Book trade in Leningrad. General history of the book. Book trade during the NEP years
City `s history. Encyclopedia St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Petrograd.
Book trade in St. Petersburg 1714: Book trade. The first bookstore in St. Petersburg was created in 1714 in Gostiny Dvor. In 1728, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences opened the Book Chamber for the sale of its publications and foreign books. Private banking has developed since the end of the 18th century. (in 1768 there was 1 private bookstore in St. Petersburg, by the end of the 18th century there were 29), which was facilitated by the decree of Catherine II “On free printing houses” (1783) and publishing activity N. I. Novikova. In the early 80s. XVIII century his commission agents in St. Petersburg were T. A. Polezhaev, I. P. Glazunov, N. N. Kolchugin, V. S. Sopikov and others. Foreign bookstores were located on Millionnaya Street (now Khalturin Street), Bolshaya Morskaya Street (now Herzen), St. Isaac's Square, shops of Russian merchants - in Gostiny Dvor, on Nevsky Prospekt and Sadovaya Street. The center of the cultural market on Vasilyevsky Island was the Andreevsky Market, and in the St. Petersburg part - the Sytny Market. some publishers and booksellers of the 1st quarter of the 19th century. were associated with the Decembrists (including V. A. Plavilshchikov and I. V. Slenin; the former owned a bookstore, where one of the first paid libraries in St. Petersburg was created; Slenin’s store on Nevsky Prospekt, 30 was a meeting place for future Decembrists). In 1825, Plavilytsikov's company passed to A.F. Smirdin, his shop and library (Nevsky Prospekt, 22) are a traditional meeting place for St. Petersburg writers. In the 40-50s. XIX century many small firms went bankrupt, only large ones survived (N.A. Isakova, F.V. Bazunova, etc.). In the context of social upsurge in the early 60s. XIX century N.A. Serno-Solovyevich at the end of 1861 opened a bookstore on Nevsky Prospekt, 24, which became one of the centers of public life in St. Petersburg (in fact, a stronghold of the Land and Freedom organization). After the arrest of Serno-Solovyevich (July 1862), his work was continued by A. A. Richter, and from 1867 by A. A. Cherkesov. In the 70-80s. The first specialized antique and second-hand book stores appeared in St. Petersburg (see Second-hand book trade). The largest booksellers of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. In St. Petersburg there were publishers M. O. Wolf, A. S. Suvorin, I. D. Sytin (the St. Petersburg branch of his Moscow companies), I. I. Glazunov. Many booksellers, in the face of growing competition, took the path of specialization in book publishing: K. L. Ricker sold medical and technical literature, A. F. Devrien - agricultural and natural science books, P. I. Jurgenson - sheet music and musical literature. IN late XIX V. In St. Petersburg, bookstores for non-residents appeared (books were sent on pre-order by mail), and subscription stores. A special place in the bookstore system was occupied by the book warehouses of publishers E. N. Vodovozova and A. M. Kalmykova: through them Marxist literature (including the first books of V. I. Lenin) and literature for workers was distributed. During the revolution of 1905-07, Social Democratic literature was distributed by the book warehouses of the publishing houses “Forward”, “Life and Knowledge”, “Grain”, book Shop S. A. Skirmunt “Labor”. At the beginning of the 20th century. There was a tendency to monopolize book publishing (I.D. Sytin managed to subjugate many bookselling firms), but the devastation caused by World War I brought book publishing to the brink of crisis. At the beginning of 1918, the first state bookstores were opened in St. Petersburg (in Smolny and at the printing house of the Red Army headquarters). In August 1918, a bookstore was opened at 116 Nevsky Prospekt (since December 1919 - at 28 Nevsky Prospekt, see “House of Books”). In conditions of the “book famine”, on December 20, 1919, the Petrograd Soviet municipalized large warehouses and stores (A.F. Marx, Devrien, Brockhaus - Efron, Wolf, Glazunov, Sytin, etc.). Books were distributed free of charge to enterprises, institutions, and military units. With the introduction of NEP in November 1921, paid printing was restored, and in December 1921 the activities of private and cooperative publishing houses were allowed, which began to open their stores in St. Petersburg. In January 1922, the trade sector of PetroGIZ opened bookstores on Nevsky Prospekt, 13 and 24. In the early 20s. The “House of Arts” had a bookstore on Herzen Street, 14, the House of Writers - on Basseynaya Street (now Nekrasova Street), 11, Liteiny Prospekt, 51, Ofitserskaya Street (now Dekabristov Street), 26. The specialization of kt. 1927 The Gostekhizdat “Technical Book” store was opened at 64 Liteiny Prospekt; other publishing houses also had their own stores in Leningrad. In 1930, all private and cooperative stores in Leningrad were nationalized and transferred to the jurisdiction of LenKOGIZ, and departmental press offices were also created (Akademkniga, Voen-knigotorg, Soyuzpechat, etc.). In 1930, a training center, a technical school, a trade apprenticeship school, and pedagogical courses were established to train tradesmen personnel in 1930 (they trained teachers and management personnel for tradesmen). The scientific methods of computer science were developed by a special laboratory at the Institute of Books, Documents, and Letters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1930, the first public library collector was opened at 53 Liteiny Prospekt. By 1940, 60 LenKOGIZ stores operated in Leningrad. During the blockade, 20 bookstores in Leningrad continued to operate. In 1949, a book trade department was created - Lenknigotorg. In 1954, the pre-war level of book publishing was restored. In 1962, Lenoblknigotorg was separated from Lenknigotorg, and in 1974 they were merged (see Lenkniga). In 1990, over 120 Lenkniga stores operated in Leningrad, as well as 4 stores “Akademkngi”, “Writers’ Book Shop”, “House of Military Books”, Music Store Leningrad branch Music Fund of the Union of Composers of the USSR, over 20 stores of the Soyuzpechat agency.
In 1926, the Spring Book Bazaar was first organized in Leningrad (held annually until 1934 on Sofia Perovskaya Street, in 1927 on Ostrovsky Square; until 1932 books were sold at a discount). In April - May 1946, to commemorate the 1st anniversary of the Victory, a book market was held in the park near the Trinity Cathedral. The tradition of the annual Spring Book Bazaars was resumed in 1957 (during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Leningrad), in 1958-65 they were held on Peace Square, since 1966 - on Ostrovsky Square (the 42nd Book Bazaar took place in 1990).
Lit.: Lavrov N.P., Book world of Leningrad, L., 1985; Barenbaum I. E., Kostyleva N. A., Book Petersburg - Leningrad, L., 1986.
Book trade
The first bookstore in St. Petersburg was created in 1714 in Gostiny Dvor. In 1728, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences opened the Book Chamber for the sale of its publications and foreign books. Private banking has developed since the end of the 18th century. (in 1768 there was 1 private bookstore in St. Petersburg, by the end of the 18th century there were 29), which was facilitated by the decree of Catherine II “On free printing houses” (1783) and the publishing activity of N. I. Novikov. In the early 80s. XVIII century his commission agents in St. Petersburg were T. A. Polezhaev, I. P. Glazunov, N. N. Kolchugin, V. S. Sopikov and others. Foreign bookstores were located on Millionnaya Street (now Khalturin Street), Bolshaya Morskaya Street (now Herzen), St. Isaac's Square, shops of Russian merchants - in Gostiny Dvor, on Nevsky Prospekt and Sadovaya Street. The center of the cultural market on Vasilyevsky Island was the Andreevsky Market, and in the St. Petersburg part - the Sytny Market. some publishers and booksellers of the 1st quarter of the 19th century. were associated with the Decembrists (including V. A. Plavilshchikov and I. V. Slenin; the former owned a bookstore, where one of the first paid libraries in St. Petersburg was created; Slenin’s store on Nevsky Prospekt, 30 was a meeting place for future Decembrists). In 1825, Plavilytsikov's company passed to A.F. Smirdin, his shop and library (Nevsky Prospekt, 22) are a traditional meeting place for St. Petersburg writers. In the 40-50s. XIX century many small firms went bankrupt, only large ones survived (N.A. Isakova, F.V. Bazunova, etc.). In the context of social upsurge in the early 60s. XIX century N.A. Serno-Solovyevich at the end of 1861 opened a bookstore on Nevsky Prospekt, 24, which became one of the centers of public life in St. Petersburg (in fact, a stronghold of the Land and Freedom organization). After the arrest of Serno-Solovyevich (July 1862), his work was continued by A. A. Richter, and from 1867 by A. A. Cherkesov. In the 70-80s. The first specialized antique and second-hand book stores appeared in St. Petersburg ( cm. Second-hand book trade). The largest booksellers of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. In St. Petersburg there were publishers M. O. Wolf, A. S. Suvorin, I. D. Sytin (the St. Petersburg branch of his Moscow companies), I. I. Glazunov. Many booksellers, in the face of growing competition, took the path of specialization: K. L. Ricker sold medical and technical literature, A. F. Devrien - agricultural and natural science books, P. I. Jurgenson - sheet music and musical literature . At the end of the 19th century. In St. Petersburg, bookstores for non-residents appeared (books were sent on pre-order by mail), and subscription stores. A special place in the bookstore system was occupied by the book warehouses of publishers E. N. Vodovozova and A. M. Kalmykova: through them Marxist literature (including the first books of V. I. Lenin) and literature for workers was distributed. During the revolution of 1905-07, Social Democratic literature was distributed by the book warehouses of the publishing houses “Forward”, “Life and Knowledge”, “Grain”, and the bookstore of S. A. Skirmunt “Trud”. At the beginning of the 20th century. There was a tendency to monopolize book publishing (I.D. Sytin managed to subjugate many bookselling firms), but the devastation caused by World War I brought book publishing to the brink of crisis. At the beginning of 1918, the first state bookstores were opened in St. Petersburg (in Smolny and at the printing house of the Red Army headquarters). In August 1918, a bookstore was opened at 116 Nevsky Prospekt (since December 1919 - at 28 Nevsky Prospekt, ( cm. Book House)). In conditions of the “book famine”, on December 20, 1919, the Petrograd Soviet municipalized large warehouses and stores (A.F. Marx, Devrien, Brockhaus - Efron, Wolf, Glazunov, Sytin, etc.). Books were distributed free of charge to enterprises, institutions, and military units. With the introduction of NEP in November 1921, paid printing was restored, and in December 1921 the activities of private and cooperative publishing houses were allowed, which began to open their stores in St. Petersburg. In January 1922, the trade sector of PetroGIZ opened bookstores on Nevsky Prospekt, 13 and 24. In the early 20s. The “House of Arts” had a bookstore on Herzen Street, 14, the House of Writers - on Basseynaya Street (now Nekrasova Street), 11, Liteiny Prospekt, 51, Ofitserskaya Street (now Dekabristov Street), 26. The specialization of kt. 1927 The Gostekhizdat “Technical Book” store was opened at 64 Liteiny Prospekt; other publishing houses also had their own stores in Leningrad. In 1930, all private and cooperative stores in Leningrad were nationalized and transferred to the jurisdiction of LenKOGIZ, and departmental press offices were also created (Akademkniga, Voen-knigotorg, Soyuzpechat, etc.). In 1930, a training center, a technical school, a trade apprenticeship school, and pedagogical courses were established to train tradesmen personnel in 1930 (they trained teachers and management personnel for tradesmen). The scientific methods of computer science were developed by a special laboratory at the Institute of Books, Documents, and Letters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1930, the first public library collector was opened at 53 Liteiny Prospekt. By 1940, 60 LenKOGIZ stores operated in Leningrad. During the blockade, 20 bookstores in Leningrad continued to operate. In 1949, a book trade department was created - Lenknigotorg. In 1954, the pre-war level of book publishing was restored. In 1962, Lenoblknigotorg was separated from Lennoblknigotorg, and in 1974 they were merged ( cm. Lenkniga). In 1990, over 120 Lenkniga stores operated in Leningrad, as well as 4 Academkngi stores, Writers' Book Shop, House of Military Books, the Music Store of the Leningrad branch of the Musical Fund of the Union of Composers of the USSR, and over 20 stores of the Soyuzpechat agency.
In 1926, the Spring Book Bazaar was first organized in Leningrad (held annually until 1934 on Sofia Perovskaya Street, in 1927 on Ostrovsky Square; until 1932 books were sold at a discount). In April - May 1946, to commemorate the 1st anniversary of the Victory, a book market was held in the park near the Trinity Cathedral. The tradition of the annual Spring Book Bazaars was resumed in 1957 (during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Leningrad), in 1958-65 they were held on Peace Square, since 1966 - on Ostrovsky Square (the 42nd Book Bazaar took place in 1990).
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From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KN) by the author TSB The collection of the Leningrad bookselling association "Lenkniga" entered the archive for storage in December 2012 due to the discovery of ownerless documents with expired departmental storage periods.Due to the fact that the documents were found ownerless and required mycological examination and scientific and technical processing, they were processed commercial organization LLC "City Archive Service" under a government contract. The historical information provided by LLC "City Archive Service" contains a number of inaccuracies, it does not contain references to documents, so it is impossible to correctly fill out the main and auxiliary accounting documents: fund sheet (with all renamings and changes in the jurisdiction of the fund creator), fund card, submitted to the higher archival body (Archival Committee of St. Petersburg), as well as the sections “Renaming” and “Historical Information” in the PC “Archival Fund”. When drawing up this conclusion, the reference book “Higher Bodies” was used state power and organs central control RSFSR (1917 - 1967) Directory of materials from state archives,” (M. 1971) and “List of subscribers of the city telephone network for 1951,” (L. 1951).
The archive received documents for 1948-1963, 1966-1968, 1975-1987, 1990-1997.
In 1948, the organization was called the Leningrad Regional Branch of the Book Trade Association of State Publishing Houses (KOGIZ), which was directly under the control of the State Association of Book and Magazine Publishing Houses of the USSR (OGIZ). In connection with the reorganization of OGIZ, on June 30, 1949, the Office of the Printing Industry, Publishing and Book Trade (“Rospoligrafizdat”) was formed, under the jurisdiction of the Republican Office of Book Trade (“Rosknigotorg”). In Leningrad, since January 1, 1950, issues of book trade have been dealt with by the Leningrad regional and city book trade office (“Lenknigotorg”) of “Rosknigotorg”. The functions of Lenknigotorg included: trade in books, art products and stationery in Leningrad and its suburbs.
On April 1, 1953, the Rospoligraphizdat Directorate was abolished and subordinate organizations, including Rosknigotorg, were transferred to the newly formed Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR. According to historical information, the Leningrad regional and city book trade office “Lenknigotorg” has been part of the Department of Culture of the Leningrad City Executive Committee since 1956. Based on the order of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR dated May 25, 1959 No. 379, the Leningrad regional and city book trade office (“Lenknigotorg”) was renamed the Leningrad city and regional book trade office “Lenkniga”.
Based on the decision of the Leningrad City Executive Committee dated March 27, 1962 No. 306 “On the separation from the Leningrad city and regional book trade office “Lenkniga” of the regional network, the Leningrad city and regional book trade office “Lenkniga” was renamed into the Leningrad city book trade office “Lenkniga”. At the same time, an independent Leningrad regional book trade office “Lenoblkniga” was formed.
Since April 1964, Lenkniga has been under the authority of the Printing Department of the Leningrad City Executive Committee, and since November 1972, under the authority of the Publishing House, Printing and Book Trade Department of the Leningrad City Executive Committee.
Based on the joint decision of the executive committees of the Leningrad regional and city councils dated October 20, 1973 No. 925/413, by order of the Office of Publishing, Printing and Book Trade dated November 30, 1973, Lenkniga and Lenoblkniga were merged into the Leningrad book trading association Lenkniga (LKO Lenkniga ") Department of Publishing, Printing and Book Trade of the Leningrad City Executive Committee.
At the first session of the Leningrad Regional Council on April 10, 1990, the Department of Publishing, Printing and Book Trade was formed as a department of the Regional Executive Committee.
By order of the Mayor of St. Petersburg dated December 19, 1991 No. 741-the Department of Publishing, Printing and Book Trade becomes subordinate to the Committee on Printing and mass media City Hall of St. Petersburg. By order of the Mayor of St. Petersburg dated March 18, 1992 No. 263, the Department of Publishing, Printing and Book Trade was liquidated as of May 20, 1992. By order of the Uprisdat dated 04/08/1992 No. 26, LKO "Lenkniga" was reorganized into the state wholesale and retail bookselling enterprise "Petersburg-Kniga" from 04/01/1992. As indicated in the historical information, the reorganization did not occur, except that orders No. 71 to No. 91 for June - October 1992 and a number of orders were issued on behalf of the State Public Institution "Petersburg-Kniga" " In the 1990s, there was a massive closure of Lenkniga stores, or their transition to full self-financing, with the granting of legal entity rights.
By order of LKO "Lenkniga" dated December 16, 1997 No. 38a, from December 15, 1997 it was transformed into Open Joint-Stock Company"Lenkniga", which was registered by decision of the Registration Chamber of the Administration of St. Petersburg dated December 15, 1997 No. 91979, as a legal successor State enterprise LKO "Lenkniga". The documents of the OJSC are F. 9999.
Fund No. 9998 includes documents found ownerless in the building of a business center at the address: st. Kronstadtskaya, 11. in the amount of 85 units. hr.
Inventory No. 1 included: orders for main activities and personnel for 1948-1962 (until 1962 they were kept together), orders for main activities for 1963, 1977, 1990 - 1997, orders for 1983, 1992, 1994 ., annual reports on economic and financial activities for 1966 – 1968.
Inventory No. 2 includes Lenkniga albums from 1975 to 1987, including two unfilled Books of Labor Glory.
Today, the Writers' Book Shop is included in the "Red Book of St. Petersburg" as an object that is not subject to renaming or repurposing. Thus, the store retains its historical name and status as a bookstore-club.
Throughout the years of its existence, the Writers' Book Shop has hosted meetings of St. Petersburg writers, presentations of new books, creative meetings, and poetry evenings. Over the years, Olga Berggolts, Fyodor Abramov, Evgeny Vinokurov, Vadim Shefner, Evgeny Yevtushenko and many others have been here.
Story [ | ]
The very first bookstore in St. Petersburg appeared in 1714; it was located on Trinity Square in Gostiny Dvor, next to the first printing house. They sold calendars, alphabet books, military and naval literature there - in a word, what the printing house printed. This shop existed for a relatively short time.
In 1813, two bookstores opened in St. Petersburg at once: one - on Sadovaya Street, in the house of Colonel Balabin - belonged to Vasily Alekseevich Plavilshchikov. The second - owned by Ivan Vasilyevich Slenin - was located on Nevsky Prospekt, near the Kazansky Bridge. This was the very beginning of the golden age of Russian literature - and regular guests in both shops were famous St. Petersburg writers - contemporaries of A. S. Pushkin.
A. F. Smirdin occupies a special place among booksellers of that time. According to Belinsky, he made "a decisive revolution in the Russian book trade and, as a result, in Russian literature." In 1817, Alexander Filippovich Smirdin became a clerk in Plavilshchikov’s bookstore, with whom he had a trusted and friendly relationship. In 1823, according to the spiritual will of the owner, Smirdin took possession of his bookstore, and put the business on a grand scale. In 1830, he was already trading in two premises - in the old one, which had moved from Sadovaya to the Moika embankment near the Blue Bridge, and in the new one - on Nevsky Prospekt, in the recently built house of the Lutheran Church of Peter and Paul. In 1832, he transferred all trade to Nevsky Prospekt.
Numerous literary figures of St. Petersburg began to gather in Smirdin’s spacious store; Pushkin often visited this bookstore. The significance of Smirdin’s activities is difficult to overestimate. He was one of the most significant publishers among fellow booksellers - it was through his initiative that both inexpensive and high-quality editions of the works of Derzhavin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Karamzin, Krylov, and Pushkin were published.
In addition, one of components The activity of the shop was to help needy writers, on the basis of which the Literary Fund subsequently grew, conceived and created precisely as a Society to benefit needy writers and scientists.
The creation of the Literary Fund was officially announced in 1859. Representatives of the capital's intelligentsia worked on its charter, and the charter was approved by Emperor Alexander II.
The main goal of the Foundation was welfare - material assistance to the orphaned families of writers and scientists, as well as to the writers and scientists themselves, who “due to old age or for some other circumstances are unable to support themselves with their own labors.” This Literary Fund existed until 1917.
And only in 1934, on the eve of the First Congress of Soviet Writers, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to create an organization under the Union of Soviet Writers aimed at “improving cultural and everyday services and the financial situation” of literary workers. This organization became known as the “Literary Fund of the USSR”. At the same time, it was decided to establish a Writers' Book Shop.
Writers' bookshop[ | ]
The first congress of Soviet writers, which took place in 1934 in Leningrad, decided to create a Writers' Book Shop in Leningrad, which was initially located at 34 Liteiny Prospekt. Only 10 years later the shop moved to 66 Nevsky Prospekt, where it is located to this day.
The name of the shop reflects the history of St. Petersburg, since since the 18th century, book trade in St. Petersburg was carried out precisely in book shops that appeared in the Gostiny Dvor system. The purpose of its creation was to promote Soviet literature and raise the cultural level of the population. Events were held to promote reading and Russian literature, meetings with authors, and creative evenings. The literature presented in the Shop necessarily included works on literary criticism and art. The shop became a writers' club and immediately gained great popularity among Leningraders.
After the breakup Soviet Union sales began to fall rapidly, the reason for this was the development computer technology and the emerging trend towards a decrease in demand for books on paper. In addition, the shop itself lost its usual appearance, turning from a powerful cultural center into a bookstore. Leningrad writers remained superfluous in the new concept of the store, money for book sales was not paid to their authors, the premises began to be used for other purposes, were subleased for other purposes, and its assortment deteriorated.
History of the house on Nevsky, 66[ | ]
| Apartment house | |
| The house where “Paris” lived in furnished rooms in 1905-1906. revolutionary V.V. Vorovsky | |
|---|---|
| Apartment house of P. I. Likhachev | |
| General form buildings from Anichkov Bridge |
|
| A country | |
| Location | Saint Petersburg |
| Status | Object of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation of regional significance. Reg. No. 781510311890005(EGROKN). Object No. 7810619000(Wikigida DB) |
| Writers' Bookshop at Wikimedia Commons | |
This house has a “literary” history: the Russian classicist poet (as well as the cabinet secretary of Catherine II, the president of the Commerce Collegium) G. R. Derzhavin received a building plot here at the end of the 18th century, but, without having time to build anything, he sold it to his merchant P. Sharov, who built a three-story mansion here.
During the pre-war five-year plans, Soviet trade received significant development in Leningrad. In 1940, the city had 6,828 shops and stalls (in 1931 - 4,116 shops and stalls) and 3,002 enterprises Catering. Trade turnover from 1934 to 1940 increased 2.7 times. Of the total trade turnover, 68% was accounted for by food products and 32% by non-food products.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War and the blockade of Leningrad, the city's trading network was greatly reduced.
At the beginning of 1945 there were 1,254 stores.
After the end of the war, trade began to develop rapidly. By 1947, the number of stores had doubled, and by 1955, trade development had significantly exceeded pre-war levels; the physical volume of retail trade turnover at comparable prices increased by 20% compared to 1940. The volume of retail trade turnover in 1956 amounted to 20.6 billion rubles compared to 12 billion rubles in 1940. Specific gravity in the turnover of non-food (industrial) goods increased from 32% to 40%.
Public catering enterprises produced 489 million dishes in 1955, 40% more than in 1940.
During the fifth five-year period, sales of meat products increased 2.7 times, sausages 2 times, animal oils 2.4 times, dairy products 1.9 times, sugar 1.7 times, silk fabrics 3.5 times, televisions 30 times. The network of stores has expanded. Over the five-year period, 331 new stores were built. Moreover, by releasing retail premises, previously occupied for other purposes, and the conversion of other premises for trading purposes, about 400 new stores were opened.
At the same time, over 400 stores located in unsuitable and small premises were liquidated, and 94 stores were consolidated.
In 1956, there were 3,268 stores operating in Leningrad and its suburbs, including 1,838 food stores and 1,344 manufactured goods stores; in addition, 1884 tents were operating.
The public catering network consisted of 3071 enterprises.
The city has 12 large department stores, including department stores: House of Leningrad Trade (DLT), Passage, Frunzensky, Kirovsky, etc. Work is underway to reconstruct Gostiny Dvor, where instead of 87 small stores, the largest department store in Leningrad is being created, the first stage of which is already open. Specialized auctions have been created: Lenodezhda, Lenobuv, Lentextile, Lengalantery, Lenkulttorg, Gastronom, Foodtorg, Khlebtorg, Rybtorg, Milktorg, etc.
More than two thirds grocery stores and 80% of non-food stores are specialized.
Most of the existing stores during the post-war period were reconstructed or overhauled and replenished with the latest trade equipment. If in 1950 the stores had 640 refrigeration units, then by 1956 their number increased to 5372 units.
About 80% of public catering establishments are fully equipped with refrigeration units.
Stores have been significantly replenished with scales the latest systems, cash registers, universal drives for meat grinders, etc. Conveyors with mechanical drives for loading and unloading vegetables, elevators, and installations for sale are being introduced vegetable oil and sparkling water, vending machines selling perfumes, pencils and other goods.
Centralized delivery of goods from the supplier to trading network and circular delivery of goods to stores from regional distribution warehouses trade organizations. By the beginning of 1956, over 80% of food products and about 60% of industrial goods; in the summer of 1957, almost all goods were imported centrally. Over 2 thousand trucks worked daily for the centralized delivery of goods to stores.
New forms of customer service are being introduced: stores without salespeople, delivery of goods by pre-order and by telephone, self-service in canteens, etc. At the beginning of 1957, there were 195 stores without salespeople and 2,050 catering establishments with self-service in the city.
Meal subscriptions have been introduced in 500 canteens, and 400 canteens offer meals at home at a discount.
Trade in packaged goods is becoming widespread.
Along with the development of state trade, collective farm trade is expanding. In 1955, the city's markets sold 4 times more vegetables than in 1940, 5 times more eggs, 80% more potatoes, 58% more sour cream, and 35% more cottage cheese. To develop collective farm trade during the post-war period, the Sennaya, Sytny and Hawaiian markets were restored or reconstructed. New well-equipped markets were built: Kalininsky, Troitsky, Primorsky. Construction of new markets is underway in the Moskovsky, Dzerzhinsky (on the site of the former Maltsevsky market) and Vasileostrovsky districts.
The rise in the material well-being of workers, a significant increase in the production of food products and industrial consumer goods are reflected in the growth in food consumption and the purchase of industrial goods by the Leningrad population. This is shown by data from a statistical survey of the budgets of 1,285 families of workers and employees in Leningrad, conducted by the Central Statistical Office of the USSR and its local bodies.