Signs of a social community

Commonality of needs.

Types of social communities:

Class communities and strata.

Historical forms of community.

Corporate communities.

IN the basis of the first

Second classification Third classification

Number of children in the family

· small families - 1-2 children (not enough for natural growth)

· medium-sized families - 3-4 children (enough for low-expanded reproduction, as well as for the emergence of intra-group dynamics)

· large families - 5 or more children (much more than is needed to replace generations)

In a comprehensive study of family structure, they are considered in complex combination. From a demographic point of view, there are several types of family and its organization.

Depending on the form of marriage:

1. monogamous family - consisting of two partners

2. polygamous family - one of the spouses has several marriage partners

Polygyny - the simultaneous state of a man being married to several women. Moreover, marriage is concluded by a man with each of the women separately. For example, in Sharia there is a limit on the number of wives - no more than four

Polyandry - the simultaneous state of a woman being married to several men. It is rare, for example, among the peoples of Tibet and the Hawaiian Islands.

Depending on the gender of the spouses:

same-sex family - two men or two women jointly raising adopted children, artificially conceived or children from previous (heterosexual) contacts.

Diverse family

Depending on the number of children:

· childless or infertile family;

· one-child family;

· small family;

· medium-sized family;

· the large family.

Depending on the composition:

· simple or nuclear family - consists of one generation, represented by parents (parent) with or without children. The nuclear family has become the most widespread in modern society. She may be:

· elementary - a family of three members: husband, wife and child. Such a family can, in turn:

· complete - includes both parents and at least one child

Incomplete - a family of only one parent with children, or a family consisting only of parents without children

· compound - a complete nuclear family in which several children are raised. A compound nuclear family, where there are several children, should be considered as a conjunction of several elementary

· complex family or patriarchal family - a large family of several generations. This may include grandparents, brothers and their wives, sisters and their husbands, nephews and nieces.

Depending on a person’s place in the family:

· parental is the family into which a person is born

reproductive - a family that a person creates himself

Depending on where the family lives:

· matrilocal - a young family living with the wife’s parents,

· patrilocal - a family living together with the husband’s parents;

· neolocal - the family moves to a home remote from the place of residence of the parents.

Family functions:1. Reproductive function. One of the main tasks of any society is the reproduction of new generations of its members. At the same time, it is important that children are physically and mentally healthy and subsequently have the ability to learn and socialize. At the same time, an important condition for the existence of society is the regulation of birth rates and the avoidance of demographic declines or explosions.

2. Socialization function. Despite the large number of institutions involved in the socialization of the individual, the family occupies a central place in this process. This is explained primarily by the fact that it is in the family that the primary socialization of the individual takes place and the foundations for his formation as a personality are laid. The family is the primary group for a child; it is from here that personal development begins.

3. Function of emotional satisfaction. Psychiatrists believe that the main cause of emotional and behavioral difficulties in communication and even physical illness is the lack of love and warmth in the primary group, and above all in the family. Great amount data indicates that serious crimes and other negative deviations occur much more often among those who were deprived of family care in childhood, that children raised in orphanages without the love of a mother and father are much more susceptible to diseases, mental disorders, increased mortality, etc. It has been proven that people’s need for close, confidential communication and emotional expression of feelings to loved ones is a vital element of existence.

4. Status function . Each person raised in a family receives as a legacy some statuses close to the statuses of his family members. This primarily applies to such important statuses for the individual as nationality, place in urban or rural culture, etc. In class societies, family belonging to a certain social stratum provides the child with opportunities and rewards characteristic of this stratum, and in most cases determine his future life. Class status changes due to human efforts and favorable circumstances.

5. Protective function. In all societies, the institution of the family provides, to varying degrees, physical, economic and psychological protection of its members. In most cases, guilt or shame for a person is shared by all members of his family. They can also protect him.

6. Economic function. The management of a common household by family members, when they all work, contributes to the formation of strong economic ties between them. Norms family life include mandatory assistance and support for each family member if he or she experiences economic difficulties.

B.52 Socialization of personality.

Socialization– human development throughout his life in interaction with environment in the process of assimilation and reproduction of social norms and values, as well as self-development and self-realization in the society to which he belongs. Socialization occurs in conditions of spontaneous interaction between a person and the environment. This process is directed by society and the state through influence on certain age, social, and professional groups of people. In addition, control and influence by the state is carried out through targeted and socially controlled education (family, religious, social). These components have both partial and significant differences throughout a person’s life at various stages or stages of socialization.

Socialization performs in society three main tasks: 1) Integrates the individual into society, as well as into various types

social communities through their assimilation of elements of culture, norms and

values;

2) promotes interaction between people due to their acceptance

social roles;

3) preserves society, produces and transmits the culture of generations

through persuasion and demonstration of appropriate behavior patterns.

According to C. Cooley, the person goes through the following stages of socialization:

1) imitation - children copying the behavior of adults;

2) play - children's behavior as playing a role with meaning;

3) group games - the role as the behavior expected from it. In progress

socialization distinguishes between its primary and secondary forms.

Primary(external) socialization means the individual’s adaptation to role functions and social norms that develop in various social institutions of society at various levels of human life. This happens through the awareness of one’s belonging to a given community. The agents here are family, school, peers, or subcultures and compensators leading to desocialization.

Secondary socialization - means the process of including social roles in a person’s inner world. As a result, a system of internal regulators of individual behavior is formed, which ensures compliance (or opposition) of the individual’s behavior to the patterns and attitudes set by the social system. This represents life experience, the ability to evaluate norms, while at the level of identification they were mainly just learned.

The most important factors personality socialization phenomenon appears the individual’s presence in a group and self-realization through it, as well as the individual’s entry into more complex structures of society.

B. 54 Education as a social institution.

Education- the formal process by which a society transfers values, skills and knowledge from one individual or group to others. As its main elements, we can distinguish educational institutions as social organizations, social communities (teachers and students), the educational process and a type of sociocultural activity.

Social Institute- is an organized system of connections and social norms that brings together significant social values ​​and procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society. Any functional institution arises and functions, fulfilling one or another social need.

Every social institution has How specific features, and general signs with other institutions.

The characteristics of the educational institution are:

1. attitudes and behavior patterns - love of knowledge, attendance

2. symbolic cultural signs - school emblem, school songs

3. utilitarian cultural features - classrooms, libraries, stadiums

4. oral and written code - student rules

5. ideology - academic freedom, progressive education, equality in learning

Main types of education: Education system structured according to other principles, it includes a number of links: preschool education system, secondary school, vocational education, secondary specialized education, higher education, postgraduate education, system of advanced training and retraining of personnel, education based on interests .

Signs of a social community

Similarity of living conditions.

Commonality of needs.

Availability of joint activities

Formation of your own culture.

Social identification of members of a community, their very inclusion in this community

Social communities are distinguished by unusual diversity specific forms and types. They may vary:

· by quantitative composition: from several individuals to numerous masses;

· by duration of existence: from minutes and hours (for example, train passengers, theater audience) to centuries and millennia (for example, ethnic groups)

· according to the degree of connection between individuals: from relatively stable associations to very amorphous, random formations (for example, a queue, a crowd, an audience of listeners, fans of football teams), which are called quasi-groups or social aggregations. They are characterized by fragility of relationships between people in contact.

· Social communities are divided into stable (for example, a nation) and short-term (for example, passengers on a bus). Types of social communities:

Class communities and strata.

Historical forms of community.

Socio-demographic communities.

Corporate communities.

Ethnic and territorial communities.

Communities formed depending on the interests of individuals.

Classifications of social groups:

IN the basis of the first classification is based on such a criterion (sign) as number, i.e. the number of people who are members of the group. Accordingly, there are three types of groups:

1) small group - a small community of people who are in direct personal contact and interaction with each other;

2) middle group– a relatively numerous community of ideas that are in indirect functional interaction.

3) large group - a large community of people who are socially and structurally dependent on each other.

Second classification associated with such a criterion as the time of the group’s existence. Here short-term and long-term groups are distinguished. Small, medium and large groups can be either short-term or long-term. For example: an ethnic community is always a long-term group, and political parties can exist for centuries, or they can very quickly disappear from the historical scene. Such a small group, such as, for example, a team of workers, can be either short-term: people unite to complete one production task and, having completed it, separate, or long-term - people spend their entire lives working life work at the same enterprise in the same team. Third classification relies on such a criterion as the structural integrity of the group. On this basis, primary and secondary groups are distinguished. A primary group is a structural unit of an official organization that cannot be further decomposed into its component parts, for example: a team, department, laboratory, department, etc. A primary group is always a small formal group. A secondary group is a collection of primary small groups. An enterprise with several thousand employees, for example, Izhora Plants, is called secondary (or primary, since it consists of smaller structural divisions workshops, departments. The secondary group is almost always the middle group.

Any relationship that arises between social groups, as well as members of these groups, is recognized as social. Social relationships refer to almost everything that surrounds a person. Wherever he works and wherever he carries out his activities, he will always be involved in one or another social relations.

The concept of social relations in practice has a strong connection with social roles. As a rule, a person entering into certain social relationships appears in them in a certain social role, be it a professional, national or gender role.

In addition to the relationships themselves that arise between people, all the forms that these relationships take are also social. People are forced into these relationships not only due to the need for belonging, but also due to material and spiritual needs that they simply cannot satisfy alone.

Types of social relations

Social relations can be divided into types based on the areas of activity in which people express themselves. These are production, economic, political, aesthetic, psychological, interpersonal. The latter, for example, can include friendly, comradely, love, and family relationships. In interpersonal relationships, a person expresses himself most clearly as a person and is most involved in relationships.

Psychological relationships are more characterized by the individual's attitude towards himself and his reaction to external stimuli or objects. There is also a symbiosis of social and psychological relationships, which usually result in the interaction of members of society from the perspective of their individual psychological characteristics. For example, friendship-enmity, leadership-and more. We can talk about role relationships when certain roles of those involved are clearly spelled out in them, and there is also a certain functionally organized connection between them.

Communicative relationships allow members of society to exchange information and play an important role in the life of society. Emotional relationships between people are characterized on the basis of their mutual attractiveness or, conversely, alienation. Moreover, this attractiveness can be both psychological and physical. Moral relationships also play an important role in human relationships, that is, assessing each other’s behavior and actions from the perspective of understanding good and evil.

Sociology

AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The meaning of “social” can only be revealed by drawing up the mechanism for its formation in the context of the structural logic of the forming elements and indicating social specifics.

· area of ​​exclusively human existence;

· interaction of people based on certain needs;

· the formation and activation as a result of this interaction of social characteristics, each of which, taking on different specific meanings, thus creates a positional hierarchy;

· formation in place of each position of groups of people entering into meaningful relationships with each other;

· the process of institutional organization of these groups as a way to satisfy initial social needs and express and protect their interests in terms of regulation social activities;

· creation and distribution of social objects as factors of social satisfaction.

The fundamental connecting role in this logic is played by social characteristics and the social groups formed by them.

A social trait is a factor of social activity that functions exclusively in the process of social interaction between people and is capable of forming a hierarchy of social groups.

Examples: income, ownership of means of production, ideology, ethnicity, religious faith, education. In addition to their specific applied functions, all social characteristics carry a fundamental load - taking on different meanings, they position the social hierarchy (social group inequality).

The typologization of social characteristics goes through:

· by areas of social activity: economic, political, religious, etc.;

· in terms of complexity – simple and complex as an integration of simple ones;

· according to the criterion of the formation of a social-group hierarchy: quantitative, qualitative and mixed – quantitative-qualitative;

· according to the philosophical criterion: subjective - components of social-group inequality, where human consciousness is a factor of positional change, and objective, in the vectors of which movement is either impossible (ethnicity and gender) or does not depend on subjective thought (age).

Social groups are usually defined by the unity of social interests, which is not entirely accurate in the sense of the secondary nature of social interests in relation to the specific position of a social characteristic. In addition, in many large social groups, the formal unity of interests is so neutralized by interpersonal value and ideological differences that it is simply incorrect to talk about the goal-motivational integrativeness of these groups.

Thus, a social group should primarily be interpreted as a set of people occupying the same position-location (status) in the social hierarchy formed by a certain social characteristic. The typologization of social groups takes place according to spheres of social activity (economic, political, religious, etc.), numbers, composition (simple and complex), as well as according to the criterion of accessibility (closed and open - easy and difficult to access).

Let us note the presence of large social-positional groups (it is their context that is present in the scientific definition), which in the sociological literature are often called social communities - for example, classes and nations, and microgroups with relatively constant and universal interpersonal contact, where a narrow social interest and the psychological factor receives some importance.

The most important role-playing property of social groups is their ability to organize to meet social needs and express and protect their interests in terms of regulating social activity. Legal Forms Such organizations are called social institutions. Although institutions carry the highest organizational social quality, they are secondary in relation to social group activity both from the point of view of formation and in terms of instrumentality.

Certain social groups and corresponding institutions constitute the active subject core of each social sphere. Often this term denotes either the area of ​​budget allocation or the lower level of the economic hierarchy based on income, requiring state support and protection. This rather everyday and applied understanding wrongfully reduces the category of the social sphere to a narrow, exclusively economic meaning. IN this study It is proposed to define all areas of social activity as the social sphere - economics, politics, religion, art, pedagogy, etc. What they have in common is the same mechanism of formation, and the fundamental difference lies in their specific content - each sphere arises on the basis of specific social needs, contains its own social characteristics and group hierarchy of subjects, its own institutions and social facilities as a factor of social satisfaction and the result of subjective organizational activity.

Let us consider in this logic the most important social spheres– economics and politics. It is in these areas that much of the research will take place and where the fundamental elements, determining the quality of all sociality.

AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Sociology

Social signs, social groups and social spheres

The meaning of “social” can only be revealed by drawing up the mechanism for its formation in the context of the structural logic of the forming elements and indicating social specifics.

· area of ​​exclusively human existence;

· interaction of people based on certain needs;

· the formation and activation as a result of this interaction of social characteristics, each of which, taking on different specific meanings, thus creates a positional hierarchy;

· formation in place of each position of groups of people entering into meaningful relationships with each other;

· the process of institutional organization of these groups as a way to satisfy initial social needs and express and protect their interests in terms of regulating social activities;

· creation and distribution of social objects as factors of social satisfaction.

The fundamental connecting role in this logic is played by social characteristics and the social groups formed by them.

A social trait is a factor of social activity that functions exclusively in the process of social interaction between people and is capable of forming a hierarchy of social groups.

Examples: income, ownership of means of production, ideology, ethnicity, religious faith, education. In addition to their specific applied functions, all social characteristics carry a fundamental load - taking on different meanings, they position the social hierarchy (social group inequality).

The typologization of social characteristics goes through:

· by areas of social activity: economic, political, religious, etc.;

· in terms of complexity – simple and complex as an integration of simple ones;

· according to the criterion of the formation of a social-group hierarchy: quantitative, qualitative and mixed – quantitative-qualitative;

· according to the philosophical criterion: subjective - components of social-group inequality, where human consciousness is a factor of positional change, and objective, in the vectors of which movement is either impossible (ethnicity and gender) or does not depend on subjective thought (age).

Social groups are usually defined by the unity of social interests, which is not entirely accurate in the sense of the secondary nature of social interests in relation to the specific position of a social characteristic. In addition, in many large social groups, the formal unity of interests is so neutralized by interpersonal value and ideological differences that it is simply incorrect to talk about the goal-motivational integrativeness of these groups.

Thus, a social group should primarily be interpreted as a set of people occupying the same position-location (status) in the social hierarchy formed by a certain social characteristic. The typologization of social groups takes place according to spheres of social activity (economic, political, religious, etc.), numbers, composition (simple and complex), as well as according to the criterion of accessibility (closed and open - easy and difficult to access).

Let us note the presence of large social-positional groups (it is their context that is present in the scientific definition), which in the sociological literature are often called social communities - for example, classes and nations, and microgroups with relatively constant and universal interpersonal contact, where narrow social interest is primary and The psychological factor receives some importance.

The most important role-playing property of social groups is their ability to organize to meet social needs and express and protect their interests in terms of regulating social activity. The legal forms of such organizations are called social institutions. Although institutions carry the highest organizational social quality, they are secondary in relation to social group activity both from the point of view of formation and in terms of instrumentality.

Certain social groups and corresponding institutions constitute the active subject core of each social sphere. Often this term refers to either an area of ​​budget allocation or the lower level of the economic hierarchy based on income, requiring government support and protection. This rather everyday and applied understanding wrongfully reduces the category of the social sphere to a narrow, exclusively economic meaning. This study proposes to define all areas of social activity as the social sphere - economics, politics, religion, art, pedagogy, etc. What they have in common is the same mechanism of formation, and the fundamental difference lies in their specific content - each sphere arises on the basis of specific social needs, contains its own social characteristics and group hierarchy of subjects, its own institutions and social objects as a factor of social satisfaction and the result of subjective organizational activity.

Let us consider in this logic the most important social spheres - economics and politics. It is in these areas that a significant part of the research will take place and it is here that the fundamental elements that determine the quality of all sociality are located.

Three specific features distinguish social organizations from social communities, social groups and social institutions:
firstly, organizations are, first of all, communities focused on achieving rational, functional, specific goals;
secondly, organizations are groups of people that are characterized by a high degree of formalization. Their internal structure is highly formalized, normative and standardized in the sense that rules, regulations, and routines cover almost the entire sphere of behavior of its members.
thirdly, organizations are very dependent on the qualitative composition of participants, the personal qualities of their members, organizers, their group properties (organization, cohesion, solidarity, mobility, controllability, etc.), the composition changes - the “face” of the organization changes.
The structure of formal social organization is characterized by the following features:
A) rationality, i.e. at the basis of its formation and activity is the principle of expediency, usefulness, conscious movement towards a specific goal;
b) impersonality, i.e. it (the organization) is indifferent to the individual personal characteristics of its members, since it is designed for relationships established according to a given function;
V) service relations, i.e. provides for and regulates only official relations;
G) functionality, is subordinated in its activities and communications to functional (necessary, necessary) goals;
d) presence of organizers, persons systematically involved in its management, i.e. has (in most cases) a management level (“core”), administrative personnel, constantly responsible for maintaining the stability of the organization, coordinating the interactions of its members and the effectiveness of its activities as a whole.

26. In development

27Bureaucracy- a social structure based on a hierarchy of positions and roles prescribed by clear rules and standards and on the division of functions and powers.

Bureaucracy inherent in a society built on social inequality and exploitation, when power is concentrated in the hands of one or another narrow ruling group. The fundamental feature of bureaucracy is the existence and growth of a layer of bureaucrats - a privileged bureaucratic-administrative caste divorced from the people. The phenomenon Bureaucracy attracts Special attention bourgeois scientists since the beginning of the 20th century, when the growth of bureaucratic organizations assumed enormous proportions. The foundations of non-Marxist sociological concepts of Bureaucracy were laid in the works of the German sociologist M. Weber, who considered Bureaucracy as a “natural” and “necessary” form of any social organization. The term “Bureaucracy” itself acquired a positive character from Weber and applied to the organization in general. It is used in the same sense in many non-Marxist sociological works. Weber considered impersonality, rationality, strict regulation, and limited responsibility to be the “ideal” of any organization. In capitalist countries, Weber's ideas have found application in the system of managing teams within the framework of the policy of “scientific management” (especially in the USA). With the increasing complexity of organizations, the increase in the qualifications of workers and the increase in the number of service and engineering personnel, the concept, which emphasizes the impersonal nature of people’s relationships, was supplemented by the concept of “ human relations“, according to which work efficiency is associated with the moral and psychological climate prevailing in the organization, personal relationships, moods, likes and dislikes of members of the organization. As an antidote to “bureaucracy,” a program is being put forward to improve people’s personal relationships. The concept of “human relations” does not take into account that the streamlining and “humanization” of relations does not destroy the anti-democratic management inherent in a bourgeois organization and thereby does not save it from becoming a bureaucracy

M. Weber “The Concept of Ideal Bureaucracy”

1) Every post or position has clearly defined duties and responsibilities

2) All activity is based on the afterbirth. A system of rules and regulations that defines the responsibilities of various officials and the principle of relationships between them

3) All positions are located at a specific level of the power hierarchy, shaped like a pyramid. Responsibility not only for your decisions, but also for your subordinates

4) All job positions require job skills

5) Officials are not the owners of their posts. Position is the property of the organization

6) Job equals career, promotion is based on seniority and merit to the organization, probation- job title

7) Orders, rules, procedures, powers are recorded in writing and are permanently stored.

Social institutions(from Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) - these are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities and relationships between people, performing socially significant functions. The term “social institution” is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of family, the institution of education, the institution of the army, the institution of religion, etc. In all these cases, we mean relatively stable types and forms of social activity, connections and relationships through which social life is organized and the stability of connections and relationships is ensured. Let us consider specifically what brings social institutions into existence and what are their most essential characteristics.

The main purpose of social institutions is to ensure the satisfaction of important life needs. Thus, the institution of family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and raising children, regulates relations between the sexes, generations, etc. Need for security and social order provide political institutions, the most important of which is the institution of the state. The need to obtain means of subsistence and distribute values ​​is provided by economic institutions. The need for knowledge transfer, socialization of the younger generation, and personnel training is provided by educational institutions. The need to solve spiritual and, above all, life-meaning problems is provided by the institution of religion.

Social institutions are formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, social groups, layers and other communities. But they, like other social systems, cannot be associated with the sum of these individuals, communities and interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature and have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent social entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be characterized as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements, and a certain variability of their functions.

Social institutions are able to fulfill their purpose by streamlining, standardizing and formalizing social activities, connections and relationships. This process of ordering, standardization and formalization is called institutionalization. Institutionalization is nothing more than the process of forming a social institution.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points. A prerequisite for the emergence of social institutions is the emergence of a need, the satisfaction of which requires joint organized actions, as well as the conditions that ensure this satisfaction. Another prerequisite for the process of institutionalization is the formation of common goals of a particular community. Man, as we know, is a social being, and people try to realize their needs by acting together. A social institution is formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of individuals, social groups and other communities regarding the implementation of certain vital needs.

An important point in the process of institutionalization is the emergence of values, social norms and rules of behavior in the course of spontaneous social interaction carried out by trial and error. In the course of social practice, people make a selection, from different options they find acceptable patterns, stereotypes of behavior, which through repetition and evaluation turn into standardized customs.

A necessary step towards institutionalization is to consolidate these patterns of behavior as mandatory norms, first on the basis public opinion, and then sanctioned by formal authorities. On this basis, a system of sanctions is being developed. Thus, institutionalization, first of all, is the process of defining and consolidating social values, norms, patterns of behavior, statuses and roles, bringing them into a system that is capable of acting in the direction of satisfying certain vital needs.

In sociology, the institution of family has a special place. In our country, many scientists are working on this topic.

A family is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage, parenthood and kinship, a common life, a common budget and mutual moral responsibility.

Today, according to statistics, Russia ranks first in the number of divorces (more recently overtaking the United States). But in place of broken marriages, new ones are created again and again. Every year about 2 million marriages take place in our country. Today we will look at the reasons why people get married, and for this we will look at the family as a social institution, a social community and a small group.

The family is one of the most ancient social institutions. It arose much earlier than religion, the state, the army, education, and the market.

The structure of human needs, according to the model of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow, is divided into:

1) physiological and sexual needs;

2) existential needs for the security of one’s existence;

3) social needs for communication;

4) prestigious needs for recognition;

5) spiritual needs for self-realization.

Using the explanatory capabilities of the presented structure of needs, let’s try to understand the nature and social functions families.

Let's start with the reproductive function of the family. This function performs two tasks: social - biological reproduction of the population, and individual - meeting the need for children. It is based on the satisfaction of physiological and sexual needs that encourage people of opposite sexes to unite in a family union. The opposition of the sexes, according to Emile Durkheim, is not only the basic foundation on which a marriage is built, but also the main reason for moral closeness in the family. In terms of its power of influence on the stability of family and marital relations, it is stronger than even such a factor as consanguinity.

The functions of women and the functions of men became so specialized that women began to lead an existence completely different from men. A man personified power, strength, intelligence, and a woman represented femininity, weakness, softness, and emotionality.

The peculiarity of the family as a small social group is that it is capable of growing “from within.” No other social community (class, nation, group) has such an internal mechanism of self-reproduction.

1. The most important function of the family is the socialization of the individual, the transfer of cultural heritage to new generations. The human need for children, their upbringing and socialization gives meaning to human life itself. It is quite obvious that the priority of the family as the main form of socialization of the individual is due to natural biological reasons.

The family has great advantages in the socialization of the individual compared to other groups due to the special moral-emotional psychological atmosphere of love, care, respect, and sensitivity. Children raised outside the family have a lower level of emotional and intellectual development. Their ability to love their neighbor, their ability to sympathize and empathize are inhibited. The family carries out socialization in the most crucial period of life, provides an individual approach to the development of the child, and promptly identifies his abilities, interests, and needs.

Due to the fact that the closest and most intimate relationships that can exist between people develop in the family, the law of social inheritance comes into force. Children in their character, temperament, and behavior style are in many ways similar to their parents.

The effectiveness of parenthood as an institution for the socialization of the individual is also ensured by the fact that it is permanent and long-term in nature, lasting throughout life as long as the parents and children are alive.

2. The next most important function of the family is the function of social and emotional protection of its members.

In times of danger, most people want to be close to their families. In a situation that threatens life and health, a person calls for help from his closest and dearest. loved one- mom. In the family, a person feels the value of his life, finds selfless dedication, a willingness to sacrifice himself for the sake of the lives of loved ones.

3. The next most important function of the family is economic and household. The essence is to support minors and disabled members of society and to receive material resources and household services by some family members from others.

4. Social status function is related to reproduction social structure society, since the family conveys a certain social status to its members.

5. The recreational, restorative function is aimed at restoring and strengthening the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual strength of a person after a hard working day. Marriage has a more beneficial effect on the health of the spouses, and on the body of men more than women. And the loss of one of the spouses is more difficult for men than for women.

6. The leisure function organizes rational leisure and exercises control in the field of leisure, in addition, it satisfies certain needs of the individual in spending free time.

7. The sexual function of the family exercises sexual control and is aimed at satisfying the sexual needs of the spouses.

8. The felicitological function is of particular interest in this list. It is now that love and happiness have become the main reason for creating a family, rather than reproductive and economic considerations. Therefore, the strengthening of the role of the felicitological function in the family makes modern family and marriage relations specific in comparison with family and marriage of other historical periods.

The strength and attractiveness of the family, its essence lies in the integrity that is inherent in the family both as a social community, and as a small social group, and as social institution. The integrity of the family is formed due to the mutual attraction and complementarity of the sexes, creating a “single androgenic being”, a kind of integrity that cannot be reduced either to the sum of family members or to an individual family member.

A family is created to satisfy not one or two, but a whole complex of vital human needs.

Social conflict- conflict, the cause of which is disagreement between social groups or individuals with differences in opinions and views, the desire to take a leading position; manifestation of people's social connections.

In the field of scientific knowledge, there is a separate science dedicated to conflicts - conflictology. A conflict is a collision of opposing goals, positions, and views of the subjects of interaction. At the same time, conflict is the most important aspect of interaction between people in society, a kind of cell of social existence. This is a form of relationship between potential or actual subjects of social action, the motivation of which is determined by opposing values ​​and norms, interests and needs.

In this direction, the following properties of social conflict are highlighted:

1. Bipolarity“as the presence and opposition of two principles” in a conflict, their interconnectedness and mutual opposition at the same time. However, this property is disputed, since in modern social conflicts there are often more than two sides. That is, when constructing a definition based on this thesis, it is necessary to take into account such a feature.

2. Activities aimed at overcoming contradictions. By highlighting this feature, Grishina tries to determine what is a conflict: feelings and emotions without actions or feelings, emotions and actions. She asks the question: “When does a situation begin to develop as a conflict?” And gives the answer: “If a person, perceiving the current situation as unacceptable for him, begins to do something to change it - explains his point of view to his partner, tries to convince him, goes to complain about him to someone, demonstrates his dissatisfaction, etc.” that is, it begins to act.

As part of this feature, they also begin to highlight potential conflict(existence of disagreements without any action) and immediate conflict(during which specific actions are performed).
3. The presence of a subject or subjects as bearers of conflict. “The simplest interpretation of this sign means that conflict is a “human” phenomenon,” says Grishina.
Thus, based on the described specifics, the following definition of conflict is given: “a conflict acts as a bipolar phenomenon - a confrontation between two principles, manifesting itself in the activity of the parties aimed at overcoming the contradiction, and the parties to the conflict are represented by an active subject (subjects)

Structure of the conflict

Conflict grows out of a conflict situation, which forms the basis of the conflict. A conflict situation is a situation in which the parties are aware of the incompatibility of the actions of one party with the norms and expectations of the other.

A conflict situation primarily includes the object of the conflict. The object of the conflict is what caused the conflict between opponents, what each of its participants claims. The object of the conflict can be material (for example, some prestigious thing) or ideal (for example, rules of conduct, status in a team, etc.).

A conflict situation also includes participants in the conflict (opponents). Participants in a conflict have different “power” and have different ranks depending on who they represent (for example, a person speaks only on his own behalf or expresses the opinion of the majority of people).

The structure of the conflict also distinguishes between the internal and external positions of the participants.

Fig.1. The structure of a conflict situation.

In the internal position of the participants, one can highlight the goals, interests and motives of the participants; it directly influences the course of a conflict situation, is, as it were, behind the scenes and is often not spoken out during conflict interaction. The external position manifests itself in speech behavior conflicting, it is reflected in their opinions, points of view, wishes.

It is necessary to distinguish between the internal and external positions of the people involved in the conflict in order to see the internal and essential behind the external and situational.

The opponents and the object of the conflict, with all their relationships and characteristics, constitute a conflict situation, which always precedes the conflict itself and can exist long before its occurrence, without manifesting itself in any way.

In order for a conflict to grow out of a conflict situation, an incident must arise, that is, the actions of the participants in the conflict who lay claim to the object. At the same time, people can start an incident when there is no real contradiction (the conflict is illusory). Or, on the contrary, conflict situation may exist long before the incident begins (smoldering conflict).

The structure of the conflict may change as it develops: the object of the conflict may be replaced (intentionally or spontaneously), and the participants may also change (someone may direct the conflict). Substitution of participants can be fictitious (one represents the participants the way he wants). All these real and imagined changes in the essence of the conflict must be taken into account.

Social functions conflict

Most people see conflict as an unpleasant thing, part of the curse of the human race. But you can look at conflicts differently and see potential progress in them. That is, conflicts as an integral moment of social existence can perform two functions: positive (constructive) and negative (destructive). Therefore, as many researchers believe, the task is not to eliminate or prevent conflict, but to find a way to make it productive.

IN in general terms the possibility of conflict to play a constructive role is associated with the fact that conflict prevents “stagnation” and “death” of individual or group life and stimulates their movement forward. In addition, since the basis for the emergence of any conflict is the denial of previous relations between the parties, contributing to the creation of new conditions, the conflict simultaneously performs an adaptive function. The positive consequences of conflict for an individual may also consist in the fact that through it internal tension will be eliminated.

The positive function of conflicts is that they often serve to express dissatisfaction or protest, informing the conflicting parties about their interests and needs.

In certain situations, when negative relationships between people are controlled, and at least one of the parties defends not only personal, but also organizational interests as a whole, conflicts help to unite those around them, mobilize the will and mind to resolve fundamentally important issues, and improve the psychological climate a team.

Moreover, there are situations when a clash between team members, an open and principled dispute, is more desirable: it is better to warn in time, condemn and prevent the wrong behavior of a work colleague than to condone it and not react for fear of ruining the relationship. As M. Weber put it, “conflict purifies.” Such a conflict has a positive effect on the structure, dynamics and effectiveness of socio-psychological processes and serves as a source of self-improvement and self-development of the individual.

However, conflict is most often associated with aggression, threats, disputes, and hostility. The negative functions of social conflicts include, first of all, the curtailment of interaction and communication between the conflicting parties, the increase in hostility between them as interaction and communication decrease. A frequent occurrence is the idea of ​​the other side as an “enemy”, the idea of ​​one’s goals as positive, and the goals of the other side as negative.

Conflict often changes priorities so much that it jeopardizes the true interests of the parties and prevents the implementation of changes and the introduction of new things. In addition, there is an increase in emotional and psychological tension in the team, dissatisfaction, poor state of mind (for example, as a result, an increase in staff turnover and a decrease in labor productivity), and a lesser degree of cooperation in the future.

A conflict is destructive if the participants in the conflict are not satisfied with its outcome and feel that they have suffered something. If the participants are satisfied and get something as a result of the conflict, the conflict is considered productive.

social movements- a type of collective action or association that focuses on specific political or social issues. A social movement is also an organized collective effort that promotes or impedes, even to the point of canceling, social change.