Methods of international trade. Presentation on the topic "regulation of international trade" presentation for a lesson on the topic Presentation on the topic of world trade

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Topic 3. REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade activities financial methods export promotion International trade liberalization and GATT/WTO Customs union: a form of economic integration

Question 1. Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade State regulation foreign trade is a set of methods and tools used by the state to influence interstate economic relations in its national interests directions: carrying out a protectionist trade policy of a free trade policy.

Question 1. Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade Protectionism is a policy of using restrictions aimed at making it difficult for foreign goods, services, capital, work force to the domestic market in order to weaken foreign competition on it An external manifestation of protectionism is a positive trade balance

Question 1 Foreign trade policy: protectionism and free trade Argument for a protectionist regime Protecting the national economy Argument about youthful industry Argument about aging industry Argument about tax collection Argument about redistribution of income Employment argument

Question 1 Foreign trade policy: protectionism and free trade Argument for a protectionist regime Argument about foreign economic relations Argument about balance of trade Argument about sanctions Argument about independence from other countries (energy) Argument about national defense Argument about strategic advantage Exchange conditions argument

Question 1. Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade Disadvantages of protectionism: Conservation of technological backwardness Difficulty in identifying industries that are promising for a given country Rising prices, which, with high elasticity of demand, reduces government revenues Difficulty in identifying industries on which the country's security depends Protectionism has a certain multiplier effect Protectionism hurts the economic interests of consumers The national economy fails to make optimal use of the advantages of international specialization

Question 1. Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade Types of protectionism: Sectoral protectionism Hidden protectionism Selective protectionism Integration protectionism

Question 1. Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade The policy of free trade is the policy of removing restrictions in international trade in order to intensify international economic relations Pros of free trade: Stimulates competition processes Allows international trade to be carried out in accordance with the law of comparative competitive advantage Creates opportunities for the use of international specialization Contributes to expanding the boundaries of the market

Question 1. Foreign trade policy: protectionism and freedom of trade State foreign trade policy is carried out through the use of economic and administrative methods of regulating foreign trade activities Instruments state regulation: Customs tariff instruments Quasi-tariff instruments Monetary and financial instruments Market duties State monopoly on foreign trade Establishment of technical barriers Quotas for foreign trade operations Licensing

Question 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Customs duty - special kind payment collected by the state when importing goods into the customs territory of the country or exporting goods from the customs territory of the country

Issue 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Customs tariffs are built on the basis of commodity classifiers The most common classifier of goods is the Harmonized System for the Description and Coding of Goods (entered into force on January 1, 1988) Principles for the formation of a customs tariff: as the product moves from raw material to finished products, i.e. depending on the degree of processing

Question 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities The main functions of customs duties are: Fiscal Protectionist Restrictive

Question 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Classification of customs duties By method of collection: ad valorem (percentage of the customs value) specific (in a fixed amount) Combined By origin: autonomous conventional preferential

Issue 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities customs duties: Anti-dumping customs duties Dumping - the practice of exporting goods at prices significantly lower than those at which the goods are sold on the domestic market Countervailing customs duties (neutralize foreign export subsidies) Seasonal customs duties

Question 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Quasi-tariff regulatory instruments - regulatory measures that are not customs duties, but are considered as measures similar in nature to customs duties (port, customs fees, etc.) Indirect taxes that are levied on imports ( VAT, excises) The levy of indirect taxes aims to level the playing field for foreign and domestic goods.

Question 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activity The economic role of import duties B economic literature there is the concept of an economically large and economically small country, depending on the magnitude of the demand for imported goods. A country is considered large if a change in its demand for imports leads to a change in world prices

Question 2. Tariff regulation of foreign trade activities long term Protectionism has a negative effect on the country's economy. This is manifested in the following: consumers bear the brunt of it saving jobs in supported industries is accompanied by their loss in other sectors of the economy trade wars occur damage to companies whose development depends on imports there are always opportunities to circumvent protective barriers

Question 3. Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade activities According to the most common classification of non-tariff measures adopted by the UN, they are divided into three categories: exports, etc.) Measures related to administrative formalities (technical standards and regulations, packaging requirements, etc.) Measures that are not directly aimed at restricting imports or promoting exports, but that have the same effect ( policy public procurement)

Question 3. Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Contingent - measures of state regulation that limit the volume of specific goods allowed for import or export of a specific product during a certain period of time. imposition of an embargo Licensing - the issuance of permits for the export or import of goods in prescribed quantities for a certain period of time Voluntary export restrictions (VRE) - this is a type of export quota

Question 3. Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade activities modern conditions To protect the domestic market, states use methods of hidden protectionism: Technical barriers Internal taxes and fees Public procurement policy Inclusion of a certain proportion of local components in the final product being created

Question 3. Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade activities Choice of remedies: non-tariff barriers are gradually replacing trade duties. Causes: Bypassing WTO principles The effect of disguised measures The effect of confidence The effect of control The effect of obtaining monopoly rent The effect of rising prices due to increased demand

Question 3. Non-tariff regulation of foreign trade activity The choice of means of non-tariff protection: quotas or voluntary restrictions on exports? Voluntary restriction exports provides the following benefits: Circumvention of WTO rules Discrimination of supplier countries The secret aspect of restriction The interest of the exporting country in obtaining rent

Question 4. Financial methods of export promotion Financial methods of export promotion aimed at reducing the cost of exported goods and thereby increasing its competitiveness in the world market (subsidies, loans and dumping) World Trade Organization (WTO) use of export subsidies is prohibited By their nature, subsidies are: Direct Indirect Countervailing duties are used in response

Question 4. Financial methods of export promotion Export support through dumping is a method of promoting goods on foreign market by lowering prices below normal levels. State services are widely used, such as export promotion through the mechanism of credit insurance, provision of preferential loans to enterprises and necessary information.

Question 5. Liberalization of international trade and GATT/WTO The specifics of the implementation of trade policy in the framework of the country's participation in multilateral mechanisms is as follows: Requires consideration of the country's interests in relations with all member states of the relevant agreements. It is necessary to link the interests of the country in trade in various goods and even in various sectors of the economy Multilateral mechanisms for regulating trade almost always have a more complex and developed international legal framework Aimed at achieving long-term economic and political goals

Question 5. Liberalization of international trade and GATT/WTO Creation of GATT/WTO the first meeting of the conference (preparation of the charter of the HTO, negotiations on a general agreement on multilateral fee reductions, consolidation general provisions on obligations in the field of customs policy - the basis of GATT - the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) In 1948, 20 countries signed a protocol to an agreement on the reduction of duties In 1995, on the basis of GATT, the World trade Organization(WTO)

Question 5. International trade liberalization and GATT/WTO GATT principles: 1. Non-discrimination between trading partners. GATT contains a clause on: most favored nation treatment - the principle of non-discrimination at the customs border national treatment - granting foreign goods the same conditions in the field of taxes and fees as national goods 2. Reciprocity of tariff concessions. 3. Publicity of trade policy. Exceptions also play an important role. general principles. For example: a country is allowed to apply trade restrictions if imports cause significant damage to local production.

Question 5. International Trade Liberalization and GATT/WTO By the mid-1990s, two circumstances had undermined the role of GATT in organizing international trade: Gradual weakening of multilateral agreements under the influence of most favored nation treatment. In 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was created to compensate for the shortcomings of the GATT, which was poorly adapted to the needs of developing countries. The principle of this system is to encourage exports from developing countries to developed countries through the almost complete elimination of customs duties without reciprocity and MFN status Strengthening non-tariff barriers (especially in trade in agricultural commodities, textiles, automobiles and iron and steel products)

Question 5. International Trade Liberalization and GATT/WTO Uruguay Round of Negotiations (1986-1994): 38% reduction in customs duties on goods imported by developed countries, up to an average of 3.9% Creation of the World Trade Organization, which was endowed with broad powers, which should make unilateral application of trade sanctions more difficult. certain types services was included in the GATT agreements

Issue 5. Liberalization of international trade and GATT / WTO Structure and composition of the WTO At the time of its creation, the WTO included 125 countries of the world, providing over 90% of world trade. Currently, the WTO unites about 150 countries, more than 30 states have observer status in the WTO The supreme body of the WTO - Ministerial Conference Between ministerial conferences, the governing body is the General Council, which reports to: Council for Goods Council for Services Council for Trade Aspects of Intellectual Property Issues

Question 6. Customs Union: a form of economic integration American economist J. Wiener in 1950 defined the customs union as an international organization that satisfies the following conditions: Cancellation of customs duties between members of the union; Introduction of uniform customs duties on imports from third countries; Agreed redistribution of customs revenues between member countries of the union.

Question 6. Customs Union: a form of economic integration A customs union is a form of economic integration of several states. Depending on the level of integration, five types of economic cooperation can be distinguished: Association Free Trade Area Customs Union Common Market economic union According to the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the European Economic Community was a customs union, which gradually transformed into a common market and economic union.

Question 6. Customs union: a form of economic integration Combining countries into a customs union leads to a number of consequences: The effect of the formation of an exchange is associated with an improvement in the distribution of resources The effect of a shift in the direction of exchange worsens this distribution of resources

Question 6. Customs union: a form of economic integration Conclusions: The higher the initial tariffs between the members of the union, the greater the increase in exchange will be The lower the common customs duties for other countries, the less pronounced the shift in exchange to a greater extent, the creation of the exchange will prevail over its displacement


International trade What is international trade? International trade is a system of international commodity-money relations, consisting of foreign trade of all countries of the world. International trade arose in the process of the emergence of the world market in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Its development is one of important factors development of the world economy of modern times. The term international trade was first used in the 12th century by the Italian economist Antonio Margaretti, the author of the economic treatise The Power of the Masses in Northern Italy. Benefits of participating in international trade:

  • intensification of production process in national economies is a consequence of strengthening specialization, creating opportunities for the emergence and development of mass production, increasing the degree of workload of equipment, and increasing the efficiency of introducing new technologies;
  • an increase in export deliveries entails an increase in employment;
  • international competition necessitates the improvement of enterprises;
  • export earnings serve as a source of capital accumulation aimed at industrial development.
Classical theories of international trade. Mercantilism Mercantilism is a system of views of economists of the XV-XVII centuries, focused on the active intervention of the state in economic activity. Representatives of the direction: Thomas Maine, Antoine de Montchretien, William Stafford. The term was proposed by Adam Smith, who criticized the works of the mercantilists. Basic provisions:
  • the need to maintain an active trade balance of the state (excess of exports over imports);
  • recognition of the benefits of attracting gold and other precious metals to the country in order to increase its well-being;
  • money is an incentive for trade, since it is believed that an increase in the mass of money increases the volume of the mass of commodities;
  • welcome protectionism aimed at importing raw materials and semi-finished products and exporting finished products;
  • restriction on the export of luxury goods, as it leads to the leakage of gold from the state.
Adam Smith's Absolute Advantage Theory The real wealth of a country consists of the goods and services available to its citizens. If any country can produce this or that product more and cheaper than other countries, then it has an absolute advantage. Some countries may produce goods more efficiently than others. The country's resources flow into profitable industries, as the country cannot compete in unprofitable industries. This leads to an increase in the productivity of the country, as well as the qualification of the workforce; long periods of production homogeneous products provide incentives for the production of more effective methods work. Natural Benefits:
  • climate;
  • territory;
  • resources.
    • Acquired advantages: production technology, that is, the ability to produce a variety of products.
David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage Specializing in the production of a product with the greatest comparative advantage is advantageous even if there is no absolute advantage. A country should specialize in exporting the goods in which it has the largest absolute advantage (if it has an absolute advantage in both goods) or the smallest absolute disadvantage (if it has an absolute advantage in neither). Specialization in certain types of goods is beneficial for each of these countries and leads to an increase in total production, trade is motivated even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods over another country. An example in this case is the exchange of English cloth for Portuguese wine, which benefits both countries... The Heckscher-Ohlin theory According to this theory, a country exports a good for the production of which a relatively surplus factor of production is intensively used, and imports goods for the production of which it experiencing a relative shortage of factors of production. The necessary conditions existence:
  • countries participating in international exchange have a tendency to export those goods and services for the manufacture of which they use mainly production factors that are in excess, and, conversely, a tendency to import those products for which there is a shortage of any factors;
  • the development of international trade leads to the equalization of "factor" prices, that is, the income received by the owner of this factor;
  • it is possible, given sufficient international mobility of factors of production, to replace the export of goods by the movement of the factors themselves between countries.
Michael Porter's Theory This theory introduces the concept of a country's competitiveness. It is national competitiveness, according to Porter, that determines the success or failure in specific industries and the place that the country occupies in the world economy. National competitiveness is determined by the ability of the industry. At the core of the explanation competitive advantage The role of the home country lies in stimulating renewal and improvement (that is, in stimulating the production of innovations). State measures to stay competitive:
  • government impact on factor conditions;
  • government influence on demand conditions;
  • government impact on related and supporting industries;
  • government influence on the strategy, structure and rivalry of firms.
Rybchinsky's theorem The theorem states that if the value of one of the two factors of production grows, then in order to maintain the prices of goods and factors constant, it is necessary to increase the production of those products in which this increased factor is intensively used, and to reduce the production of the rest of the products that intensively use the fixed factor. factor. In order for the prices of goods to remain constant, the prices of factors of production must remain unchanged. The prices of factors of production can only remain constant if the ratio of the factors used in the two industries remains constant. In the case of an increase in one factor, this can only happen if there is an increase in production in the industry in which this factor is intensively used, and a decrease in production in another industry, which will lead to the release of a fixed factor that will become available for use along with a growing factor in an expanding industry. . Theory of Samuelson and Stolper In the middle of the XX century. (1948), American economists P. Samuelson and W. Stolper improved the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, imagining that in the case of the homogeneity of production factors, the identity of technology, perfect competition and full mobility of goods, international exchange equalizes the price of factors of production between countries. The authors base their concept on the Ricardian model with the additions of Heckscher and Ohlin and consider trade not just as a mutually beneficial exchange, but also as a means to reduce the gap in the level of development between countries. Leontief's paradox The essence of the paradox is that the share of capital-intensive goods in exports will grow, while the share of labor-intensive goods will decrease. Product life cycle Some products go through a five-stage cycle:
  • product development. The company finds and implements new idea goods. During this time, sales are zero and costs rise.
  • bringing the product to market. No profit due to high marketing costs, slow growth in sales
  • fast market conquest, profit increase
  • maturity. Sales growth is slowing down, as the bulk of consumers have already been attracted. The level of profit remains unchanged or decreases due to an increase in the cost of marketing activities to protect the product from competition
  • decline. Decreased sales and reduced profits.
Dynamics of development of international trade C early XIX V. before 1914 the volume of world trade had grown almost a hundred times. Since the second half of the 20th century, when international exchange, according to M. Pebro’s definition, acquires an “explosive character”, world trade is developing at a high pace. The WTO states that in recent decades the volume of world trade has been growing much faster than the entire world production. So, for 1950-2000. world trade grew 20 times, and production - 6 times. In 1999, total exports amounted to 26.4% of world production, compared with 8% in 1950. In the period 1950-1998. world exports grew 16 times. According to Western experts, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be characterized as a "golden age" in the development of international trade. Dynamics of development of international trade In the 70s, world exports fell to 5%, decreasing even more in the 80s. In the late 80s, he showed a noticeable revival. Since the second half of the 20th century, the uneven dynamics of foreign trade has manifested itself. In the 90s Western Europe- the main center of international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than those of the United States. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to emerge as a leader in terms of competitiveness. In the same period, it was joined by the "new industrial countries" of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan. However, by the mid-1990s, the United States was once again taking a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Dynamics of development of international trade Before the crisis of 2007-2008, on average, world trade grew by 6% annually during the 1990-2000s. The export of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion US dollars. The share of the group of goods is 80%, and services 20% of the total volume of trade in the world. The annual turnover of trade in goods and raw materials by 2012 is about $20 trillion. According to the UNCTAD report (2013), the growth rate of world trade in goods and services after their quick recovery in 2010 decreased again to 5% in 2011 and to less than 2% in 2012. At the present stage, international trade plays an important role in the economic development of countries, regions, the entire world community:
  • foreign trade has become a powerful factor in economic growth;
  • the dependence of countries on international trade has increased significantly.
  • The main factors affecting the growth of international trade:
  • development of the international division of labor and internationalization of production;
  • activities of transnational corporations.
Incoterms
  • INCOTERMS are international rules recognized by government agencies, law firms and merchants around the world as an interpretation of the most applicable terms in international trade. The scope of Incoterms extends to the rights and obligations of the parties under the contract of sale in terms of the supply of goods. Each Incoterm term is a three-letter abbreviation. There are different editions of Incoterms (2000, 2005, 2010). Their application is optional at the choice of the parties to the contract.
Features of pricing Pricing in international trade depends on a large number factors:
  • place and time of sale of goods;
  • relationship between seller and buyer;
  • terms of a commercial transaction;
  • the nature of the market;
  • sources of price information.
    • World prices are called a special kind of prices in international trade - the prices of the most important (large, systematic and stable) export or import transactions made on normal commercial terms in the main centers of international trade by well-known exporting firms and importers of the relevant products.
Features of pricing The final cost of the goods is formed from:
  • manufacturer's prices;
  • the cost of translation services;
  • the cost of legal support of the transaction;
  • cost of production control (product inspection);
  • transportation costs;
  • the amount of payments to the budget (customs payments, VAT, etc.);
  • commissions of intermediaries organizing the import of products.
Organizations A number of international and public organizations are involved in the regulation of world trade. In 1966, in order to promote the development of international trade law, the UN Commission on International Trade Law was established - a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly. In 1995, a global international organization in the field of international trade rules, the World Trade Organization (WTO), was founded. The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental organization whose activities are aimed at developing international cooperation. Forums are held in Davos. About 1,000 members of the World Economic Forum (WEF) large companies and organizations from different countries the world, including from Russia. Trade Freedom Rating Starting in 2008, the WEF report on the status and promotion of world trade is published. Part of the report is a ranking of countries according to the degree of favorable conditions for the movement of goods and investments across borders. According to the 2009 report, the first place in the list of 121 countries was shared by Singapore and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. The last places in the rating are occupied by Venezuela, Côte d'Ivoire and Chad. Russia ranked 109th in terms of the integral indicator and 113th in terms of the accessibility of external and domestic markets.

"International Relations" - Russia's foreign policy has changed many times. The role of Russia in modern international relations. International relationships play an increasingly important role in people's lives. E.M.Primakov. “A world without Russia? Foreign policy of N.S. Khrushchev. The ability to analyze foreign policy trends contributes to the understanding of global processes in the economy.

"International organizations" - 6. Functions of international organizations. Institutionalization of activities financing decision-making process management, administration of the organization. Lecture questions. History of creation and development of international organizations (IO). main areas of activity. The concept of the international regime. 6. Functions of international organizations.

"International trade" - Customs border. direct transit. Subject, method, tasks and organization of WES statistics. World export of services is estimated at about 4 trillion. dollars. Foreign trade statistics is an integral and main part of WEC statistics. The main participants in international trade are economically the developed countries(over 60%).

"World trade" - 5. Intra-industry trade reflects the differentiation of similar goods. Exports of technologically low-intensity products (the share of R&D costs is less than 1%) increased 14 times. Main exporters of goods: USA, Germany, Japan, France, China. Export of technologically high-capacity products (more than 10%) - 14 times.

"Courses 1C Trade Management" - If you are the head of an enterprise, then we will teach you how to use tools that allow: We will tell you about the work of 1C "Trade Management" with a different number of computers. What you will get by coming to us: The list of knowledge that will be open to you is extensive!). Our classes are grouped by topic and implemented in the form of practical exercises.

"Wholesale and retail trade" - Supply chain management: optimizes the process of procurement, production and distribution of goods. Wholesale functions. Marketing solutions in wholesale trade. 4) Transportation: railway transport water air automobile pipeline. Does the intermediary take ownership of the goods?


























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Presentation on the topic: international trade

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International trade is a system of international commodity-money relations, consisting of the foreign trade of all countries of the world. It arose in the process of the birth of the world market in the 16th-18th centuries. the term was first used in the 12th century by the Italian economist Antonio Margaretti, the author of the economic treatise The Power of the Masses in Northern Italy.

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Advantages of participating in international trade intensification of the production process increased specializationcreation of opportunities for the emergence and development of mass productionincrease in the efficiency of the introduction of new technologiesincrease in employment; international competition necessitates the improvement of enterprises; export earnings serve as a source of capital accumulation aimed at industrial development.

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Classical theories of international trade Mercantilism is a system of views of economists of the XV-XVII centuries, focused on the active intervention of the state in economic activity. Representatives of the direction: Thomas Maine, William Stafford. The term was proposed by Adam Smith, who criticized the writings of the mercantilists. Main provisions: the need to maintain an active trade balance of the state (excess of exports over imports); recognition of the benefits of attracting gold and other precious metals to the country in order to increase its well-being; money is an incentive for trade, since it is believed that an increase in the mass of money increases the volume of commodity mass; welcome protectionism aimed at importing raw materials and semi-finished products and exporting finished products; restriction on the export of luxury goods, as it leads to the leakage of gold from the state.

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Adam Smith's Absolute Advantage Theory The real wealth of a country consists of the goods and services available to its citizens. If any country can produce this or that product more and cheaper than other countries, then it has an absolute advantage. Some countries may produce goods more efficiently than others. Natural advantages: climate; territory; resources. Acquired advantages: production technology, that is, the ability to produce a variety of products.

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David Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Advantage Even when a country has no absolute advantage in anything, trade can be profitable. the law of comparative advantage - it is more profitable for each country to produce and export those goods in the manufacture of which the productivity of labor at its enterprises exceeds the productivity of labor at similar enterprises in other countries. The difference in production costs arises as a result of differences in production methods and in the availability of production factors.

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Examples of Comparative Advantage The United States exports aircraft, tractors, wheat, electronic computers, optical instruments, but imports ships, some brands of cars and motorcycles, shoes, and clothing. Great Britain has a comparative advantage in the manufacture of tractors, explosives, paints, woolen and fur goods, but not in the manufacture of steel, synthetic and cotton fabrics, footwear and clothing. Saudi Arabia has a relative advantage in oil production, because it has large deposits. Chile and Zambia can produce copper relatively cheaply.

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This theory introduces the concept of a country's competitiveness. It is national competitiveness that determines success or failure in specific industries and the place that a country occupies in the world economy. National competitiveness is determined by the ability of the industry. At the heart of explaining a country's competitive advantage is the home country's role in stimulating renewal and improvement (that is, in stimulating the production of innovations). Government measures to maintain competitiveness: government influence on factor conditions; government influence on demand conditions; government influence on related and supporting industries; government influence on firm strategy, structure, and competition.

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Since the second half of the 20th century, international exchange has taken on an “explosive character”, and world trade has been developing at a high pace. In the period 1950-1998. world exports grew 16 times, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be described as a "golden age" in the development of international trade. In the 1970s, world exports fell to 5%, falling further in the 1980s. In the late 80s, he showed a noticeable revival. In the 1990s, Western Europe was the main center of international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than those of the United States. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to emerge as a leader in terms of competitiveness. In the same period, it was joined by the "new industrial countries" of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong Taiwan. By the mid-1990s, the United States was once again taking a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Export of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion. USD. The share of the group of goods is 80%, services 20% of the total volume of trade in the world.

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International exchange of goods Export - export of goods from the country for sale or use in other states. Economic efficiency export is determined by the fact that the country exports those products, the production costs of which are lower than the world ones. Import - the importation of foreign goods into the country from abroad. When importing, the country acquires goods, the production of which is currently economically unprofitable. The total amount of exports and imports is the foreign trade turnover with foreign countries.

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In 1966, the UN Commission on International Trade Law was established - a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly. In 1995, a global international organization in the field of international trade rules - the WTO was founded. The World Economic Forum is an international non-governmental organization whose activities are aimed at developing international cooperation. Forums are held in Davos. The members of the World Economic Forum (WEF) are about 1,000 large companies and organizations from around the world, including Russia.

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The structure of exports includes about 4 thousand tons. various kinds products, but goods, which account for the largest volumes, are limited to only 10 positions, including primarily oil, gas, non-ferrous and precious metals, diamonds. The share of fuel and energy resources accounts for about 45% of the total export volume, for ferrous and non-ferrous metals and products from them - 20%, for products chemical industry- 8-10%, for timber and pulp and paper products - about 4%, for machinery, equipment and vehicles- about 10%.

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"Free Trade Area" - a group of countries that have canceled all tariffs in trade among themselves, but have not accepted uniform tariffs in trade with other countries. "Customs Union" - a group of countries that not only abandoned tariffs in trade between themselves, but also introduced a common tariff in relation to other countries. Offshore zones - Finance center attracting foreign capital by providing special tax and other benefits foreign companies registered in the country where the center is located.

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tariffs, or customs duties - taxes on imported goods, expressed as a percentage of their value or as a fixed fee per unit of goods, regardless of its value. Such taxes go to the treasury and are used to cover government spending. By raising the price of goods coming from abroad, tariffs help domestic producers with higher production costs than foreign rivals compete successfully in domestic markets.

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Quotas are a tougher protectionist measure. Assume the establishment of direct quantitative restrictions on imports certain goods. Foreign producers can no longer improve their competitive positions by lowering prices. In addition, when quotas are set, the number of importers is also reduced as a result of limiting the volume of imports. Firms that have secured the right to import under such circumstances receive additional profit, since as a result of the introduction of quotas, there is a shortage of quota goods, and the prices of the domestic market for them exceed the world ones. Thus, quotas often lead to corruption, as bribes may be offered to officials distributing import licenses.

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Subsidies. Tariffs and quotas are set by importing countries to protect national markets from competition with foreign-made goods. However, if domestically produced and exported products begin to lose competitiveness, tariffs and quotas are rendered useless. In such cases, the state sometimes helps national producers strengthen their competitive position by enabling them to sell goods on the world market at prices below the actual cost of production. Such measures allow to increase the volume of exports, however, since such an increase in volume is artificial, the end result is an unsustainable use of resources.

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indirect trade barriers. Such barriers include the customs regime, classification and valuation of goods, technical standards and sanitary requirements, transport policy, public procurement policy, subsidies for exports and consumption of locally produced products, and taxation. Requiring long-term storage of imported goods at the country's borders or other rules that increase the price of goods, such as higher charges for transporting imported goods, government procurement policies predominantly from domestic producers, and taxes on goods produced abroad, restrict international trade.

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Trade Freedom Rating Since 2008, the WEF has published a report on the status and promotion of global trade. Part of the report is a ranking of countries according to the degree of favorable conditions for the movement of goods and investments across borders. According to the 2010 report, the first place in the list of 121 countries was shared by Singapore and Hong Kong. The last places in the ranking are occupied by Venezuela and Chad. Russia ranked 109th in terms of the integral indicator and 113th in terms of the accessibility of external and internal markets.

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Topics for self-study International exchange technologiesTransport services in the world marketInternational tourismMultinational corporationsEuropean UnionWTOInternational trade of the CIS countriesOffshore zonesInternational trade between developed and developing countries