The invention relates to the field Agriculture and can be used to obtain fish seeding material in the fields of the rice irrigation system. The method includes planning the check surface, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the check, planting fish larvae in the check on 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, discharging water from the check and catching juvenile fish. Planting in the check is carried out with larvae of herbivorous fish, mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American buffalo fish; for stocking, ungrown 4-day-old and grown-up one-day-old grass carp larvae, grown up 14-18-day-old carp larvae are used. With a planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae (40-74) 10 3 pieces/ha, grown 13 10 3 pieces/ha, carp (15.3-30.0) 10 3 pieces/ha, the content of fish larvae in checks are carried out at a water temperature of +23...+28°C with an increase in temperature with a steady increase in fingerlings up to +34°C, and the hydrological regime in the checks is maintained at a water layer of 0.12-0.20 m. The growing season for growing fingerlings is 85 -95 days, and the catch of juvenile fish is carried out in the third ten days of September. During a two-year selection of carp cultivation in adjacent rice paddies, spawning, rearing of juveniles, and feeding are carried out, and an irrigation canal is used for wintering. Fish larvae are planted in a check with one or two nests of carp or carp spawners, with each nest having one female and one to two males. In prepared checks for raising juveniles, 15-day-old carp fry weighing 0.3-0.5 g are planted and the stocking density is maintained at up to 1000 pieces/ha; when planting 40-day-old fry weighing 5-10 g, the stocking density is reduced to 600 pieces/ha. ha. In prepared checks for feeding mullet, yearlings weighing 30 g are planted and a stocking density of up to 250 pieces/ha is ensured. In prepared checks for feeding grass carp and channel catfish, yearlings weighing 50-70 g are used and the stocking density is set at 600-800 pieces/ha, and then they are transferred to discharge channels. When stocking prepared rice paddies bred under “water steam”, the stocking rate of fish larvae with an average piece weight of carp of 50 g is set at 1000-1200 pieces/ha, white carp weighing 120-140 g - 50-60 pieces/ha and silver carp weighing 60 g - 600-700 pieces/ha with a hydrological regime of the check not less than 0.45-0.50 m of water layer. It is ensured that the fish productivity of reservoirs increases to 0.2-0.3 t/ha, the variety and stock of commercial fish, the rice yield in rice paddies, the preservation of soil fertility and the improvement of the environmental situation. 8 n. and 3 salary files, 6 tables.

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to obtain fish seeding material in the fields of a rice irrigation system.

There is a known method of growing fish seeding material in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock and deepening the discharge channels, flooding the paddock, planting and maintaining fish larvae, discharging water from the paddock and catching juvenile fish, in which, in order to improve the quality of the resulting juvenile fish, the discharge canals are deepened up to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, the check is flooded in early June, fish larvae are planted in the check on 2-3 days after flooding, and juvenile fish are caught in early October (SU copyright certificate No. 1729347 A1, M. class 5 A 01 K 61/00. Method of growing fish seeding material in rice paddies / E.V.Kuznetsov, A.Yu.Novikov, A.V.Larkin, V.L.Lebed (USSR). - Application No. 4713991/13; Declared 04/25/1989; Published 04/30/1992, Bulletin No. 16 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1992. - No. 16).

We have adopted this method of growing fish seed as the closest analogue.

The disadvantages of the described method include limited functionality. Following the practice of world fish farming in rice fields, in Russian Federation work in this direction began by growing commercial carp in rice crops.

When planting 300-400 pieces/ha of yearling carp in rice paddies, low natural fish productivity of the paddies was noted. In favorable years, at the specified stocking density, up to 0.15 t/ha of live fish was sometimes obtained. In all other cases, the described method did not give a positive effect as a result of the discrepancy between the biological characteristics of the farmed fish and the rice cultivation technology. The fish yield from planting yearlings at the rate of 300-600 pieces/ha was only 30-35%, and fish productivity was no more than 0.07 t/ha. At the same time, low rice grain yield was also noted.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is aimed is the reconstruction of the ichthyofauna of irrigation reservoirs.

The technical result is an increase in the fish productivity of reservoirs to 0.2-0.3 t/ha, the variety and stock of commercial fish, the rice yield in rice fields, the preservation of soil fertility and the improvement of the environmental situation.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock for 2 - 3rd day after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching juvenile fish, according to the invention in the first option, planting in the check is carried out with larvae of herbivorous fish mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American buffalo fish, for stocking they use ungrown 4-day-old and grown one-day-old grass carp larvae, grown 14-18 day-old carp larvae, at a planting density of ungrown white carp larvae (40-74) 10 3 pieces/ha, grown grass carp larvae - 13 10 3 pieces/ha and carp larvae - ( 15.3-30.0) 10 3 pieces/ha, the maintenance of fish larvae in checks is carried out at a water temperature of +23...+28°C with an increase in water temperature with a steady increase in fingerlings up to +34°C, and the hydrological regime in checks they are kept at a water layer of 0.12-0.20 m; in maps of rice paddies of the Krasnodar type and maps-checks with an area of ​​up to 5 hectares, after pre-sowing leveling of the check bed with an accuracy of ±0.05 m, fish drainage ditches are additionally cut with a depth of 0.3 m and a width at the bottom of 0.5 m; Before planting fish larvae, fish-barrier metal meshes with a mesh size of 1×1 mm are installed on the water outlet and water inlet rice paddies.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of cultivation in rice paddies according to the second option, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching juvenile fish, according to the invention, planting in the check is carried out with larvae of herbivorous fish, mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American fish - buffalo, for stocking they use ungrown 4-day-old and grown one-day carp larvae, with a planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae (40-70)×10 3 pieces/ha, grown grass carp larvae - 13×10 3 pieces/ha and carp (15.3-30.0)×10 3 pieces/ha, keeping fish larvae in checks is carried out at a water temperature of +23...+28°C with an increase in water temperature with a steady increase in fingerlings up to +34°C, the hydrological regime in checks is maintained at a water layer of 0.12-0 , 20 m, while the growing season for growing fingerlings is 85-95 days, and the capture of juvenile fish is carried out in the third ten days of September.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies according to the third option, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in check on the 2-3rd day after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching fish, according to the invention, according to the third option, planting in the check is carried out with larvae of herbivorous fish, mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American buffalo fish, used for stocking ungrown 4-day-old and grown one-day-old grass carp larvae, grown 14-18-day-old carp larvae, at a planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae (40-70)×10 3 pieces/ha, grown grass carp larvae 13-10 3 pieces /ha and carp larvae - (15.3-30.0) 10 3 pieces/ha, keeping fish larvae in checks is carried out at a water temperature of +23...+28°C with an increase in water temperature with a steady increase in fingerlings up to + 34°C, and the hydrological regime in the checks is maintained at a water layer of 0.12-0.20 m, during a two-year selection of carp cultivation in adjacent rice paddies, spawning, rearing of juveniles and feeding are carried out, and an irrigation canal is used for wintering; The irrigation canal is equipped with fish protection gratings.

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, filling the pad, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching, according to the invention in the fourth option, planting fish larvae in the check is carried out with one or two nests of producers or carp, or carp during spawning, with each nest having one female and one to two males.

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, filling the pad, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching, according to the invention according to the fifth option, 15-day-old carp fry weighing 0.3-0.5 g are planted in prepared checks for raising juveniles and the stocking density is maintained up to 1000 pieces/ha, when planting 40-day-old carp fry weighing 5-10 g, the planting density is reduced to 600 pieces/ha.

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, filling the pad, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching, according to the invention, according to the sixth option, yearlings weighing 30 g are planted in prepared checks for feeding mullet and ensure a stocking density of up to 250.0 pieces/ha.

The above technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, filling the pad, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching, according to the invention according to the seventh option, in prepared checks for feeding grass carp and channel catfish, use yearlings weighing 50-70 g and set the density to 600-800 pieces/ha , and then they are transferred to discharge channels.

The technical result noted above is achieved by the fact that in the known method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching, according to the invention according to the eighth option, when stocking prepared rice paddies bred under water steam, the stocking rate of fish larvae with an average piece weight of carp of 50 g is set equal to 1000- 1200 pieces/ha, white carp weighing 120-140 g - 50-60 pieces/ha and silver carp weighing 60 g - 600-700 pieces/ha with the hydrological regime of the check - at least 0.45-0.50 m of water layer.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention is as follows.

Example 1. Growing fingerlings according to the first and second variants of the claimed invention.

The method of growing fish in rice paddies includes planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching juvenile fish.

In the conditions of the southeast of the European part of the Russian Federation, it was experimentally established that juvenile fish of grass carp and carp grow well in rice crops. The climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region are favorable for their growth and development. To raise young of the year of the above fish species, Krasnodar-type cards and check cards with an area of ​​up to 5 hectares are used. In the Krasnodar-type check-karts, fish discharge ditches are additionally cut with a depth of 0.30 m and a bottom width of 0.5 m. The technology of fish farming coincides with the agrotechnical requirements for growing rice. One of the requirements of the technology provides for annual pre-sowing leveling of the check bed with an accuracy of ±0.05 m.

Before planting fish larvae, fish-protecting metal meshes with 1×1 mm cells are installed at water outlets and water inlets. Later, as the juveniles grow, the mesh is replaced with a new one with larger cell sizes. This makes it easier to supply and discharge water into the check. Planting of fish in checks is carried out only after the formation of a permanent layer of water, but not earlier than after 3-4 days in the case of treating rice crops with anti-cereal herbicides propanide and its analogues.

For stocking, ungrown 4-day-old and grown-up one-day-old grass carp larvae, grown 14-18-day-old carp larvae are used. The planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae ranges from 40 to 74 thousand pieces/ha, and of grown grass carp larvae - 13 thousand pieces/ha, carp larvae - from 15.3 to 30 thousand pieces/ha. Growing fish in rice crops usually occurs at a water temperature of +23...+28°C. With a steady increase in fingerlings, the water temperature is increased to +34°C. The survival of fingerlings depends on the hydrological regime, which coincides with the irrigation regime during rice cultivation. To do this, the water layer in the checks is maintained within 0.12-0.20 m.

The food supply of rice paddies ensures normal growth and survival of fish. Zooplankton, which is necessary for the larvae to survive, develops well in the checks. early stages development, as well as hydrophytes of the 2nd and 3rd tiers: filamentous, naiad, syt, rice povoinik, rush, chara algae. Grass carp feed on them in the second month of life. By the end of the season, white carp fingerlings significantly clear the check beds of weeds, algae and filamentous algae.

Fishing takes place in the last ten days of September, before rice harvesting. The growing season for growing fingerlings is 85-95 days. This makes it possible to obtain standard fish seed material from fish larvae.

The survival rate of white carp fingerlings reaches 45% when planting grown 12-day-old larvae in the amount of 13·10 3 pieces/ha and 25% when planting ungrown 4-day-old larvae at the rate of 74·10 3 pieces/ha. Fish productivity is respectively 0.21 and 0.36 t/ha. Carp survival rate is 20-40%, fish productivity is 0.16 t/ha.

The cost of additional products from the rice field - fingerlings of grass carp and carp - pays for the cost of rice production. Fish has a beneficial effect on the growth, development of rice and high yields when using rice varieties Krasnodarsky 424 and Kuban 3.

Example 2. Two-year turnover of carp cultivation in rice paddies according to the 3rd option.

A combined rice fish farming with a two-year turnover allows spawning, rearing of juveniles and feeding in rice paddies. An irrigation canal is used for wintering. For the same purpose, shallow earthen pools with a constant flow of fresh water can be used. The irrigation canal is fenced with fish protection bars.

The method of growing fish in rice paddies according to the fourth option also includes planning the pad surface, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, filling the pad, planting fish larvae in the pad 2-3 days after flooding, keeping fish larvae, releasing water from the check and catching. Fish larvae are planted in a check with one or two nests of spawners or carp or carp during spawning, with each nest having one female and one or two males.

Sowing rice in checks depends on the climatic conditions of the year, heat supply and ends before May 30. One or two nests of spawners or carp or carp are placed in specially equipped checks for spawning. On the second day after spawning they are removed. In the spawning check, the water inlet area is fenced with burlap or a grid 1.0-1.5 m high and 1.5 × 1.5 m 2 in area.

Juveniles from the spawning check are transplanted into the nursery check for an influx of fresh water. Planting in nursery checks is calculated in the same way as in ordinary nursery ponds of a carp farm. Autumn catching of rearing and feeding checks is associated with the timing of rice harvesting, the growing season of which ranges from 80 to 120 days and in the southern regions ends on September 1-15. After harvesting rice and catching fish, it is advisable to fill the checks again with water and plant the fingerlings there until winter. The same applies to two-year-olds.

The yield from spawning checks is 5 thousand pieces/ha of carp fingerlings weighing 3-7 g. The survival rate of fingerlings ranges from 45 to 78%. When planting larvae from (5-10) 10 3 pieces/ha, the fingerlings reach a weight of 40-50 g by autumn. Calculation of planting in feeding checks is done according to the well-known formulas for calculating planting in ordinary feeding ponds with a weight of two-year-olds by autumn of 450 g. Yield of two-year-olds taken as 90-95%, the same as for conventional feeding ponds. In practice, the yield of two-year-olds is 60-70%. This is due to the large number of enemies of carp in reservoirs: larvae of dragonflies and beetles, frogs, snakes, seagulls, herons. The standards for planting carp in rice paddies for growing commercial fish are given in Table 1. When breeding fish in rice paddies, one-year-old carp weighing 50-70 g should be used. This will increase the fish productivity of the paddock. The productivity of rice fields increases by 10-11%. The increase in rice grain yield in stocked fields is explained by the fact that in search of food, the carp destroys the biological film, eats the rice mosquito (the main pest of rice), as well as weed seeds falling into the water.

Example 3. Growing commercial fish in rice paddies using feed according to the fifth option.

Feeding juvenile fish in rice paddies increases the yield of fish products per unit area. The technique for feeding juveniles in rice paddies is similar to that used in conventional ponds. It is advisable to use local ones as feed resources. Feed is distributed from a boat. Permanent feeding areas in rice paddies are marked with poles. For feeding, select areas of checks with a hard bottom without vegetation. In a check area of ​​10 hectares with a carp stocking density of 1000 pieces/ha, at least 10 feeding places are installed. The weight of carp fry is 0.3-0.5 g. In the first days, half of the daily feed consumption is distributed for feeding, giving the fish the opportunity to get used to the feeding places. Granular feed is more suitable for feeding carp. When using granules, there is no need to prepare dough-like feed. Granules simplify the mechanism for distributing food to fish. When planting 40-day-old carp fry weighing 5-10 g, the planting density is reduced to 600 pieces/ha.

The weight gain of each carp depends on the type of food. It grows better when fed specially produced commercial fish feed. With absence fish feed You can use grain cleaning waste and rice waste. To increase the digestibility of feed, untreated rice waste is crushed by passing it through a crusher. Various cakes and meals, waste from pasta factories and bakeries, and the flour milling industry can be used as feed.

The fish are fed daily, in the morning. Before feeding, it is necessary to soak the food in a wooden box in the immediate vicinity of a pond or rice field.

Feeding of fish is carried out taking into account the weight gain of the fish. After the fish grows, the daily feed intake is increased. Towards the end of the growing season, due to a decrease in water temperature, the norm is gradually reduced. The palatability of the feed is checked daily to avoid spoilage at the bottom of the reservoir. The daily norm is calculated using the formula

Nsut.=V·3(K-1)/K,

where B is the increase (weight gain) of fish per day, g;

3 - feed costs per 1 g of gain, g;

K - multiplicity of planting of fingerlings.

The total amount of feed planned for the season is distributed in shares as follows: May - 5%; June - 15%; July - 30%; August - 35%; September - 15%. Observations of fish growth are carried out by control seine fishing twice a month.

Rice paddies require care in the same way as ponds. IN summer period Fish barriers should be cleared of sediment, debris and weeds.

Fishing from water vapor checks should begin in mid-September, when the water supply stops. The water level (check mirror) in this case decreases sharply. The discharge of water, depending on the area of ​​the check, can last from 2 to 4 days. Fish must be caught from fish collection ditches.

Subject to all technological processes During the rearing period, the survival rate of fry is quite high and amounts to 80% for carp, 90% for silver carp, 90% for bighead carp and 85% for grass carp. With this percentage of survival, a total yield of fish products of 0.10-0.12 t/ha is ensured at a planting density of 2500 pieces/ha.

After growing fish, rice paddies stocked with fish and under “water steam” do not have weeds. This is facilitated by grass carp at the age of 2-3 years, which completely clears the check of thickets in 2-3 months.

Example 4. Production of juvenile mullet in rice paddies according to the sixth option.

Mullet mullet is a rare species of fish. It does not require feed for growing. The mullet is not a competitor in the food supply to bighead carp and carp and feeds mainly on detritus and seston, i.e. particles of sludge and dead organisms. Mullet mullet in polyculture provides 0.1-0.2 t/ha of marketable fish products. The combination of fish for pasture fish farming is presented in Table 3. Mullet begins to feed when the water temperature warms up to +8...+10°C. Tolerates wintering in carp wintering quarters. Fish productivity in ponds is 0.4-0.6 t/ha, and in cages it reaches 30-40 kg/m2. Mullet growth rate: 1 year - 0.4-25 g; 2 year - 200-550 g; 3rd year - up to 1000 g, the fat content is not inferior to trout. In rice paddies with a reservoir depth of 0.3-0.4 m, you can get up to 50 thousand young of the year from 1 hectare.

In prepared checks for feeding mullet, yearlings weighing 30 g are planted and a stocking density of up to 250 pieces/ha is ensured. This ensures the achievement of a technical result.

Example 5. Growing fingerlings in the discharge channels of rice paddies according to the seventh option.

Grass carp and channel catfish are grown in overgrown canals as a biological ameliorator. In prepared checks for feeding, yearlings weighing 50-70 g are used. Density is 600... 800 pieces/ha. You can also organize cage farming of carp, obtaining up to 15-20 kg/m2 of marketable fish. The discharge channels are 5-10 m wide and their length is tens of kilometers. Yearling grass carp from rice paddies are transferred to these canals. The depth of the canals in the summer is 1.5-2.0 m. The deep places of the discharge canals are treated with bleach before moving the young of the year to destroy “weed” and predatory fish at the rate of 500-600 kg/ha. This operation is performed 7-10 days before planting the fish.

To obtain fingerlings, drainage (discharge) canals are stocked with fish as follows. Producers are harvested in tones. The planting density of carp producers is 1 nest per 1 hectare of canal area (one female carp and one to two males). After hatching, the larvae of the producers are caught and moved to another body of water. During the summer, control catches are made periodically every 15 days and the weight gain of the livestock is determined. The catch of young of the year is carried out at the end of September using shared boxes - fish catchers.

Stocking of discharge channels can be carried out with larvae of carp or herbivorous fish obtained in a fish hatchery. The planting density of larvae is (25-30) 10 3 pieces. The timing of stocking with fingerlings is the first half of May, and with the larvae of herbivorous fish - the first half of June.

Example 6. Growing marketable fish in steam rice paddies without the use of feed according to the eighth variant of the claimed invention.

Growing marketable fish without rice during the period of breeding checks under steam is an intermediate stage of fish-crop rotation. With the intensification of fish production, mainly due to feeding fish and providing food supply, fish productivity reaches 0.12-0.15 t/ha. When fish farming in checks, the soil is enriched with organic substances (feed residues, dead vegetation, fish excrement). This allows you to maintain soil fertility under the rice paddies.

Seeds of weeds located in the surface layer of soil are eaten by carp and washed away with water, and young shoots of sprouted seeds are destroyed by grass carp. This also leads to a decrease in the overgrowth of rice fields by weeds in the years following the “water fallow”.

The temperature regime in the "water vapor" checks is favorable for the growth and survival of fish: the minimum temperature does not fall below +12°C, the maximum does not exceed +32°C. The average water temperature in rice paddies for the season is +22...+24°C.

Hydrological regime according to biological features fish depth should be at least 0.45-0.50 m. This regime can be maintained in the rice system map.

The rice yield from unfertilized fields after growing fish is significantly higher than from fertilized fields when alternating with other crops. In the rice field after "water fallow" the rice grain yield was 8.7 t/ha, and in the control - 4.9 t/ha. Getting high yield commercial products possible if a constant layer of water in the checks is maintained at least 0.6-0.7 m.

Yearlings with an average piece weight of 50 g are planted in rice paddies in early May. Planting density 2.4-3.18 10 3 pieces/ha: carp - no more than 870 pieces/ha; silver carp - 1.1·10 3 pieces/ha; bighead carp - 850 pieces/ha and grass carp - 360 pieces/ha.

To increase fish productivity, grown 14-day-old grass carp larvae are added to marketable fish in an amount of (10-11)·10 3 pieces/ha and bighead carp in an amount of 6.5·10 3 pieces/ha.

For a stable natural food base, checks are fertilized with superphosphate and ammonium nitrate at the rate of one-time application, respectively, of 30-60 and 35-40 kg of a.i./ha up to 4-6 times a season. Zooplankton in the floating checks is not rich in quality, but in quantity (up to 4.0 mg/l) it fully satisfies the needs of fish. In the food of carp, in addition to planktonic organisms, a significant place is occupied by shell crustaceans, dragonfly larvae, and planktonic forms of chironomids. The vegetation of the rice paddies is represented by weeds typical of rice fields - compact tuber, chicken millet, rice millet, heterogeneous grass, naiad, pondweed, chara algae. With the exception of the latter, all plants are completely eaten by grass carp and partially by carp. In autumn, in the stocked check the number of weeds does not exceed 0.3-0.4 pieces/m2, while in the control (black fallow) the number of weeds is 64-72 pieces/m2. In addition to vegetative weeds, carp also largely eat seeds. In a layer of 0-10 cm of soil, a significant change in the number of seeds of the harmful weed, rice millet, is observed; up to 70% of the total number of seeds is eaten by carp.

Growing fish lasts 90-100 days. During this time, the weight of the fish reaches more than 500 g. The survival rate of the stock is on average 40-45%. The largest percentage of juveniles lost to silver carp, and the smallest to carp. The fish productivity of juveniles on natural food reaches 0.45-0.60 t/ha.

In the checks, where the predecessor was stocked with water fallow, the yield of rice of the Krasnodar 424 variety was 4.26 t/ha without the use of mineral fertilizers. At the control, the yield was 3.87 t/ha. To obtain marketable fish, Table 2 presents stocking standards.

Example 7. Biological reclamation of discharge channels of rice systems.

When discharge and water supply canals are heavily overgrown, two- and three-year-old grass carp are used to suppress weeds and aquatic vegetation. The stocking standards for grass carp when using it as a biological ameliorator are given in Table 4. If there is planting material for grass carp weighing 80-100 g, the fish stocking density is increased by 3-4 times. Fishing begins after water is released from the rice paddies.

Example 8. Planting larvae-eating fish in rice paddies to kill mosquitoes and mosquitoes.

In the Northern Caspian region there are lands that are flooded with flood waters. This promotes the development of midges, mosquitoes and mosquitoes. These insects in the larval stage, living in water, are food for larval viviparous fish: Gambusia, Medaka and Aplochelus.

Gambusia has dimensions of 5-6 cm, matures at the age of 1 month, starting in spring every 2 months, gives birth to 5-10 fry. In autumn, when the temperature drops to +10°C and below, Gambusia rolls into the mud and goes into hibernation. Gambusia tolerates water temperatures up to +41.5°C, and water salinity up to 20%.

Medaka lives in the Kuban delta and in the Baku region.

Aplochelus is acclimatized in Central Asia and adapted to the conditions of southern Russia.

Example 9. Introducing fish larvae into rice fields for the reconstruction of ichthyofauna in reservoirs, in particular Krivaya Luka, Astrakhan region.

The integrated use of rice fields with the production of additional products in the form of fingerlings is associated with certain organizational difficulties. The main one is the lack of reliable ways to protect juvenile fish from premature migration into discharge channels. To do this, the canal heads are equipped with fish protection nets with cells of 1×1 cm 2. A fish catcher is installed in the canals in front of the pumping stations. A mass of fish concentrated in it is periodically caught from it. The fish are transplanted into the canal behind the pumping station connected to the reservoir.

The introduction of juvenile fish into fields sown with rice for the purpose of feeding and free flow of water into canals and reservoirs makes it possible to increase the stock of commercial fish and increase the fish productivity of the Krivaya Luka reservoir to 0.2-0.3 t/ha.

Transportation of larvae for infestation into checks must be carried out in accordance with regulations. It is recommended to transport larvae only that have switched to a mixed diet. This corresponds to 4 days. Morphologically, this period coincides with the filling of the swim bladder with air. The intensity of energy metabolism in the larvae is very high; they quickly consume their supply of nutrients. Transport time should be limited to 24 hours (see data in Table 5). The larvae are transported in 40-liter bags. Within half an hour, the temperature of the water in the bags is equalized with the temperature of the water in the rice paddies. The bags are opened and the larvae are released into the rice fields on the opposite side of the breakwater. To determine the percentage of viability of the larvae, before release, a sample of 300-350 pieces is taken, placed in a cage, and after 3 days the number of remaining living larvae is counted.

Grown-up fry weighing 0.8-1.0 g are viable for stocking the reservoir. Growing lasts from 20 to 30 days. From 1 hectare of reservoir, 20·10 3 fry are obtained. With a 10% survival rate of fry and a juvenile weight of 500 g, there are up to 10 t/ha of marketable fish in the reservoir. Standards for raising juveniles are presented in Table 6.

The introduction of fingerlings into fields sown with rice for the purpose of fattening and free flow with water flow into canals and reservoirs makes it possible to increase the stock of commercial fish; the fish productivity of the reservoir is 0.2-0.2 t/ha. Economic efficiency growing commercial fish in rice paddies 2735 rubles/ha.

1. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , maintenance of fish larvae, discharge of water from the check and catching of juvenile fish, characterized in that the check is planted with larvae of herbivorous fish, mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American buffalo fish; for stocking, ungrown 4-day-old and grown one-day-old grass carp larvae, grown 14-18-day-old carp larvae, with a planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae (40-74) 10 3 pieces/ha, grown - 13 10 3 pieces/ha, carp - (15.3-30.0) 10 3 pieces/ha, keeping fish larvae in checks is carried out at a water temperature of 23...28°C with an increase in temperature with a steady increase in fingerlings up to 34°C, and the hydrological regime in checks is maintained at a water layer of 0.12-0.20 m .

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in rice check maps of the Krasnodar type and check maps with an area of ​​up to 5 hectares, after pre-sowing planning of the check bed, fish drainage ditches with a depth of 0.3 m and a width of bottom part 0.5 m.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before planting the fish larvae, fish-protecting metal meshes with 1×1 mm cells are installed at the water outlets and inlets of the rice paddies.

4. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , maintenance of fish larvae, discharge of water from the check and catching of juvenile fish, characterized in that the check is planted with larvae of herbivorous fish, mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American buffalo fish; for stocking, ungrown 4-day-old and grown one-day-old grass carp larvae, grown 14-18-day-old carp larvae, with a planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae (40-74) 10 3 pieces/ha, grown grass carp larvae - 13 10 3 pieces/ha and carp larvae - (15.3-30, 0) 10 3 pieces/ha, the content of fish larvae in checks is carried out at a water temperature of 23...28°C with an increase in temperature with a steady increase in fingerlings up to 34°C, and the hydrological regime in checks is maintained at a water layer of 0.12- 0.20 m, while the growing season for growing fingerlings is 85-95 days, and the capture of juvenile fish is carried out in the third ten days of September.

5. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , maintenance of fish larvae, water discharge from the check and catching of juvenile fish, characterized in that in the first year the check is planted with larvae of herbivorous fish, mullet of the Far Eastern complex and heat-loving American buffalo fish; ungrown 4-day-old and grown one-day-old carp larvae are used for stocking white, grown 14-18-day-old carp larvae, at a planting density of ungrown grass carp larvae (40-74) 10 3 pieces/ha, grown grass carp larvae - 13 10 3 pieces/ha, carp - (15.3- 30.0) 10 3 pieces/ha, the content of fish larvae in checks is carried out at a water temperature of 23...28°C with an increase in temperature to 34°C, and the hydrological regime in checks is maintained at a water layer of 0.12-0, 20 m, with a two-year selection for the second year of growing carp in adjacent rice paddies, spawning, rearing of juveniles and feeding are carried out, while an irrigation canal is used for wintering.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that the irrigation channel is equipped with fish protection gratings.

7. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , keeping fish larvae, discharging water from the check and catching juvenile fish, characterized in that the planting of fish larvae in the check is carried out by one or two nests of carp or carp breeders, with each nest having one female and one or two males.

8. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , maintenance of fish larvae, water discharge from the check and catching, characterized in that 15-day-old carp fry weighing 0.3-0.5 g are planted in prepared checks for raising juveniles and the stocking density is maintained at up to 1000 pieces/ha, when planting 40 - day-old fry weighing 5-10 g, the stocking density is reduced to 600 pieces/ha.

9. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , maintenance of fish larvae, water discharge from the check and catching, characterized in that yearlings weighing 30 g are planted in prepared checks for feeding mullet and a stocking density of up to 250 fish/ha is provided.

10. A method of growing fish in rice paddies, including planning the surface of the paddock, deepening the discharge channels to 1.5-1.7 m with a slope towards the discharge structure, flooding the paddock, planting fish larvae in the paddock on the 2-3rd day after flooding , maintenance of fish larvae, water discharge from the check and catching, characterized in that in the prepared checks for feeding grass carp and channel catfish, yearlings weighing 50-70 g are used and the stocking density is set at 600-800 pieces/ha, and then they are transferred to waste channels.

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to obtain fish seeding material in the fields of a rice irrigation system

The simultaneous production of plant and animal (fish) products on the same site can be considered as an almost ideal way of using land. Cultivating fish in rice fields leads to a reduction in the cost of weed control, the destruction of blood-sucking mosquitoes and many rice pests, and an increase in soil fertility. Juvenile grass carp and carp grow well in rice crops and find favorable conditions for growth and development here. For integrated cultivation of rice and fish, it is best to use checks with low bottom marks, which will allow you to have the layer of water necessary for the fish. The interests of fish farming coincide with the agrotechnical requirements of rice cultivation, which provide for annual pre-sowing planning of the check bed with an accuracy of 5 cm. Before planting fish, fish-protecting metal meshes with a mesh of 1 mm, or less if necessary, are installed at water outlets and inlets. In the future, as the juveniles grow, the net can be replaced with a thinner one, which makes it easier to supply and discharge water. For stocking, ungrown four-day old and ungrown one-day old grass carp larvae are used. The usual hydrological regime for rice cultivation provides a constant layer of water in the checks of 12-20 cm.

Hydrochemical regime of experimental rice paddies

When cultivating rice, in order to avoid massive waste of juvenile fish, the recommended timing and dose of crop treatment with herbicides should be strictly observed. The food supply of rice paddies ensures normal growth and survival of fish. Zooplankton, which is necessary for the larvae in the early stages of development, develops quite well here. The cost of additional rice production (fish) pays for the cost of rice production. In addition, fish has a beneficial effect on the growth and development of rice, which contributes to high rice yields.

The positive impact of this method of fish farming on the rice yield is undoubtedly. However, the influence of various unaccounted factors, such as the depth of the checks, water consumption, previous crops, the quality of planning, the use of fertilizers, does not allow us to give an accurate assessment of the increase in yield precisely from the influence of fish on rice.

Food supply for juvenile fish in rice paddies

Many researchers have noted a significant similarity in the forms of zooplankton in the checks. About 30 species of zooplankton are usually found. The main representatives are lower crustaceans and rotifers. Of the cladocerans, Daphnia is the most developed, of the copepods - Accanthocyclops and Diaptomus, and of the rotifers, mainly Brachionus iphilina. At the beginning of the season, the checks are poor in zooplankton in terms of biomass and the number of forms found, which is explained by its small amount in the canal water. The increase in zooplankton biomass begins immediately after the checks are flooded and reaches a maximum by July 1.
Organic fertilizers have a positive effect on the development of zooplankton. From July to the second half of August, the biomass of zooplankton in all checks decreases. It is believed that this is due to the negative influence of too high water temperatures. A pattern of increase in zooplankton biomass was revealed where nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were used. It was found that phosphorus-containing fertilizers had a great influence on the development of zooplankton. Rotifers are the starting food for fish larvae; they usually appear in sufficient quantities in mid-July. Two weeks after filling the checks with water, small forms of cheronomid larvae disappear and reach mass development a month after filling the checks with water. The number of cheronomids increases until August and then decreases. Larvae of dragonflies, mayflies, mollusks and other benthos inhabitants are found in large quantities. Many researchers have paid attention to the poverty of rice paddies in benthos.
Despite a number of advantages in the integrated use of fields occupied by rice crops for fish production, growing planting material is associated with certain difficulties. The main one is the lack of reliable ways to protect fish from premature migration into waste channels. The fish barrier nets described above have a number of disadvantages. They quickly become clogged, which leads to a decrease in flow and therefore the rice growth regime is disrupted. In addition, one should take into account the rather high percentage of injuries to larvae and fry from the mesh itself. To avoid this, a number of proposals are being considered. For example, to allow juvenile fish to freely roll into discharge channels and concentrate in a water reservoir, from where they bypass through a special channel pumping station return to main bodies of water. Transportation of larvae for infestation into checks must be carried out in accordance with regulations.

Standards for transporting juvenile fish

It is recommended to transport larvae that have just switched to a mixed diet, which corresponds in time to 4 days, and morphologically this period coincides with the filling of the swim bladder with air. The metabolic rate of the larvae is very high; they quickly consume their supply of nutrients. Therefore, transportation time should be limited to one day. The larvae do not tolerate shaking well, so it is necessary to handle the containers in which the larvae are placed carefully.
Delivered packages with larvae to the destination are placed in the checks for 20-30 minutes to equalize the temperature. After this, the bags are opened and the larvae are released into the rice fields. To determine the percentage of viability of the larvae, a sample (300-350 pieces) is taken before release, the larvae are placed in a gas cage and after 3 days the living larvae are counted. Grown-up fry weighing 0.8-1 g can already be used for stocking reservoirs with fish.

CONCLUSION

Growing marketable fish without rice during the period of hatching under steam is one of the methods where fish is an intermediate crop. This method is an alternative to the simultaneous cultivation of fish and rice, and is more effective when growing commercial fish directly. Unlike the joint cultivation of commercial fish and rice, in which fish productivity is low, in “water vapor” checks, free from dense thickets of rice, fish productivity can reach 12-15 centners per hectare with intensification of production, mainly when feeding fish. At the same time, the soil is enriched with organic substances (food residues, dead vegetation, fish excrement), which leads to an increase in soil fertility. Considering the data on the possibility of intensive absorption of atmospheric nitrogen by some blue-green algae, which develop en masse in stocked checks, the effectiveness of this method of fish farming increases even more. Seeds of weeds located in the surface layer of soil are eaten by carp and washed away with water, and young shoots of sprouted seeds are destroyed by grass carp, which leads to a decrease in the overgrowth of rice fields by weeds in the years following the “water vapor”. The temperature regime in water vapor checks is favorable for the growth and survival of fish: the minimum temperature, as a rule, does not fall below 12 degrees, and the maximum does not exceed 32 degrees. The average temperature for the season is from 22.5 to 23.5 degrees. The hydrological regime of water vapor checks does not fully correspond to the biological characteristics of the fish. The average water layer usually does not exceed 35 cm, with a possible decrease in the first month of fish cultivation to 10-12 cm. Achieving a stable water regime and a water layer of 40-45 cm is possible only if the entire card is exposed to water vapor, and not a separate check. Obtaining a high yield of marketable products is possible if a constant water layer of at least 60-70 cm is maintained in the checks. The closest approach to this standard is the existing construction of a Krasnodar-type rice field with a wide flood front; it allows maintaining a water layer of up to 50 cm. Therefore, some fish farming scientists consider it necessary to build up the rollers, others recommend cutting fish-collecting grooves 0.5 m deep and 1 m wide along the bottom before flooding the perimeter with water, and metal mesh is installed on the water supply spillway structures. The fish are not fed, but to create a stable natural food base, the checks are fertilized with superphosphate ammonium nitrate.

A rice field is a kind of reservoir, characterized by specific features: shallow depth, constant flow, sharp fluctuations in temperature and hydrochemical conditions, and strong overgrowth. The technology of growing fish here is closely related to the agricultural technology of the main crop - rice. Fish productivity of rice paddies ranges from 0.5 to 6 c/ha and depends on many factors.[...]

The rice fields are divided into checks (Fig. 24). Checks are sections of the field, surrounded by an earthen rampart, well planned. The water supply to the checks comes from the main canal through a system of small irrigation canals and is discharged through discharge canals. The checks create a water depth of 15-25 cm or more, which varies depending on the growing season of rice. The checks are replenished with water as the water evaporates and filters. Filling time is from 1.5 to 3 days. The filling of the checks is dependent, water flows from check to check. It is possible to grow fish in rice paddies only if the paddocks are flooded for the entire growing season or by alternating cultivation: grow rice one summer, fish the next.[...]

Rice fields are used to grow fish using two methods. One method is annual fish farming, when fish seedlings (fry or yearlings of carp, carp) are planted in rice paddies and grown during one growing season (summer) to marketable weight.[...]

Carp and herbivorous fish are grown in steam rice paddies. For stocking, large planting material weighing at least 30 g is used (Table 38).[...]

In rice paddies, water vapor with polyculture of carp and herbivorous fish produces an even greater effect due to the complete destruction of weeds, increasing rice yield by 3-4 c/ha and additional production of 12-13 c/ha of fish.[...]

In rice paddies raised under steam, both for fish farming and for successful rice cultivation, planning is needed. The water level in each check is planned so that the greatest difference in depth does not exceed 10 cm and that the deviation from the average horizontal area of ​​the check is no more than ±5 cm. Additional filling of the dams is also necessary so that the water level does not fall below 50 cm. In each In checks, ordinary drainage ditches and fish pits should be installed, which makes it easier to catch fish, and to prevent fish from leaving the checks and foreign fish entering them, entrance and exit barriers made of metal mesh with a diameter of 1X1 >5 cm should be installed. The same gratings are installed in each check, which prevents the passage of fish from one check to another. An important advantage of growing in fields raised under water fallow is that the timing of stocking is not related to the timing of rice cultivation and can occur much earlier, as soon as water appears in the irrigators. This, in turn, allows not only to lengthen the growing season of fish cultivation, but also to avoid overexposure of planting material in wintering ponds, which often leads to all kinds of infectious diseases and waste.[...]

Carp, carp, and silver crucian carp are usually grown in rice fields, but other heat-loving fish can also be grown. The biotechnology of fish farming in rice paddies must be combined with the agricultural technology of rice cultivation. The process of growing marketable fish in checks begins with planting yearlings of carp, carp and other fish in checks in the spring. In autumn, during rice harvesting, marketable fish is caught, which reaches a weight of 500-800 g. Marketable carp weighing 400-450 g can even be grown from fry during a long growing season of rice. In this case, the fry should be somewhat grown up to a weight of 10 g or more in order to avoid their increased escape from numerous enemies: larvae of dragonflies and beetles, frogs, snakes, seagulls, herons. In addition, small fry can swim from check to check, creating an uneven distribution, as a result of which the weight of marketable fish may decrease.[...]

From rice soils, up to 90% of all methane is released into the atmosphere by transport by plants; about 10% of CH4 overcomes the layer of water on rice paddies in the form of gas microbubbles and less than 1% by diffusion through the layer of water, since the solubility of methane in water is low and under normal conditions is 2-5 mg per 100 ml. From the soils occupied by rice, only a small part of the total methane is released into the atmosphere - about 4-10%, the rest is reused by the microbial population of the soil. The emission of CH4 from the soils of tropical forests is considered to be relatively small, no more than 4-5% of the total volume of methane cycle in the atmosphere.[...]

Shallow water of rice paddies, high temperature in rice growing areas (in the daytime the water temperature of paddies in the areas of Tashkent, Samarkand, Kokand and Margelan reaches 36-38°C and higher), sharp daily fluctuations (up to 19°C), flow, the presence of higher plants, including weeds - all this distinguishes rice paddies from ordinary carp ponds, creates here specific thermal, hydrochemical and hydrobiological regimes, and also determines a unique farming technique. In the checks of the Kirghiz SSR, carp felt normal at temperatures up to 40°C, but at 43.2°C they became lethargic. In such cases, the influx of water with a lower temperature is increased.[...]

Breeding fish in rice paddies raised under steam. When raising rice paddies under water vapor and filling them with water, it is advisable to use this area for fish farming, implementing generally accepted methods of intensification. This, in turn, makes it possible to sharply increase fish productivity, make better use of mechanization, and when feeding herbivorous fish (primarily grass carp) together with carp, clear the rice field of weeds (Fig. 94). In the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (rice farm "Mayab"), growing two-year-old grass carp together with carp after two years of rice sowing led to the rapid and complete destruction of reeds, algae, pondweed and reeds, as well as clearing the soil of weed seeds. Carp eat weed seeds very well, preferring millet seeds to the given food. The usual feeding pattern of carp in rice fields changes, and it adapts to the specific conditions of the rice fields.[...]

Along with stocking rice paddies, fish is grown in irrigation systems, the overgrowth of which leads to significant water losses, shallowing of canals and requires significant costs for their cleaning. Growing grass carp and carp in canals ensures their biological purification and makes it possible to obtain additional fish. To suppress aquatic vegetation, it is advisable to use two- and three-year-old grass carp. Depending on the overgrowth of the canal, the planting density is 150...400 pcs/ha. Irrigation canals produce 1.5...2 centners of fish per hectare, and with the use of feeding, the yield increases several times more.[...]

Thus, the use of rice paddies for fish farming together with rice can provide only a slight increase. reducing the yield of rice and receiving from the same checks no more than 1 and a maximum of 1.5-2 quintals of fish, which in some cases, especially if the preparation of checks is unsatisfactory, is ineffective. At the same time, in the practice of a number of Eastern countries, different types fish together with rice (Siamese gourami, Khan fish, nile).[...]

The approximate norms for planting carp in rice paddies for growing marketable fish are given in Table. 47.[...]

The increase in rice yield in stocked fields is explained by the fact that in search of food, carp loosens the soil, destroys biological film, eats the rice mosquito - the main pest of rice, as well as weed seeds falling into the water. In addition, when grass carp are raised in rice paddies, the number of mosquito larvae sharply decreases.[...]

Unlike other shallow water bodies, rice paddies have a stabilizing factor - plants that protect them from direct heating by the sun's rays during the day and cooling at night. Even with shallow depth checks, the daytime water temperature at the bottom is 2-3° lower than at the surface. It is approximately 4° lower at the inflow from the sprinkler, supplying water with a lower temperature. [...]

Other researchers, on the contrary, point out that rice paddies are relatively poor in animal food, and this forces young carp, as they grow, to increasingly use various algae and macrophytes for food. In the rice paddies of the Uzbek and Kazakh SSR, over 200 species of various algae are found. Of course, it is valuable that fish consume such diverse and abundant phytoplankton. Thus, juveniles, along with zooplankton (Clacocosa, small Clacocegas, Soperosla), eat desmidium and blue-green algae in large quantities.[...]

In a full-system fish farming, spawning of fish (carp, carp) is carried out in separate checkpoints, in other checkpoints - the cultivation of fish seeding material, in the third - feeding of fish to a marketable weight, in fourth - feeding of producers and repair material. Wintering of breeders and replacement fish, as well as fish seeding material, takes place in wintering ponds, which are built separately from rice paddies or in adapted irrigation canals. Sometimes nearby bodies of water are used for these purposes.[...]

The abundance of plants also affects the oxygen content in the water of rice paddies. During the day, photosynthesis increases, and the water is highly saturated with oxygen. At night, the reverse process occurs: oxygen is consumed by the mass of plants and, in addition, the oxidative processes of decomposition of various organic substances at the bottom and in the water column continue. As a result, at night and early in the morning the oxygen regime deteriorates significantly, without, however, reaching lethal limits. The remaining hydrochemical indicators, despite their certain specificity, are quite favorable for carp breeding.[...]

Physical control measures include flooding (gumai in rice paddies), burning (use of fire cultivators against broomrapes) and some other methods.[...]

Breeding fish together with rice. Along with the cultivation of fish on rice paddies raised under steam, there is also a joint cultivation of it with rice, and in both cases the product is mainly commercial fish. Planting material for feeding is imported from fish hatcheries or grown in rice paddies.[...]

Pond fish farming involves growing fish in ponds, quarries, rice paddies, small reservoirs, lakes, as well as in various auxiliary reservoirs. Among pond farms, there are specialized fish farms that are engaged only in the cultivation of fish, as well as diversified enterprises in which fish farming is an additional branch of animal husbandry in the form of fish farms, complex reservoirs, etc. Pond fish farming produces the largest volume of aquaculture products.[... ]

Combined rice-fish farming is carried out with one-year and two-year rotations. In some rice paddies, spawning takes place, in others, juveniles are reared, and in others, feeding occurs. The construction of wintering ponds in the main rice growing areas located in the southern regions is much cheaper than in more northern ones, since in the south, where the ice cover is thin, wintering ponds can be no deeper than 1 m. An irrigation canal can serve for wintering, most of which does not work in winter, as well as shallow (no deeper than 1 m) earthen pools with a constant supply of fresh water. In this case, the irrigation canal is fenced with gratings to prevent fish from escaping.[...]

Propanide and its metabolites mostly (80-90%) disappear from the soil within 2-8 weeks after application to rice paddies. LD50 for mice is 360-675 mg/kg, for rats - 1300-2500 mg/kg. MRL for rice 0.3 mg/kg.[...]

It is based on general principles preventing fish poisoning by pesticides. Water from rice paddies or reclamation systems treated with herbicides should be discharged after detoxification of the herbicides in special storage ponds to the MPC level.[...]

Planting of carp is calculated as for ordinary ponds. In addition, in rice growing areas, to improve the ameliorative condition of rice paddies, grass carp and silver carp are bred together with carp (Table 48).[...]

With strong deflation in 1969 in the southeastern regions Rostov region Irrigation canals and rice paddies were filled with sediment, and to clear them it was necessary to additionally carry out excavation work in the amount of 913 thousand m3. In the southern regions of the region, 23 thousand hectares of shelterbelts were planted. In areas where sands are distributed, winnowing is typical.[...]

The greatest contamination of water sources with biogeas is observed in areas of irrigated agriculture. For example, when applying fertilizers to rice paddies, 14-... 18% are their losses with collector and waste waters.[...]

There are also very large variations in the rate of CH4 release by soils in fields used for rice cultivation. The conditions for its formation and release in rice paddies depend on many factors: soil type and structure, water use regime, rice varieties, etc. A strong influence of the type of fertilizer was also noted: the use of rice straw for these purposes significantly increases emissions in comparison with the use of compost .[...]

Behind Lately in the Uzbek SSR and in other rice growing areas, specialized rice farms began to use larger rice paddies (10-15 and even 20 hectares versus 1-2 hectares in the past), introduce high-yielding varieties of rice, mechanization, field crop rotation, apply fertilizers, which with a density of 300-400 plants (instead of 150-200 previously) per 1 m2, the rice yield increased by 25-30%. All this, of course, in turn could not but affect the hydrochemical regime in the checks and turned out to be unfavorable for growing fish in them. As a result, its weight gain began to decline sharply and fish productivity dropped to 30-60 kg/ha (Uzbek SSR).[...]

In the Moldavian SSR, with an annual carp culture, the planting rate is recommended to be 2500-3000 pieces/ha with additional feeding and no more than 1500-2000 pieces/ha when kept only on natural food. The planting rate in rice paddies is 1000-1500 pcs/ha. The average weight of commercial fingerling when planting 3000 pieces/ha was 415 g, and when planting 2000 pieces/ha - 625 g.[...]

Thus, iron is converted into a form that can be absorbed by plants. Since under anaerobic conditions the possibility of iron absorption increases too much, its toxicity also increases - a phenomenon especially characteristic of swampy rice paddies.[...]

The reduction of Ly3 ions proceeds as described above (equation 2.22). Since the reaction products (N20 and N2) volatilize from the soil, the plants experience a large lack of nitrogen. Studies in Wiesenboden have shown that these losses range from 11 to 40% nitrogen fertilizers assimilated by plants. On rice paddies flooded with water, these losses are even greater.[...]

It unites the soils of the postlithogenic trunk, formed under the influence of periodic long-term flooding necessary for growing rice. They can be formed as a result of the transformation of full-profile soils, but more often they form on the site of soils that were partially or completely disturbed during leveling and other measures used in the construction of rice paddies. Characteristic features of aquazems are gleying, Mn-Pe new formations, sometimes the appearance of a brightened eluvial horizon, transformation of carbonate and salt profiles, etc.[...]

In Russia there are about 6 million hectares of irrigated land and more than 5 million hectares of drained land. Most of them are in unsatisfactory condition (secondary salinization, waterlogging, overdrying). Significant areas are lost during engineering, construction, mining and geological exploration work. Agricultural water intake is 40 km3/year. Of the 32 km3/year spent on irrigation, only 40% is returned. Some of these waters (for example, from rice paddies) are classified as polluted Wastewater.[ ...]

The relationship between pipeline builders and the natural areas through which main gas and oil pipelines run is becoming increasingly civilized. This became especially noticeable during the construction of the oil pipeline that had just been completed under the CPC project, where new, gentle technologies for creating river crossings were widely used, including the Volga - directional drilling. Much attention was paid to passages through rice paddies, relict forests, and the protection of monuments ancient history etc. Ecological culture is instilled in engineers, workers, and employees in a variety of ways. Probably, the first place should be given to the development of self-awareness of personal responsibility in the critical global situation that humanity has reached through thoughtless, unjustified exploitation natural resources planet Earth, and more down to earth - its Russian nature. The other side is the education of responsibility through strict nature protection laws adopted for last years in our country, repressive measures in the form of high fines and criminal liability.[...]

Microorganisms constantly feed the atmosphere with gases such as hydrogen and methane. Both, in addition, enter the air from the depths of the Earth, in particular during volcanism. Hydrogen, as is known, is a gas that dissipates into space, and from there it can enter the gas envelope of the Earth with the solar wind. Methane is produced under anaerobic conditions in soils, silts and peatlands by methane-producing bacteria that use CO2 for this purpose. For example, in rice paddies at a temperature of 30°C, from 0.07 to 0.2 g of CH4 per 100 g of soil, calculated as dry matter, is formed per day.[...]

Aniten KB can be used to destroy weeds in wheat crops, and Aniten-Rhizo can be used to combat marine tuber in rice paddies.

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL APPLICABILITY OF IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT

The applicability assessment and selection of irrigation equipment for specific irrigated areas is carried out depending on climatic, soil-reclamation, geomorphological, economic and organizational conditions. If these conditions are satisfied by several technical means and technologies, then the final choice is made through a multifactorial comprehensive analysis of effectiveness possible options with optimization based on reduced costs or profit received on modular sections of the irrigation system. This analysis is carried out using a computer and corresponding software.

RICE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Rice systems are located in areas with favorable climatic conditions and sufficient water resources, with general slopes of the land surface up to 0.005, mainly on lands with soil and reclamation conditions unfavorable for the cultivation of other crops.

Rice is cultivated in crop rotation with other (accompanying) crops. The number of zeros (3...8), rice content (50...75%) in rice crop rotation, the composition of crop rotations and their rotation scheme are taken according to the recommendations of research organizations for specific natural and economic conditions; field area 50... 150 hectares.

The primary element of rice crop rotation is the irrigation (rice) map, limited along the perimeter by map irrigation and discharges, rollers and roads. Map length 400...1200 m, width 140...360 m (multiples of 20 m). The map is divided with transverse rollers into checks with an area of ​​at least 3 hectares, as a rule.

For normal development of rice, it is necessary to moisten the soil during the germination and germination phase, as well as regulate the layer of water in the check within 10... 15 cm in subsequent development phases.

The rice irrigation season is divided into two periods of initial flooding and maintaining the water layer.

When sowing rice from airplanes into water, the initial flooding of rice pads is carried out no more than 3-4 days before sowing, and in dry soil it must be completed no later than three days after sowing. Water rotation is introduced between card irrigators.

Row crops accompanying rice are irrigated along undeviated furrows or by sprinkling from temporary irrigators, cut for the irrigation period inside the checks, and continuous sowing crops are irrigated by sprinkling, short-term forced flooding or along strips. When watering by flooding, in order to avoid getting the plants wet, the checks can be broken into smaller ones by temporary rollers, flooded and drained sequentially. In the Primorsky Territory, accompanying crops are not watered.

The design of the rice system should allow for the reuse of drainage and waste water.

Card sprinklers and it is advisable to arrange discharges of two-way command, that is, during the period of initial flooding they should ensure flooding of the highest check with a layer of 10... 15 cm, and during the period maintaining the water level in the check up to 25 cm. The minimum difference in water levels in the water outlet is 15 cm. Chart Irrigators, as a rule, are installed with horizontal dams.

The water level in the kart discharge at a short-term maximum flow should be no less than 0.5 m below the surface of the lowest check. The depth of map faults is assigned, as a rule, with a closed systematic drainage of 1...1.5 m, and when the faults operate as a drain - 2...2.5 m.

The surfaces of the checks are planned for a horizontal plane and the layout is divided into: construction, carried out during the construction or reconstruction of the rice system; capital, carried out in the process of major repairs with the greatest difference in check surface elevations of more than 20 cm, and operational, carried out by farms once every 1...3 years during the non-growing season.

To make it possible to carry out major planning and repair of the network, an agro-reclamation field is provided as part of the rice crop rotation, which can be used for growing quickly vegetative crops.

Construction planning of the surface of rice fields must be carried out with minimal disruption of the fertile layer. When the fertile soil layer is thin and during deep cuttings, it is necessary to use special methods of leveling work that ensure the preservation of the top layer of soil, or measures to restore the fertility of the soil layer damaged by the leveling.

In case of unacceptable cuttings of the fertile soil layer, the plant layer from the places of large cuttings and embankments (and sometimes from the entire check) is first removed and returned after grading (stage and other types of grading).

When developing peat lands with a peat thickness of up to 0.5 m for rice cultivation, peat mineralization is carried out to create an arable layer that meets agrotechnical and agrobiological requirements.

For soils subject to long-term deformation, leveling is carried out in two stages: during the construction period and after one or two years of using the area for rice crops.

The design of construction layouts and map channels is carried out on topographic plans, usually on a scale of 1:2000 with a grid of squares 20X20 m, at the tops of which marks of the existing surface are set.

The design of map channels and construction layout of the surface of rice maps can be performed on a computer using programs developed for these purposes.

After completing the construction planning, the deviation of the points of the planned surface from the average mark of the check after locking should not exceed ±5 cm.

The use of laser technology (for example, the Kalina-1 system) contributes to improving the quality of planning.

The difference between the surface marks of adjacent checks - terracedness - should be no more than 0.25...0.3 m, and the maximum difference between the surface marks of checks in the map is no more than 1 m.

To improve the conditions for creating and discharging a layer of water along the perimeter of the check, check grooves of a trapezoidal (bottom width 0.35 m, depth 0.5 m) or triangular (depth 0.3 m) section with a single slope are cut.

The water regime in the rice paddies is controlled using check water outlets, which, as a rule, are placed in opposite corners.

Check water outlets are divided into water outlets from the irrigator to the check, from the check to the discharge and from the irrigator-discharge to the check. Check water outlets are accepted according to current standard projects or reuse projects.

On rice systems, it must be possible to automate all technological processes to maintain the required water levels in checks and water distribution with the maximum use of hydraulic automation.

With cascade regulation along the downstream, command water levels must be ensured, including a difference at the water outlets from the sprinkler to the checkpoint of at least 25 cm.

The design of automated check water outlets should ensure accuracy of regulation of water levels in checks of ±2 cm.

On rice systems, if necessary, they arrange closed and open horizontal, vertical, combined, and mole drainage, and on irrigated lands they carry out mole cutting, deep loosening, slitting, and raking.

An intercheck shut-off closed drainage with a depth of up to 0.8 m is installed on saline lands between checks with level differences of more than 30 cm, and it is intended to intercept mineralized waters and prevent increased salinization in a strip 15...20 cm wide adjacent to the underlying check.

Systematic closed drainage within the rice map is designed to provide a flushing regime during the rice growing season and maintain the groundwater level in the checks, based on the requirements of accompanying crops and plowing and harvesting work during the non-growing season.

Rice systems are designed in accordance with VSN 33-2.2 “Rice irrigation systems, design standards.”

Modern types of rice card layouts: Krasnodar, Kuban and check cards.

The Krasnodar type map (2.21) is a rectangular area, along one of the long sides of which (with unilateral command) a map irrigation system is laid, and on the other - a map discharge. The card is divided into checks by transverse rollers, equipped with water outlets from the card sprinkler into the check and water outlets from the check into the card discharge. The latter is designed to drain surface water from the map, and on saline lands it also functions as a drain. Checks, as a rule, are “through” - across the sprinkler card to the reset. Card area 10...30 hectares, length up to 120 m, width 150...250 m. Check area I...4 hectares.

The main disadvantages of the Krasnodar type card: the labor intensity and complexity of distributing water and maintaining optimal flooding depths in checks, transverse rollers reduce the productivity of machines and deteriorate the quality of work, drainage of the card occurs unevenly, and it is difficult to move vehicles and combines from check to check.

The entire map is a large check, planned under one mark. Check cards are used in calm, slopeless terrain. The area of ​​check cards is 8... 12 hectares, length 500...600 m, maximum - 1000 m. A single-sided canal is installed along the card in the recess, which is a sprinkler-discharge. Flooding of the card-check occurs quickly and quietly from the sprinkler-discharge. It is easier than with a regular card to discharge water from the check, since water flows along the entire front length of the card into the discharge-irrigator. This creates favorable conditions for timely and high-quality execution of agricultural work.

Discharge sprinklers can be of one-way or two-way command. With unilateral command, one of the edges of the sprinkler-discharge will be covered. At the beginning and at the end of the irrigation-discharge, structures are installed for the inlet and discharge of water.

The number of water control structures on check maps is two to three times less than on conventional maps, which facilitates automation. Construction of a drop-off sprinkler is simpler than an embankment sprinkler.

Disadvantage of the check card: lack of drainage during the rice growing season, which affects both its yield and the yield of accompanying crops.

When water is discharged from the card-checks and the water level in the card-irrigator-discharge decreases below the surface of the card-check, sometimes the liquefied surface layer of soil is washed away and deformation of the surface of the card-check occurs.

The large area of ​​the check map requires deep cuts and high embankments, which is associated not only with large volumes of planning work, but also complicates their implementation.

In relation to saline lands, Astrakhangiprovodkhoz has developed a check card with a double-acting sprinkler-discharge and open drains (2.23).

On saline lands, in addition to irrigators and discharges, open or closed drainage drains are installed. With an inter-drain distance of 400 m, paired sprinkler-discharges are built, and with an inter-drain distance of about 200 m, sprinkler-discharges of bilateral command are built (see 2.23). Associated crops can be irrigated by flooding or sprinkling. On saline lands, the width of the check cards is determined by the inter-drain distance, and when using sprinklers, it is assigned as a multiple of the machines’ working width.

Map of the Kuban type The Kuban rice irrigation system consists of structural modules, each of which serves a crop rotation field, where the entire technological cycle of growing rice or accompanying crops in crop rotation takes place.

The crop rotation field consists of three cells outlined by drains, map faults and reservoirs. Each cell has two irrigation areas, which represent an elementary “Drainage Cell” area. Each of the six irrigated plots of zero crop rotation contains four checks (2.24).

The area distributor is laid along the field axis, as a rule, perpendicular to the senior water supply channel. District collectors are located on two sides of the field parallel to the distributor, and on the third side of the field parallel to

a senior-order collector is laid for the senior water supply channel. In the middle of the irrigation area, up to half its length, a sprinkler is installed in the embankment, from which water is supplied to the checks.

Drainage channels are laid along the border of the irrigation plots between the district distributor and the road, the continuation of which are drainage and discharge channels passing between the road and the district collector.

Operational roads are combined with dams of water supply canals (except for sprinklers), and field roads are located along the dividing line of the checks and along the distributor and collector of the senior order.

Canals and roads are reinforced with prefabricated hydraulic structures. Check structures are arranged into units.

Along the perimeter of the checks, check rollers with a height of 0.3...0.4 m are installed.

With a general terrain slope of more than 0.0015, irrigation areas are provided with the long side located perpendicular (or at an angle) to the slope, and for smaller slopes, parallel.

In the design of the Kuban rice system, the elements of the on-farm network within the crop rotation field are completely standardized. The area of ​​the checks is 6 hectares (200X300 m), card irrigation and discharges are under bilateral command. The area of ​​the irrigated plot is 24 hectares, a module of 6 irrigated plots with a total area of ​​144 hectares is a crop rotation field. In operation, planning, accounting, water determination, as well as the organization and execution of work on repairing the network and structures, and planning checks are simplified.

In order to unify the planning schemes of the on-farm network, three types of crop rotations have been adopted as a constructive module: square 1200X1200 m (with an area of ​​141 hectares), rectangular 1800X800 m and 1200X000 m (with an area of ​​144 and 72 hectares, respectively).

Check structures (VOC - water outlet from the sprinkler to the check and VChS - water outlet from the check to the discharge) throughput 100... 120 l/s are tied according to the project “Hydraulic structures from standardized reinforced concrete structures for reuse in irrigation system projects. Checking facilities on rice systems"; “Water from the sprinkler to the check”; “Discharge check structures VUST-30”; “Water in rice paddies from dump to check.”

The Far Eastern type map became widespread in the specific conditions of the Primorsky Territory with a monsoon climate. It lacks peripheral and longitudinal ridges. I'm setting up a sprinkler-discharge! in the downstream side, which ensures the removal of a layer of water from the maps and from the arable horizon. Filling of the checks is carried out due to the overflow of the sprinkler-discharge and the free overflow of water along the entire front of its abutment to the check.

The card sprinkler-discharge ensures unimpeded discharge of water from any point. The soil from the irrigation drainage excavation is used to fill kart roads. The bottom of the kart irrigation-discharge is 0.6...I m below the average plane of the check, the width along the bottom is 0.6 m. The laying of the slopes is 1:5. Transverse rollers 0.35 m high with slopes I: 4 ensure the passage of agricultural machines and implements and intra-plot tillage.

On maps with a descending cascade of checks, the difference in elevations between their surfaces should be 0.15...0.4 m.

The length of the cards is 600... 1200 m, the width is 100... 120 m. the maximum area is 10...12 hectares, the flow rate supplied to the card is up to 100...150 l/s.

Depending on the terrain, a check card or a card with the consumption of individual checks is arranged.

I provide the accepted card parameters! its initial flooding within three days, they are linked to modern requirements. requirements for rice systems.

The design of structures on the map network provides the ability to semi-automatically maintain a given water level.

The introduction of Far Eastern type maps made it possible to reduce water consumption for irrigating rice to 10..20%, streamline the work of irrigators and increase the average annual load per worker to 60...70 hectares instead of 30...40 hectares when working on old maps, increase the CFI by 2...3%, reduce the time for filling cards to 2...3 days instead of 5...7 days, speed up the discharge of water from cards by 2...2.5 times.

RICE CELLS - standing reservoirs built for growing rice, the water in which is retained by earthen rollers 30-40 cm high; The depth of water in the checks usually does not exceed 12-15 cm and lingers in them during the rice growing season. A characteristic feature of checks is high water heating during the day and rapid cooling at night (temperature changes sometimes reach 20-25°C or more). Hydrobiocenoses of rice paddies are represented by phytoplankton (diatoms, desmidiaceae, conjugates, blue-green algae), zooplankton (lower crustaceans, rotifers, some protozoa), zoobenthos (ciliates, oligochaetes, mollusks, chironomid larvae), and periphyton.

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