcs k = T pcs + where T pz piece calculation time per batch, min; n is the size of the batch of parts put into production. The batch size is determined by actual data or by calculation (when assessing economic efficiency): P nз =, S where P is the annual production of parts, pcs.; S n number of launches per year. n T p z n z

22 Under mass production conditions, S n is equal to; 6; And. For medium-scale (60,000 parts per year) production, we can take S n =. Approximately n 3 is determined from the table. Table Average batch size for launching parts Number of changeovers Launch batch size n 3 (pcs.) with piece processing time of a part, min per month per shift, 0, 0, 0, Note n and i:. See instructions MU.8 “Determination of the economic efficiency of metal-cutting machines with CNC”, NPO ENIMS, NPO Orgstankinprom, M.: 98.. The batch size for launching parts is calculated based on the average stock of piece operating time of the machine, equal to 00 minutes per shift. The number of shifts per month is assumed to be equal. Preparatory final time T pz when processing on CNC machines consists of time costs (methods) T pz, costs T pz taking into account additional work, and time T pz for trial processing of the part: T pz = T pz + T pz + T pz . The costs of T pz include the time for receiving the work order, drawing, technological documentation at the workplace at the beginning of work and for delivery at the end of the shift. It takes minutes to familiarize yourself with the documents and inspect the workpiece; for instructions from the mine master; to install the working parts of the machine or clamping device along two coordinates to the zero position min; for installation of punched paper tape min; total for a set of techniques min. In accordance with the guidance material of Orgstankinprom, a single standard (T pz = min) has been adopted for all CNC machines.

23 Time standards for work performed on CNC machines (adopted in the machine tool industry) are given in the Appendix, table. . Self-test questions. What formula is used to determine the main time for completing the transition of an elementary surface? How to determine the operating time of the machine according to the program? What set of techniques includes machine-auxiliary time? What work includes organizational and technical maintenance of the workplace? How is the average batch size of a parts launch determined? Examples of time calculation for various types of production Example. Determine the rate of piece work and the rate of preparatory and final time for a rough turning operation in small-scale production. Initial data. Glass detail. Material gray cast iron C, HB 6 9. Casting blank. Part weight 0.7 kg. Equipment screw-cutting lathe 6K0. Device x cam self-centering, pneumatic. Processing without cooling. Lot of parts 00 pcs. Organizational conditions.. Receipt and delivery of tools and devices are carried out by the worker himself.. Sharpening of cutting tools is centralized.. The layout of the workplace meets the requirements of the scientific organization of labor. Contents of the operation: A. Install and remove the part.. Trim the end, edge... Sharpen the edge... Bore the hole around.. Cutting tool VK6. Measuring tool ShTs caliper.

24 The procedure for calculating cutting conditions will be carried out according to the reference book. We select the brand of instrumental material according to the table. cards, R a 6, page. For turning gray cast iron on the crust we use plates made of hard alloy VK6. The main angle in plan for trimming the end of the surface, for turning the surface. and boring surface. point-blank φ=90º with apex radius r=.0 mm. The processing dimensions and the estimated processing length are determined for each transition based on the dimensions of the part according to the sketch (Fig.). Fig.. Sketch of glass processing Transition. Trimming the end of the surface. Determine the length of the surface to be processed. D d 80 l cut = = =, mm Estimated processing length L = L + y + L, px cut where y is the component of the working stroke length, mm; L additional additional cutting length when working using the method of trial runs and measurements. When using the method of automatically obtaining dimensions, this term is not taken into account. According to table. on page 00, at φ=90º and cutting depth t= mm, y =.. mm; accept mm. Therefore L рх =,+ = 7, mm. We assign the caliper feed per spindle revolution S 0 in mm/rev. With D = 80 mm, VK6 cutter according to table. (page) recommended feed S = 0.8, mm/rev with a rigid technological system. We accept the feed value according to the passport S st =, mm/rev. We determine the cutting speed during transverse turning according to the T map (page 90). The table value of the cutting speed for our processing conditions is V = 6 m/min. extra

25 Spindle rotation speed 000 V n = = = rpm π D, 80 We adjust the spindle rotation speed according to the machine passport n st = 0 rpm. The actual cutting speed is determined by the formula: ncn π D 0, 80 Vf = = = 6.8 m / min Minute feed S m in mm is determined by the formula S = S n =, 0 = 00mm min. m st st / When trimming the end face. the entire allowance is removed in one pass. Let us determine the main (technological machine) processing time L calc To = i n S or T o st st L calc = i, S where i is the number of passes during processing. 7, T o = = 0.06 min 00 Similarly, we determine the cutting modes when turning the surface. and p.. Transition. Turning of the outer surface ø77 0.7 mm. Workpiece diameter D = 80 mm, length of machined surface l cut = 0 mm. Estimated processing length L calc =0+= mm. Depth of cut t = D zag d det = m =, mm At t =, mm, D zar = 80 mm, VK6 cutter, recommended longitudinal feed S = 0.8.., mm/rev. We accept according to the machine passport S st =, mm/rev. Cutting speed for longitudinal turning at HB 9, t =, mm, S =, mm/rev, φ=90º recommended V = 6..6 m/min. We take V = 6 m/min. Spindle speed

26 000 6 n = = rpm, 80 According to the machine passport n st = 0 rpm. Actual cutting speed 0.80 V f = 6.8 m/min 000 Minute feed S m = 0=00 mm/min. Number of passes during turning i =. We determine the main time, 0 T o = = 0.08 min. 00 Transition. Boring a hole ø60 +0.7 mm to a length of 8 mm. Estimated processing length L calc =8+= mm. Depth of cut D Det 60 t = = =, mm Caliper feed rate at t =, mm recommended S = 0, 0, mm/rev. We accept the feed value according to the machine passport S st = 0.8 mm/rev. Recommended cutting speed V table = 9 m/min (page 0). Let's determine the spindle rotation speed n = = 9 rpm, 60 and adjust according to the machine passport n st = 00 rpm. Actual cutting speed 00, 60 V f = = 9, m / min 000 Minute feed will be S S n = 0.8 00 = 90 mm/min. m = st st Main time, 0 T o = = 0, min. 90 Total main time when performing three transitions T 0 = To = 0.06 + 0.08 + 0, = 0.8 min. 6

27 Determination of auxiliary time for the operation (see Appendices) a) Auxiliary time for installation and removal of the part t mouth is determined from the table. cards. When installing a workpiece weighing up to kg in a self-centering chuck with pneumatic clamping without alignment, t mouth = 0.8 min. b) The auxiliary time associated with the transition t per is determined from the table. cards, sheet Transition. When transverse turning with setting the position of the cutter along the dial t per =0, min. Transition. When longitudinal turning with the cutter installed along the limb, the measured size is up to 00 mm t per =0, min. c) Auxiliary time associated with the transition to techniques not included in the complexes t per is determined according to the table. cards, sheet Transition. After boring the previous part, it is necessary to change the spindle speed 0.0 min, change the value 0.0 min, rotate the cutting head 0.0 min. Transition. In each transition, the spindle speed and feed remain the same as in the transition. You only need to rotate the cutting head 0.0 min. Transition. Before boring a hole, it is necessary to change the spindle speed to 0.0 min; change feed rate 0.0 min; rotate the cutting head 0.0 min. The auxiliary time calculated by elements is summed up for each operation transition. Transition A. t mouth =0.8 min. Transition. t lane + Σt lane = 0.+0.0+0.0+0.0=0.7 min. Transition. t lane + Σt lane = 0.+0.0=0.7 min. Transition. t per + Σt per = 0.+0.0+0.0+0.0=0, min.) Auxiliary time for control measurements t meas is set according to table. cards 6, sheet 7, measurement with calipers: surfaces 0.08 min; surfaces 0, min; surface 0, min. 7

28 The frequency of monitoring is determined according to table. card 6, sheet: when installing the cutter along the dial for workpiece sizes up to 00 mm, the periodicity coefficient is 0. Thus, we get tmeas = (0.08+0,+0,) 0,=0.09 min. The correction factor for auxiliary time depending on the size of the batch of parts is determined according to table. cards 6, sheet. With a batch size of n = 0 pcs and operating time per part T op = T o + T v = 0.8 + 0.96 =, min. К tв =.0 Auxiliary time for operation T В =(t mouth + Σt ln +Σt ln +Σt meas) K tv = (0.8+0.7+0.7+0.+0.09),0 = 0.96. Let us determine the time for servicing the workplace aobs Tobs = (To + TV) = (0.8 + 0.96) = 0.0 min, where aobs is the time for servicing the workplace as a percentage of the operational time, determined from the table. cards, and obs = %. Time for breaks for rest and personal needs aotd To. l. n. = (To + TV) = (0.8 + 0.96) = 0.0 min, where a o.l.n. time of breaks for rest and personal needs as a percentage of operational time, determined according to table. , is %. Then the piece time will be T piece = T o +T v +T obs +T o.l.n = 0.8+0.96+0.0+0.0 =, min. Preparatory and final time T p.z. determined according to table. cards. T p.z. = min. Piece calculation time T p.z. T pcs. k = T pcs + =, + =, min. n 00 z 8

29 Example. Determine the piece and piece calculation time for a drilling operation in mass production conditions. Detail of the hand brake shoe. Ductile iron casting blank KCH7, 0 70 NV Operation:. Drill to Ø 8, through. Countersink to Ø 9.7 +0, mm through.. Ream to Ø 0 +0.0 mm. Equipment: vertical drilling machine, model C. Device: jig with eccentric clamp and quick-change bushings. Tool: drill Р6М Ø8, mm with normal sharpening, countersink Ø9.7 mm, reamer Ø0 mm. Lot 00 pcs. Fig.. Processing sketch Calculation of cutting conditions. Cutting modes are selected according to the reference book. The calculation is carried out in 6 stages. stage of determining the length of the working stroke. The magnitude of the working stroke is assigned based on the length L r.x. = l cut +l +l, where l is the length of the machined surface of the part; Y is the amount of infeed and overtravel of the tool; l additional additional length of idle stroke. l cut = 7+0 = 7 mm common for all tools. l = 8 mm for drill, mm for countersink, 7 mm for reamer. We accept a maximum value of 7 mm, because During mass production, changeovers should be minimal. l = mm additional no-load length (based on the configuration of the part). Thus: L р.х. = 7+7+ = 09 mm. stage of filing appointment. 9

30 Determine standard feed values. When drilling S about normal. = 0, mm/rev; When countersinking S about normal. = 0.6 mm/rev; When unfolding S about normal. =, mm/rev. We specify the feed according to the machine passport, choosing one that does not exceed all three feeds: S about prin. = 0.8 mm/rev. stage calculation of cutting speeds, revolutions and minute feed of the tool. Recommended cutting speed values: For drill (card C, page 0): V norm = 7.0.0 = 9.6 m/min For countersink (card C, page 0): V norm = 7.0, 0 =.6 m/min For sweep (map C, page): V norm = m/min. The number of tool revolutions corresponding to these values ​​of cutting speeds is calculated using the formula: n = 000 V π D When drilling, n norms = 7 rpm, When countersinking, n norms = 689 rpm, When reaming, n norms = 9 rpm. Minute feed S min = S o n. For drill S min = 0.8 7 = 6 mm/min, For countersink S min = 0.8 689 = mm/min, For reamer S min = 0.8 9 = 9 mm/min. The smallest value of the minute feed S min = 9 mm/min corresponds to the number of revolutions of the machine spindle: S min 9 nshp = = = 9 rpm. S 0.8 oprin 0

31 We accept the closest number of spindle revolutions according to the machine passport n sp.prin = 8 rpm. Actual cutting speed: When drilling V f = 0.8 m/min, When countersinking V f = m/min, When reaming V f = 6 m/min. Minute feed value S min = 0.8 8 = 88.8 mm/min. stage of determining machine time. T L 09 88.8 rub. X. o = = = S min, min. Since in the transition operation, the machine time is: T o =, =, 69 min. Determination of auxiliary and preparatory time. Auxiliary time consists of several components: Auxiliary time at the transition t per, Time for installing and removing the part t s.d., Time for turning on and off the machine t on, Time for installing and removing the tool t instr, Time for changing the conductor bushings t cm.wt., Time for tool lubrication t cm.in (K, l.), Time for measurements t meas. (K6, l.). Tv = t per + t u.s.d + t on + t instr + t cm.w. + t cm.in + t meas. t per = 0.07 min (K, l.), t u.s.d = 0.0 min (K0, l.), t on = 0.0 min (K, l.), t instr 0, 0 min (K, l.), t see k.w. = 0.0 min (K, l.), t cm.in = 0.0 min (K, l.), t meas. = 0.08 min (K6, l.) measured with a smooth gauge PRNE, t meas. = 0 .6 min (K6, l.) measured with a caliper for alignment. We determine Tv taking into account x transitions (t per), x turning the machine on and off (t on), x tool changes (t instr), x ma

32 tool changes (t see in) and change of x conductor bushings (t see k.w), Tv = 0.07 + 0.0 + 0.0 + 0.0 + 0.0 + 0.0 + 0 .08 + 0.6 = 0.97 min. Operating time: T op = T m + T v =.69 + 0.97 =.66 min. Time to service the workplace: T obs = %T op = 0.0.66 = 0, min (K). Time for rest and personal needs: T ol = %T op = 0.0.66 = 0.9 min. T pcs = T op + T obs + T ol =.66 + 0, + 0.9 =.99 min. Preparatory and final time for a batch of parts T p.z. = min (K). Piece calculation time for a batch of parts: T p. z T w. k. = T pcs + =.99 + =.0 min. N 00 z Example. Standardization of work on a CNC machine. Initial data: casting blank weighing 7 kg, grade L steel; CNC milling machine model 6RFZ, control system N; the workpiece is placed in a machine vice without alignment; there are 90 parts in the batch, zero coordinates X 0 = 0, Y 0 = +0, Z 0 = +0; spindle speed 600 rpm; tool end mill with a diameter of 0 mm; number of proofreaders in the program. Organization of workplace maintenance: the worker receives work orders, drawings, technological documentation, software, cutting tools and workpieces at the workplace. N00G7F7000M0LF N00G8LF N0096LF N00G0X 0000F690LF N00Y ​​F690LF N006Z 00600F60LF.

33 N007GY L0LF N008X L0LF N009GX 0000L0LF N00Y ​​0000L0LF N0GX L0LF N0Y L0LF N0GZ M0LF N0M0LF Fig.. Control program (milling a window with dimensions xx0 mm) The selection of cutting parameters was made taking into account the standards recommended. The feeds used in the program under codes 7000, 690, 60 are respectively equal to 00, 00, 00 mm/min. To normalize the automatic operation of the machine when performing working and auxiliary moves, the corresponding lengths of movements and feeds are determined. So, in the th frame, with a linear displacement “0” of the part (G8), a movement occurs along the Z axis from the zero point of the machine (Z 0 = +00) to the coordinate Z 0 = +0. The movement length will be 00 0 = 60 mm at a feed rate of 00 mm/min (at the same time movements are carried out on the X and Y axes). Movements in the th and th block along the X and Y axes are performed with one feed (00 mm/min) at and 68 mm. In blocks 6, the movement is performed at a feedrate of 00 mm/min at = 6 mm. In the m block, when returning along the Z axis to “0” of the machine (Z 0 = +00), the movement is performed with a feed of 00 mm/min at 00(60) = 78 mm. In the m frame, spindle rotation is turned on (M03). The time to perform the specified change for a given machine is taken equal to 0.0 minutes, i.e. T cool = 0.0 min. Time of automatic operation of the machine according to the program T a = .0 = 0.89 min

34 Elements of time standards Card number Calculation Table Time for operation, min Time for automatic operation of the machine T a 0.89 Auxiliary time for installing and removing the workpiece (in a vice) Auxiliary time for controlling the machine, turn on the machine, move the table along the XY axes. Push in the shield, bring in Card Card 6, sheet 0.0+0.0+0.0+0.0 0.9 0.0 tool, retract t auxiliary time for measuring with a caliper (four measurements) t counter Card 6, sheet 7 0.08* 0, Standard piece time T piece = 0.89 + 0.8 + + =, 9 min 00

35 Bibliographic list. General machine-building enlarged time standards for work performed on metal-cutting machines. Single, small-scale and medium-scale production. Part I. Screw-cutting and vertical turning lathes. M. Research Institute of Labor, p.. General machine-building enlarged time standards for work performed on metal-cutting machines. Single, small-scale and medium-scale production. Part II. Milling machines. M. Economics, p.. Novikov A.N. and others. Labor rationing in mechanical engineering. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 98.60 p.. General mechanical engineering standards for auxiliary time, for servicing the workplace and preparatory and final time for technical regulation of machine tools. Mass production. ed., updated and additional M.: Mechanical Engineering, 98. pp. Rationing of machine tools: method. decree. to the implementation of course and diploma projects and practical classes / Kuib. Polytechnic int: comp. A.N. Owl. Kuibyshev, 989. p. 6. Calculation and selection of cutting modes for single and multi-tool configurations of operations: method. decree. to practice classes, coursework and diploma design in mechanical engineering technology for students of specialty 00/Kuibysh. Polytechnic int; Comp. V.A. Akhmatov Kuibyshev, 988 7. Metal cutting modes: Handbook / Ed. Yu.V. Baranovsky. M.: Mechanical Engineering, p. 8. Handbook of mechanical engineering technologist: in t./ Ed. A.G. Kosilova and R.K. Meshcheryakova, ed., revised. and additional M.: Mechanical Engineering, Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Technologists: in volume/ Ed. A.M. Dalsky, A.G. Kosilova and other ed., corrected. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 00 9 p. 0. Handbook of mechanical engineering technologist: in volume / Ed. A.M. Dalsky, A.G. Kosilova and other ed., corrected. M.: Mechanical Engineering, p.. Collection of practical works on mechanical engineering technology: Textbook. allowance/ A.I. Medvedev, V.A. Shkred, V.V. Babuk et al.; Under. ed. I.P. Filonova. Mn.: BNTU, pp. Metal cutting modes: Handbook / Ed. HELL. Korchemkina. M.: NIIavtoprom, p.

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