Municipal competition of research works and creative projects

preschoolers and junior schoolchildren"I am a researcher!"

Natural Science (Wildlife)

Research Project

on the topic

“Where did the woodpecker get his red cap?”

Panyukova Egor Nikolaevich

Vostochny village

Municipal educational institution "Basic general education"private school in the village of Vostochny, Ivanteevsky district, Saratov region", 2Class

Classroom teacher:

Panyukova Olga Vasilievna,

teacher primary classes

Municipal educational institution "Basic secondary school in the village of Vostochny"

Vostochny village

annotation

Relevance of the topic:

Not all of our peers know. Why do woodpeckers knock on wood and why do they have this color? After all, it is very useful and interesting to know about the birds of our homeland.

The purpose of this work: reveal the secret of the color of woodpeckers.

First, we developed the main stages of our work and set ourselves the followingquestions and tasks :

1. Who are birds? What are the distinctive features of birds?

2. A little about woodpeckers. Why do woodpeckers have red caps? What do woodpeckers look for in a tree when they knock on it?

3. Varieties of woodpeckers.

4 The role of humans in the life of birds.

5. Visit the village library.

6. Find information in encyclopedias and on the Internet.

7. Conduct a survey among school students: why does the woodpecker have a red cap?

Proposing a hypothesis. What might be the possible answer?

Woodpeckers have a red cap because nature ordered it so,

An object : birds various types.

Research base : collected documentary and photographic material, scientific and educational literature.

Methods: search, analysis, excursion, observation, generalization.

Product: research, photos.

Introduction.

On the claws on the pine trunk

The red-headed fitter climbed in.

He worked hard

But the light did not flash in the forest.

One day I was looking at an encyclopedia of animals with my classmates. We had a heated discussion with our classmates various questions about the color of insects, birds and other animals. We were worried about a lot of questions, namely, why the fox is red, why the tit has a yellow breast, and another question - why the woodpecker has a red cap. I set myself a goal: to find information about these animals, namely the woodpecker. To do this, first of all, I asked class teacher tell us about him, secondly, he used Internet resources, thirdly, he visited the village library and reviewed and read the information in the encyclopedia, fourthly, he conducted a survey among the students of our school on the topic: why does the woodpecker have a red cap?

During extracurricular reading, we listened to Tamara Kryukova's fairy tale "Why does the woodpecker have a red cap?" (see Appendix - audio) and the teacher read us the folk legend “The Cunning Fox and the Woodpecker” (Appendix 1). But I didn’t have enough information, these are fairy tales after all!

And here's what I found out...

1. Who are birds? Distinctive features of birds.

How did the first birds appear on our land?

Scientists believe that they descended from prehistoric winged lizards - pterosaurs.

Birds are animals whose bodies are covered with feathers. Most birds can fly, and they all have two wings. To make it easier to fly, birds have a very light body. Their bones are hollow inside, their bodies are covered with feathers, and they have a sharp beak instead of teeth. The smooth, streamlined format helps them glide through the air with ease. Just like people, birds are warm-bodied and breathe air. However, unlike humans, they lay eggs.

The science that studies birds is calledornithology .

WHY is a bird's body covered with feathers?

Birds have three types of feathers. Small, fluffy down feathers are closest to the body and help retain heat. The cover feathers create a streamlined body shape. The strong, stiff feathers on the wings and tail are called flight feathers. Pressed closely together, they create a smooth surface, which makes it easier for birds to move in the air.

1 - contour, typical flight feather, 2 - tail feather, 3 - cover feather, 4 - filament feather, 5 - brush-shaped feather, 6 - down feather.

HOW MANY birds are there on Earth?

About 9,000 different species of birds live on Earth. They have different shapes and sizes. Some hummingbirds are no larger than a bumblebee, while ostriches grow taller than a human. Birds live in all corners of the Earth. They live in polar regions and deserts, in hot, humid jungles and in farm backyards.

[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds]

2. A little about woodpeckers. What do woodpeckers look for in a tree when they knock on it? Why do woodpeckers have red caps?

Walking through the forest, you can hear ringing beats, as if someone is knocking on a drum. But who is this forest drummer?

Meet this woodpecker. Here he is sitting on a tree trunk, securely clinging to it with his paws with sharp claws. And it also rests on the hard feathers of the tail.

Most often in our forests and parks we will meet the great and spotted woodpecker. Its wings and tail are black with white stripes. The chest is light, and red spots are visible on the head and abdomen.

The woodpecker knocks and drums on the trunk with its strong sharp beak, only pieces of bark fly in different directions. And there, under the bark, hidden forest pests - bark beetles, voracious larvae, insects.

The woodpecker will take them out of the hole with a long, narrow and sticky tongue. Some woodpeckers also have tongues with barbs called hooks. No one will escape!

Like an attentive doctor, the woodpecker will examine and tap each tree in its section of the forest. In a young, healthy forest, you will see woodpeckers less often than in an old forest, where there are many “sick” trees.

But the woodpecker eats not only beetles. In winter, it pecks at pine and spruce cones. But, having picked a cone, the bird will first strengthen it in a crevice of a tree or between branches.

In this “forge” the woodpecker will gut the pine cone and get the seeds. And under the tree, under the “smithy”, a pile of scales and empty cones will grow. In the spring, woodpeckers punch holes in birch bark and feast on the tasty sap.

The drumming of a woodpecker is also an invitation to visit the female. And a sign to other woodpeckers: the place is occupied!

The woodpecker is not only a “forest doctor”, but also a “builder”. It hollows out deep hollows in tree trunks. The hollow is his home. Both the male and the female work on its creation. Then they take turns incubating the eggs and feeding the emerging chicks.

Woodpeckers prefer to live alone. And they won’t tolerate anyone, including their grown chicks, near them.

Every year the woodpecker has a new nest. And in the old one, other chicks are celebrating a housewarming party. Or squirrels. But there are woodpeckers that dig holes on the slopes of hills and on cliffs - like shore swallows. Some woodpeckers even make their homes in anthills!

Woodpeckers provide benefits by destroying forest pests.

[ http://www.chudesnayastrana.ru/ptitsi-dyatel.htm ]

True, there was an opinion that the woodpecker harms forestry by hollowing out hollows and tearing bark from trees. Such thoughts even led to attempts to exterminate woodpeckers in order to protect valuable tree plantings.

This accusation against birds was dropped after it was discovered that woodpeckers make hollows exclusively in old and rotten trees infected with xylophagous insects, and sometimes save trees from death whose infestation has not yet gone too far. A German naturalist of the late 18th century was the first to speak out in defense of woodpeckers. - early XIX V. Johann Bechstein.

The lives of woodpeckers and people, as a rule, go parallel, without intersecting interests. With the exception of attempts to “protect” the forest from woodpeckers, a person only listens to the invisible forest drummer without paying close attention to him. True, some species of woodpeckers are used as food by humans, while others, with beautiful plumage, are kept as pets. However, this bird cannot be called popular.

The avoc-billed golden woodpecker, which lives in the United States, is considered an edible bird. According to the famous 19th century zoologist Alfred Brehm, the meat of this bird was often served to the table in the middle states of the United States, and in the states of Philadelphia and New York it was even available for free sale. True, according to Brem, it has a pronounced ant smell. There is no information about the use of woodpeckers for food in the modern period.

World folklore has given the woodpecker its rightful place. In fairy tales, he is a tireless worker, kind and sympathetic, always ready to help in difficult times. I would like to hope that deforestation and deterioration of the environmental situation in the world will not cause mass death of these amazing birds. [ http://mirzhivotnih.ru/category/83 ]

3. Varieties of woodpeckers.

Three-toed woodpeckersfeed on insects that live under the bark and in wood. They often make hollows in dry trunks and even stumps. There were cases when hollows with an entrance were found at a height of less than half a meter from the soil surface.

Verticheykisettle in ready-made hollows. Taking advantage of their superior size, they often capture the hollows of flycatchers, tits, redstarts and, not having the habit of building nests, lay eggs directly on the crushed clutch or dead chicks of the first settlers. If you “visit” a hatchling whirligig, it will stretch out its neck and begin to move it rhythmically from side to side. These body movements, combined with a loud hissing and snake-like coloring in a not too bright light in the hollow, usually discourage further acquaintance.

Great Pileated Woodpecker- a rare species inhabiting mainly oak forests with an admixture of cedar, growing on the slopes of the hills of the Ussuri region.

Using a long (up to 20 cm) and sticky tonguegreen woodpeckerextracts insects from the narrowest and most winding passages in wood and anthills.Zhelnadoes the same, but the tip of her tongue is also sharp and jagged, like a harpoon.

green woodpeckerfeeds almost exclusively on ants, their larvae and pupae. Parents bring food to the nest no more than once an hour and regurgitate the insects delivered to the crop in small portions, which allows the parent to distribute food to all offspring at one time.

Zhelna,Having brought food, she descends into the deep shaft of the hollow with her beak down, regurgitates food from the crop into her beak and touches it to the beaks of the blind chicks, which immediately awaken and open their mouths.

Femalesgray and green woodpeckersThey hollow out the hollows themselves. There is no special lining in the nest: 9-10 pure white eggs are laid on small wood chips accumulated at the bottom. Both partners participate in incubating the clutch and feeding the chicks.

Lesser Sharp-winged Woodpecker -the smallest. It is smaller than a sparrow and weighs only 20 g. Females are slightly larger than males. This woodpecker feeds on insects, which it collects from the surface of branches and tree trunks, and engages in chiselling only when constructing a hollow, selecting willow and alder trunks that are rotting and infected with fungi.

Lesser Spotted Woodpeckerrarely lives in a real large forest. Much more often it can be found in willow or alder trees growing in a damp valley of a forest stream or on the shore of a lake. Here you can always find the decayed skeletons of trees, in the soft wood destroyed by mushrooms and woodpeckers hollow out their hollows. The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker hammers a tree at a rate of approximately 280 beats per minute. He alternates collecting insects from under the bark and from wood with collecting them from branches and from the surface of trunks.

White-winged Woodpecker- a characteristic inhabitant of tugai and gallery forests bordering river banks in deserts. It penetrates far into sandy zones along saxaul trees growing in depressions between dune ridges. Hollowing out a hollow here is hard work, because the wood of saxaul is extremely hard.

In the depths of wintergreat spotted woodpeckerDuring an eight-hour daylight hours, he devotes almost five hours to chiseling cones. It takes almost an hour to select suitable pine cones, pick them and install them in the forges. The rest of the time is devoted to rest, cleaning the plumage, and protecting the site. Flights take only 4-5 minutes. When crushing a cone, the Great Spotted Woodpecker makes approximately 130 beats per minute. It takes about 600 blows to process one pine cone, and 1600 blows for a spruce cone. To feed itself, a woodpecker needs to strike 37,000 times with its beak per day. Great Spotted Woodpeckers all year round They spend the night in hollows, and the bird uses the shelter once chosen for a very long time. A sleeping woodpecker is sometimes supported with its paws on the inner wall and almost does not touch the bottom. In winter, the temperature in a woodpecker's hollow is 6-8° higher than outside.

[http://birds.clow.ru/data/310.html]

4. The role of birds in human life. Expanding your horizons in the field of knowledge about the world around you.

No bird can be absolutely harmful or beneficial. They, like other animals, can be harmful or beneficial in certain circumstances and at certain times. For example, rooks in summer feed on insects and their larvae (chafer beetle, turtle bug, caterpillars of meadow moth and weevils, and others). However, in the spring they can peck out the sown seeds of cereals and garden crops, and in the fall they spoil corn and sunflowers, melons and watermelons, and so on. The pink starling is considered a very useful bird, since its main food is locusts and other orthoptera, but in summer and autumn, flocks of pink starlings can eat juicy fruits (cherries, mulberries, grapes) in gardens and thereby cause significant harm. tree sparrow and other granivorous birds feed on the seeds of cultivated plants, but they feed their chicks with insects, including many pests.

All these examples indicate that the same bird under different conditions can be both beneficial and harmful. However, the vast majority can be considered useful. Birds such as diurnal raptors, owls, and many passerines are especially valuable. Many birds have important for humans from an economic point of view, these include commercial and hunting species, numerous breeds of poultry.

[ http://www.bioinformer.ru/binfs-9-1.html ]

5. Conclusion.

From my research I want to draw some conclusions:

Every creature, if it is created by nature, means it is useful to nature. You cannot destroy a living creature!

You need to be noble!

- How many birds die every minute? Each hour? Every day? Every month? Every year? People! Be kinder! Let's all always help them! Nature will thank us for this!

What conclusions can I draw about the woodpecker:

A very educational fairy tale, Pochemuchki - Where did the woodpecker get its red cap? She teaches us that a true guardian of order must value his position and confirm it with good deeds and a noble attitude, that you cannot betray someone who works with you and envy him. And there is absolutely no place in the position of maintaining order for hooligans and those who cannot restore order in their own lives.

The woodpecker is an excellent builder of hollows, which subsequently serve as shelter and an excellent nesting place for other birds that settle in hollows, but are not able to build a home for themselves.

- IN summer period collects various insects on tree crowns. And sometimes there are cases when he engages in predation, destroying sparrow nests and other birds nesting in hollows.

Woodpeckers are very useful birds that save trees infested with pests, thereby keeping them alive. It happens that a tree looks healthy, but there is already a pest inside. No wonder they say that the woodpecker is the doctor of the forest.

People need to know the peculiarities of life of woodpeckers and not drive them away from their homes, not to frighten them while working in the “smithy”, because this gives them the opportunity to survive in the cold and hungry winter.

Woodpecker is the doctor of the forest kingdom,

The woodpecker heals without medicine.

Treats linden, maple, spruce,

So that they grow and don’t get sick.

/

Annex 1

Sly Fox and Woodpecker
FOLK LEGENDS OF THE EVENKI

A very cunning Fox lived in these parts. One day she came to the tent to the Old Man and the Old Woman and said:
- You don’t have children. I want to be your daughter. The old people accepted the Fox. She lives in the tent one month, then another. The warm summer has arrived. In the Old Man says to the Old Woman:
- We need to get to the other side. In the summer it is dry, there are a lot of animals and birds in the taiga, we will hunt. The old people put their things in the boat and asked Lisa to ferry them to the other side. The fox agreed to transport things, got into the boat and sailed away. In the middle of the river she put down her oar and swam further and further downstream. The old man and the old woman realized that the Fox was running away from them and began to cry. The woodpecker saw that they were crying and asked:
- Why are you crying?
The old man told Woodpecker:
— Lisa asked to be her daughter. Now they’ve decided to move to the other side. They put things in the boat and asked Lisa to transport these things, and she got into the boat and sailed away. The Woodpecker listened to the Old Man and flew to catch up with the Fox. The Woodpecker flew and thought: “How cunning and harmful this Fox is! He always deceives everyone, wants to live at other people’s expense. I didn’t even feel sorry for the Old Man. Well, just wait, Fox the scoundrel! When I catch up, I need to punish you. Look how you can deceive others! “And Lisa was still not visible. She managed to run far. The Woodpecker flew for a long time. So he caught up with Lisa and said:
- I flew for a long time. Very tired. Let me sit in the boat and rest.
The Fox allowed Woodpecker to get into the boat. He got into the boat, unnoticed a hole in the bottom and said:
— Water is flowing into the boat. Let's get to the shore and fix the boat.
Here we moored to the shore. The woodpecker went into the taiga to collect resin, but the fox remained in the boat. The Woodpecker brought one bark and twigs, and hid the resin. Fox Woodpecker said:
— I didn’t find the resin. I don’t know how to search.
The fox herself went to look for the resin. As soon as the Fox left, the Woodpecker tarred the boat and swam to the Old Man and the Old Woman. The Fox came running, started crying and screaming that the Woodpecker had stolen the boat with her things. But who will believe the cunning Fox now? The woodpecker swam to the Old Man and the Old Woman and gave them the boat. They were glad that the Woodpecker returned their goods to them. For this, the old man forged an iron beak and claws for the Woodpecker, and the Old Woman sewed a beautiful red cap. Since then, the Woodpecker has a strong beak, sharp claws, and a red cap.

The basis. Black knitted suit or black turtleneck (T-shirt) 4- black trousers. The white chest made of thick fabric (Fig. 1) is fastened to the suit with 7 red buttons sewn to the turtleneck. A red butterfly bow is attached to the chest. White patches of fabric are sewn onto the sleeves.

The wings are made of white, fairly light fabric. The bottom is cut out in black with teeth stretched onto white (Fig. 2) (You can first color the fabric with a black marker, and then cut it out.) The finished wings are sewn to the sleeves and the back of the neckline on the arms.

On foot. Black boots.

On the head. The fabric for the hat should be quite thick, but stretchy (old sweaters or leggings will do, but not T-shirts - they are too thin). The cap is made from 4 wedges (Fig. 3): the front wedge is black, the other 3 are red. Sew a white fragment with an eye onto the finished hat (Fig. 4). You can sew a large beautiful convex button (from a coat) into the center of the eye. The beak is made of cardboard, which can be painted or covered with gray or brown fabric (Fig. 5).

The basis. Black knitted suit or black turtleneck (T-shirt) 4- black trousers. A white chest made of thick fabric (Fig. 1) is fastened to the suit with 7 red buttons sewn to a turtleneck. A red butterfly bow is attached to the chest. White patches of fabric are sewn onto the sleeves.

Wings- made of white, fairly light fabric. The bottom is cut out in black with teeth stretched onto white (Fig. 2) (You can first color the fabric with a black marker, and then cut it out.) The finished wings are sewn to the sleeves and the back of the neckline on the arms.

On foot. Black boots.

On the head. The fabric for the hat should be quite thick, but stretchy (old sweaters or leggings will do, but not T-shirts - they are too thin). The cap is made from 4 wedges (Fig. 3): the front wedge is black, the other 3 are red. Sew a white fragment with an eye onto the finished hat (Fig. 4). You can sew a large beautiful convex button (from a coat) into the center of the eye. The beak is made of cardboard, which can be painted or covered with gray or brown fabric (Fig. 5).

A “fluff” of gray woolen threads or a fringe of paper is sewn to the base of the beak.

Very soon we will celebrate International Bird Day. Help your child find out what kinds of birds exist, teach him how to make crafts and costumes for winged creatures.

Bird Day - scenario

The hall is decorated accordingly. You can put it up and decorate the walls and windows with branches to create a forest atmosphere. There are many songs about birds. The teacher turns on one of them, and the children enter the hall to the music.

The presenter tells riddles, and the answer will be the character of some child. Children must find out and answer which bird is meant.

The next competition sounds like “Bird Names”. The presenter asks questions, the guys must guess a specific bird. Here is a sample list of questions:

1. Why was the cuckoo called that way (because it makes the sound “cuckoo”).
2. What action influenced the fact that the group of birds was called sparrows (these birds eat grain and seeds and tried to feast on them where people were processing the crop. Therefore, the workers shouted “Beat the thief!”).
3. Why is the magpie called white-sided (because it has white sides).
4. That's why the bird was nicknamed pika (it sounds like it's squeaking).

• buckets;
• baskets;

The containers are placed at a certain distance. Children take turns hitting them with a small ball. Each participant is allowed three attempts. For one hit, 1 point is assigned, at the end of the competition the results are summed up, and the winner is selected.

The next task is intellectual. It is necessary to prepare cards with photographs of birds and drawings of food for them. In addition to this, you also need to prepare incorrect cards, which will show what birds cannot eat. For example, salt, black bread.

Two cards will show millet and simple. Children should put photographs of a waxwing, sparrow, siskin, bunting, and goldfinch on this loose food. Since these birds are very fond of this cereal.

Children will put photographs of waxwings and bullfinch on cards with images of elderberry, rowan, and bird cherry. These birds love these berries.

On the seeds of melon and watermelon you need to place a nuthatch, tit, and woodpecker. And next to the dry branches of nettle, quinoa and burdock, place the bullfinch, goldfinch, tit, and siskin.

Nuthatches, tits, bullfinches, and sparrows love sunflower seeds.

The next game is active, called “Bird Meeting”. Children in feathered costumes are called up. One guardian of the birds is selected. Others at this time must resolve important issues at their meeting. As soon as a stranger appears near the group, the guard must give a voice, imitating the singing or cry of the very bird whose costume he is wearing.

How to quickly sew a woodpecker costume for Bird Day?

• light red fabric;
• white thick fabric;
• red butterfly bow;
• seven red buttons;
• threads;
• scissors;
• needle.

To make the woodpecker costume further, these wings need to be sewn to the sleeves of the T-shirt and the back of its neck. The child will put on black boots on his feet, and a hat should be sewn on his head. Thick knitwear is suitable for this product. You can use leggings or an old sweater. As you can see in the pattern, the cap consists of four wedges. In this case, three need to be cut from red fabric, and the fourth front - from black.

Cut out eyes from white fabric, paint over the pupils with a black marker or sew on buttons.

Make the beak from a folded sheet of cardboard, which is painted over or covered with brown or gray fabric.

DIY sparrow costume for Bird Day

It will also come in handy on International Bird Day. There are easy options for making this outfit.

• T-shirt;
• brown fabric;
• beige and dark gray tulle;
• an elastic band.

1. Cut the T-shirt to create a vest shape. From tulle, cut ribbons 5 cm wide, stitch each in the middle, simultaneously gathering them together.
2. You can sew these ribbons onto a rectangle of fabric and make wings by tying the sewn ribbons around the neck. Or sew them together, and only then sew them to a T-shirt vest.
3. For the skirt, take a rectangular fabric. The top needs to be folded twice and stitched. Thread an elastic band here, measured around the girl's waist. At the bottom, the skirt is hemmed and decorated with a lighter strip of tulle.

• colored white paper;
• glue;
• cardboard;
• ruler;
• scissors;
• pencil;
• rubber.

Draw an equilateral triangle on the cardboard, leaving an edge for gluing this part to the mask. Cut out the beak and bend it in the places marked with dotted lines on the diagram.

Prepare:

• pleasant to the touch fabric;
• bright rags;
• for ties - soft ribbons;
• matching threads.

The same goes for the mask; the corresponding colors will help you make it for different birds. Here are the materials from which you will assemble this part of the costume:

• felt;
• rubber bands;
• thread

Transfer the pattern to the fabric and cut it out.

Of course, how can you do without themed crafts on such a day? They can decorate the venue of an event, give it to each other, or take it to a competition.

Making crafts for Bird Day!

To make a bird in a nest, take:

• colored paper;
• balloon;
• thick brown threads;
• paper napkins;
• PVA glue;
• scissors.

When the yarn dries, the ball is pierced with a needle, and the filament blank frozen in this position is cut into two halves.

You can also invite the children to make these birds, and then perform a small performance with the participation of birds.

• cotton pads;
• wooden skewers;
• glue;
• plastic eyes;
• scissors;
• colored paper.

Cut out a beak from colored paper, glue it and eyes onto the face. Attach the halves cotton pads like the wings of a bird. Let children decorate their creations with colored ribbon.

To hang the bird later, insert a piece of ribbon of the appropriate size between the two blanks. Sew these parts together on the wrong side, leaving a small space free at the bottom of the tail. Turn the bird through it, straightening the corners with a skewer or pencil.

For your child to fully understand how to make crafts for Bird Day, look at this process with him.

Your favorite child will also definitely want to make fabulous heat a bird made from napkins and plasticine, especially since the process of twisting colored paper balls is very exciting.

The following photo selection will help you make cards for a quiz on International Bird Day.

The following video will help you quickly make a black crow mask. The idea will be useful not only for International Bird Day, but also for a theme party, a matinee in kindergarten or for staging a play.

The size of a sparrow

Lesser spotted woodpecker Dendrocopus minor

Dl. 16, weight 23. The back is black, with a white longitudinal stripe; There are no shoulder spots or patches on the shoulders. The crown is red (males) or mottled (females). There are dark streaks on the sides.

They often sit on side branches, even thin ones, and less often on trunks. They hammer less frequently than other woodpeckers.

Call: “ki, ki, ki, ki.” . .”, not very loud, in a minor key and higher than other woodpeckers.
Broad-leaved oak forests, damp deciduous forests, riparian forests; parks, gardens. Throughout the territory; all year round (in winter they migrate from the northern regions to the south).

Much larger than a sparrow

The lower back is black. White "patches" on the shoulders

Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopus major

Dl. 24, weight 89. Black cap with red nape (male), or solid black (female), or solid red (juveniles). Black mustache, white cheeks. Bottom without pink tint; the undertail is bright red.

They move along the tree trunk in jerks in a spiral from bottom to top; in case of danger, they immediately break off and fly to another tree with a characteristic sound. All movements are impetuous. They live solitarily (in autumn and winter, sometimes in flocks of tits).

Call: loud, energetic “kick-kick-kick...”; in the spring they drum, striking very quickly with their beaks on dry wood: “trrrrr....trrrrr...” - a dry, loud crackling sound of various shades. Throughout the territory in forests and parks, all year round.

Middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopus medius

A smaller woodpecker, with a red cap, poorly developed “whiskers,” and pinkish-red underparts. Lives in the western and southwestern regions.

Syrian woodpecker Dendrocopus syriacus

A woodpecker with very long mustaches, a black cap, a red nape, but without a transverse stripe on the sides of the head. Found in Transcarpathia.

The entire back or just the bottom is light. There are no shoulder patches.

white-backed woodpecker Dendrocopus leucotos

Dl. 28, weight 108. Very similar to the Great Spotted Woodpecker, but the males have a red cap. There are longitudinal dark streaks on the sides, the undertail is pinkish.

Call like other pileated woodpeckers.

Forests are predominantly light, birch or mixed. Forest zone; whole year.

Three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus

Weight 60, significantly less than the Great Spotted Woodpecker. The “cap” is golden yellow (male) or gray (female). Black cheeks ("grimy"). The legs are three-toed.

The call is like that of other pileated woodpeckers, but they rarely scream; during the breeding season - chirping and a kind of drawn-out cry.

Extensive dense forests (coniferous).