Aphorisms Nobel Prize is a life preserver that
thrown to the swimmer when he has already safely reached
shores. "George Bernau"
The Nobel Prize is a ticket to your own funeral.
No one ever accomplished anything after receiving it.
"Thomas Eliot"
There is no such idiotic proposal that failed
to collect a dozen signatures of Nobel laureates. "Daniel
Greenberg"

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Analysis

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In 1889, a dark incident occurred that left a deep imprint on Alfred's soul. One of the journalists confused Alfred Nobel with his recently deceased brother Ludwig. In his own obituary, Alfred was called a merchant of death. It is believed that this event prompted Alfred Nobel to decide to leave something more valuable than dynamite after his death. On November 27, 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his will.

Nobel's will provided for the allocation of funds for awards to representatives of only five fields: · Physics · Chemistry · Physiology and medicine · Literature · Promoting world peace. The first Nobel Prize laureate, physicist Wilhelm Conrad

The Nobel Foundation was created in 1900 as a private independent non-governmental organization, with initial capital SEK 31.6 million (at current prices this amount is equivalent to approximately SEK 1.65 billion). As of today, the premium is approximately $1.4 million.

Nobel Dinner The first Nobel banquet took place on December 10, 1901, simultaneously with the first presentation of the prize. A person is invited to the banquet. Dress code: tailcoats and evening dresses.

To select candidates for the Prize in Literature, submissions are sent from specialists in the field of literature and linguistics - members of academies and societies. When deciding the fate of the Literature Prize, the 18 members of the Swedish Academy make a decision based on a proposal from the Nobel Committee. The 2011 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Swedish writer Thomas Tranströmer.

Department of Periodicals and fiction invites everyone to visit the library and the events that are held for you! We will be glad to see you! From 8.00 to Saturday - from 8.00 to Day off - Sunday Sanitary day - the last Tuesday of every month

Slide 2

NOBEL PRIZES are awarded in accordance with A. Nobel's will, drawn up on November 27, 1895, which provided for the allocation of capital for the award of prizes in five areas: physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and contribution to world peace. For this purpose, the Nobel Foundation was created in 1900 - a private, independent, non-governmental organization with an initial capital of 31 million Swedish crowns. The prize cannot be awarded jointly to more than three people (this was decided in 1968) and can only be awarded posthumously if the applicant was alive at the time the prize was announced (usually in October) but died before 10 December of this year (the decision was made in 1974). Prizes are awarded not by the Nobel Foundation, but by special Nobel committees for each area, each consisting of five people

Slide 3

The first female recipient of the award was Gertie Corey in 1947; Since then, 9 more women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The youngest laureate at the time of receiving the prize was Frederick Banting, awarded it in 1923 at the age of 32. The oldest recipient was 1966 recipient Francis Rose, who was 87 years old at the time of his receipt. The longest-lived Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine is 1986 laureate Rita Levi-Montalcini, who turned 101 in 2010. She is also the longest-lived of all Nobel laureates and the oldest Nobel laureate to date. Most short life went to the 1903 laureate Niels Finsen, who died at 43.

Slide 4

Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel was one of the richest people late XIX V. He made his fortune thanks to the invention of dynamite and the creation of an entire empire for the production of explosives, spanning 20 countries. His brother Ludwig died in 1888. This horrified Alfred so much that he rewrote his will, and now most of his estate - about 9 million dollars - was to be used to annually award five prizes: in literature, for the struggle for peace, and also "for scientific achievements that bring greatest benefit to humanity." They say that Nobel did not like mathematicians because his beloved eloped with one of them.

Slide 5

The amount of the bonus was and remains very high from the very beginning. Today it amounts to 10 million Swedish kronor, or 939 thousand US dollars. Nobel entrusted the awarding of prizes to four organizations: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics and chemistry), the Swedish Academy (literature), the Swedish Karolinska Institute (physiology and medicine), a committee appointed Norwegian Parliament (struggle for peace). The Nobel Prize in Economics is a more recent invention. The status of the Nobel Prize is determined not so much by the significant amount of money as by its prestige. Nobel Prize laureates receive significant support from the state and private organizations, and government officials listen to their opinions.

Slide 6

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

one of the most authoritative scientists in Russia, physiologist, psychologist, creator of the science of higher nervous activity and ideas about the processes of regulation of digestion; founder of the largest Russian physiological school; laureate of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” And the next year, 1904, the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands was awarded to I.P. Pavlov - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

Slide 7

I.P. Pavlov sewed the skin and mucous membranes together in such a way, inserted metal tubes and closed them with plugs, that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract - from the salivary gland to the large intestine, which is exactly what happened he did it on hundreds of experimental animals. He conducted experiments with imaginary feeding (cutting the esophagus so that food did not enter the stomach), thus making a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes for the release of gastric juice. Over the course of 10 years, Pavlov essentially re-created the modern physiology of digestion.

Slide 8

WilhelmConradRoentgen

German physicist. The first Nobel Prize winner in physics. X-ray was an honest and very modest person. When the Prince Regent of Bavaria awarded the scientist a high order for his achievements in science, which gave him the right to a title of nobility and, accordingly, to add the particle “von” to his surname, Roentgen did not consider it possible for himself to lay claim to the title of nobility. Wilhelm accepted the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he, the first physicist, was awarded in 1901, but refused to come to the award ceremony, citing being busy. The award was sent to him by mail. True, when the German government during the First World War asked the population to help the state with money and valuables, Wilhelm Roentgen gave away all his savings, including the Nobel Prize.

Slide 9

Discovery of the rays

The main discovery in his life - X-radiation, he made when he was already 50 years old. On November 8, 1895, when his assistants had already gone home, Roentgen continued to work. He turned on the current again in the cathode tube, covered on all sides with thick black paper. Barium platinocyanide crystals lying nearby began to glow greenish. The scientist turned off the current - the glow of the crystals stopped. When the voltage was reapplied to the cathode tube, the glow in the crystals, which were in no way connected with the device, resumed. As a result of further research, the scientist came to the conclusion that unknown radiation was emanating from the tube, which he later called X-rays. Roentgen's experiments showed that X-rays originate at the point where cathode rays collide with an obstacle inside the cathode tube. The scientist made a tube of a special design - the anti-cathode was flat, which ensured an intense flow of X-rays. Thanks to this tube (it would later be called X-ray), he studied and described the basic properties of previously unknown radiation, which was called X-ray. As it turns out, X-rays can penetrate many opaque materials; however, it is not reflected or refracted. X-ray radiation ionizes the surrounding air and illuminates the photo plates. Roentgen also took the first photographs using X-rays.

Slide 10

The discovery of the German scientist greatly influenced the development of science. Experiments and studies using X-rays helped to obtain new information about the structure of matter, which, together with other discoveries of that time, forced us to reconsider a number of principles of classical physics. After a short period of time, X-ray tubes found application in medicine and various fields of technology. By 1919, X-ray tubes had become widespread and were used in many countries. Thanks to them, new areas of science and technology emerged - radiology, x-ray diagnostics, x-ray measurements, x-ray diffraction analysis, etc.

Slide 11

HeinrichHermannRobert Koch

German microbiologist. He discovered the anthrax bacillus, Vibrio cholera and the tuberculosis bacillus. For his research on tuberculosis he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. In 1905, Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “research and discoveries concerning the treatment of tuberculosis.”

Slide 12

Koch is attempting to find the causative agent of tuberculosis, a widespread disease at that time and a leading cause of death. The proximity of the Charite clinic, filled with tuberculosis patients, makes his task easier - every day, early in the morning, he comes to the hospital, where he receives material for research: a small amount of sputum or a few drops of blood from patients with consumption. However, despite the abundance of material, he still fails to detect the causative agent of the disease. Koch soon realizes that the only way to achieve his goal is with the help of dyes. Unfortunately, ordinary dyes turn out to be too weak, but after several months of unsuccessful work, he still manages to find the necessary substances. Koch stains the crushed tuberculosis tissue of the 271st drug in methyl blue, and then in the caustic red-brown dye used in finishing leather, and discovers tiny, slightly curved, bright blue colored rods - Koch's rods. On March 24, 1882, when he announced that he had isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Koch achieved the greatest triumph of his entire life. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death.

Slide 13

AlexanderFleming

British bacteriologist. He discovered lysozyme (an antibacterial enzyme produced by the human body) and for the first time isolated penicillin from the mold fungi Penicillium notatum - historically the first antibiotic.

Slide 14

the discoveries occurred in the 1920s and were largely accidental. Once, when Fleming had a cold, he sowed mucus from his own nose onto a Petri dish containing bacteria, and after a few days he discovered that in the places where the mucus was applied, the bacteria were destroyed. The first paper on lysozyme was published in 1922. The disorder in Fleming's laboratory once again served him well. In 1928, he discovered that a colony of molds had grown on agar in one of the Petri dishes containing Staphylococcusaureus bacteria. Colonies of bacteria around molds have become transparent due to cell destruction. Fleming managed to isolate the active substance that destroys bacterial cells - penicillin, the work was published in 1929. Fleming underestimated his discovery, believing that it would be very difficult to obtain a medicine. His work was continued by Howard Flory and Ernst Boris Chain, who developed methods for purifying penicillin. Mass production of penicillin began during World War II.

Slide 15

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary embryology, the discoverer of phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, the creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation, the phagocytic theory of immunity, the founder of scientific gerontology. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908).

Slide 16

Mechnikov's scientific works relate to a number of areas of biology and medicine. In 1866-1886 Mechnikov developed issues of comparative and evolutionary embryology, being one of the founders of this direction. He proposed an original theory of the origin of multicellular animals. Having discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis in 1882, he developed, on the basis of his study, the comparative pathology of inflammation (1892), and later the phagocytic theory of immunity (“Immunity in infectious diseases” - 1901; Nobel Prize - 1908, together with P. Ehrlich). Mechnikov’s numerous works on bacteriology are devoted to the epidemiology of cholera, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Mechnikov, together with E. Roux, was the first to experimentally cause syphilis in monkeys (1903).

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Economists - Nobel laureates

Nobel Prize in Economics, officially Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel(Swede. Sveriges Riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne) - a prize established by the Bank of Sweden in memory of Alfred Nobel and awarded for achievements in economic sciences. It is the most prestigious award in the field of economics. Unlike other prizes awarded at the Nobel laureate awards ceremony, this prize is not the legacy of Alfred Nobel.

Established in 1969. At the end of 2010, 67 economists had been awarded the prize.

The winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics is announced on October 12. The award ceremony takes place in Stockholm on December 10 each year.

According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates:

members Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ;

members of the committee for the A. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics;

laureates of the A. Nobel Prize in economics;

permanently working professors of relevant disciplines at universities and universities in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway;

heads of relevant departments of at least six universities or institutes selected by the Academy of Sciences;

other scientists from whom the Academy deems it necessary to accept proposals.

Decisions regarding the selection of teachers and scientists referred to in points 5 and 6 must be made annually before the end of September.

The process of selecting the winner of the next award will include the following stages:

The Nobel Committee sends about 3,000 standard forms to be filled out by famous scientists whom the Nobel Foundation has deemed worthy to participate in the election of the prize laureate (September of the year preceding the presentation of the prize).

The Nobel Committee processes the already completed forms received (the deadline for receipt is January 31) and selects candidates mentioned at least several times (usually 250-350 scientists) (February).

The Nobel Committee invites specially selected experts to evaluate the works of candidates for the prize (March - May).

The Nobel Committee compiles a communication to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences based on feedback received from experts. The message is signed by all committee members (June - August)

The Nobel Committee submits its message to the academy; the message is discussed at 2 meetings of the economic section of the academy (September).

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the laureate by majority vote; the choice is considered final and not subject to discussion; The winner of the award is announced (October).

The laureate receives the prize at a ceremony in Stockholm along with laureates in other sciences (December 10).

List of laureates.

Interesting Facts

The first and only woman to date to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics is Elinor Ostrom, winner in 2009.

The average age of the laureate (at the time of presentation of the prize) is 66.5 years. The youngest person to receive the prize was Kenneth Arrow, the 1972 laureate, who by that time had reached 51 years of age.

The oldest among the recipients was Leonid Gurvits, the 2007 laureate, who by that time had turned 90 years old. Hurwitz also happens to be the oldest recipient of all Nobel Prizes (at the time of award).

The longest living Nobel Prize laureate in economics is 1991 laureate Ronald Coase (born December 29, 1910), who has now reached 100 years of age.

The shortest life belonged to the 1975 laureate Leonid Kantorovich, who died at 74 years old.

Jean Tirol (1953)

Education

He graduated from the Polytechnic School in 1973, and in 1978 he completed a master's degree at the National School of Bridges and Roads. He received his PhD in discrete mathematics from the University of Paris IX - Dauphine in 1978, and his PhD in economic theory from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1981.

Scientific activity

From 1981 to 1984 he worked as a research assistant at the National School of Bridges and Roads, in 1984-1991. - Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
WITH 1992 works as the scientific director of the Institute of Industrial Organization Theory at the University of Toulouse 1 Capitol, while remaining a guest professor. Visiting Professor) Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Administrative activities

Since 1995, he has been a part-time director of science at the Higher School of Social Sciences.

Since 2007 he has been director of the Toulouse School of Economics ( Toulouse School of Economics).

Social activity

1998 - President of the Econometric Society.

2001 - President of the European Economic Association.

In 1999-2006 and since 2008 - member of the Economic Council under the Prime Minister of France

Angus Stewart Deaton (English) Angus Stewart Deaton; genus. 19 October 1945 in Edinburgh, Scotland ) - British and American economist . Professor of Economics and international relations Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairsand Faculty of EconomicsPrinceton University. Laureate Nobel Prize in Economics(2015 ) "for his analysis of consumption, poverty and welfare."

He received his BA (1967) and MA (1971), and PhD (1974) degrees from the University of Cambridge.

In 1967-1968 worked at the Bank of England.

In 1976-1983 Professor of Econometrics at the University of Bristol.

In 1979-1980 - Visiting Professor, Professor at Princeton University since 1983.

Member of the Econometric Society. In 1978 he was the first to receive the Frisch Medal of the Econometric Society.

In 2009, president of the American Economic Association, vice president in 2004-2005, member of the executive committee (1997-2000). Member of the American Philosophical Society (2014).

Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992), corresponding member of the British Academy (2001), corresponding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2010).

Honorary Doctorate in Economics from the University of Cyprus (2012), Honorary Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh (2011), University of St. Andrews (2008), University College London (2007).

• A history teacher
• Zhiganova V.B.

• Who is Alfred Nobel?

• Alfred Nobel was born in
• Sweden, in the family
• talented inventor
• Emmanuel Nobel. When he was 9 years old, his father moved him to St. Petersburg, where Alfred studied at the university with Professor N.I. Zinin.

• Family business

• Nobel enterprises played big role in the construction of a steam military fleet in Russia. “When the government entrusted M.I. Putilov with the construction of 100 gunboats and 14 corvettes, he turned to Emmanuil Emmanuilovich, and in the first year the Nobel plant manufactured mechanisms for the corvettes “Volk”, “Vol” and “Vepr”. Several ships built with the participation of the Nobel company, they served until World War 1, that is, almost 60 years.It was for this that Emmanuel Nobel was awarded the Imperial Gold Medal.

• The Nobels invested their talent and hard work, their capital in Russia for many decades. Isn’t this the best example for current investors and entrepreneurs - foreign and domestic, who are ready today to develop not “black”, but “pure” capitalism for their own benefit and for the benefit of Russia?

• Nobel's will

• At the end of 1895, Alfred allocated only 6% of all his savings to himself, and for the remaining 94%, which amounted to £1,687,837 pounds sterling, he established his own Nobel Prize. Today his net worth is estimated at US$472 million, which is about twice what it was in 1895 (taking into account huge and long-lasting inflation). They are awarded to those who have made the most significant discoveries for humanity in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, as well as to the author of the best work of literature. There is also a peace prize for those who contributed to international understanding or arms reduction.

• What is the ceremony for presenting the award?

• The ceremony takes place every year
• on the day of Alfred's death -
• December 10, which
• we call it Nobel Day.
• This happens in the very
• the heart of Stockholm - in Concert Hall
• the hall where the king is
• Sweden is presented by Carl XVI Gustav
• awards to laureates.

• Who wins the Nobel Prize? Scientists in what fields of science can become a laureate?