1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..3

2. Determination of the printing design of the publication………………...5

3. Selection and justification of the printing method…………………………………..6

4. Features of manufacturing printing forms…………………………….8

5. Selection of printing equipment………………………………………...9

6. Selection of materials for the printing process..…………………………..11

7. Preparing equipment for printing…………………………………….13

9. Stitching, binding and finishing operations………...……15

10. Quality control…………………………………………………….. .17

11. Requirements for a publication intended for children…………….....19

12. Labor protection at printing enterprises…………………...20

13. Conclusion……….………………………………………… ……….....22

14. List of references………………………………… ………………….23

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, printing production is characterized by a wide variety of products and the technologies used for their production. This differentiation of demand leads to significant fluctuations in the production and technical parameters of publications - formats, volumes, circulation. In these conditions, it is necessary to respond quickly, professionally and correctly to changes. This requires knowledge of technologies, techniques and specifics of printing production.

Printing production is a process that includes a set of various technical means used for printed reproduction of text and visual information in the form of newspapers, books, magazines, reproductions and other printed products.

Printing production in most cases consists of:

• processing of text and visual information- originals subject to printing reproduction (original from Latin - original, original). This process produces negatives or transparencies on transparent film containing information from the printed plates;
• manufacturing from negatives or transparencies set of printing forms necessary for the reproduction of information;
• printing- receiving from printed forms a certain amount identical printed sheets, notebooks or newspapers, which is the actual reproduction of information;
• performing stitching or bookbinding processes(production of brochures, magazines, books from individual elements) or, in some cases, finishing processes (varnishing of printed sheets, etc.). At this stage, the products acquire a form convenient for information use. The first two processes are often called prepress processes, the third and fourth can be performed in the same way as a single process on specialized equipment.

This course project will examine key issues in the production of the children's encyclopedia “Mythology” using modern techniques and forms; as well as the organization of product quality control, which takes place at every printing enterprise.

Determining the printing design of the publication

The printing design must correspond to the selected type of publication. IN this section The characteristics of the publication in question are given, which are presented in Table 1.1. The intended purpose of this publication is popular science. It is aimed at children of primary school age. In terms of material design, it is bookish. Due to the symbolic nature of the information, the publication is text and visual. The book was published once and therefore is not a periodical.

Table 1.1.

Selection and justification of the printing method

At the moment, there are three main printing methods - deep, high and flat offset printing.

In a way letterpress printing, a wide variety of products can be manufactured. The advantages of letterpress printing are:

Good resolution;

Sufficient graphic and color accuracy in reproducing images of different nature. Along with its advantages, letterpress printing has a number of disadvantages:

High labor intensity of preparatory operations;

Low degree of mechanization and automation of printing equipment.

Intaglio printing used mainly for the production of illustrated products. The advantages of intaglio printing are:

High printing speed;

The ability to provide expressive color and gradation effects. The disadvantages of intaglio printing are:

Toxicity of the paints used;

The need to rasterize text, as a result of which text and line images become inconvenient to read.

Offset printing has centuries-old traditions, because for more than 100 years it has remained the main method of printing, characterized by high clarity, brightness and excellent color rendering, allowing the production of high-quality products in huge quantities and the ability to implement complex post-printing processing. Plus, offset printing allows you to apply text and images not only to paper, but also to cardboard. The main advantages of flat offset printing are:

Universal possibilities for artistic design of publications;

Improvements in quality and the emergence of new, basic and auxiliary materials;

Introduction of flexible and efficient mold production options into practice. The disadvantages of flat offset printing are:

Humidification, because Due to the imbalance between paint and moisturizing solution, graphic, gradation and color distortions occur.

Since this is a children's edition, you should know that a book can bring a child not only benefit, but also harm, if it comes to the “external” side of the matter - the printing quality of the publication. It should be taken into account that with the so-called “low printing” the book becomes a source of zinc background. And “letterpress printing” is a source of other harmful volatile substances. Offset printing is the safest.

Therefore, taking into account the disadvantages and advantages of all three main printing methods, we will focus on the flat offset printing method.

Features of manufacturing printing forms

The forming equipment, depending on the forming plates used - monometallic or polyester, allows you to construct the forming section in different ways. The first method consists of: a phototypesetting machine with built-in or free-standing developing, an installation area, a copy frame and a processor for developing plates. Its advantage is the low cost of equipment, the ability to produce the most reliable analog color proof, as well as the ability to accept orders both in the form of ideas/slides/ready-made files, and in the form of previously produced films. The second method is the production of polyester molds using CtP. To do this, you can use a direct offset plate output system, which produces polyester printing plates. It is possible to use a built-in developing machine, double-cassette loading, side and transverse perforator.

General technological scheme for the production of printing forms for flat offset printing (Fig. 1).

Selection of printing equipment

To manufacture this type of product, a reliable production system is required to achieve a high standard of quality. Sheet-sheet machines have a number of advantages compared to roll rotary machines:

Ability to print on papers of various formats with different weights, as well as the ability to print on other materials;

Providing more accurate registration for multicolor printing;

Requires less paper consumption for technical needs.

In this regard, we opted for a sheet-fed rotary machine, because... the publication has a large volume of illustrations combined with text, and the percentage of paper lost for technical needs will be less.

A printing press is ideal for printing this publication. Heidelberg Speedmaster SM 102, with a built-in CPC system (computer print control).

Technical characteristics of the machine:

Description of work

This course project will examine key issues in the production of the children's encyclopedia “Mythology” using modern techniques and forms; as well as the organization of product quality control, which takes place at every printing enterprise.

Content

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3
2. Determination of the printing design of the publication………………...5
3. Selection and justification of the printing method…………………………………..6
4. Features of manufacturing printing forms…………………………….8
5. Selection of printing equipment………………………………………...9
6. Selection of materials for the printing process..…………………………..11
7. Preparing equipment for printing…………………………………….13
9. Stitching, binding and finishing operations………...……15
10. Quality control……………………………………………………...17
11. Requirements for a publication intended for children…………….....19
12. Labor protection at printing enterprises…………………...20
13. Conclusion……….…………………………………………………………….....22
14. References…………………………………………………….23

Modern printing technology includes three main stages, without which no printing house can do: pre-press, printing and post-press processes.

The pre-press production process ends with the creation of a storage medium from which text, graphic and illustrative elements can be transferred to paper (printing plate production).

The printing process, or printing itself, produces printed sheets. For their production, a printing machine and a carrier of information prepared for printing (printing form) are used.

The third stage of printing technology, called the post-press process, involves the final processing and finishing of printed materials. printing machine sheets of paper (prints) to give the resulting printed products a marketable appearance (brochure, book, booklet, etc.).

Prepress process. At this stage, one or more (for multicolor products) printing plates must be obtained for printing a certain type of work.

If the printing is single-color, then the form can be a sheet of plastic or metal (aluminum), on which a drawing is applied in a direct (readable) image. The surface of the offset plate is processed in such a way that, despite the fact that the printing and non-printing elements are practically in the same plane, they selectively accept the ink applied to it, ensuring that an impression is obtained on paper during printing. If multicolor printing is required, then the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of printing inks; the image is first divided into individual colors or inks.

The basis of pre-press processes is color separation. Isolating the constituent colors of a color photograph or other halftone drawing is a daunting task. To carry out such complex printing work, electronic scanning systems, powerful computer and software, special output devices for photographic film or plate material, various auxiliary equipment, as well as the availability of highly qualified, trained specialists.

Such a prepress system costs at least 500 - 700 thousand dollars. Therefore, most often, in order to significantly reduce investments in the organization of printing houses, they resort to the services of special reproduction centers. Having everything necessary to carry out pre-press work, they prepare sets of color-separated transparencies to order, from which sets of color-separated printing plates can be produced in a conventional printing house.

Printing process. Printable form is the basis of the printing process. As already mentioned, the offset printing method is currently widespread in printing, which, despite its almost
100 years of existence, constantly improving, remaining dominant in printing technology.

Offset printing is carried out on printing machines, the operating principle of which was discussed above.

Post-press process. The post-printing process consists of a number of important operations that give the printed copies a marketable appearance.

If sheet-fed publications were printed, they need to be trimmed and trimmed to specific formats. For these purposes, paper-cutting equipment is used, ranging from hand-held cutters to high-performance cutting machines designed to simultaneously cut hundreds of sheets of paper of all formats common in practice.

For sheet products, post-printing processes end after cutting. The situation is more complicated with multi-leaf products. In order to bend the sheets of a magazine or book, you need folding equipment on which folding takes place ( from him. falzen – to bend) – sequential folding of printed sheets of a book, magazine, etc.

If you need to make a brochure or book consisting of separate sheets from prints printed and cut into separate sheets, they need to be matched to one another. For this purpose, sheet-picking equipment is used. When the collection is complete, you end up with a thick stack of loose sheets. In order for the sheets to be combined into a brochure or book, they must be stapled. Currently, two types of fastening are most widespread - wire and seamless adhesive. Wire binding is mainly used for brochures, i.e. printed publications from 5 to 48 pages. Booklet makers are used for fastening with wire staples. These devices can be used separately or
in combination with sheet collection systems. More complex work are performed on special wire sewing machines.

For fastening large quantity sheets use adhesive bonding, which is carried out either using “cold” glue - polyvinyl acetate emulsion, or hot melt hot melt adhesive. The spine of the future book edition is coated with glue, firmly holding the sheets until the glue dries completely. The advantages of this technology are good appearance book, flexibility and stability of the book block, strength and durability.

There are similar processes in the work of small and medium-circulation printing houses. However, these printing houses do not use as the main printing equipment offset machines, and duplicators capable of reproducing both single-color and multi-color copies.

Pre-press preparation

The printing production process is divided into three stages: prepress, printing processes and post-press processing.

Pre-press preparation covers the stages of work, starting from the design idea, preparation of text information, visual originals and graphics, and ending with the production of ready-made printing forms that are used for printing the circulation.

The information content and professional graphic design of printed products are also the basis for publications in the field of electronic media, such as home pages on the Internet or in CD ROM form. Therefore, in addition to the concept of “pre-press processes”, the concept of pre-media preparation – premedio – appeared. This term means digital training text and images suitable for output to any final storage medium. As shown in Fig. 1-1, the pre-press processes themselves may be preceded by a preparatory stage of pre-media preparation.

There have been significant changes in prepress processes associated with the transition from traditional to digital technologies. However, during the still short transitional stage, the photo form as an information carrier is still used by many enterprises. The book covers both prepress technologies and traditional prepress processes

Dialing technology

The source information for the set is the author's manuscript. Unambiguity and the absence of errors in the text are more important than the formal and aesthetic aspects of its design. Necessary proofreading is best done when preparing the manuscript. For the purpose of unification, proofreading must be carried out in accordance with the instructions governing it (for example, in accordance with DIN 16511 or ISO 5776).

Entering text is the first step in the typesetting process (Section 1.1). Increasingly, this work is performed by the author. Since the equipment and software for processing text data on a computer are very diverse, a printing house may encounter problems with the compatibility of data sets obtained from different sources. Therefore, printing enterprises must have a large number of programs (import filters) to convert documents received in different digital formats into a form acceptable for subsequent processing. After entering the text, it is processed, which implements the design features specified by the layout, such as the choice of font and its size, line length, windows for the subsequent inclusion of illustrations, etc. . Features of the layout are specified by the author and the publishing house or agreed upon jointly by the author, the publishing house and the printing house.

After processing, text output follows (section 1.2). Designed text blocks are displayed on film or paper. In this form, they are subject to layout, i.e., combining with halftone images and graphics, and, as a result, layout strips are obtained. If the layout of textual and visual information is done electronically, then the finished strip is displayed on photographic film or paper. Digital strip data is a necessary starting point for further information output processes, for example, using the "Computer - photo form", "Computer - printing form" and digital printing DI, etc., or for use in electronic media.

Correcting the exposed set is a time consuming and expensive process and should be avoided whenever possible. For this reason, in the process of work, before the text is printed on photographic film, plate material or printed in a digital machine, proofreading is performed many times, by printing on paper the text processed digitally. The author's proofreading is carried out in proofs delivered to the author. After proofreading, page layout follows. The correct placement of illustrations, the location of signatures, the presence of footnotes, links to other pages, headers and footers and column numbers are the main subject of the proofreading process during layout.

Manuscript

In the classical sense, a manuscript is a handwritten text that is intended to appear in printed form in a printed form. The fewer errors there are in the manuscript and the more clearly it is written, the faster and more error-free the operator can subsequently enter its contents from the keyboard. The author must submit the manuscript to the printing house in finished form. Thereafter, no significant additional changes should be made to the content.

Today's software allows for a variety of text preparation and processing. With their help, it is easy to insert tables, graphs, and pictures into text. By using software Good results in text manipulation can also be achieved by non-professionals, which for the most part are authors. Currently, printing houses receive printouts of the text on paper and media with its electronic version.

Entering text

At an enterprise or organization that produces printed materials (most often in a publishing house or in the pre-press department), before typing, the manuscript first goes through proofreading. At this stage, the necessary corrections are made in the manuscript, as well as technical instructions for typesetting are added, font sizes for the main text, headings, highlights, footnotes and editing instructions regarding the insertion of illustrations, paragraph indents, etc. are determined.

When you enter text, it is converted into digital data by the computer. Text input is performed mainly from the keyboard, but also using OCR technologies (optical reading) or, less commonly, through speech input.

Keyboard input

Text is entered using the keyboard in the form of endless text until the end of the paragraph or until the corresponding type character. Line splitting is not done first. This creates a prerequisite for automatic “justification” of the text, which means obtaining lines in the form of segments of a given length. In addition, the text can automatically “flow” during the proofreading process, i.e. the line, starting from the corrected place, is re-switched and will then correspond to the specified format. The process continues until the end of the paragraph. The keyboard used for entering text is part of the peripheral equipment of computers.

Today, one of the most commonly used text input and processing programs is Microsoft Word. With its help, texts typed and saved on a storage medium can then be used without any problems. technological process. Other packages are also known, such as Word Perfect and Macintosh Word. Especially suitable for typing scientific texts with formulas and special characters. software products TEX.

Instructions for the design of the text should be limited in the manuscript to the characteristics of headings, paragraphs, the order of illustrations if they are placed in a certain place in the text, as well as the necessary marking of the beginning of a new page (preferably the right one).

The author can transmit the text to the publisher or printing house via a data network (for example, by e-mail via ISDN network). This saves time and increases the relevance of information. Communications serve mainly for communication between the author and the publisher. For this purpose, data formats, protocols and interaction interfaces are defined.

Input using optical methods(OCR)

Using OCR (Optical Character Recognition) technology, text presented in handwritten or typewritten form is converted into digital form and thereby becomes suitable for processing. First, in the “display process” of a document on paper, it is entered by optoelectronic reading systems. The document appears as a bitmap. Subsequently, the bit structure of the sign is converted into text code.

During the reading process, the document is scanned and described by a certain matrix structure. The brightness and color values ​​of each matrix point are recorded digitally. When scanning black and white documents, they are described by one bit of information per image point. When scanning 4-ink color originals, you must use up to 32 bits per dot. The resolution of the scanning devices determines how closely the captured image matches the original. For most text originals, a resolution of 300 dpi allows for high reliability of character recognition when using OCR processes (font size starting from approximately 4 mm, depending on the clarity of the font elements). Illustrations and text typed in small fonts require a reading resolution of 600 dpi. For digital representation of an image, the TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format) format is usually used. The OCR process covers 5 stages:

identification of text and illustration blocks with the exclusion of the latter;

recognizing a sign by analyzing its shape and comparing it with the characteristic features of the standard; word identification using dictionary arrays;

correction of unrecognized words or characters by displaying them on the screen with confirmation or correction by the operator;

formatting data in one of the output formats, such as ASCII, Word, RTF or PDF, and recording data for saving (data formats).

As a result of using the OCR method, text information is converted into digital data suitable for subsequent computer processing, similar to text entered from a keyboard.

OCR technology is most often used to recognize typewritten copyright originals and to create data banks of reprinted books, available only in the form of previous editions. OCR hardware error rate is less than 1%. If the original is dirty, the characters are poorly printed, or there are stains on the original, the number of errors will increase. In such cases, keyboard input may be more efficient. The criteria for choosing one or another recognition method are the original fonts, the required recognition speed, the volume and quality of the dictionary, the data formats used and, of course, the price. Currently common software products for implementing OCR are, for example, Omni-PagePro (Caere Corp.), Optopus (Makrolog GmbH), Adobe Capture (Adobe Systems).

1. Manuscript acceptance

First of all, the publishing house must establish rules for the design of manuscripts for its authors and publish them. In any case, the author should know about them before submitting his manuscript to the publishing house. Among the requirements for the author at this stage: the number of submitted copies of the manuscript, rules for formatting the text (best immediately in accordance with OST 29. 115-88 Author's originals and publishing texts. General technical requirements), if necessary, documents related to the specifics of the text - an examination report on the absence in the text of information disclosing state or other secrets protected by law, any letters, certificates, reviews. The manuscript is registered in a special journal, and the author is given an acceptance receipt. A “case” is opened on the manuscript, the first document of which is a receipt for its receipt, and the second is a card for the movement of the manuscript

2. Preliminary study and evaluation of the manuscript

The manuscript accepted for publication is reviewed by Chief Editor and forwards it to the editorial office dealing with this topic. Publishing house specialists (editor, editorial director, editor-in-chief), upon first viewing or selective reading of the manuscript, come to a common opinion as to whether this manuscript corresponds in principle to the subject matter and creative plans of the publishing house. 3. Review of manuscripts

Manuscripts that have undergone editorial preparation (see paragraph 2) and are included in the editorial preparation plan of the publishing house are subject to a more in-depth, thorough assessment, which should finally decide the issue of publication. For this purpose, manuscripts are subject to peer review.

4. Thematic planning

Manuscripts that have passed the stage of internal and external review are included in the thematic plan for the publication of literature.

A literature release plan is a publishing document containing a list of books, brochures or other products intended for publication over the next calendar year.

The literature release plan includes the following information: author (surname, initials), title of the work, annotation containing brief information about it and the potential readership, volume in printed sheets, quarter of publication, and sometimes the planned circulation.

5. Production planning

Basic indicators production activities include:

Number of items (titles) of books or other units of publishing products,

Number of accounting, publishing and printed sheets per year,

Average volume of books produced

Average circulation.

6. Literary editing

Editing is a multi-valued concept, in our case it is part of the publishing process, the content of which is work on the manuscript of a work in order to improve it in literary, linguistic, professional, scientific, and social terms.

Initially, the lead editor works on the manuscript, improving composition, style, spelling and punctuation, etc.

7. Scientific and special editing

This stage is not mandatory, in some cases it may not occur, but often, when more thorough editing is required in terms of professional or scientific subtleties, the specifics of the text, it is carried out by specialists working in the publishing house or invited to perform this work.

8. Proofreading work

Proofreading (from Latin correktura - correction, improvement) - stage production process publishing books. newspapers, magazines and other printed materials, which eliminates various errors and shortcomings made during editing and typesetting. Proofreading work is a very important publishing process designed to eliminate errors, slips, misprints and other shortcomings that reduce the perception of the text in the finished, published work. Work on proofreading the same work is carried out first on the manuscript, then, after typing, on the proofreading papers. reprints and, finally, the proofreader reads the finished signal copy of the book in order to identify errors before publishing it.

9. Artistic and technical editing

After proofreading the manuscript (and often earlier), work begins on decoration And technical editing works. At this stage, the art editor, together with the author and the leading editor, resolve issues related to the placement, nature and number of illustrations, design of the cover, title page, endpaper(a sheet of paper placed between the binding and the title page). If the publication is heavily illustrated, an artistic layout is required. Artists take part in the work, performing one or another part of the design in accordance with their specialization.

Along with artistic editing, technical editing is carried out, the content of which is the choice of size and typefaces, the use of rulers and other printing elements, the placement of text and illustrations on each page.

10. Preparing the manuscript for typesetting

Working on a manuscript in a publishing house - editing of all types, proofreading, artistic and technical editing in total lead to the creation of an original layout prepared for transmission to the printing house. A production department specialist, most often a technical editor, brings together all corrections, comments, notes, puts together illustrations and other materials accompanying the manuscript, draws up a technological specification accompanying the order for printing.

Produced in a printing house in one of the ways, in accordance with the technology of the printing enterprise, or in a publishing house, at computer complex. Currently, it is common practice to prepare a typed original in a publishing house. Then the printing house only produces printing and subsequent production processes.

After typing, the prints, regardless of technology, including computer ones, are transferred to Production Department and leading editor. The first proofs after typesetting, called proof proofs, are read simultaneously by the editor, proofreader and author, after which all corrections and possible changes are put together by the proofreader and transmitted to the printing house or computer operator in the publishing house. If typesetting is carried out in a printing house, then, as a rule, the proofs are also read by the printing house proofreader.

12. Print

After correcting the proof (if necessary, it is duplicated, the so-called “second proof” is made, and even the “third proof” - if a large number of errors are repeated), the printing house begins printing the edition of the publication being produced. For this purpose, the final version of the proof, signed by the editor-in-chief (or director) of the publishing house and the author with a visa “to print”, is transferred to the printing house with the final clarification of the circulation figure, type of paper, etc. At the same time, in this or another (due to the specifics) printing house, the cover is made and what -or other elements, for example, colored tabs, dust jacket, etc.

13. “Clean sheets.” Signal instance.

The sheets printed for the entire volume and circulation are bound together without a cover and sent to the publishing house for control (the professional term is “blank sheets”). Sometimes after this, and often instead of “blank sheets”, several copies of the already bound, finalized edition are transferred to the publishing house.

14. Production of circulation

After receiving a signal copy from the publishing house with a “release” visa, the printing house prints the entire circulation of the ordered products, which is reported to the customer, who must resolve the issue of its distribution immediately, due to the shortage of production space.

15. Circulation distribution

Modern printing technology includes three main stages, without which no printing house can do: pre-press, printing and post-press processes.

The pre-press production process ends with the creation of a storage medium from which text, graphic and illustrative elements can be transferred to paper (printing plate production).

The printing process, or printing itself, produces printed sheets. For their production, a printing machine and a carrier of information prepared for printing (printing form) are used.

At the third stage of printing technology, called the post-printing process, final processing and finishing of sheets of paper (prints) printed in a printing machine are carried out to give the resulting printed product a marketable appearance (brochure, book, booklet, etc.).

Prepress process. At this stage, one or more (for multicolor products) printing plates must be obtained for printing a certain type of work.

If the printing is single-color, then the form can be a sheet of plastic or metal (aluminum), on which a drawing is applied in a direct (readable) image. The surface of the offset plate is processed in such a way that, despite the fact that the printing and non-printing elements are practically in the same plane, they selectively accept the ink applied to it, ensuring that an impression is obtained on paper during printing. If multicolor printing is required, then the number of printing plates must correspond to the number of printing inks; the image is first divided into individual colors or inks.

The basis of pre-press processes is color separation. Isolating the constituent colors of a color photograph or other halftone drawing is a daunting task. To carry out such complex printing work, electronic scanning systems, powerful computer and software, special output devices for photographic film or plate material, various auxiliary equipment, as well as the presence of highly qualified, trained specialists are required.

Such a prepress system costs at least 500 - 700 thousand dollars. Therefore, most often, in order to significantly reduce investments in the organization of printing houses, they resort to the services of special reproduction centers. Having everything necessary to carry out pre-press work, they prepare sets of color-separated transparencies to order, from which sets of color-separated printing plates can be produced in a conventional printing house.

Printing process. The printing plate is the basis of the printing process. As already mentioned, the offset printing method is currently widespread in printing, which, despite its almost
100 years of existence, constantly improving, remaining dominant in printing technology.

Offset printing is carried out on printing machines, the operating principle of which was discussed above.

Post-press process. The post-printing process consists of a number of important operations that give the printed copies a marketable appearance.

If sheet-fed publications were printed, they need to be trimmed and trimmed to specific formats. For these purposes, paper-cutting equipment is used, ranging from hand-held cutters to high-performance cutting machines designed to simultaneously cut hundreds of sheets of paper of all formats common in practice.

For sheet products, post-printing processes end after cutting. The situation is more complicated with multi-leaf products. In order to bend the sheets of a magazine or book, you need folding equipment on which folding takes place ( from him. falzen – to bend) – sequential folding of printed sheets of a book, magazine, etc.

If you need to make a brochure or book consisting of separate sheets from prints printed and cut into separate sheets, they need to be matched to one another. For this purpose, sheet-picking equipment is used. When the collection is complete, you end up with a thick stack of loose sheets. In order for the sheets to be combined into a brochure or book, they must be stapled. Currently, two types of fastening are most widespread - wire and seamless adhesive. Wire binding is mainly used for brochures, i.e. printed publications from 5 to 48 pages. Booklet makers are used for fastening with wire staples. These devices can be used separately or
in combination with sheet collection systems. More complex work is performed on special wire sewing machines.

To fasten a large number of sheets, adhesive bonding is used, which is carried out either using “cold” glue - polyvinyl acetate emulsion, or hot melt hot melt adhesive. The spine of the future book edition is coated with glue, firmly holding the sheets until the glue dries completely. The advantages of this technology are the good appearance of the book, the flexibility and stability of the book block, strength and durability.

There are similar processes in the work of small and medium-circulation printing houses. However, the main printing equipment of these printing houses is not offset machines, but duplicators capable of reproducing both single-color and multi-color copies.

Topic II
TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF PHOTOGRAPHY