At enterprises, as the material flow moves, various logistics operations are carried out with it, which together represent a complex process of transforming raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and other items of labor into finished products.

The basis of the production and economic activity of the enterprise is the production process, which is a set of interrelated processes of labor and natural processes aimed at the manufacture of certain types of products.

The organization of the production process consists of combining people, tools and objects of labor into a single process for the production of material goods, as well as ensuring a rational combination in space and time of basic, auxiliary and service processes.

Production processes at enterprises are detailed by content (process, stage, operation, element) and place of implementation (enterprise, processing unit, workshop, department, section, unit).

The many production processes occurring in an enterprise constitute the total production process. Production process of each a separate type The production of an enterprise is called a private production process. In turn, in a private production process, partial production processes can be distinguished as complete and technologically isolated elements of a private production process that are not the primary elements of the production process (it is usually carried out by workers of different specialties using equipment for various purposes).

A technological operation should be considered as a primary element of the production process - a technologically homogeneous part of the production process performed at one workplace. Technologically isolated partial processes represent stages of the production process.

Partial production processes can be classified according to several criteria: by purpose; the nature of the passage over time; the method of influencing the subject of labor; the nature of the labor used.

According to their intended purpose, processes are divided into main, auxiliary and servicing processes.

The main production processes are the processes of converting raw materials into finished products, which are the main, core products for a given enterprise. These processes are determined by the manufacturing technology of this type of product (preparation of raw materials, chemical synthesis, mixing of raw materials, packaging and packaging of products).

Auxiliary production processes are aimed at manufacturing products or performing services to ensure the normal flow of main production processes. Such production processes have their own objects of labor, different from the objects of labor of the main production processes. As a rule, they are carried out in parallel with the main production processes (repair, packaging, tool management).

Servicing production processes ensure the creation normal conditions for the implementation of main and auxiliary production processes. They do not have their own subject of labor and, as a rule, proceed sequentially with the main and auxiliary processes, interspersed with them (transportation of raw materials and finished products, their storage, quality control).

The main production processes in the main workshops (areas) of the enterprise form its main production. Auxiliary and servicing production processes - in auxiliary and servicing workshops, respectively - form an auxiliary economy. The different roles of production processes in the overall production process determine the differences in the management mechanisms of different types of production units. At the same time, the classification of partial production processes according to their intended purpose can only be carried out in relation to a specific private process.

The combination of main, auxiliary, servicing and other processes in a certain sequence forms the structure of the production process.

The main production process represents the process of producing the main product, which includes natural processes, technological and work processes, as well as inter-operational maintenance.

A natural process is a process that leads to a change in the properties and composition of the object of labor, but occurs without human intervention (for example, in the manufacture of certain types of chemical products). Natural production processes can be considered as necessary technological breaks between operations (cooling, drying, aging, etc.)

The technological process is a set of processes as a result of which all the necessary changes occur in the subject of labor, i.e. it turns into finished products.

Auxiliary operations contribute to the performance of main operations (transportation, control, product sorting, etc.).

Work process - a set of all work processes (main and auxiliary operations). The structure of the production process changes under the influence of the technology of the equipment used, division of labor, production organization, etc.

Interoperative monitoring - breaks provided for by the technological process.

Based on the nature of the time course, continuous and periodic production processes are distinguished. In continuous processes there are no interruptions in the production process. Production maintenance operations are carried out simultaneously or in parallel with the main operations. In periodic processes, the execution of main and service operations occurs sequentially, due to which the main production process is interrupted in time.

According to the method of impact on the object of labor, mechanical, physical, chemical, biological and other types of production processes are distinguished.

Based on the nature of the labor used, production processes are classified into automated, mechanized and manual.

The principles of organizing the production process represent the starting points on the basis of which the construction, operation and development of the production process are carried out.

There are the following principles for organizing the production process:

Differentiation - dividing the production process into separate parts (processes, operations, stages) and assigning them to the relevant departments of the enterprise;

Combination - the combination of all or part of diverse processes for the production of certain types of products within one site, workshop or production;

Concentration - the concentration of certain production operations for the production of technologically homogeneous products or performing functionally homogeneous work at individual workplaces, areas, workshops or production facilities of the enterprise;

Specialization - assigning to each workplace and each department a strictly limited range of works, operations, parts and products;

Universalization - manufacturing of parts and products of a wide range or performing diverse production operations at each workplace or production unit;

Proportionality is a combination of individual elements of the production process, which is expressed in their specific quantitative relationship to each other;

Parallelism - simultaneous processing of different parts of one batch for a given operation at several workplaces, etc.;

Straightforwardness - the implementation of all stages and operations of the production process in conditions of the shortest path through the object of labor from beginning to end;

Rhythm - repetition through set periods of time of all individual production processes and a single process for the production of a certain type of product.

The above principles of production organization in practice do not operate in isolation from each other; they are closely intertwined in each production process. The principles of production organization develop unevenly - in one period or another, one or another principle comes to the fore or acquires secondary importance.

If the spatial combination of elements of the production process and all its varieties is implemented on the basis of the formation of the production structure of the enterprise and its divisions, the organization of production processes in time is expressed in establishing the order of performing individual logistics operations, rationally combining the time for performing various types of work, determining the calendar -planned standards for the movement of objects of labor.

Basis of construction effective system production logistics is a production schedule, formed based on the task of meeting consumer demand and answering the questions: who, what, where, when and in what quantity will produce (produce). The production schedule makes it possible to establish volumetric and time characteristics of material flows differentiated for each structural production unit.

The methods used to create a production schedule depend on the type of production, as well as demand characteristics and order parameters.

The type of production can be single, small-scale, serial, large-scale, mass.

The characteristic of the type of production is complemented by the characteristic of the production cycle - this is the period of time between moments

The beginning and end of the production process in relation to specific products within the logistics system (enterprise).

The production cycle consists of working time and break time during the manufacture of products. In turn, the working period consists of the main technological time, the time for carrying out transport and control operations and the assembly time.

The time of breaks is divided into the time of inter-operational, inter-site and other breaks.

The duration of the production cycle largely depends on the characteristics of the movement of material flow, which can be sequential, parallel, parallel-sequential.

In addition, the duration of the production cycle is also influenced by the forms of technological specialization of production units, the system of organization of the production processes themselves, the progressiveness of the technology used and the level of unification of manufactured products.

The production cycle also includes waiting time - this is the interval from the moment an order is received until the start of its execution, to minimize which it is important to initially determine the optimal batch of products - a batch in which the costs per product are minimal.

To solve the problem of choosing the optimal batch, it is generally accepted that the cost of production consists of direct manufacturing costs, costs of storing inventory and costs of equipment changeover and downtime when changing batches.

In practice, the optimal batch is often determined by direct counting, but when creating logistics systems, it is more effective to use mathematical programming methods.

In all areas of activity, but especially in production logistics, a system of norms and standards is of utmost importance. It includes both aggregated and detailed standards for the consumption of materials, energy, equipment use, etc.

Consumption rates material resources- this is the maximum permissible amount of raw materials, materials, fuel spent on producing a unit of product of a certain quality and performing technological operations, including logistics.

Consumption rates in general view expressed as the sum of the net weight of manufactured products or the weight of the material included in its composition, and the amount of acceptable production waste, as well as other losses. In practice, consumption rates are classified according to various criteria, for example, by the degree of detail (consolidated and specified); according to the object of rationing (operational, part-by-part, item-by-item, unit-wise), etc.

Based on consumption rates and the production program in logistics, production needs are predicted and all logistics aspects for the formation and management of material flows are developed. Availability regulatory framework is mandatory for the functioning of logistics systems and subsystems, especially for production logistics. The most important regulatory indicators are:

Specific consumption of raw materials and materials;

Material utilization rate;

Expense coefficient;

Useful consumption of raw materials and materials.

Standard useful consumption of material is the mass (volume) of material resources that form the finished product. It is determined by the drawing of the product and the estimated mass (volume) of the material.

The material utilization coefficient is the ratio of the useful consumption of material to the consumption rate. This criterion is one of the indicators of the efficiency of material resources, since the greater the required coefficient, the more complete the use of a particular material and the correspondingly less production waste.

The consumption coefficient is the inverse indicator of the material utilization coefficient.

An important role is also played by the specific consumption indicator, which represents the amount of material actually consumed per unit of production (work). It is determined by dividing the amount of material consumed by the volume of products produced from it.

In practice, in logistics there are even such norms as norms for the time required for processing documents, norms for the time it takes to make decisions, etc.

The economic condition of the enterprise depends on the quality of the standards, their validity and accuracy. In market conditions, a system of norms and standards is not an instrument of administrative intervention in the production and economic interests of structural units of the logistics system and production system, but a necessary element of the internal organization of the production process and a regulator of external relationships.

• the principle of specialization, meaning the division of labor between individual divisions of the enterprise and workplaces and their cooperation in the production process;
• the principle of parallelism, which provides for the simultaneous implementation of individual parts of the production process associated with the manufacture of a particular product; the principle of proportionality, which assumes relatively equal productivity per unit of time of interconnected divisions of the enterprise;

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