1. Manuscript acceptance

First of all, the publishing house must establish rules for the preparation of manuscripts for their authors and publish them. In any case, the author should know about them before submitting his manuscript to the publisher. Among the requirements for the author at this stage: the number of submitted copies of the manuscript, the rules for formatting the text (best immediately in accordance with OST 29. 115-88 Author's originals and publishing texts. General technical requirements), if necessary, documents related to the specifics of the text - An examination report on the absence in the text of information disclosing state or other secrets protected by law, any letters, certificates, reviews. The manuscript is registered in a special journal, the author is issued a receipt of acceptance. A “case” is started on the manuscript, the first document of which is a receipt for its receipt, and the second is a card of the movement of the manuscript

2. Preliminary study and evaluation of the manuscript

The manuscript accepted by the publisher is reviewed Chief Editor and submits to the editorial office dealing with this topic. The specialists of the publishing house (editor, editorial manager, editor-in-chief) at the first viewing or selective reading of the manuscript come to a common opinion as to whether this manuscript corresponds to the subject matter and creative plans of the publishing house in principle. 3. Reviewing manuscripts

Manuscripts that have undergone editorial preparation (see paragraph 2) and included in the publishing house's preparatory plan are subjected to a deeper, more thorough evaluation, which should finally decide on the issue of publication. For this, the manuscripts are peer-reviewed.

4. Thematic planning

Manuscripts that have passed the stage of internal and external review are included in the thematic plan for the release of literature.

A literature release plan is a publishing document containing a list of books, brochures or other products intended for publication during the next calendar year.

The literature release plan includes the following information: the author (surname, initials), the title of the work, an annotation containing brief information about him and the potential readership, the volume in printed sheets, the quarter of publication, sometimes the planned circulation.

5. Production planning

Basic indicators production activities include:

Number of titles (titles) of books or other units of publishing products,

The number of accounting and publishing and printed sheets per year,

Average volume of published books,

Average circulation.

6. Literary editing

Editing is a multi-valued concept, in our case it is a part of the publishing process, the content of which is work on the manuscript of a work in order to improve it in literary, linguistic, professional, scientific, social terms.

Initially, the lead editor works on the manuscript, improving composition, style, spelling and punctuation, etc.

7. Scientific and special editing

This stage is not obligatory, in some cases it may not occur, but often, when more thorough editing is required in terms of professional or scientific subtleties, the specifics of the text, it is carried out by specialists working in the publishing house or invited to perform this work.

8. Proofreading

Proofreading (from the Latin correktura - correction, improvement) - stage production process publications of books. newspapers, magazines and other printed materials, on which various errors and shortcomings made during editing and typing are eliminated. Proofreading is a very important publishing process designed to eliminate errors, typos, misprints and other shortcomings that reduce the perception of the text in a finished, published work. Proofreading of the same work is carried out first on the manuscript, then, after typing, on proofreading. reprints and, finally, the proofreader reads the finished signal copy of the book in order to identify errors before releasing it to the public.

9. Artistic and technical editing

After proofreading the manuscript (and often before), work begins on decoration And technical editing works. At this stage, the art editor, together with the author and the lead editor, decide on issues related to the placement, nature and number of illustrations, cover design, title page, flyleaf(a sheet of paper placed between the binding and the title page). If the publication is richly illustrated, an artistic layout is required. The work is attended by artists who, in accordance with their specialization, perform one or another part of the design.

Along with artistic editing, technical editing is carried out, the content of which is the choice of font size and typefaces, the use of rulers and other printing elements, the placement of text and illustrations on each page.

10. Preparing the manuscript for typesetting

Work on the manuscript in the publishing house - editing of all kinds, proofreading, artistic and technical editing in total lead to the creation of an original layout prepared for transfer to the printing house. A specialist in the production department, most often a technical editor, brings together all corrections, comments, notes, adds illustrations and other materials accompanying the manuscript, draws up a technological specification that accompanies an order for printing.

Produced in a printing house in one of the ways, in accordance with the technology of a printing company, or in a publishing house, on computer complex. At present, the practice of preparing a typed-up original in a publishing house is widespread. Then the printing house produces only printing and subsequent production processes.

After typing, prints, regardless of technology, including computer ones, are transferred to Production Department and lead editor. The first impressions after typesetting, called proofreading impressions, are read simultaneously by the editor, proofreader and author, after which all corrections and possible changes are brought together by the proofreader and transferred to the printing house or computer operator in the publishing house. If typesetting is carried out in a printing house, then, as a rule, the proofreader of the printing house also reads the proofs.

12. Print

After correcting the proofreading (if necessary, it is duplicated, the so-called “second proofreading” is done, and even the “third proofreading” - if a large number of mistakes are repeated), the printing house starts printing the circulation of the produced edition. To do this, the final version of the proof, signed by the editor-in-chief (or director) of the publishing house and the author with a “printing” visa, is submitted to the printing house with the final specification of the circulation number, paper type, etc. At the same time, the cover is made in this or another (due to the specifics) printing house and what - any other elements, such as colored inserts, dust jacket, etc.

13. "Clean sheets". signal instance.

The sheets printed for the entire volume and circulation are stapled without a cover and transferred to the publishing house for control (the professional term is “blank sheets”). Sometimes after this, and often even instead of “blank sheets”, several copies of the already bound, finalized edition are transferred to the publishing house.

14. Production of circulation

After receiving from the publishing house a signal copy with a visa "to the world", the printing house prints the entire circulation of the ordered products, which is reported to the customer, who must resolve the issue of its distribution immediately, due to a shortage of production space.

15. Distribution of circulation

The technological chain of publication of a printed publication depends on its type. As a rule, modern editorial offices have their own output devices - phototypesetting machines or laser printers- and deliver ready-made photoforms to the printing house. If the editorial office has a dedicated communication channel, then a print file is sent to the printing house, from which negatives or transparencies are made.

Form Processes

Photoforms are the basis for obtaining printed forms, but if the publication is multi-page (magazine, brochure, book), it is necessary to imposition, that is, place the finished photo forms on the mounting sheet, and then on the printed form in order to correctly arrange the pages in the notebooks after folding.

Multi-page publications are required to provide printing houses with an imposition layout - a standard of the laid-out pages of the publication with their layout on a printed sheet.

Modern computer programs allow you to make electronic imposition, but, unfortunately, in Russia this technology has not yet “taken root” for many reasons. The situation is absurd: during the prepress processes, the editors try to save minutes and even seconds, spending material resources for the purchase of the most modern equipment and for highly qualified (and therefore highly paid) specialists, and in the printing house, hours are lost during the installation of strips, since this operation is performed using outdated technology:

Initially, the photoforms are cut on four sides on a cutter;

According to the trigger layout, markings are made on graph paper;

They perforate a transparent mounting base (astralon sheets), put it on a graph paper to put vertical and horizontal marks;

Next, astralon is put on the pins of the mounting table and with the help of adhesive tape (adhesive tape) they begin to glue the photoforms; after mounting photoforms for one color (if the edition is full-color), the whole procedure is repeated for each subsequent color.

It is impossible to mount photoforms for four colors in the same way, so the effect of "misalignment" during manual mounting is inevitable. The use of electronic strip editing is another “peculiar” stage of layout: instead of a separate page, a whole printed sheet is typeset. If all parameters are set correctly, the effect of misalignment is eliminated, in addition, the time spent on preparing the imposition of the strip is significantly reduced.

For getting printed forms Mounted photoforms are placed on a printing plate covered with a photosensitive layer. Illumination occurs in a copy frame with a powerful light source. Next, the printed plate is subjected to chemical treatment.

Most publications are currently printed in offset. Aluminum plates pre-coated with a photosensitive layer are usually used as a form material. Technology "Computer-printing form"

The first experiments on exposing printing plates with a laser beam (STR technology) began in 1981

In order to obtain printing products by offset printing, the following operations must be carried out

1. Typing.

2. Scanning and processing of visual material.

3. Layout.

4. Output of color-separated photoforms to a phototypesetting machine (exposure of the laid-up strips with subsequent chemical-photographic processing of the photographic material).

5. Obtaining color proof analog prints.

6. Installation of photoforms.

7. Production of printing plates (illumination of sensitized metal plates through photoforms in a copy frame.).

8. Print run.

9. Post-printing processes.

The technology "Computer - printing plate" allows to exclude operations 4-6, since the laser beam acts directly on the printing plate.

The obvious advantages of the technology "Computer - printed form" are that the efficiency of preparation printed matter increases significantly due to the reduction of the technological chain of operations. At the same time, the quality of prints is improved.

Printing processes

Obtaining identical prints from the printing plate on the receiving surface is called the printing process. Printing ink is applied to the printing plate and, depending on the printing method, directly or indirectly transfers to the paper under the influence of an impression cylinder that exerts pressure.

To obtain printing products of optimal quality, the correct selection of printing materials is of great importance: with a decrease in the surface strength of paper, it is necessary to reduce the viscosity of dyes. In media editorial offices, when preparing printed publications for an output device, it is necessary to correctly set the dot gain parameters, which will directly depend on the absorbency of the paper, so that raster printed elements have a given value on the print. An error in determining the degree of paper whiteness even at the prepress stage in the production of full-color publications will lead to a distorted color reproduction of the entire print run, etc.

For each of the printing methods, certain inks and types of paper are used, all print media strive to achieve the optimal result while reducing the cost of circulation products, therefore, knowledge of the properties of printing materials, the capabilities of printing machines and the corresponding prepress characteristics are necessary for the management and technical services of publications of all types For successful work in a market economy.

Rice. 1.8. Structure of production of electronic, printed media and multimedia products Rice. 1.9. Structural scheme printing technological process

Printing industry is a collection of various technical means and technologies used for printed reproduction of textual and pictorial information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.

Printing information presented in the form of text, digital data, tables, mathematical and other formulas is called text information, and illustrations, graphs, diagrams, ornaments, drawings, rulers, maps, and other images are called visual information. Traditionally, a printing company had two separate sections, one of which processed textual information, and the second - pictorial. Combining textual and pictorial information is carried out in the third section, where the layout of a particular publication is carried out.

The basis of the production process in the printing industry is printing. Printing is the repeated receipt of identical prints of text and images by transferring the ink layer from the printing plate to the printed material: paper, cardboard, polymer film, etc.

The carrier of graphic print information is a printing plate, which is, as a rule, a plate or a cylinder, on the surface of which there are printing and non-printing elements.

The printing element is the parts of the form that receive the printing ink and subsequently transfer it to the printed material. Gap elements are areas that do not accept ink on themselves and, therefore, these areas on the printed material will not be covered with an ink layer.

The formation of printing elements on the form can be carried out due to their spatial separation or the creation of various physico-chemical or other properties of printing and blank elements. The printing process is carried out in printing machine, which requires ink and printing material.

In the printing industry, various types of printing are used, but the main ones are three types: letterpress, flat and gravure printing.

Printing forms letterpress(Fig. 1.1, but) have a spatial separation of printing and blank elements: relief printing elements 1 are in the same plane, and blank elements 2 are deepened by a different amount depending on their area. In letterpress printing, the printing elements are covered with an ink layer 3 uniform in thickness (Fig. 1.1, b) and therefore, in all areas of the print, the thickness of the ink layer is almost the same (Fig. 1.1, c)

Printing forms flat print(Fig. 1.2) have printing 1 and blank 2 elements (Fig. 1.2, but) almost in the same plane, but have different physico-chemical properties: the first are oleophilic (they accept paint), the second are hydrophilic (do not perceive paint).

When applying printing ink 3 (Fig. 1.2, b), it sticks only to oleophilic printing elements. Before each impression is made during the printing process, the form is first moistened with a certain aqueous solution, which wets only the hydrophilic blanks. Since all the printing elements are in the same plane, they are all covered with a layer of ink uniform in thickness and therefore all print elements (Fig. 1.2, c) consist of an ink layer of the same thickness.

Intaglio printing forms ( fig. 1.3) have the same spatial separation of whitespace and printing elements. Printing elements 1 (Fig. 1.3, but) are deepened by different or the same value. They represent, regardless of the nature of the image (text, illustrations), separate cells of a very small area, which are separated from each other by thin partitions - spaces. These partitions and other gap elements 2 (Fig. 1.3, but) are elevated and are on the same level. Gravure printing plates are usually made on a cylinder.

When printing, low-viscosity ink 1 (Fig. 1.4) is first applied in excess to the entire surface of the rotating form 2. Then a special knife (squeegee) 3, in contact with the surface of the cylinder, completely removes the ink from the gaps and excess ink from the printing elements. As a result, the paint remains only in the cells (Fig. 1.3, c). The form, in contact with the paper, transfers the paint depending on the depth of the cells of the form, and can transfer the paint even in the same layer.

The production of printed products usually consists of three separate but interrelated processes:

1) processing of textual and pictorial information - originals subject to printing reproduction. As a result of this process, negatives or transparencies are obtained on a transparent film or immediately ready printing forms. This stage is called prepress processes and includes a number of technological operations, the composition of which depends on the chosen printing plate manufacturing technology and printing method;

2) printing circulation - obtaining from printing forms a certain number of identical printed sheets or newspapers, which is the reproduction of information. This stage is called the printing process;

3) execution of stitching or stitching and binding processes (manufacturing of books, magazines, newspapers, brochures from individual elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes are performed (varnishing of printing sheets, etc.)

Printing process. The transfer of a colorful image from various printing forms to the printed material occurs, as a rule, as a result of pressure. The material to be printed can be in direct contact with the printing plate or with an intermediate elastic element.

When printing, two cylinders are used, on one of which the printing plate is fixed, and the other provides pressure (Fig. 1.5, a). This ink transfer is typically used in letterpress and gravure printing. In this case, the image on the form must be reversed (mirror) in order to get a “direct” image on the print.

In the case of using an intermediate elastic-elastic (cloth) three cylinders are involved in printing (Fig. 1.5, b).

The printing plate 2 during the printing process transfers the image to the plate 3, which takes on the ink from the printing elements of the form, and then transfers it to the printed material 1. In this case, the image on the printing plate should be direct, and on the rubber-fabric plate it should be reversed, and on paper as a result, we get a direct image.

For the reproduction of textual and graphic information in the printing industry, a wide variety of printing forms are used, which can be classified according to a number of features ( fig. 1.6):

Colors of printed products - forms for single-color (in most cases black and white) printing and multi-color (usually two-, three- and four-color) printing;

Significant nature of information - pictorial forms containing only pictorial information, textual - textual information and text-pictorial, which contain textual and pictorial information;

Types and methods of printing - forms of high, flat offset, gravure and special printing methods;

The method of transferring (recording) information from the original or intermediate information carrier to the form material.

Most printed forms can be divided into two groups: a) forms obtained by formatting information, i.e. simultaneous recording of all points of the image on the form material and b) forms obtained by element-by-element recording of information on the form material sequentially, with very small individual elements.

Printing plates obtained by format recording of information can be produced by photochemical methods (using mainly photographic and chemical processes) and electrophotographic methods based on the use of electrophotography.

In the manufacture of printed forms by element-by-element recording of information, the technique of element-by-element electronic scanning (scanning) of the original information and the formation of printing and blank elements is used, usually due to electromechanical engraving or laser exposure.

IN classic version in the manufacture of printing forms, photochemical processes were most widely used, which made it possible to obtain photoforms from publishing originals. Further, information from them was usually transferred by contact method of copying to form materials.

The processes of making photoforms and the operations preceding them are often called processing (more precisely, processing) of text and pictorial information. Text information processing is a complex of operations, including: editing and typing, proofreading, layout of publication pages, production of publishing text originals, production of photoforms (recording information and chemical-photographic processing). The processing of image information includes two groups of operations: image transformation for the purpose of its printing reproduction and production of photoforms. The first group, depending on the nature of the pictorial originals, may include various operations, but in general they usually include: image scaling and screening, color separation, gradation and color separation correction.

An original for printing publications is a text or graphic material that has undergone editorial and publishing processing and is the basis for creating a printed publication by means of printing.

Originals for printing publications can be divided into three groups:

Publisher's original;

Original layout (reproduced original layout - ROM).

Publisher's original- text or graphic material that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, signed for printing by responsible persons of the publishing house for the production of a printing plate at a printing company.

The original layout is a publisher's original, each page of which coincides with the page future book by the number of lines and by their content. The original layout can be typewritten (printed on a regular office typewriter), signed for typesetting and printing and sent to the printing house for typesetting and printing.

Reproducible original layout(ROM) is an original prepared for the manufacture of a photoplate or printing plate by photomechanical means or by scanning as an image. IN Lately with the spread of computer typing and computer publishing systems, this type of original is widely used for printing short-circulation operational publications (author's abstracts, conference materials, leaflets).

The quality of the original determines the quality of the printed reproduction. Only an impeccable original creates the prerequisites for a good end result. Minor imperfections in the original can be corrected by printing retouching, and any significant interference is fraught with the danger of distorting the image. Therefore, very high demands are placed on the quality of originals for reproduction.

types of originals. In printing processes, there are mainly three types of originals: drawings, photographs and objects. Previously, the main type of originals were drawings, and now 90% of all originals are color photographs.

Drawings. There are two main types of drawings: painting and commercial graphics. Painting is the result of the creative activity of the artist and when creating it, the task of reproducing it by printing methods is not worth it. Therefore, the task of printing is to ensure the maximum identity of the print to the pictorial original. This will be determined by the capabilities of the imaging system and the printing process.

A special place among the drawings is occupied by printing prints that can be used as originals. The raster structure of the print makes special demands on the image processing process.

Commercial graphics are developed immediately with the calculation of further reproduction. In this case, the developer performs it in the color gamut that the playback system can provide.

Photos. The most common type of photographic images are color or black and white transparent originals. The format of such originals varies widely: from 35 mm slides to A4 sheets. A slide is a film that has been exposed in a camera and therefore has distortion determined by the capabilities of the optical system.

Color prints are made from a color negative. In this case, two optical systems are involved: one in the camera, and the second in the magnifier. Therefore, the loss of image sharpness in this embodiment is greater. However, color photographic prints can be produced in a future print format, and this makes it easier to evaluate quality compared to a slide.

At present, the photographic image, presented in electronic or digital form, is increasingly being used.

Goods samples. The most common objects for reproduction are samples of goods: Decoration Materials such as tiles, plastic, paints, etc. Photographing such objects is usually carried out with a studio camera with a digital CCD scanner, which makes it possible to provide high quality playback when printing.

When digitizing images and preparing for printing, the following requirements must be considered:

Technological requirements for the original;

Production requirements (form and printing processes, features of material sealing);

Quality control and evaluation.

In the production of printed products, in addition to generally accepted units of measurement (SI), special units are used to measure certain quantities - typographic units of measurement: author's sheets, printed sheets, etc.

To measure the linear dimensions of printing forms and their individual elements, as well as the formats of the stripes and the size of the lines, typographic units of measurement are used - points and squares.

One typographical point (p.p.) is equal (except for England) to 1/72 of a French inch, i.e. 0.3759 mm, or, rounded, 0.376 mm. The larger unit is 48 kb squared, or approximately 18 mm. These units were proposed in France in the 18th century. In England, the USA and some other countries, 1 t.p. equals 1/72 English inch, i.e. 25.4: 72 = 0.353 mm. In the Russian Federation, the French system of typographic measurements is used.

The paper industry produces sheet paper (in the form of separate sheets) and roll paper (in the form of a tape wound on a sleeve). The paper size is expressed in mm, with the sheet paper size being the product of the width and the length of the paper sheet, for example 600 x 900 mm, and roll papers being measured by the width of the roll. In the Russian Federation, the formats of printed papers are standardized depending on the type of printed products: book and magazine, newspaper, cartographic, etc.

The standard size range of paper for printing book and magazine products in the Russian Federation is established by GOST 1342.

Roll paper, in agreement with the consumer, can also be produced in widths: 360, 420, 640, 820, 1050, 1800 mm; sheet paper can be produced in additional sizes: 600 x 1000, 610 x 860, 700 x 750, 800 x 1000, 900 x 1000, 920 x 1200 mm.

The formats of printed products, as well as the formats of printing, printing and other equipment, are consistent with the paper formats.

The format of the publication determines its size in terms of width and length, expressed by their product in millimeters. The format of book and magazine publications is determined by the size of a block of a book, magazine, brochure cut off from three sides. In this case, the first size indicates the width, and the second - the height of the publication.

Based on GOST 5773-90, the format of publications is indicated by the size of a sheet of paper for printing in centimeters and parts of a sheet (symbol), for example, 60 x 90/16, where 60 x 90 is the size of a paper sheet, and 16 is the number of its shares (parts). Usually for book and magazine publications, the share is equal to a page. Therefore, a 60 x 90/16 paper sheet contains 16 pages on one side and the other, i.e. only 32 pages.

To determine the format of an uncut book and magazine publication, it is necessary to decompose the share of the sheet into two largest factors, and then divide the smaller side of the paper sheet into a smaller factor, and the larger one into a larger one. So the format of publications 84 x 108/32 will be equal before cropping: 84: 4 and 108: 8, i.e. 210 x 135 mm. Since the width of the book is usually less than the height, this format is written as 135 x 210 mm.

The size of the finished publication (or its page) is less than a fraction of its sheet, since the block is cut off on three sides. 3-4 mm along the upper field, 5 mm along the anterior field, and 6-7 mm along the lower field. Thus, the format of the previously considered example after cropping will be 130 x 200 mm.

Newspaper formats are indicated only by the width and height of the strip in millimeters, and sheet publications, depending on the type and format of the main publication, both in millimeters and shares of a paper sheet.

Table 1.1. Standard formats according to GOST 1342

Document without a title

Note: M - machine direction

The formats of book publications must correspond to those indicated in Table 1.1

The original product of information transmission for visual perception is the original. Quite often, the original is the result of the author's work, presented in the form of text, drawings or poetry. To measure the amount of work of the author, as well as publishing workers, the concept of an author's list is introduced.

An author's sheet is a unit of measurement for the volume of text and pictorial material. It is equal to 40 thousand printed characters. Printed characters are all visible characters - letters, punctuation marks, numbers, etc. and spaces in between. In the case of a poetic text, one author's sheet is equal to 700 lines of poetic text, and for pictorial material it is 3 thousand selection "> Publishing or publishing sheet - a unit of measurement for the volume of a printed publication (text and pictorial material) and is equal to the same as author's 40 thousand characters, or 700 lines of poetic text or 3 thousand selection"\u003e Printed sheet is a unit of measurement for the volume of printed matter, which includes two concepts: a physical printed sheet and a conditional printed sheet. A physical printed sheet is a paper sheet of any standard size printed on one side, or half of it, but printed on both sides.

Since standard paper sheets differ from each other in area, it is more convenient to use a conditional printed sheet equated to the format of a paper sheet of 600 x 900 mm to determine the total volume of publishing products. Then the reduction of any format to conditional diets is carried out by coefficients that take into account the area of ​​the given sheets. So the conversion factor for the format 600 x 840 mm will be 0.93, and for 700 x 900 - 1.17, etc.

The volume of newspaper publications, as a rule, is calculated in the pages of the main format of newspapers, i.e. A2 (420 x 595 mm) as well as printed sheets.

Edition - product printing production, which has undergone editorial and publishing processing, printed and intended to convey the information contained in it.

Circulation - the total number of copies of a particular publication.

Copy - each separate independent unit of this publication.

The total circulation is the sum of the circulations of all, for example, book, magazine and other products issued by the publishing house for a certain period.

Notebook - printed and folded paper sheet. It is a unit of measurement of the amount of work in the performance of some operations of the postpress process. The sheet folding option determines the order in which the strips are placed during certain prepress operations.

The main task of the printing industry is the processing of information and its dissemination. However, in addition to this main task, printing production products also perform many other functions, so the range of these products is very diverse. It is very difficult to develop a clear classification of printing products, primarily because of its diversity.

Printed products can be conditionally divided into five groups, taking into account its purpose:

1) publishing products that serve mainly as a means of information;

2) label and packaging products, which are mainly a means of packaging (labels, packaging, etc.);

3) business products (various forms, technical documentation and many others);

4) special products(monetary paper notes, shares, certificates, postage stamps, letterheads government documents and many others);

5) products and semi-finished products, which are later used in other industries and industries (wallpaper, prints with texture various materials and many others).

Of all the products of the printing industry, the most widespread is publishing.

Currently, publishing products have a lot of highly competitive different types of information (radio, television, and much more). However, publishing products are very convenient for use, have a greater safety, a fairly low cost of reproduction, and are more acceptable to the general population.

Publishing products can be classified in many ways. However, the most commonly recognized are the following five signs:

1) by material construction - book, magazine and sheet editions. Sheets include: newspapers, posters;

2) according to the symbolic nature of information - text editions, art editions, cartographic, musical, etc. general view according to the symbolic nature of information, all publications can be reduced to three types: text (contain only text), pictorial (contain only images) and text-pictorial (include text and images);

3) according to the frequency of publication:

Periodicals issued after a certain period (week, month, etc.), i.e. a constant number of issues for each year and at the same time the same type of design (magazines, newspapers);

Non-periodical publications issued once without the terms of reprinting provided for them (books, brochures);

Continuing publications issued at indefinite intervals as materials accumulate (collections of scientific papers, etc.);

4) by purpose and nature of information - official and scientific publications, monographs, literary and artistic publications, textbooks, workshops, encyclopedias, production publications.

IN different countries world printing industry in terms of production in value terms is from 1 to 12% of the volume of production of the manufacturing industry.

IN developed countries the volume of the printing industry is 0.5-4% of the gross domestic product, and in developing countries it can be at the level of 20%. In different countries, the volume and importance of the printing industry varies widely. For example, the US printing industry as an industrial sector ranks sixth, which determines its economic significance for the country. In the entire volume of world production of printing products, its various types occupy a different specific gravity. currently dominated by commercial products. The distribution of the world market volume for certain types of products is characterized by the following data: books - 7%, newspapers - 16%, magazines - 9%, catalogs - 4%, packaging labels - 18% and advertising and letterhead products - 46%.

A non-periodical printed publication of more than 48 pages is considered a book, and an edition of more than 4, but not more than 48 pages, is considered a brochure. The basis of the book is book block B, which is enclosed in cover A. Books can also be issued in covers. A book block consists of several notebooks or sheets fastened together in a spine in one way or another.

The outer elements of the block. These elements include: spine, flyleaf, captal, spine material, trimmings and ribbon bookmark.

The spine is the left end side of block B (Fig. 1.7, a), along which notebooks or sheets of the book are fastened. Depending on the type of design, straight, round and mushroom-shaped roots are distinguished.

The flyleaf is two four-page sheets of paper selection "\u003e Kaptal K (Fig. 1.7, b) is used to more firmly connect notebooks in a block, as well as an element for decorating books of medium and large volume. Kaptal is a fabric braid with a thickened colored edge, which glued to the top and bottom edges of the cut book block.

Spine material formula" src="http://hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook842/files/for4.gif" border="0" align="absmiddle" alt=", which increases the bonding strength of the block with the lid.

Edges are called the end sides (front, top and bottom) of the book block and to improve the design of the book and to prevent contamination, they are sometimes painted over. The front edge, depending on the shape of the spine of the block, can be straight or concave.

ribbon bookmark L facilitates the use of the book. It is made of braid, one end of which is attached to the upper part of the spine of the block, and the ribbon itself is inserted into the block and goes beyond the edge of the lower edge.

Internal elements of the book block. In addition to the body text pages, a book block can have the following additional elements:

Title page T (fig. 1.7) is the first output page of the book. Basically, a single (two-page) title page is used. On the title are placed: the title of the book, the surname and initials of the author, the name of the publishing house (issuing company), the place and year of publication, and some other information.

Sometimes a title page is used, consisting of two adjacent pages of a book spread. This is used in multi-volume, serial or specially designed editions. The design of the title page can be font, decorative font or illustrated.

A Schmutztitle is a page with an unsealed back before a title that protects it from damage. In essence, this is an additional title page, on the odd page of which large headings, illustrations or various book decorations are placed.

The frontispiece is an illustration of the selection "> The initial or descending page is the first page of the book or its constituent parts(chapters, sections). The text on it usually starts with some indentation from the top edge. This place can be filled with an ornament or a picture-saver for the decoration of the book.

The end strip is the last strip of a book or section, chapter. Usually it is not completely filled with text. On the free part of the strip, an ending in the form of an ornament or a pattern can be placed.

All other stripes are ordinary and can contain only text or an image, or be text-pictorial.

In addition to the main elements, additional reference elements are also placed on the strips: column numbers, footer, signature and norms.

The column number defines the serial number of the page and can be in the middle or on the side of the bottom or top margin of the page.

A header or footer is a line placed on the top (or bottom) margin of a page with the title of a section or topic in a book. It makes it easier for the reader to use the book.

Signature - a number that determines the serial number of the notebook in the book block. Next to the signature, the norm is printed - a line of text with the author's surname or the short title of the book. These elements are necessary for the correct completion of notebooks in a book block and they are placed on the first page of the bottom margin of each notebook.

Around the strip are unprinted margins that improve the readability of the book and protect the edges of text and images from damage. The margins are determined by the layout of the book.

The journal is one of the periodicals. Journals are very diverse in their readership. Most of the journals are designed for a wide range of readers, but there are also special scientific and industrial journals designed for the professional reader. Currently, advertising magazines occupy a significant volume. The magazine differs from the book in its periodicity and efficiency of production, wide subject matter and variety of articles, as well as highly artistic design. In general, journals differ from each other in purpose, frequency, specialization, volume, design, design, and other features. Unlike books, the cost of publishing magazines is partly offset by advertising revenue. Magazines have short term use.

Many magazines have large circulations and their production differs significantly from the technology of book production. As a rule, the magazine is a folded notebook, fastened by sewing with wire or glue and covered with a cover. The circulation of the magazine determines the printing option and, as a rule, sheet-fed or web offset machines are used. In the case of mass runs, it is economically feasible to use gravure printing machines.

Large format magazines require a different design of the pages. The text on the strip is arranged in several columns, there are no leading and trailing strips, and the outer and inner sides of the cover are printed with text and graphic material.

Illustrations on the pages can be placed under the "bleed".

Newspapers - periodicals containing current information, official materials, articles on topical socio-political, scientific, industrial and other issues. Newspapers can carry advertisements, include literary works, and more. In addition, newspapers of purely advertising content may be published. Newspapers usually consist of separate sheets of large format, matched in a set. Newspapers are published on strictly fixed days of the week and time of day. The volume of newspapers varies quite widely. IN Russian Federation newspapers are produced in three formats: A2 (main), equal to 420 x 594 mm, A3 - half of A2, equal to 297 x 420 mm and A4 - quarter of A2, equal to 210 x 297 mm. Unlike books, there is only one page format for each newspaper format. So, for example, for A2 newspapers, the page format is 21.5 x 30.5 square meters, i.e. 387 x 549 mm. A newspaper page usually consists of text and images. The text on the page is arranged in the form of columns, the number of which depends on the format of the newspaper (from four to eight). The most used line format is from 2.5 to 4 square meters. The newspaper is distinguished by a wide variety of headings and headings, typed in fonts of various designs and sizes.

For printing newspapers, rotary high-performance newspaper complexes are used, which ensure the speed of issuing a newspaper with good performance in terms of efficiency. At present, newspaper complexes also provide multi-color printing of newspapers with good economic indicators. The advertising part of the newspaper covers a significant cost of publishing the newspaper, which makes it possible to reduce the price of its copy for the reader and makes it accessible to a significant mass of the population. The most significant categories of newspapers are daily and weekly.

The brochure is a non-periodical publication, from 5 to 48 pages, in soft cover, in the form of bound and stapled sheets of printed material.

Brochures are now widely used for brochures, descriptions and various consumer products. The volume of brochures is small and they are published in very small circulations. However, to certain types Brochures, especially advertising-oriented ones, have very high quality requirements. Most brochures come in multiple colors and come in folded sheets or bound notebooks. The costs of producing brochures are reimbursed directly by the customers.

Other printed matter mainly relates to packaging and various types of promotional items. Packaging can be made from various materials: paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, etc. Printing on packaging is carried out by all known methods, and the choice of printing type is mainly determined by the packaging material used.

Electronic media were widely used at the end of the 20th century and are of great importance in the field of information dissemination. In 1995, the latter occupied a niche of 30% in the print and electronic media market. Trends recent years show that electronic media have sustainable growth at the level of 9% per year, and the printed media have an increase of 3% per year. As a result, by 2010 the volume of printed and electronic media services will equalize. The intensive introduction of electronic media is ensured through the powerful use of computer technology and the Internet. High efficiency and the possibility of obtaining a large amount of information on any issue favorably distinguishes electronic media from printed ones. Radio and television, familiar to all of us, new forms of video and audio information using compact discs (CD-ROM and DVD-ROM) significantly expand the scope of electronic media.

Technological, technical and design capabilities of electronic media are very high. A traditional recording of a conventional film recorded on film can be converted into a video film. Any book can be presented also in electronic version. Information in the form of a web page using a computer can be presented both in real and virtual space.

Electronic media can be distributed both on long-term storage media (CD-ROM, video film, audio recording) and in real time (transmission of a concert, theatrical performances, etc.).

Output devices can be computer monitors, television screens, various types of projection devices, audio playback systems, etc. Of course, special software is also needed.

Multimedia are computer-oriented methods of presenting information using a combination of different components: text, image, animation, graphics, video, audio, etc. As the most accessible example, this is a book with an attached CD-ROM.

In multimedia, information is presented in a complex form and with the simultaneous use of several channels for its creation.

A CD-ROM laser disc may not always be a multimedia product. By itself, CD-ROM is only a medium that can carry various information (text, sound, video, etc.). A CD-ROM becomes a multimedia product only when it combines text, sound and animation. Different kinds information on the Internet becomes a multimedia product only after they are linked together. A generalized structure for the production of electronic, printed media and multimedia products is presented in rice. 1.8

The Computer to Plate process is widely used because it is highly automated, very fast, provides high quality prints, and is close to the Computer to Film process in terms of economics.

With this method, the printing plate itself is exposed, and the production of a color print is carried out in 6 stages, including printing.

The most efficient way is Computer to Press. It is carried out in 4 stages thanks to the application digital technology. In this method, electronic information is directly transferred to the printing plate, which is located in the printing press.

Prepress

The production process of printed products is divided into three stages: pre-press, printing processes and post-press processing.

Pre-press preparation covers the stages of work, starting from the idea of ​​​​design, preparation of text information, graphic originals and graphics, and ending with the production of ready-made printing forms that are used to print the circulation.

The content and the professional graphic design of printed materials are also the basis for publications in the field of electronic media, such as Internet homepages or in CD ROM format. Therefore, in addition to the concept of "prepress processes", the concept of pre-media preparation appeared - premedio. This term denotes digital training text and images suitable for output to any final storage medium. As shown in fig. 1-1, the actual pre-press processes may be preceded by a pre-media preparation stage.

Significant changes have taken place in pre-press processes associated with the transition from traditional to digital technologies. Nevertheless, during a short transitional stage, the photoform as a carrier of information is still used by many enterprises. The book describes both prepress technologies and traditional prepress processes.

Set Technology

The initial information for the set is the author's manuscript. The unambiguity and absence of errors in the text are more important than the formal and aesthetic aspects of its design. Necessary proofreading is best done when preparing the manuscript. For the purpose of unification, the correction must be carried out in accordance with the instructions governing it (for example, in accordance with DIN 16511 or ISO 5776).

Entering text is the first step in the kit production process (Section 1.1). Increasingly, this work is done by the author. Since the hardware and software for processing text data on a computer is very diverse, a printing house may have a problem of compatibility of data arrays obtained from different sources. Therefore, printing companies should have a large number of programs (import filters) for converting documents coming in different digital formats into a form acceptable for further processing. After entering the text, its processing follows, which implements the design features specified by the layout, such as choosing the font and its size, line lengths, windows for the subsequent inclusion of illustrations, etc. . Features of the layout are set by the author and the publisher or agreed jointly by the author, the publisher and the printing house.

After processing, text output follows (Section 1.2). Decorated text blocks are displayed on film or paper. In this form, they are subject to imposition, i.e., they are combined with halftone images and graphics, and, as a result, imposition stripes are obtained. If the layout of text and graphic information is performed electronically, then the finished strip is displayed on film or paper. The digital data of the strips is a necessary starting point for the implementation of further information output processes, for example, using the technologies "Computer - Photoform", "Computer - Printing Form" and digital printing DI, etc., or for use in electronic media.

Correcting an exposed set is a laborious and costly process and should be avoided whenever possible. For this reason, in the process of work, before the text is output to photographic films, plate material or printed in a digital machine, proofreading is repeatedly performed by printing digitally processed text on paper. The author's proofreading is carried out in proofs delivered to the author. After the proofreading, the layout of the strips follows. The correct placement of illustrations, the location of captions, the presence of footnotes, links to other pages, headers and footers and columns are the main subject of the proofreading process during layout.

Manuscript

In the classical sense, a manuscript is a handwritten text that, in a printed form, should appear on a print. The fewer errors in the manuscript and the more clearly it is written, the faster and more error-free the subsequent input by the operator of its content from the keyboard can occur. The author must hand over the manuscript to the printing house in finished form. After that, no significant additional changes should be made to the content.

Today's software tools allow for a variety of text preparation and processing. With their help, it is easy to type tables, graphs, figures into text. By using software tools a good result in text manipulation can be achieved by non-professionals, which for the most part are authors. Currently, the printing house receives printouts of the text on paper and media with its electronic version.

Entering text

At an enterprise or organization that produces printed materials (most often in a publishing house or in a prepress department), before typesetting, the manuscript first goes to proofreading. At this stage, the necessary corrections are made in the manuscript, as well as technical guidelines for typesetting are added, font sizes are determined for the body text, headings, emphasis, footnotes and installation instructions regarding illustration insertions, paragraph indents, etc.

At the stage of text input, it is converted into digital data in the computer. Text entry is performed primarily from the keyboard, but also through OCR technology (optical reading) or, less commonly, through speech input.

Keyboard input

Text is entered using the keyboard as infinite text until the end of a paragraph or the appropriate typeface. Row splitting is not performed at first. This creates a prerequisite for automatic "justification" of the text, which means receiving lines in the form of segments of a given length. In addition, the text in the proofreading process can automatically "flow", i.e. the line, starting from the corrected place, is switched off and then will correspond to the specified format. The process goes all the way to the end of the paragraph. The keyboard used to enter text is part of the peripheral equipment of computers.

Today, one of the most commonly used word processing programs is Microsoft Word. With its help, the texts typed and stored on the data carrier can then be used without problems in the technological process. Other packages are also known, such as Word Perfect and Macintosh Word. For typing scientific texts with formulas and special characters, especially suitable software products TEX.

Instructions for the design of the text should be limited in the manuscript to the characteristics of headings, paragraphs, the order of illustrations, if they are placed in a certain place in the text, as well as the necessary markup for the beginning of a new page (preferably on the right).

The author can transfer the text to a publisher or printer via a data network (for example, via e-mail via the ISDN network). This saves time and increases the relevance of information. Communications serve mainly for communication between the author and the publisher. To do this, data formats, protocols and interaction interfaces are defined.

Entering with optical methods(OCR)

With the help of OCR technology (Optical Character Recognition - optical character recognition), the text presented in handwritten or typewritten form is converted into digital form and thus becomes suitable for processing. First, in the "display process" of a document on paper, it is entered by optoelectronic reading systems. The document appears as a bitmap. In the future, the bit structure of the sign is converted into a text code.

During the reading process, the document is scanned and described by a certain matrix structure. The brightness and color values ​​of each dot of the matrix are recorded in digital form. Black and white documents are described by one bit of information per image point when they are scanned. When scanning color originals in 4 colors, up to 32 bits per dot must be used. The resolution of the scanning devices determines how closely the scanned image matches the original. For most text originals, a resolution of 300 dpi allows for high reliability of character recognition when using OCR processes (type size starting at about 4 mm, depending on the legibility of the font elements). Illustrations and text in small size fonts require a reading resolution of 600 dpi. For digital representation of an image, the TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format) format is usually used. The OCR process covers 5 steps:

identification of text and illustration blocks with the exception of the latter;

recognition of a sign by analyzing its shape and comparing it with the characteristic features of the standard; word identification using arrays of dictionaries;

correction of unrecognized words or characters by displaying them on the screen with confirmation or correction by the operator;

formatting data in one of the output formats, such as ASCII, Word, RTF, or PDF, and writing data for saving (data formats).

As a result of using the OCR method, textual information is converted into digital data suitable for subsequent computer processing, like text entered from a keyboard.

OCR technology is most often used to recognize typewritten author's originals, to create databases of reprinted books available only in the form of previous editions. The error rate of OCR equipment is less than 1%. If the original is dirty, the characters are poorly printed, or there are spots on the original, the number of errors increases. In such cases, keyboard input may be more effective. The criteria for choosing one or another recognition method are the fonts of the original, the required recognition speed, the volume and quality of the dictionary, the data formats used and, of course, the price. Currently common OCR software products are, for example, Omni-PagePro (Caere Corp.), Optopus (Makrolog GmbH), Adobe Capture (Adobe Systems).

Lecture 1 General concept of the processes of publishing and printing production 2012

Issues to consider:

What are processes. Product creation processes. Manufacturing process

Printing process Process modes

Technological process Prepress production

Print production Booklet production

Binding production Finishing production

Each media enterprise is obliged to ensure the timely release of high-quality products in the planned volume. At the lowest cost: labor, material and financial. This problem can be solved only with a rationally organized production process.

Manufacturing process is a set of interrelated labor and technological processes aimed at obtaining, processing and transferring necessary information. The main task of the organization of production at each enterprise is to ensure effective interaction production activity of the process of working on the transformation of objects of labor into finished products. Information is also a commodity, since it is subject to purchase and sale.

Manufacturing process- a set of labor and natural processes, as a result of which the primary disparate data turns into a systematized mass information.

The main elements of the production process: objects of labor, means of labor, labor.

Objects of labor- finished products in the form of written, illustrative, mixed, visual, audio, audiovisual material.

Means of labor subdivided into tools and material conditions of work. 1. Machines, mechanisms, tools (ballpoint pen, voice recorder, camera, computer, radio, frequency range of waves). 2. Material working conditions: premises, warehouses, vehicles, workplace.

Work. The purposeful activity of a journalist associated with the transformation of primary disparate information into a systematized, purposeful and adapted for a specific type of reproduction on various media (transmitters). Such information is a finished product (product) that is subject to sale and purchase.

Information is not a material object, but it is subject to purchase and sale (exchange) and therefore is a materially necessary market product that materializes into specific material values.

The main processes of publishing and printing production

Typography This is a complex of production operations carried out for the purpose of producing a printed book.

Printing process consists in creating an image identical to the original from the ink layer and transferring it to the printed material, followed by processing the prints in accordance with the requirements of the customer.

The main general task of the printing process is the mass reproduction with the required accuracy of the information on the printed form.

Manufacturing process – general concept all actions and processes associated with the manufacture of products. The production process generalizes and links all the phased individual technological processes occurring (carried out) at each stage of production into a single completed stage of production.

Technological process regulates the production of products at each stage of production. The technological process is the main one for the transformation of materials that are used in production into finished products at this stage. For example, when typing text, the completed technological process at this stage is the output to the printer of tracing paper, film or paper with text. For print shop the final technological process is to obtain an impression. Information on a floppy disk, disk, photo form or printed form at some stage of production is a finished commercial product.

Mode technological process is exactly established order and process conditions. The accuracy of reproduction of multi-color originals is greatly influenced by the properties of paper, its porosity, whiteness, opacity, and others.

In the manufacture of any product, two processes are used, the general production and regulatory - technological. The entire technology for the manufacture of printed products consists of sequentially carried out processes, Supplies and a set of production equipment.

Integral part operational process is a certain amount of step-by-step operations. The number of technological operations performed in the manufacture of products depends on the nature, purpose and type of the product itself. In the manufacture of each type of product, taking into account the available equipment, each enterprise uses its own technological schemes that regulate the conduct of the technological process. There is not, and cannot be, a single standard scheme regulating the technological process for all enterprises. All printing companies take as a basis, a typical scheme of the manufacturing process. The modes of the technological process, as well as its scheme, may vary depending on the nature of the product and the conditions of the organization of the technological process. The development of technological regimes, in essence, is a detail of the development of schemes of the technological process.

The development of the project of the technological process begins with the definition of the requirements that apply to the publication, taking into account the receipt of high-quality products and the lowest costs of labor and material resources. When drawing up a production process, it is necessary to have an answer to a number of questions. Product type? Product format? Production volume? Possible layout? Type and method of printing? Illustration and typography? Basic and auxiliary materials? When choosing a process flow diagram, not only the composition of operations and technological routes are determined, but also the order in which individual operations are performed. Calculations of the technological process are necessary to determine the most favorable conditions for its implementation, planning the timing of production runs, determining the amount of materials and determining economic indicators. A modern technological process is impossible without mechanization and automation, and more recently without computerization. All pieces of equipment are designed to perform a specific technological process. The performance and usefulness of a machine is judged by how well it is designed to perform a given process. The performance of the machine has a paramount influence on the duration of the production of products and labor productivity.

Printing production is a variety of processes performed in the manufacture of printed products.

Main technology system production of printing products at a printing company can be represented in the following form.

Printing production includes a set of technical means used for:

1. Obtaining primary information from various sources, processing the information received. Creating an image in text or pictorial form,

2. Preparation for printed reproduction, production of a printed form. The actual printing

3. Performance of stitching and binding and finishing processes.

A. Prepress From the author's original to the production of photoforms. Working with the received information. Set processes. Illustration image processing. photographic processes. Color separation, screening. Production of negatives or transparencies. Installation and production of photoforms.

TO prepress processes include all types of printing work performed before the publication arrives at the printing house for printing. These works include: text preparation (typesetting, editing, editing), image processing, page layout, color separation, layout production, strip assembly, printing form production, printing test copies of the publication. At the final stage of prepress processes, photoforms are created, or the results of printing activities are recorded on electronic media.

Most of the prepress work is performed by companies that provide printing services. They complete the prepress process already in the printing house, creating printing forms for the production of circulation.

One of the tasks of the prepress preparation of a publication is to identify all possible errors in order to avoid them getting into the finished product. At the final stages of preparation, the layout of the publication must be approved by the customer.

Main technological equipment: computers equipped with software. As well as scanners; printers (laser, matrix); phototypesetting equipment, copy frames processing units.