Pre-press preparation

Production process printed products is divided into three stages: pre-press preparation, printing processes and post-press processing.

Pre-press preparation covers the stages of work, starting from the design idea, preparation of text information, visual originals and graphics, and ending with the production of ready-made printing forms that are used for printing the circulation.

The information content and professional graphic design of printed products are also the basis for publications in the field of electronic media, such as home pages on the Internet or in CD ROM form. Therefore, in addition to the concept of “pre-press processes”, the concept of pre-media preparation – premedio – appeared. This term means digital training text and images suitable for output to any final storage medium. As shown in Fig. 1-1, the pre-press processes themselves may be preceded by a preparatory stage of pre-media preparation.

There have been significant changes in prepress processes associated with the transition from traditional to digital technologies. However, during the still short transitional stage, the photo form as an information carrier is still used by many enterprises. The book covers both prepress technologies and traditional prepress processes

Dialing technology

The source information for the set is the author's manuscript. Unambiguity and the absence of errors in the text are more important than the formal and aesthetic aspects of its design. Necessary proofreading is best done when preparing the manuscript. For the purpose of unification, proofreading must be carried out in accordance with the instructions governing it (for example, in accordance with DIN 16511 or ISO 5776).

Entering text is the first step in the typesetting process (Section 1.1). Increasingly, this work is performed by the author. Since the equipment and software for processing text data on a computer are very diverse, a printing house may encounter problems with the compatibility of data sets obtained from different sources. Therefore, printing enterprises must have a large number of programs (import filters) to convert documents received in different digital formats into a form acceptable for subsequent processing. After entering the text, it is processed, which implements the design features specified by the layout, such as the choice of font and its size, line length, windows for the subsequent inclusion of illustrations, etc. . Features of the layout are specified by the author and the publishing house or agreed upon jointly by the author, the publishing house and the printing house.

After processing, text output follows (section 1.2). Designed text blocks are displayed on film or paper. In this form, they are subject to layout, i.e., combining with halftone images and graphics, and, as a result, layout strips are obtained. If the layout of textual and visual information is done electronically, then the finished strip is displayed on photographic film or paper. Digital strip data is a necessary starting point for further information output processes, for example, using the "Computer - photo form", "Computer - printing form" and digital printing DI etc., or for use in electronic means information.

Correcting the exposed set is a time-consuming and expensive process and should be avoided whenever possible. For this reason, in the process of work, before the text is printed on photographic film, plate material or printed in a digital machine, proofreading is performed many times, by printing on paper the text processed digitally. The author's proofreading is carried out in proofs delivered to the author. After proofreading, page layout follows. The correct placement of illustrations, the location of signatures, the presence of footnotes, links to other pages, headers and footers and column numbers are the main subject of the proofreading process during layout.

Manuscript

In the classical sense, a manuscript is a handwritten text that is intended to appear in printed form in a printed form. The fewer errors there are in the manuscript and the more clearly it is written, the faster and more error-free the operator can subsequently enter its contents from the keyboard. The author must submit the manuscript to the printing house in finished form. Thereafter, no significant additional changes should be made to the content.

Today's software allows for a variety of text preparation and processing. With their help, it is easy to insert tables, graphs, and pictures into text. By using software good result Even non-professionals, who for the most part are authors, can achieve text manipulation. Currently, printing houses receive printouts of the text on paper and media with its electronic version.

Entering text

At an enterprise or organization that produces printed materials (most often in a publishing house or in the pre-press department), before typing, the manuscript first goes through proofreading. At this stage, the necessary corrections are made in the manuscript, as well as technical instructions for typesetting are added, font sizes for the main text, headings, highlights, footnotes and editing instructions regarding the insertion of illustrations, paragraph indents, etc. are determined.

When you enter text, it is converted into digital data by the computer. Text input is performed mainly from the keyboard, but also using OCR technologies (optical reading) or, less commonly, through speech input.

Keyboard input

Text is entered using the keyboard in the form of endless text until the end of the paragraph or until the corresponding type character. Line splitting is not done first. This creates a prerequisite for automatic “justification” of the text, which means obtaining lines in the form of segments of a given length. In addition, the text can automatically “flow” during the proofreading process, i.e. the line, starting from the corrected place, is re-switched and will then correspond to the specified format. The process continues until the end of the paragraph. The keyboard used for entering text is part of the peripheral equipment of computers.

Today, one of the most commonly used text input and processing programs is Microsoft Word. With its help, texts typed and stored on a storage medium can then be used in the technological process without any problems. Other packages are also known, such as Word Perfect and Macintosh Word. Especially suitable for typing scientific texts with formulas and special characters. software products TEX.

Instructions for the design of the text should be limited in the manuscript to the characteristics of headings, paragraphs, the order of illustrations if they are placed in a certain place in the text, as well as the necessary marking of the beginning of a new page (preferably the right one).

The author can transmit the text to the publisher or printing house via a data network (for example, by e-mail via ISDN network). This saves time and increases the relevance of information. Communications serve mainly for communication between the author and the publisher. For this purpose, data formats, protocols and interaction interfaces are defined.

Input using optical methods(OCR)

With the help of OCR (Optical Character Recognition) technology, text presented in handwritten or typewritten form is converted into digital form and thereby becomes suitable for processing. First, in the “display process” of a document on paper, it is entered by optoelectronic reading systems. The document appears as a bitmap. Subsequently, the bit structure of the sign is converted into text code.

During the reading process, the document is scanned and described by a certain matrix structure. The brightness and color values ​​of each matrix point are recorded digitally. When scanning black and white documents, they are described by one bit of information per image point. When scanning 4-ink color originals, you must use up to 32 bits per dot. The resolution of the scanning devices determines how closely the captured image matches the original. For most text originals, a resolution of 300 dpi allows for high reliability of character recognition when using OCR processes (font size starting from approximately 4 mm, depending on the clarity of the font elements). Illustrations and text typed in small fonts require a reading resolution of 600 dpi. For digital representation of an image, the TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format) format is usually used. The OCR process covers 5 stages:

identification of text and illustration blocks with the exclusion of the latter;

recognizing a sign by analyzing its shape and comparing it with the characteristic features of the standard; word identification using dictionary arrays;

correction of unrecognized words or characters by displaying them on the screen with confirmation or correction by the operator;

formatting data in one of the output formats, such as ASCII, Word, RTF or PDF, and recording data for saving (data formats).

As a result of using the OCR method, text information is converted into digital data suitable for subsequent computer processing, similar to text entered from a keyboard.

OCR technology is most often used to recognize typewritten copyright originals and to create data banks of reprinted books, available only in the form of previous editions. OCR hardware error rate is less than 1%. If the original is dirty, the characters are poorly printed, or there are stains on the original, the number of errors will increase. In such cases, keyboard input may be more efficient. The criteria for choosing one or another recognition method are the original fonts, the required recognition speed, the volume and quality of the dictionary, the data formats used and, of course, the price. Currently common software products for implementing OCR are, for example, Omni-PagePro (Caere Corp.), Optopus (Makrolog GmbH), Adobe Capture (Adobe Systems).

In the production of printed products, the following stages can be distinguished: typing, reproduction of visual materials, prototyping, layout, transfer of images to media (printing process), post-printing processes.

Let's look at how these processes have changed over time.

Kit. From ancient times (China, 8th century AD) until the 15th century, typesetting was carried out by cutting into stone slabs (lithography) or wooden boards(woodcut) of the full text of the page, including visual design. This method was labor-intensive. The slabs and boards quickly became unusable, so it was necessary to renew them.

With the invention of individual letters by J. Guttenberg, the nature of typesetting changed - now the labor-intensive process of cutting text into stone or wood was eliminated. The letters were metal, so they could withstand large print runs. This process did not fundamentally change with the invention of the Linotype. Text pre-printed on typewriter, was again typed from the Linotype keyboard and turned into castings in the form of monolithic metal lines with a relief surface. These metal strings were then inserted into the so-called. cash register, and thus an image of the entire page was obtained.

The advent of computers radically changed the typing process. Although it is carried out from the keyboard in the same way as using a Linotype, the further fate of the typed text is significantly different.

Reproduction of visual materials. The use of pictorial materials apparently began only in the early Middle Ages. And even then these were mostly initial letters, patterned headpieces. They were carved in stone or wood at the same time as the text.

With the invention of the printing press by J. Guttenberg, the input of visual materials took the form of production cliche. In the future, this form did not fundamentally change, only the technology for making cliches changed. They were cut out on metal plates on copying machines according to the turning type, they were produced using a photochemiographic method with further replication (plastic clichés).

Computer technology has made it possible to abandon clichés. Today, visual materials, whether page design elements, line drawings, black and white or color photographs, are placed into the publication page on the computer during the layout process.

Layout. In the pre-computer era, processes prototyping And layouts were divided. Layout is the process of compositionally placing drawing elements on a format. The end result is a layout. The most recent layout signed for production is the original layout.

Layout took place in the editorial office.

Layout is the process of placing text and illustrative blocks along the format field, taking into account the layout design and spelling requirements. With the advent of computer technology, the process layouts moved from the printing house to the editorial office and coincided in time with the process prototyping.

Transferring an image to paper (printing). By definition, printing is the process of transferring a coloring matter (printing ink, toner) from a printing plate to the printed material, usually paper.

Printing execution publication - the production of a material object using a number of printing processes: pre-press, printing (letterpress, flat, intaglio or screen printing), bookbinding and finishing. The level of printing performance of a publication largely determines its quality.

Printing ink is a heterogeneous colloidal system consisting of highly dispersed particles of pigments (varnish pigments), evenly distributed and stabilized in the liquid phase of the binder.

Printable form- is the surface of a plate, slab or plate cylinder made from the most different materials(photosensitive layer or photopolymer, metal, plastic, paper, wood, lithographic stone), which serves to form and save the image in the form of separate areas that perceive printing ink (printing elements) and do not perceive it (whitespace elements). The ink from the printing elements must easily transfer to the printed material or to the transfer link, for example, to an offset canvas or to a tampon, so that the image is then transferred, as a rule, to paper.

Printing elements create an image on a printing plate. They perceive ink and then transfer it to paper or to an intermediate link (blanket, tampon), thus creating a colorful image on the print during the printing process.

Whitespace serves as a background to create the image on the printing plate. They do not accept ink and, therefore, do not transfer image elements to the paper during the printing process.

The sharper and clearer the boundary between whitespace and printed elements, the better the quality of the printed form. The number of high-quality prints that can be obtained during the printing process before these boundaries are blurred (destructed) is defined in printing as the circulation resistance of the printing form.

Depending on the arrangement of printed and whitespace elements on the printing plate, four main printing methods can be distinguished: high, flat (offset), intaglio and screen.

Post-press processes. This includes stitching processes- colliding sheets, cutting, folding, assembling blocks, binding notebooks, covering covers, trimming and finishing processes - varnishing of prints, lamination, foil stamping, stamping (curly die-cutting).

Control questions:

What did the Chinese artisan Bi Shen invent?

Who invented the first printing press?

Who first started printing Slavic books in the Cyrillic alphabet?

What is Ivan Fedorov famous for?

What is lithography?

What is woodcut?

What is an incunabula?

Who invented the Linotype?

What is a Linotype used for?

What is the difference between the layout and layout processes?

What is a printing form?

What do post-press processes include?

1. Manuscript acceptance

First of all, the publishing house must establish rules for the design of manuscripts for its authors and publish them. In any case, the author should know about them before submitting his manuscript to the publishing house. Among the requirements for the author at this stage: the number of submitted copies of the manuscript, rules for formatting the text (best immediately in accordance with OST 29. 115-88 Author's originals and publishing texts. General technical requirements), if necessary, documents related to the specifics of the text - an examination report on the absence in the text of information disclosing state or other secrets protected by law, any letters, certificates, reviews. The manuscript is registered in a special journal, and the author is given an acceptance receipt. A “case” is opened on the manuscript, the first document of which is a receipt for its receipt, and the second is a card for the movement of the manuscript

2. Preliminary study and evaluation of the manuscript

The manuscript accepted for publication is reviewed by Chief Editor and forwards it to the editorial office dealing with this topic. Publishing house specialists (editor, editorial director, editor-in-chief), upon first viewing or selective reading of the manuscript, come to a common opinion as to whether this manuscript corresponds in principle to the subject matter and creative plans of the publishing house. 3. Review of manuscripts

Manuscripts that have undergone editorial preparation (see paragraph 2) and are included in the editorial preparation plan of the publishing house are subject to a more in-depth, thorough assessment, which should finally decide the issue of publication. For this purpose, manuscripts are subject to peer review.

4. Thematic planning

Manuscripts that have passed the stage of internal and external review are included in the thematic plan for the publication of literature.

A literature release plan is a publishing document containing a list of books, brochures or other products intended for publication over the next calendar year.

The literature release plan includes the following information: author (surname, initials), title of the work, annotation containing brief information about it and the potential readership, volume in printed sheets, quarter of publication, and sometimes the planned circulation.

5. Production planning

Basic indicators production activities include:

Number of items (titles) of books or other units of publishing products,

Number of accounting, publishing and printed sheets per year,

Average volume of books produced

Average circulation.

6. Literary editing

Editing is a multi-valued concept, in our case it is part of the publishing process, the content of which is work on the manuscript of a work in order to improve it in literary, linguistic, professional, scientific, and social terms.

Initially, the lead editor works on the manuscript, improving composition, style, spelling and punctuation, etc.

7. Scientific and special editing

This stage is not mandatory, in some cases it may not occur, but often, when more thorough editing is required in terms of professional or scientific subtleties, the specifics of the text, it is carried out by specialists working in the publishing house or invited to perform this work.

8. Proofreading work

Proofreading (from Latin correktura - correction, improvement) - stage production process publishing books. newspapers, magazines and other printed materials, which eliminates various errors and shortcomings made during editing and typesetting. Proofreading work is a very important publishing process designed to eliminate errors, slips, misprints and other shortcomings that reduce the perception of the text in the finished, published work. Work on proofreading the same work is carried out first on the manuscript, then, after typing, on the proofreading papers. reprints and, finally, the proofreader reads the finished signal copy of the book in order to identify errors before publishing it.

9. Artistic and technical editing

After proofreading the manuscript (and often earlier), work begins on decoration And technical editing works. At this stage, the art editor, together with the author and the leading editor, resolve issues related to the placement, nature and number of illustrations, design of the cover, title page, endpaper(a sheet of paper placed between the binding and the title page). If the publication is heavily illustrated, an artistic layout is required. Artists take part in the work, performing one or another part of the design in accordance with their specialization.

Along with artistic editing, technical editing is carried out, the content of which is the choice of size and typefaces, the use of rulers and other printing elements, the placement of text and illustrations on each page.

10. Preparing the manuscript for typesetting

Working on a manuscript in a publishing house - editing of all types, proofreading, artistic and technical editing in total lead to the creation of an original layout prepared for transmission to the printing house. A production department specialist, most often a technical editor, brings together all corrections, comments, notes, puts together illustrations and other materials accompanying the manuscript, draws up a technological specification accompanying the order for printing.

Produced in a printing house in one of the ways, in accordance with the technology of the printing enterprise, or in a publishing house, at computer complex. Currently, it is common practice to prepare a typed original in a publishing house. Then the printing house only produces printing and subsequent production processes.

After typing, the prints, regardless of technology, including computer ones, are transferred to Production Department and leading editor. The first proofs after typesetting, called proof proofs, are read simultaneously by the editor, proofreader and author, after which all corrections and possible changes are put together by the proofreader and transmitted to the printing house or computer operator in the publishing house. If typesetting is carried out in a printing house, then, as a rule, the proofs are also read by the printing house proofreader.

12. Print

After correcting the proof (if necessary, it is duplicated, the so-called “second proof” and even the “third proof” are made - when repeating large quantity errors) the printing house begins printing the edition of the publication being produced. For this purpose, the final version of the proof, signed by the editor-in-chief (or director) of the publishing house and the author with a visa “to print”, is transferred to the printing house with the final clarification of the circulation figure, type of paper, etc. At the same time, in this or another (due to the specifics) printing house, the cover is made and what -or other elements, for example, colored tabs, dust jacket, etc.

13. “Clean sheets.” Signal instance.

The sheets printed for the entire volume and circulation are bound together without a cover and sent to the publishing house for control (the professional term is “blank sheets”). Sometimes after this, and often instead of “blank sheets”, several copies of the already bound, finalized edition are transferred to the publishing house.

14. Production of circulation

After receiving a signal copy from the publishing house with a “release” visa, the printing house prints the entire circulation of the ordered products, which is reported to the customer, who must resolve the issue of its distribution immediately, due to a shortage of production space.

15. Circulation distribution

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..3

2. Determination of the printing design of the publication………………...5

3. Selection and justification of the printing method…………………………………..6

4. Features of manufacturing printing forms…………………………….8

5. Selection of printing equipment………………………………………...9

6. Selection of materials for the printing process..…………………………..11

7. Preparing equipment for printing…………………………………….13

9. Stitching, binding and finishing operations………...……15

10. Quality control…………………………………………………….. .17

11. Requirements for a publication intended for children…………….....19

12. Labor protection at printing enterprises…………………...20

13. Conclusion……….………………………………………… ……….....22

14. List of references………………………………… ………………….23

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, printing production is characterized by a wide variety of products and the technologies used for their production. This differentiation of demand leads to significant fluctuations in the production and technical parameters of publications - formats, volumes, circulation. In these conditions, it is necessary to respond quickly, professionally and correctly to changes. This requires knowledge of technologies, techniques and specifics of printing production.

Printing production is a process that includes a combination of various technical means, used for printed reproduction of text and visual information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed materials.

Printing production in most cases consists of:

• processing of text and visual information- originals subject to printing reproduction (original from Latin - original, original). This process produces negatives or transparencies on transparent film containing information from the printed plates;
• manufacturing from negatives or transparencies set of printing forms necessary for the reproduction of information;
• printing- receiving from printed forms a certain number of identical printed sheets, notebooks or newspapers, which is actually the reproduction of information;
• performing stitching or bookbinding processes(production of brochures, magazines, books from individual elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes (varnishing of printed sheets, etc.). At this stage, the products acquire a form convenient for information use. The first two processes are often called prepress processes, the third and fourth can be performed in the same way as a single process on specialized equipment.

This course project will examine key issues in the production of the children's encyclopedia “Mythology” using modern techniques and forms; as well as the organization of product quality control, which takes place at every printing enterprise.

Determining the printing design of the publication

The printing design must correspond to the selected type of publication. IN this section The characteristics of the publication in question are given, which are presented in Table 1.1. The intended purpose of this publication is popular science. It is aimed at children of primary school age. In terms of material design, it is bookish. Due to the symbolic nature of the information, the publication is text and visual. The book was published once and therefore is not a periodical.

Table 1.1.

Selection and justification of the printing method

At the moment, there are three main printing methods - deep, high and flat offset printing.

In a way letterpress printing, a wide variety of products can be manufactured. The advantages of letterpress printing are:

Good resolution;

Sufficient graphic and color accuracy in reproducing images of different nature. Along with its advantages, letterpress printing has a number of disadvantages:

High labor intensity of preparatory operations;

Low degree of mechanization and automation of printing equipment.

Intaglio printing used mainly for the production of illustrated products. The advantages of intaglio printing are:

High printing speed;

The ability to provide expressive color and gradation effects. The disadvantages of intaglio printing are:

Toxicity of the paints used;

The need to rasterize text, as a result of which text and line images become inconvenient to read.

Offset printing has centuries-old traditions, because for more than 100 years it has remained the main method of printing, characterized by high clarity, brightness and excellent color rendering, allowing the production of high-quality products in huge quantities and the ability to implement complex post-printing processing. Plus, offset printing allows you to apply text and images not only to paper, but also to cardboard. The main advantages of flat offset printing are:

Universal possibilities for artistic design of publications;

Improvements in quality and the emergence of new, basic and auxiliary materials;

Introduction of flexible and efficient mold production options into practice. The disadvantages of flat offset printing are:

Humidification, because Due to the imbalance between paint and moisturizing solution, graphic, gradation and color distortions occur.

Since this is a children's edition, you should know that a book can bring a child not only benefit, but also harm, if it comes to the “external” side of the matter - the printing quality of the publication. It should be taken into account that with the so-called “low printing” the book becomes a source of zinc background. And “letterpress printing” is a source of other harmful volatile substances. Offset printing is the safest.

Therefore, taking into account the disadvantages and advantages of all three main printing methods, we will focus on the flat offset printing method.

Features of manufacturing printing forms

The forming equipment, depending on the forming plates used - monometallic or polyester, allows you to construct the forming section in different ways. The first method consists of: a phototypesetting machine with built-in or free-standing developing, an installation area, a copy frame and a processor for developing plates. Its advantage is the low cost of equipment, the ability to produce the most reliable analog color proof, as well as the ability to accept orders both in the form of ideas/slides/ready-made files, and in the form of previously produced films. The second method is the production of polyester molds using CtP. To do this, you can use a direct offset plate output system, which produces polyester printing plates. It is possible to use a built-in developing machine, double-cassette loading, side and transverse perforator.

General technology system production of printing plates for flat offset printing (Fig. 1).

Selection of printing equipment

To manufacture this type of product, a reliable production system is required to achieve a high standard of quality. Sheet-sheet machines have a number of advantages compared to roll rotary machines:

Ability to print on papers of various formats with different weights, as well as the ability to print on other materials;

Providing more accurate registration for multicolor printing;

Requires less paper consumption for technical needs.

In this regard, we opted for a sheet-fed rotary machine, because... the publication has a large volume of illustrations combined with text, and the percentage of paper lost for technical needs will be less.

This publication is perfect for printing. typewriter Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 102, with a built-in CPC system (computer print control).

Technical characteristics of the machine:

Description of work

This course project will examine key issues in the production of the children's encyclopedia “Mythology” using modern techniques and forms; as well as the organization of product quality control, which takes place at every printing enterprise.

Content

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3
2. Determination of the printing design of the publication………………...5
3. Selection and justification of the printing method…………………………………..6
4. Features of manufacturing printing forms…………………………….8
5. Selection of printing equipment………………………………………...9
6. Selection of materials for the printing process..…………………………..11
7. Preparing equipment for printing…………………………………….13
9. Stitching, binding and finishing operations………...……15
10. Quality control……………………………………………………...17
11. Requirements for a publication intended for children…………….....19
12. Labor protection at printing enterprises…………………...20
13. Conclusion……….…………………………………………………………….....22
14. References…………………………………………………….23

Lecture 1 General concept of publishing and printing production processes 2012

Questions to consider:

What are processes? Product creation processes. Manufacturing process

Printing process Modes technological process

Technological process Prepress production

Printing production Booklet production

Binding production Finishing production

Each media enterprise is obliged to ensure the timely release of high-quality products in the planned volume. At the lowest cost: labor, material and financial. This problem can be solved only with a rationally organized production process.

Manufacturing process is a set of interconnected labor and technological processes aimed at receiving, processing and transfer necessary information. The main task of organizing production at each enterprise is to ensure effective interaction production activity - the process of workers transforming objects of labor into finished products. Information is also a commodity, since it can be bought and sold.

Manufacturing process– a set of labor and natural processes, as a result of which primary scattered data are transformed into systematized mass information.

The main elements of the production process: objects of labor, means of labor, labor.

Objects of labor– finished products in the form of written, illustrative, mixed, visual, audio, audiovisual material.

Means of labor are divided into tools and material working conditions. 1. Machines, mechanisms, tools (ballpoint pen, voice recorder, camera, computer, radio, frequency range). 2. Material working conditions: premises, warehouses, vehicles, workplace.

Work. The purposeful activity of a journalist associated with the transformation of primary scattered information into systematized, targeted and adapted for a specific type of reproduction on various media (transmitters). Such information is a finished product (product) that is subject to purchase and sale.

Information is not a material object, but it is subject to purchase and sale (exchange) and therefore is a materially necessary market product that materializes into specific material values.

Basic processes of publishing and printing production

Typography This is a set of production operations carried out for the purpose of producing a printed book.

Printing process consists of creating an image identical to the original from an ink layer and transferring it to the printed material, followed by processing of the prints in accordance with the customer’s requirements.

The main general task of the printing process is the mass reproduction with the required accuracy of the information on the printed form.

Manufacturing process – general concept all actions and processes associated with the manufacture of products. The production process generalizes and links all stage-by-stage individual technological processes occurring (carried out) at each stage of production into a single completed stage of product release.

Technological process regulates the manufacture of products at each stage of production. The technological process is the main one for converting materials that are used in production into finished products at this stage. For example, when typing text, the completed technological process at this stage is the output of tracing paper, film or paper with text to the printer. For print shop The completed technological process is obtaining an impression. Information on a floppy disk, disk, photo form or printed form at some stage of production is a finished commercial product.

Mode technological process that's for sure established order and conditions for the process. The accuracy of reproduction of multi-color originals is greatly influenced by the properties of the paper, its porosity, whiteness, opacity and others.

In the manufacture of any product, two processes are used, general production and regulatory – technological. The entire technology for manufacturing printed products consists of sequential processes, Supplies and a set of production equipment.

An integral part operational process technology is a certain amount of step-by-step operations. The number of technological operations performed in the manufacture of products depends on the nature, purpose and type of the product itself. When manufacturing each type of product, taking into account the available equipment, each enterprise uses its own technological schemes that regulate the technological process. There is not and cannot be a single standard scheme regulating the technological process for all enterprises. All printing enterprises take as a basis a standard diagram of the product manufacturing process. The modes of the technological process, as well as its design, may vary depending on the nature of the product and the conditions of the organization of the technological process. The development of technological modes is essentially a detailed development of process flow diagrams.

The development of a technological process project begins with determining the requirements for the publication, taking into account the production of high-quality products and the lowest cost of labor and material resources. When drawing up a production process, it is necessary to have answers to a number of questions. Product type? Product format? Volume of production? Possible design? Type and method of printing? Illustration and typography? Basic and supporting materials? When choosing a technological process diagram, not only the composition of operations and technological routes are determined, but also the order in which individual operations are performed. Calculations of the technological process are necessary to determine the most favorable conditions for its implementation, planning the timing of production runs, determining the quantity of materials and determining economic indicators. The modern technological process is impossible without mechanization and automation, and in Lately without computerization. All pieces of equipment are designed to perform a specific technological process. The quality of work and the usefulness of a machine are judged by how well they are structurally adapted to perform a given process. Machine performance has a primary impact on production time and labor productivity.

Printing production represents a variety of processes performed in the manufacture of printed products.

The basic technological scheme for the production of printed products at a printing enterprise can be presented in the following form.

Printing production includes a set of technical means used for:

1. Obtaining primary information from various sources, processing the information received. Creating an image in text or graphic form,

2. Preparation for printed reproduction, production of a printing form. The actual printing of the circulation,

3. Carrying out stitching, binding and finishing processes.

A. Pre-press production From the author's original to the production of photo forms. Working with received information. Typing processes. Processing of illustration images. Photographic processes. Color separation, screening. Making negatives or transparencies. Installation and production of photo forms.

TO prepress processes include all types of printing work performed before the publication arrives at the printing house for printing. These works include: text preparation (typing, editing, editing), image processing, page layout, color separation, layout production, page installation, printing plate production, printing of trial copies of the publication. At the final stage of pre-press processes, photo forms are created, or the results of printing activities are recorded on electronic media.

Most pre-press work is carried out by companies providing printing services. The pre-press process is completed in the printing house, creating printing forms for production.

One of the tasks of pre-press preparation of a publication is to identify all possible errors in order to avoid them getting into the finished product. At the final stages of preparation, the layout of the publication must be approved by the customer.

Basics technological equipment: computers equipped software. And also scanners; printers (laser, matrix); phototypesetting equipment, copy frames, developing installations.