What is ethics? Ethics is a philosophical science, the object of study of which is morality and ethics. Initially, the meaning of the word “ethos” was joint housing and the rules generated by living together, overcoming individualism and aggressiveness. Now the study of conscience, compassion, friendship, the meaning of life, etc. is added to this meaning.

According to Aristotle, the goal of ethics is not knowledge in general, but the assessment of actions and their content. Aristotle was the first to put forward ethics as an independent science, independent of philosophy. Ethics clarifies the place of morality in the system of social relations, analyzes its nature and internal structure, studies the origin and historical development of morality, and theoretically substantiates one or another of its systems.

Ethical norms are rules of behavior that regulate the external behavior of people in society. For example, rules for using cutlery, rules for politely treating a woman, rules for greeting.

Ethical standards show what the “label” of a polite, well-mannered person should be. On the other hand, they do not penetrate into his essence, so an outwardly educated person may turn out to be deeply dishonest.

Everyone knows the “Golden Rule of Morality”: “Treat people the way you want to be treated.” The negative formulation of this rule is also known: “don’t do to others what you don’t want to do to yourself.” The golden rule of morality has been known since ancient times in the religious and philosophical teachings of the East and West.

The main problem of ethics is the problem of the criteria of Good and Evil. Good and Evil are opposite in content: the category of good embodies people’s ideas about the most positive in the sphere of morality, about what corresponds to the moral ideal; and in the concept of evil - ideas about what opposes the moral ideal and prevents the achievement of happiness and humanity in relations between people.

Good and Evil have no clear criteria. Moreover, each person perceives these concepts differently. For some one thing will be good, for another it will be evil. Let us take as an example one famous literary character, the hero of the novel “Crime and Punishment,” namely Rodion Raskolnikov.

The hero of Dostoevsky's novel, Raskolnikov, is kind and humane: he passionately loves his sister and mother; feels sorry for the Marmeladovs and helps them, gives his last money for Marmeladov’s funeral; does not remain indifferent to the fate of the drunk girl on the boulevard. Raskolnikov's dream about a horse beaten to death emphasizes the hero's humanism, his protest against evil and violence. At the same time, he exhibits extreme selfishness, individualism, cruelty and mercilessness. Raskolnikov creates an anti-human theory of “two classes of people,” which determines in advance who will live and who will die. So is he good or evil? It is unlikely that anyone will say one thing or another with certainty.

Prepared by Chulkova Nadezhda

What is Ethics? Ethics (Greek θικόν, from ancient Greek θος ethos, “character, custom”) is the philosophical study of morality and ethics. Initially, the meaning of the word ethos was a common home and the rules generated by a common dormitory, norms that unite society, overcoming individualism and aggressiveness. As society develops, the study of conscience, compassion, friendship, the meaning of life, self-sacrifice, etc. is added to this meaning. also to designate a system of moral and moral norms of a certain social group.

The problem of the criteria of good and evil good evil Good in the everyday sense, this term refers to everything that receives a positive assessment from people or is associated with happiness and joy. Evil in the everyday sense refers to everything that receives a negative assessment from people, or is condemned by them from any side (that is, contrary to the rules of morality). The problem of the meaning of life and the purpose of a person, the meaning of a person’s life The meaning of life, the meaning of being is a philosophical and spiritual problem related to determining the ultimate goal of existence, the purpose of humanity, man as biological species, one of the basic ideological concepts, which is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral image of an individual. philosophical spiritual person The problem of justice Justice is the concept of what is due, containing the requirement for the correspondence of action and retribution: in particular, the correspondence of rights and duties, labor and remuneration, merit and their recognition, crime and punishment, compliance with the role of various social strata, groups and individuals in the life of society and their social position in it. The problem of due. Debt is an internally accepted (voluntary) obligation. voluntary obligation. Debt can be called the obligation of a subject or group of subjects to another subject or subjects (for example, people or God). Most often, a moral obligation (moral duty, moral duty) is considered as a duty: a voluntary moral obligation of an individual to other people. The subject is God-moral moral duty moral duty

Classification of ethical values ​​The main human values, which to a greater or lesser extent are included in all other ethical values ​​(the value of life, consciousness, activity, suffering, strength, free will, foresight, determination); Virtues (justice, wisdom, courage, self-control, love of one's neighbor, truthfulness and sincerity, loyalty and devotion, kindness and compassion, trust and faith, modesty and humility, the value of treating others); wisdom More specific ethical values ​​(love of the most distant , the ability to give others one’s spiritual wealth, personal value, love aimed at the ideal value of someone else’s personality).

History of Ethics The term was first used by Aristotle as a designation for a special field of study of “practical” philosophy, for it tries to answer the question: what should we do? Aristotle called happiness the main goal of ethics, the activity of the soul in the fullness of virtue, that is, self-realization. Self-realization of a person is reasonable actions that avoid extremes and stick to the golden mean. Therefore, the main virtue is moderation and prudence. Aristotle's philosophy of the question of the happiness of the soul of virtue, self-realization of the golden mean. The so-called “ Golden Rule ethics” “do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself” existed in one form or another independently in different cultures. It is present in Confucius and found in the Mishnah. The golden rule of ethics of Confucius Mishnah In the process of developing ethical theories, philosophers encountered significant difficulties in unifying terminology, since different theories declared different concepts, often vague, subjective or contradictory, as basic (good and evil, the meaning of life etc.). good evil the meaning of life Moreover, due to the fact that ethics considers individual morality related to protected subconscious mechanisms, deep analysis is complicated by the activation of psychological defenses that block critical analysis of subconscious attitudes. morality analysis of subconscious Features of religious ethical systems are that in religions containing a personified God, God is the object of morality, and the norms imperatively declared by religion as divine become basic, the ethics of social relations as a system of moral obligations towards society is supplemented (or replaced) by divine ethics with a system of moral obligations in relation to God, to the point that it can come into conflict (sometimes social or even mass) with public morality. God personified to God It should be borne in mind that ethics research is carried out mainly speculatively, by a researcher on by example, and are therefore often replete with generalizations of personal principles and restrictions on ethics in general. One of the main shortcomings of the modern position of ethics as a science is the almost complete absence of methodologically correct objective studies of the ethical worldview. methodologically

Modernity leads, on the one hand, to the relativization of ethics (nihilism), and on the other hand, to the expansion of the ethical field: the concept of good extends to relationships with nature (biocentric ethics, see also Roerich’s Living Ethics) and scientific experiments (bioethics). nihilism-biocentric ethics Living Ethics Roerichabioethics In the wake of feminism, ethics received a gender interpretation: instead of abstract humanity or humanity (criticism of which reached its apogee in the postmodern concept of “the death of man”), virtues are grouped according to the opposition of courage and femininity. masculinity Albert Schweitzer Albert Schweitzer put forward the principle of reverence for life, based on the ethics of non-violence Leo Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi. In his book “Culture and Ethics” A. Schweitzer analyzed the history of ethics and its state in the 20th century, and also outlined the ways of its development. Leo Tolstoy Mahatma Gandhi Interreligious ethics of the Bahais was developed. Bahais Teilhard de Chardin Teilhard de Chardin in his work “The Phenomenon of Man” "combines traditional ethics with the theory of evolution. Noteworthy is Tsiolkovsky’s Buddhist-materialist concept with the formula for the balance of good and evil in the universe, which goes back to Zoroastrian views. Tsiolkovsky’s Buddhist materialist

Morality (lat. moralis relating to morals) is one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in a society of lat. morals Analysis (ancient Greek νάλυσις decomposition, dismemberment) the operation of mental or real dismemberment of the whole (things, properties, processes or relationships between objects) into component parts, carried out in the process of cognition or the subject-practical activity of a person. other Greek. Methodology (from the Greek μεθοδολογία the doctrine of methods; from the ancient Greek μέθοδος from μέθ- + οδος, lit. “the path following something” and the ancient Greek λόγος thought, reason) the doctrine of the system is understood y and them relations, a system of basic principles, methods, techniques, ways and means of their implementation in the organization and construction of scientific and practical activities of people. Greek methods, ancient Greek. thought, the reason for the methods Nihilism (from Latin nihil nothing) ideological position, expressed in the denial of the meaningfulness of human existence, the significance of generally accepted moral and cultural values; non-recognition of any authorities.lat.

The following areas are distinguished in ethics: Metaethics Metaethics is the study of the origin and meaning of ethical categories and concepts, solving the problem of the existence of a universal, universal and historically unchanged ethical system. Normative ethics Normative ethics is the search for a principle (or principles) that regulate human behavior, guide his actions, and establish criteria for assessing moral goodness. Is there a rule that can act as such a principle for all cases? Applied Ethics Applied ethics studies particular problems and the application of moral ideas and principles formulated in normative ethics in specific situations of moral choice. Applied ethics closely interacts with socio-political sciences. These areas include the following special sections ethics: Agathologea Business ethics Bioethics Heteronomous ethics Computer ethics Medical ethics Professional ethics Social ethics Eudaimonism Environmental ethics Economic ethics Ethics of action Ethics of values

Agathologea (Greek) literally “the doctrine of the good,” constitutes that part of practical philosophy or ethics that deals with the “highest good.” philosophy Bioethics (from ancient Greek βιός life and θική ethics, the science of morality) the doctrine of the moral side of human activity in medicine and biology. ancient Greek ethics Heteronous ethics (from ancient Greek τερος other and νόμος law and “ethics”), a system of normative ethics based not on one’s own moral principles, and on principles taken from another sphere of public life. other-Greek ethics ethics Medical ethics (medical deontology) a section of ethics that studies the problem of the relationship of medical workers with patients and colleagues. ethics of medical workers with patients Professional ethics is a term used to refer to: systems of professional moral standards (for example, “professional ethics of a lawyer”) directions of ethical research regarding the grounds professional activity Currently, the meaning of the term is usually determined from the context or specified specifically. Eudaimonism (Greek ευδαιμονία prosperity, bliss, happiness) is an ethical direction that recognizes as a criterion of morality and the basis of human behavior his desire to achieve happiness. Greek ethical morality of happiness Environmental ethics is an applied micro-discipline, which is the result of an interdisciplinary synthesis and is located at the junction of fairly significant forms of knowledge in the culture of ethics and ecology. Thus, it links ideas about natural systems and the rules of interaction with them into a single normative and value complex. Synthesis of ethics and ecology

If you once understand that the same values ​​that alone can guide our desires and actions, realized thousands of times in life for us in personalities and situations, opposing us in circumstances and events, that they surround us every hour, support us and fill our presence light and radiance, going far beyond the limits of our limited cognitive abilities, you immediately find yourself faced with the second fundamental ethical question: What is valuable in life, and in the world in general? What you need to learn, understand, recognize in order to be a person in in every sense words? In relation to what do we still lack meaning, a perceiving organ, so that we are first forced to form it within ourselves, refine it, educate it? For how can I know what I should do while I know nothing about value and non-value within those situations, the appeal of which to me is, after all, the only requirement for my decisions, desires and actions! So the second question receives a higher status than the first. In terms of its subject matter, it turns out to be prior, conditioning. And just like its practical-actual meaning, its broader metaphysical meaning also acquires a higher status.

This question is no less important and serious than the question of whether actions should be taken. Yes, its content is infinitely broader, richer, more extensive. In a certain sense, it even includes the question of the oughtness of actions. For how can I know what I should do while I know nothing about value and non-value within those situations, the appeal of which to me is, after all, the only requirement for my decisions, desires and actions! If I suddenly do not act at random, I am not in the grip of all sorts of delusions, then in no case should I destroy with rude movements something valuable, which, perhaps, is unique, like everything real? So the second question receives a higher status than the first. In terms of its subject matter, it turns out to be prior, conditioning. And just like its practical-actual significance, its broader metaphysical significance also acquires a higher status. If, nevertheless, the meaning of human existence does not boil down to his proud mission as a co-sculptor and creator of the world. Why is the process of creation necessary if it stops in the work? Where is the meaning of creation itself if it is not in what was created, if this created thing is not meaningful from the point of view of something reasonable? Isn’t the metaphysical meaning of a person in the very world in which he also creates and creates, so that this world is meaningful for him? Still, in him alone the world has its own consciousness, its own being-for-itself. What man is to the world, no other creature can be to him. The cosmic smallness, frailty and helplessness of man do not interfere with his metaphysical greatness and superiority over the existence of lower formations. Man is a subject among objects, cognizing, aware, experiencing, participating, a mirror of being and the world, and in this understanding, in fact, the meaning of the world. This perspective is not arbitrary, it is not a speculative imaginary image. It is an ordinary manifestation of a phenomenon that, perhaps, can be interpreted, but cannot be rejected - the phenomenon of the cosmic position of man. We do not know if there is another mirror of the world other than the one that exists in this human consciousness of ours.

Ethics and Aesthetics Ethics and Aesthetics on the portal “Philosophy in Russia”portal “Philosophy in Russia” Ethics and Aesthetics Ethics and Aesthetics in Electronic library on philosophy Electronic library on philosophy Ethics Sector IFRAN Ethics Sector IFRAN Ethics: Educational Resource Center

Ethics is a science that examines actions and relationships between people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil.

The founder of this science was the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (IV century BC), who introduced the term itself into the titles of his works.

In Ancient Greece, all sciences were called philosophy. The word “philosophy” consists of the Greek words “philo” - love and “sophia” - wisdom. It turns out that philosophy is the love of wisdom.

Aristotle believed that ethics is a part of philosophy.

He became the founder of many branches of knowledge: physics, biology, psychology, political science; he created his own school and was the mentor of Alexander the Great.

Opponents were afraid of his speech, always deft and logical, always witty. Aristotle's scientific heritage is enormous. It forms a complete encyclopedia of scientific knowledge of its time.

The most famous of his works are: “Physics”, “Poetics”, “On the Soul”, “Ethics”, “Politics”, “History of Animals”.

Famous expressions of Aristotle:

• He became the founder of many branches of knowledge: physics, biology, psychology, political science; he created his own school and was the mentor of Alexander the Great. Opponents were afraid of his speech, always deft and logical, always witty. Aristotle's scientific heritage is enormous. It forms a complete encyclopedia of scientific knowledge of its time. The most famous of his works are: “Physics”, “Poetics”, “On the Soul”, “Ethics”, “Politics”, “History of Animals”. Famous expressions of Aristotle:

• What is a sense of life? Serve others and do good. Intelligence consists not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to apply knowledge in practice.
• What is a sense of life? Serve others and do good.
• Intelligence consists not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to apply knowledge in practice.

• (Based on the article “Aristotle” from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron.)

• Ethics studies morality.
• The word "morality" originated in Ancient Rome and means “habits”, “customs”, “rules of behavior”.
• All together, this can be called the word “mores”, from which the word “morality” came from in Russian.
• Therefore, the words “morality” and “morality” are synonymous.

• Ethics is not simply the study of how people behave and why they act the way they do. It helps to understand what morality is and how it is achieved.
• Every person has positive and negative traits. Most people are honest, hardworking, caring, capable of love and friendship. However, there are also those who lie, steal, are rude, and offend the weak.

Why do some people commit good deeds, while others do harm to themselves and others?

What do you need to do to become kind yourself and to good people was there as much as possible?

How to reward a person who has done good?

How not to do evil? How to make people's lives better?

Ethics helps answer all these questions.

There are religious and secular ethics.

The word “secular” means “worldly”, “civil”. Secular ethics assumes that a person himself can determine what is good and what is evil; that it depends on the person himself whether he will become good OR bad; that a person himself must be responsible for his actions to other people.

We can say that ethics helps a person to independently perform virtuous actions and build relationships with people, and therefore become a better person.

• What is ethics?
• What does secular ethics mean and what does it imply?
• Who was the founder of the science of Ethics?
• What does the word "morality" mean?
• What does secular ethics help us understand?

• 1. The founder of the science of ethics was:
• 1. The founder of the science of ethics was:
• 1. The founder of the science of ethics was:

• a) Aristotle,
• b) Aristophanes,
• c) Rafael,
• d) Herodotus.

2. The concept of “morality” means:

• a) rules of conduct,
• b) all answers are correct,
• c) human habits,
• d) customs.

3. Ethics studies:

• a) morality,
• b) morality,
• c) nature,
• d) laws.

4. Ethics helps a person:

• a) perform actions independently,
• b) become better
• c) build relationships,
• d) all answers are correct.

5. ___________________ is the science of actions and relationships between people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil.

6. Morality and ____________________ mean habits, customs, rules of behavior of people from the point of view of ideas about good and evil.

7. Select from the list provided those questions that are answered by secular ethics.

A) How to make people's lives better?

B) How does a person develop?

Q) How was society created?

D) What actions are good?

8. Select from the list provided those rules of behavior that are determined by secular ethics.

A) Rules of behavior in public transport.

B) Rules of conduct in the army.

C) Rules of behavior at school.

D) Rules of conduct in the museum.

Make up and write sentences with the words:

culture,

moral,

ethical .

Choose synonyms for the words:

Motherland

Patriot

Fatherland

Russia

Flag

What will you tell your family members about our Motherland after today's lesson?

How do you explain the words patriot, Fatherland, Motherland .

About which of famous people would you like to tell your family members and friends? Why?

Recording terms and concepts in a notebook.

A patriot is a person who loves his homeland.

Fatherland, Motherland - the country in which you were born.

Russia is the name of our state.

Flag – symbol state power .

Knighting.

Virtues of a knight:

fencing; game of checkers;

horseback riding; wielding a spear;

ability to swim; ability to hunt;

writing poetry in honor of a lady.

History of the word - etiquette.

This word comes from the French etiquette.

Initially, this was the name given to those who appeared in the second

half of the 17th century cards with written on them

rules of how to behave at the royal court.

Subsequently, this word began to be used

and in a broader sense - “a ceremony established

order of conduct."

Louis XIV

Manners are a way to behave.

Human life

inextricably

associated with those

who surrounds him.

It is the totality

actions performed

in relationships

with other people,

and is called behavior.

With the development of human

society throughout

its long history

gradually formed

norms and rules of

how to behave in

certain situations.

Their totality

got the name "etiquette".

In society, modesty is considered good manners,

restraint, delicacy, ability to control

your actions, communicate carefully and tactfully with people.

“He who has the least good manners has the least

the number of people is embarrassing.”

J. Swift

Who lets who through at the door?

The boy lets the girls pass and

adults

What do ladies and gentlemen eat for breakfast?

OATMEAL

How can they meet?

lady and gentleman?

Using an intermediary

How do you eat a banana according to the rules of etiquette?

With help

knife and fork

How to use it correctly

cloth napkin?

Spread

on the knees

Who gets on the transport first?

Boys miss

girls

and help them

Who should take off the headdress?

entering a room?

Boys

List the advantages

well-mannered person

Politeness

Tact

Modesty

Punctuality

See you again at

"Planet Etiquette"!

2. Etiquette drawing.

What is ethics? Ethics. Ethics and us. Secular ethics. What is morality? Fundamentals of secular ethics. Ethical issues. Lawyers' ethics. Ethical issues. Features of morality. The beginnings of ethics. Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics. Basic problems of ethics. Professional ethics teaching staff. Specifics of morality. Culture and morality.

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