Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Slide 12

Slide 13

Slide 14

Slide 15

Slide 16

Slide 17

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

The presentation on the topic "Minerals" (grade 4) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: The world around us. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 21 slide(s).

Presentation slides

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Some natural substances that are liquids under normal conditions are also considered minerals. For example, native mercury, which comes to a crystalline state at a lower temperature).

Water is not classified as a mineral, considering it as the liquid state of the mineral ice.

Some organic substances - oil, asphalt, bitumen - are often mistakenly classified as minerals, or are classified as a special class of organic minerals.

Slide 4

Slide 5

Properties of minerals Crystal habit is determined by visual inspection. Hardness. Luster is a light effect, a reflection of the light flux falling on a mineral. Depends on the reflectivity of the mineral. Cleavage is the ability of a mineral to split along certain crystallographic directions. Fracture is the specificity of the surface of a mineral on a fresh chip. Color is a sign that characterizes some minerals: green malachite, blue lapis lazuli, red cinnabar, and is very deceptive in other minerals, the color of which can change due to the presence of impurities and defects: quartz, tourmalines. The color of the line is the color of the mineral in powder. Magneticity - depends on the iron content. Detected using a regular magnet. Tarnish is a thin colored or multi-colored film that forms on the surface of some minerals. Fragility is the strength of mineral crystals. Revealed by mechanical splitting. Some very hard minerals can crack easily, i.e. be fragile, for example, diamond.

Slide 6

Diversity of Minerals The Earth's crust consists mainly of minerals - from rare and extremely valuable diamonds to various ores from which metals are obtained for our daily needs. To date, more than 4 thousand minerals are known. Every year, several dozen new mineral species are discovered and several are “closed” - they prove that such a mineral does not exist.

Slide 7

Minerals in nature. Earth's Crust Two elements, oxygen and silicon, make up 74% of the mass of the Earth's crust. Aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - 24.27%. Together they form 99% of the earth's crust. The most common minerals are silicates, a chemical compound of oxygen and silicon. Silicates such as quartz, mica and feldspars predominate. All three in different proportions are the main components different types granite Quartz eroded from granite accumulates on the coast and forms sandy beaches.

quartz mica

Calcium chloride

iron potassium

Slide 8

Organic and inorganic substances Many people call everything that is extracted from the earth minerals. But people who professionally study minerals believe that coal, oil and natural gas- organic substances, since they were formed from the remains of living plants and animals, and therefore are not minerals. Minerals have a specific chemical composition. They are always homogeneous. All parts of the mineral are the same. Minerals are made up of chemical elements, i.e. substances that can no longer be decomposed into other substances by chemical means. Some, called native elements, are found in the earth's crust in pure or almost pure form. There are 22 native elements, among them gold, silver and diamonds. Most often, minerals are solid substances. The exception is mercury.

Slide 9

Slide 10

Slide 11

Minerals have played an important role in human development and the creation of civilizations. In the Stone Age, people used silicon tools. About 10,000 years ago, man learned to extract copper from ore. With the invention of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), new Age- bronze. Since the beginning of the Iron Age, 3,300 years ago, man has mastered new ways of using minerals extracted from the earth's crust. Modern industry still depends on the Earth's mineral resources.

Slide 12

Slide 13

Among industrially valuable minerals, it is customary to distinguish two groups: Ore minerals. This group includes minerals from which metallic elements necessary for industry are extracted. These minerals include native elements and minerals with a high content of metals - copper, silver, iron and aluminum. Nonmetallic minerals. Minerals used in the production of non-metallic materials used for the manufacture of electrical and thermal insulators (mica), refractories (kyanite), ceramic products (fluort), glass (quartz), abrasives, cement, mineral fertilizers (Chilean nitrate), fluxes for metallurgical processes .

Bauxite Erythrin Diamond Melanite

Slide 14

The aesthetic value of minerals is widely known. Precious stones in jewelry, national treasuries and other displays attract the attention of millions of people every year. Minerals are used as building materials or their components for interior decoration and for exterior cladding of many architectural masterpieces. For example, the Moscow metro or the malachite room in the Hermitage.

Along with well-known and common minerals, there are also those that are found only in a separate place or even in single copies. Such unique specimens should be kept in museums.

Slide 15

Precious minerals Back in the Stone Age, people made jewelry from gold, and in the Bronze Age, from silver. Today, jewelers have a variety of minerals at their disposal. The most expensive gemstones are diamond (especially colorless), as well as emerald, ruby ​​and sapphire, which are valued primarily for their color. These stones are so expensive that their weight is measured in carats. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. Diamond is valued for its hardness and brilliance acquired through cutting and polishing.

Slide 16

Properties of stones and minerals. Stones and minerals are not only amazing gifts of nature and material for jewelry. Stones have different properties. People have always had great respect for the powerful and mysterious powers of precious stones. They endowed stones with magical and healing properties. The power of a stone or mineral affects a person as a whole and separately on certain organs. The right stone helps to heal from a number of ailments. Each stone has only its own properties and represents some kind of protection for a person. Stones and minerals are very responsive to human behavior, and sometimes touchy, and in response to injustice, stones can even change their color. Any stone must be treated with care. You have to love the stone. A stone should be something special, unusual, close and dear to a person. You need to treat him with respect and then he will reciprocate and show all his properties.

Slide 17

Minerals or mineral substances Every healthy organism needs not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and vitamins for growth and life, but also mineral substances. Minerals have little energy value, but their importance in the human body cannot be overestimated. Minerals are absorbed into the blood and combine with proteins. Such “complexes” are directed to places of active exchange or places of accumulation. The human body can store a supply of calcium, phosphorus, iodine and iron. Minerals are a flexible material and are part of bone tissue, where the main elements are calcium and phosphorus. Minerals are part of enzymes and hormones and take part in metabolic processes, the formation of blood cells and blood clotting. Minerals and mineral substances ensure the functioning of the main systems of the body: muscular, digestive and cardiovascular. The body requires minerals in varying quantities. Their shortage or complete absence can lead to both serious illnesses and death of the body.

Slide 18

Minerals in Foods Minerals are found in all types of foods: vegetables, grains, meat and dairy products. There are about 30 types of minerals and trace elements, the absence of which disrupts the normal functioning of the human body. All the minerals the body needs can be obtained by eating foods of different categories every day. But this is not always possible, so minerals are often in short supply in the body. This situation can be corrected by vitamin complexes, which contain not only vitamins, but also minerals. Minerals such as calcium and fluorine are found in dairy products, especially in cheese and cottage cheese; potassium is included in dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes and legumes; the main source of iodine is seafood: seaweed, seaweed, fish oil; liver and egg yolks are rich in iron. Minerals are an important component of the health of the body.

Mysterious

Minerals

MY COLLECTION

Since then I began to collect and study minerals

My goal became the study of the properties of minerals and their application

Tasks :

• study of literature;
• find out how minerals were formed on Earth;
• how many different minerals there are;
• learn how minerals are used;
• study the properties of minerals;
• introduce others to my hobby and interesting samples from my collection;

Mineral- translated from Latin - ore. Natural body with a certain chemical composition and crystal structure.

Minerals are formed everywhere: deep in the earth, in deserts, swamps and lakes.

The predominant amount of minerals is formed from magma .

STUDY OF MINERALS

The science that studies minerals is called mineralogy . She studies the composition, properties, structures and conditions of formation of minerals.

Mineralogy- one of the oldest sciences.

The first descriptions of minerals appeared among the ancient Greeks. IN further development mineralogy was promoted by mining.

The study of meteorites and samples from other planets has revealed much new information about the history of the solar system and the formation of planets.

DIVERSITY OF MINERALS

The Earth's crust is made up primarily of minerals, from rare and extremely valuable diamonds to various ores from which metals are obtained for our daily needs.

To date, more than 4 thousand minerals are known. Every year, several dozen new mineral species are discovered and several are “closed” - they prove that such a mineral does not exist.

THE APPEARANCE OF MINERALS IS UNUSUALLY DIFFERENT

Pyrite

Desert Rose

Glendonite

Staurolite

There are different color and transparency .

Shine minerals are also different: some have metal, others have glass, and others have mother-of-pearl.

Different hardness and density of minerals .

Platinum and gold are considered the densest minerals

The hardest natural mineral is diamond

Its name comes from the Greek word

"adamas", which means "indestructible".

Diamond is used in jewelry

products.

Gypsum is a soft, white or yellowish mineral.

colors. It is used in medicine and architecture.

Minerals have played an important role in human development and the creation of civilizations.

In the Stone Age, people used silicon tools.

About 10,000 years ago, man learned to extract copper from ore.

By mixing copper and tin, man got bronze.

More than 3,000 thousand years ago, man began to actively use iron in his life.

Modern industry still depends on the Earth's mineral resources.

Minerals or mineral substances

Every organism needs not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and vitamins, but also minerals for growth and life.

Minerals are part of bone tissue, where the main elements are calcium and phosphorus.

Minerals are part of enzymes and hormones and take part in metabolic processes, the formation of blood cells and blood clotting.

Minerals and mineral substances ensure the functioning of the main systems of the body: muscular, digestive and cardiovascular.

Lack or complete absence of minerals can lead to both serious illness and death of the body.

Minerals in foods

Minerals are found in vegetables, fruits, grains, meats and dairy products.

Minerals such as calcium and fluorine are found in dairy products, especially in cheese and cottage cheese; potassium is included in dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes and legumes; liver and egg yolks are rich in iron.

If a person has a lack of minerals, he is recommended to take vitamin supplements, which contain not only vitamins, but also minerals.

Minerals are an important component of the health of the body .

• Based on my research, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries; right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.
• I will continue to collect a collection of minerals in order to better understand their secrets, because discoveries still await me when I study chemistry, physics, geography...

Slide 1

MINERALS
The presentation was compiled by geography teacher O.N. Bauer.
KGB OU KSHI "Achinsk Cadet Corps"

Slide 2

Minerals are natural chemical compounds or individual chemical elements that are isolated units with a crystalline structure.

Slide 3

Properties of minerals:
The properties of minerals are determined by their internal structure and chemical composition. The internal structure of minerals is their crystalline structure, i.e. crystal lattice and different distances between elementary particles at lattice nodes.
Diamond and graphite are made of the same chemical element - carbon. They have different properties, because have different crystal lattice.
Cut diamond - diamond
Graphite

Slide 4

Among the properties of minerals are:
Mechanical (hardness, cleavage) Optical (color, transparency, shine) Physical (shape, crystal morphology) Chemical.

Slide 5

Mohs hardness scale
Mineral Hardness
Talc 1
Plaster 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatit 5
Orthoclase 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10

Slide 6

Forms of occurrence of minerals in nature:
Drusen; Secretions; Concretions; Pseudomorphoses

Slide 7

Drusen are groups of crystals attached to the walls of voids or cracks.
Amethyst quartz druse

Slide 8

Secretion is a mineral substance that fills a void in the rock and has a concentric structure.
Half of chalcedony secretion

Slide 9

Concretions are round formations of mineral matter around a center of crystallization.
Pyrite concretion

Slide 10

Pseudomorphoses are mineral formations whose composition does not correspond to the form they compose.
Mouse attack

Slide 11

Pseudomorphoses
Pseudomorphosis of pyrite after ammonite
Chalcedony-substituted araucaria cones Jurassic period

Slide 12

Classification of minerals:
Native elements Sulfides Halides Oxides and hydroxides Carbonates Phosphates Sulfates Silicates Organic minerals

Slide 13

Native elements
Nugget of gold
In total, about 45 of them are known. The most important of them include: copper, gold, silver, platinum, graphite, sulfur and some others. Their share in the earth's crust is less than 0.1%.

Slide 14

Sulfides
Chalcopyrite
Galena
Compounds of various chemical elements with sulfur. Widespread: pyrite (sulfur pyrite), chalcopyrite (copper pyrite), galena (lead luster), sphalerite (zinc blende), cinnabar. Many of them are the most important ores.

Slide 15

Halides
Halite
The most common of them are: halite (table salt), fluorite. Silvin and carnallite are the most important mineral fertilizers.

Slide 16

Oxides and hydroxides
The most important of the oxides is silicon oxide, or quartz, which accounts for 12% of the mass of the earth's crust.
Silicon hydroxide – opal.
Minerals of this group include compounds of some elements with oxygen (oxides) and the hydroxyl group OH (hydroxy acids)

Slide 17

Oxides and hydroxides of metals are part of many ores. These are, for example, magnetite (magnetic iron ore), hematite (iron luster), chromite (chrome iron ore), corundum, limonite (brown iron ore).
Limonite
Corundum
Hematite

Slide 18

Carbonates
Salts of carbonic acid. This group includes such common minerals as calcite (if it is transparent, it is called Iceland spar), dolomite, siderite, and magnesite.
Magnesite
Iceland spar

Slide 19

Phosphates
Salts of phosphoric acids. The most important minerals of this group are apatite and approximately the same composition, but cryptocrystalline phosphorite. These minerals are included in fertilizers.
Apatite in calcite
Golden apatite

Slide 20

Sulfates
Anhydrite
Salts of sulfuric acid - gypsum, anhydrite, barite - are quite widespread.
Barite
Gypsum

Slide 21

Silicates
They are the most common minerals in the earth’s crust (30-35% of its mass), which are part of all rocks. Silicates have complex formulas, and their classification is determined by their structure.
The following groups of silicate minerals are distinguished: island (olivine); chain (pyroxene); -ribbon (amphibole); sheet (mica); -frame (quartz, feldspar).

Slide 22

Silicate minerals
Amphibolite
Muscovite
Olivine
Albite

Slide 23

Organic minerals
The class of organic minerals stands apart from others, since the products included in it, although they are natural chemicals, do not have a crystalline structure. They cannot be characterized from a crystal chemical point of view, but they belong to minerals, having with them many more similarities than differences. Not all natural organics are this way, and the inclusion of each specific natural organic product in this section requires a thoughtful and responsible approach.

Slide 24

Currently, among mineralogists there is unanimity only in the classification of amber as minerals; all other natural products are classified as either rocks(anthracite, shungite), or to natural hydrocarbons of the petroleum group (bitumen), or to biogenic formations containing one or another mineral (pearl, mother-of-pearl).
Amber

Slide 25

Information sources:
Geology: tutorial for grades 10-11, Koronovsky N.V., Moscow “Bustard” 2005 http://ru.wikipedia.org

The presentation was compiled by geography teacher O.N. Bauer.

KGB OU KSHI "Achinsk Cadet Corps"

Slide 2

Minerals are natural chemical compounds or individual chemical elements that are isolated units with a crystalline structure.

Slide 3

Properties of minerals:

The properties of minerals are determined by their internal structure and chemical composition. The internal structure of minerals is their crystalline structure, i.e. crystal lattice and different distances between elementary particles at lattice nodes.

Diamond and graphite are made of the same chemical element - carbon. They have different properties, because have different crystal lattice.

Cut diamond - diamond

Slide 4

Among the properties of minerals are:

• Mechanical (hardness, cleavage)
• Optical (color, transparency, shine)
• Physical (shape, crystal morphology)
• Chemical.