Slide 2

Sources used:

S. G. Pushkarev, “Review of Russian History” E. V. Anisimov “History of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Events. Dates." www.abc-people.com

Slide 3

Stolypin Peter Arkadevich (1862-1911)

In 1903-06, the Saratov governor led the suppression of peasant unrest in the province during. Since 1906, Minister of the Interior and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Russian Empire. Under the leadership of Stolypin, a number of major bills were developed, including on the reform of local self-government, the introduction of universal primary education, and on religious tolerance. In 1911, he was mortally wounded by D. G. Bogrov (he was associated with anarchists and other extreme left groups). Operating principles: calm and reform. “Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today’s Russia.” “You need great upheavals, but we need a great Russia.” I bet on the lower classes.

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The first stage is the abolition of serfdom. Doesn't lead to progress private property: the planting of communal structures in the countryside is contrary to free peasant property. The concept of Stolypin's reforms is the path to the development of a mixed, multi-structure economy - state forms farms compete with collective and private ones.

Slide 5

The main goals of the reform:

Solving the problem of peasant land shortage Central Russia Overcoming the backwardness of the village - eliminating feudal-serfdom remnants (destruction of the community). Creation of a social support for the autocracy - peasant owners, farmers (farmers, Otrubniks). Elimination of social tension.

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Components of the program:

the transition to farms and cuts, the use of cooperation, the development of land reclamation, the organization of cheap credit for peasants, the resettlement of peasants to underdeveloped territories, the formation of an agricultural party that would represent the interests of the small landowner.

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Destruction of the community and development of private property.

The Decree of November 9, 1906 proclaimed the predominance of the fact of sole ownership of land over the legal right to use it. *(Peasants receive the right to leave the community with land.) Cuts, farms. In order to avoid land speculation and concentration of property - limiting the size of individual land ownership, selling land to non-peasants is allowed.

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Law of June 5, 1912 - permission to issue a loan secured by any allotment land acquired by peasants. The development of various forms of credit: mortgage, reclamation, agricultural, land management - contributed to the intensification of market relations in the countryside. In 1907 - 1915 25% of householders declared separation from the community, but 20% actually separated - 2008.4 thousand householders. New forms of land tenure became widespread: farms and cuts. On January 1, 1916, there were already 1221.5 thousand of them.

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P.A. Stolypin inspects farm gardens near Moscow in April 1910.

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P. A. Stolypin visiting the kulak.

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Peasant Bank.

Active purchase and sale of land to peasants on preferential terms. Increasing and reducing the cost of credit. * The bank paid more interest on its obligations than the peasants paid it. The difference in payment was covered by subsidies from the budget. The Bank actively influenced the forms of land ownership: for peasants who acquired land as their sole property, payments were reduced. * Until 1906, the bulk of land buyers were peasant collectives; by 1913, 79.7% of buyers were individual peasants.

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Relocation of peasants to Siberia.

By decree of March 10, 1906, everyone was given the right to resettle. Allocation of funds for the resettlement of migrants in new places, for their medical care and public needs, for the construction of roads. In 1906-1913, 2792.8 thousand people moved beyond the Urals. 12% of the migrants were unable to adapt.

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Results: A huge leap in the economic and social development of Siberia. *The population of this region increased by 153% during the years of colonization.

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Russian settlers in the Samarkand province of the Turkestan general governorship.

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“On the road...the death of a migrant”

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Cooperative movement.

Credit cooperation is spreading. Qualified personnel of small loan inspectors are being created, significant loans are being issued through state banks for initial loans to credit partnerships - the government has stimulated the cooperative movement. Rural credit partnerships, accumulating their own capital, developed independently.

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Results. A wide network of small peasant credit institutions, savings and loan banks and credit partnerships serving money circulation is being created peasant farms. Credit relations gave a strong impetus to the development of production, consumer and marketing cooperatives. Peasants on a cooperative basis created artels, agricultural societies, consumer shops, etc.

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Agricultural activities.

Providing large-scale agro-economic assistance. Creation of agro-industrial services for peasants, who organized training courses on cattle breeding and dairy production, the introduction of progressive forms of agricultural production. Progress of the system of out-of-school agricultural education

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Main events:

1. The right to leave the peasant community. 2. Equalization of peasants in civil rights with other classes. 3. Peasants received the right to allotment of land as personal property in one place. Cut - a plot of land allocated from communal land into individual peasant ownership. Khutor is an isolated peasant estate on plot of land individual ownership. 4. Creation of a Peasant Bank to support the wealthy peasantry (otrubniks and farmers). 5. To provide the peasants with land, the state gave them part of the state, cabinet, and appanage lands, and facilitated the purchase of land through the Peasant Bank.

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6. Peasants received the right to sell and mortgage allotment lands. 7. Resettlement of land-poor peasants from central regions to state-owned lands in sparsely populated areas of Siberia and the Urals. - the peasants were forgiven of arrears, - they were exempted from paying taxes for 5 years and military service, - they were given interest-free loans, - they were provided with railway tickets, etc.

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Results of the reform.

1. Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land use culture. 2.Growth free work force due to the withdrawal of poor peasants from the community. 3. Development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie. 4. The reform helped partially relieve social tension in the village.

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However, the problems of hunger and agricultural overpopulation were not solved. The country still suffered from technical, economic and cultural backwardness.

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Reform failures.

1. It was not possible to create a broad layer of peasant farmers (10% of the peasants switched to farmsteads and cuts). 2. It was not possible to destroy the peasant community (21% of householders left the community). Of the 10 million peasant farms, 2.5 million have secured their plots as personal property. The rest remained in the community. 3. It was not possible to escape from the shortage of land. 4. More than 3.5 million peasants moved beyond the Urals. Only 1.5 million became peasants on the new lands. About 1 million returned. More than 1 million became workers and farm laborers in new places.

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Reasons for failure.

The exit of peasants from the community did not become massive: 1. The unsuitability of some lands for farm management. 2. Vitality of community orders. 3. Preservation of landownership. Unsuccessful resettlement policy. 1. Insufficiently well-organized move. 2. Diseases. 3. Harsh climatic conditions. 4. Difficulties in mastering new farming techniques. 5. Murder of P.A. Stolypin on September 1, 1911.

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The main reason was the resistance of the peasantry to the implementation of the new agrarian policy, the lack of allocated funds for land management and resettlement, the poor organization of land management work, the rise of the labor movement in 1910-1914.

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Evaluation of the reform.

The reforms were never fully implemented. Their implementation was to be comprehensive, and the maximum effect should be observed in the long term. The assessment of the reform is different in different historical periods: contemporaries: the majority - negatively, the USSR - are forced to agree with the negative assessment given by Lenin, Modern specialists - positively.

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Stolypin's agrarian reform Compiled by: 11th grade student Zhernakova Anastasia

MKOU KhMR secondary school in the village of Nyalinskoye

• The main task of the reform is to create a rich peasantry, imbued with the idea of ​​property and therefore not in need of a revolution, acting as a support for the government.

• Economic aspects of reforms based on the fact that without a normal agrarian foundation, without a prosperous Agriculture Without splashing millions of former peasants and cheap labor from the countryside onto the labor market, Russia's industry will be doomed to a stunted life with constant "feeding" in the form of government orders.

• make peasants full-fledged owners;
• to achieve enhanced industrial growth, supported by the development of the domestic market.

• According to Article 1 of the law of June 14, 1910, “every householder who owns an allotment of land under communal law may at any time demand that the portion of the said land due to him be secured as his personal property.”

• An important instrument for the destruction of the community and the establishment of small private property was credit bank . Through it, the state helped many peasant families acquire land. The bank sold on credit land previously purchased from landowners or owned by the state. At the same time, the loan for an individual farm was half as much as for loans to the community. Between 1905 and 1914 9.5 million hectares of land passed into the hands of peasants in this way.

• by creating a developed infrastructure;
• the peasant also received assistance in the form of seeds, livestock, and equipment - all this could only be used on the farm.
In the “state-peasant” connection, the reseller-trader was excluded.

• opposition from the peasantry;
• lack of allocated funds for land development and resettlement;
• poor organization of land management work.
The main reason was the resistance of the peasantry to the new agrarian policy.

• The reform failed. It achieved neither the economic nor the political goals that were set for it. The village, with its farmsteads and farmsteads, remained as poor as before Stolypin. Although, it is necessary to cite the figures given by G. Popov - they show that some shifts in positive side observed: from 1905 to 1913 the volume of annual purchases of agricultural machinery has increased 2-3 times. Grain production in Russia in 1913 exceeded by a third the volume of grain production in the USA, Canada, and Argentina combined. Russian grain exports reached 15 million tons per year in 1912. Oil was exported to England in an amount twice as large as the cost of the entire annual gold production in Siberia. The surplus of grain in 1916 was 1 billion poods.
• But still, according to Popov, The main task - to make Russia a country of farmers - could not be solved. Most peasants continued to live in the community

Description of the presentation individual slides:

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P.A. Stolypin (1862-1911) P.A. Stolypin was born in 1862 into a noble family. At the age of 22 he graduated from St. Petersburg University. In 1902 he became governor of Grodno, and in 1903 of Saratov. In 1906 he became Minister of the Interior, then Prime Minister. “You need great upheavals, we need a great Russia” “Give the state 20 years of internal and external peace, and you will not recognize today’s Russia”

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Assassination attempt on P.A. Stolypin Explosion on August 12, 1906 at P.A. Stolypin’s dacha on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg: 27 people died; 32 people were wounded (including the daughter and son of P.A. Stolypin)

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Government program (August 24, 1906) “Calming the country” Declaration of martial law in some areas of the country with the introduction of military courts in them In 1906-1910. According to the sentences of military field and military district courts, about 4 thousand people were executed, 26 thousand people were sent to hard labor on political charges “Reforms” Agrarian reform Introduction of freedom of religion Establishment of civil equality Improvement of the living conditions of workers Local government reform Reform of higher and secondary schools Introduction of universal primary education Improvement of material support for public teaching Police reform “Stolypin tie”

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The goal of the agrarian reform is to create a class of landowners as a social support of the autocracy and an opponent of revolutionary movements. economically In socio-political terms, improving the welfare of the peasantry through agricultural development

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The main directions of the agrarian reform Destruction of the community Farm Peasants are private owners of their plot Cut Creation of a land fund from state and imperial lands Widespread construction of rural schools and the involvement of huge masses of the population in the public education system Creation of new forms of land ownership and land use State assistance to peasant farms (creation of the Peasant Bank) Resettlement of peasants Development of peasant cooperation

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The goals of destroying the community of peasants who have become owners of land and are busy with their farming will be difficult for revolutionaries to rebel at. Create a wide layer of small owners and thereby ensure stability in society Changes in village culture Distracting peasants from the idea of ​​seizing and dividing landowners' land

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Slide description:

Farm - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when he leaves the community with relocation from the village to his own plot. Cut - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village. Cooperative - a production or trade-purchasing organization created for joint management farms by several participants or organizations, as well as to make a profit in the interests of all participants in the association Concepts

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Resettlement policy Goals: Easing land hunger in the internal provinces; Remove dissatisfied peasants to the outskirts; Development of empty lands in Siberia Benefits for resettlers: Tax exemption for 5 years; Obtaining ownership of land (5 hectares for the head of the family, 45 hectares for the rest of the family members); Exemption of men from military service Significance: The population of Siberia has increased; Development of empty lands; Creation of strong individual farms Due to poor organization of resettlement policy, 17% of peasants returned back

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Results of the agrarian reform: 2 million peasant households left the community (25-27%); By 1915, the number of farms did not exceed 10% of all peasant farms; An average increase of 10% in sown areas; Increase in grain exports by 35%; Doubling the amount of mineral fertilizers used; Purchases of agricultural machinery by peasants increased 3.5 times; Annual growth rate industrial production were the highest in the world (8.8%); 3 million 40 thousand people moved to Siberia; The settlers reclaimed 30 million acres of virgin land; By the beginning of 1917, there were 63 thousand different cooperatives in Russia; Rural cooperation served 94 million people

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Results and significance of the agrarian reform + - 1. Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land management (grain harvest increased 1.7 times). 2. The growth of free labor due to the exit of poor peasants from the community. 3. Development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie. 4. The beginning of the formation of farms (by 1915, 10% of the peasant economy). 1. The community was not destroyed (25% of peasants). 2. Property stratification of peasants. 3. Negative attitude of the majority of peasants towards private property. 4. Contradiction not only between peasants and landowners, but also within the peasantry. 5. It was not possible to create a broad layer of peasant farmers. 6. The problem of land shortage has not been solved. 7. The resettlement policy did not bring the desired results (0.5 - 1 million people returned).

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Reasons for the incompleteness of the reforms Short time period Resistance from the right and left political forces Complex relationships between the tsar’s entourage and P.A. Stolypin Murder of P.A. Stolypin in September 1911 Beginning I World War Consequences of agrarian reform Acceleration of the process of stratification of the peasantry; Restrictions on the development of capitalism in the countryside have been lifted

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin 1862 – 1911 .

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was born on April 5, 1862 in Dresden, where his mother was visiting relatives. He spent his childhood and early youth mainly in Lithuania. When it was time to study, my parents bought a house in Vilna,

where Peter studied at the Vilna gymnasium. In 1881, Pyotr Arkadyevich, unexpectedly for many, entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where, in addition to physics and mathematics, he enthusiastically studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. It was these sciences, the last among those named, that attracted Stolypin.

In 1885, Stolypin graduated from St. Petersburg Imperial University. His career begins. He was enlisted in the ranks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin- statesman of the Russian Empire. Over the years, he held the posts of district marshal of the nobility in Kovno, governor of Grodno and Saratov, minister of internal affairs, and prime minister.

In Russian history at the beginning of the 20th century, he is known primarily as a reformer and statesman who played a significant role in suppressing the revolution of 1905-1907. In April 1906, Emperor Nicholas II offered Stolypin the post of Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. Soon after this, the government was dissolved along with the State Duma of the first convocation, and Stolypin was appointed as the new prime minister.

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin

On new position, which he held until his death, P.A. Stolypin passed a number of bills. The law on courts-martial adopted by the government on August 19, 1906 toughened punishment for committing serious crimes. Trials in cases of revolutionary terror were carried out within 48 hours, the sentence was carried out within 24 hours. The reason for the introduction of courts-martial was the assassination attempt on Stolypin on August 12, 1906, as a result of which 27 people were killed and 32 were injured, including his son and daughter. He himself miraculously survived. Subsequently, Stolypin was sharply criticized for the harshness of the measures taken.

“To our grief and shame, only execution

few will be prevented by a sea of ​​blood..."

Having headed the executive

power in the midst of revolution,

P. A. Stolypin managed to

relatively short

time frame to withdraw the country from

chaos and provide it

high economic growth

And social development. On

turn of the XIX-XX centuries fast

economic development of Russia

exacerbated the old and spawned

new problems. The most acute

of them still remained

agricultural.

Agrarian reform and its historical necessity

The idea of ​​agrarian reform arose as a result of the revolution of 1905-1907, when agrarian unrest intensified, and the activities of the first three State Dumas. Agrarian unrest reached a particular scale in 1905, and the government barely had time to suppress them. Stolypin at this time was the governor of the Saratov province, where the unrest was especially strong due to crop failure. Having become chairman of the Council of Ministers, Stolypin decided to carry out reforms.

Stolypin agrarian reform is a generalized name for a wide range of activities in the field of agriculture carried out by the Russian government under the leadership of P. A. Stolypin, starting in 1906.

Basic goals

development of capitalist relations in

village, destruction of the community, transfer

peasants land in private

property, establishment of farmsteads and

farms;

The main goals of Stolypin's reform were the following:

resettlement of revolutionary-minded people,

land-poor peasants from the center to

creation of a wide market for

industry;

creating a strong social base

autocracy in the person of a strong

a wealthy peasant;

Events

transition of plots to private

own

Elimination of striped grass

Creation of farms and cuts

Main events:

Community destruction

Creation of a peasant bank in 1912

Mass migration, in which the bulk of the settlers to the east were previously landless or land-poor Russian peasants, but also Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars and even Estonians and Poles

Directions of reform

• destruction of community;
• consolidation of land into private ownership of peasants;
• their complete equation with other classes.

• assistance to peasants through the Peasant Bank for the purchase of state or noble lands;
• creation of farms and cuts;
• the emergence of a highly productive, free farming economy.

The reform was carried out in three directions:

• resettlement of landless or land-poor peasants from the center to the outskirts (Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Far East).

Cut - a plot of land allocated to a peasant upon leaving the community with the preservation of his yard in the village.

Farm - a plot of land allocated to a peasant when he leaves the community and resettles from the village to his own plot.

Reform failures

Failed to create a broad layer of peasant farmers (10% of peasants switched to farms and cuts) .

Failed to destroy the peasant community

(21% of householders left the community) .

Out of 10 million peasant farms, 2.5 million

secured the plot of land as personal property.

The rest remained in the community.

Failures of Stolypin's agrarian reform

It was not possible to escape from the shortage of land.

More than 3.5 million peasants moved beyond the Urals.

Only 1.5 million became peasants on the new lands.

About 1 million returned.

More than 1 million became workers and farm laborers in new places.

Reasons for the failure of the reform

The exit of peasants from the community did not become widespread:

1. Unsuitability of some lands for farming.

2. Vitality of community orders.

3. The war that broke out between farmers and community members.

4. Carrying out reform by administrative methods.

5. Preservation of landownership.

Failed resettlement policy

1. Insufficiently well-organized move.

2. Diseases.

3. Harsh climatic conditions.

4. Difficulties in mastering new farming techniques.

Reasons for the failure of the reform

The reform, of course, was beneficial to wealthy peasants who had the money to create a large farm.

The majority of peasants did not see obvious benefits from the reform.

Even the help of the Peasants' Bank, which gave a large loan for the purchase of land, did not level the situation.

The peasant who took out the loan often went bankrupt and lost his land. Nevertheless, during the period from 1907 to 1914, 26% of the peasant households left the community and took the land, that is, more than a quarter of the community members.

10.5% of the households went to cuts and farms, and 11.7% of the peasants sold their land and left for the city.

The landownership was preserved, the rural community was not destroyed, the majority of the peasants cultivated the land with primitive tools.

About 500 thousand IDPs returned to their former place of residence out of more than 3.5 million people

The reform did not resolve the main contradictions in the countryside.

The Stolypin reform marked the beginning of private ownership of land by a huge mass of peasants.

The influx of bankrupt peasants into the city increased the labor market, and the demand for agricultural products increased. This contributed to the development of industry and trade.

In general, the reform contributed to the development of capitalism in Russia.

The results and significance of the agrarian reform

Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land use culture.

The growth of a free labor force due to the exit of poor peasants from the community.

The significance of the reform

Development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie.

The reform helped partially relieve social tension in the village.

Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin

Among his personal character traits, his fearlessness was especially highlighted by his contemporaries. 11 assassination attempts were planned and carried out on Stolypin. During the last one, committed in Kyiv by Dmitry Bogrov, Stolypin received a mortal wound, from which he died a few days later. Stolypin owns several famous sayings:

Don't be intimidated!

Russia will be able to distinguish the blood on the hands of executioners from the blood on the hands of conscientious doctors.

Give the state 20 years of peace, internal and external, and you will not recognize today's Russia.

Emergency measures, if they become prolonged, lose their force and may adversely affect the people, whose morals should be educated by law.

They need great upheavals, we need Great Russia!

Bury me where they kill me.

On September 1, 1911, at the Kyiv Opera, Prime Minister P.A. Stolypin was mortally wounded by Dmitry Bogrov. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was buried on September 9 in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

• Don't wait for Russia to revive From the darkness and chaos of times. An evil crime has been committed Your prime minister is heartbroken. Theater, sold out, proud king in his box, The shine of ladies, the sparkle of epaulets. In Russia, a son, not a nobleman Bagrov aimed the pistol. Russia felt the blow Like a shot at itself. Her strength broke within her, Confidence in the holy struggle...

One of latest photos Stolypin. 1911

Opening of the monument to P. A. Stolypin in Kyiv in 1913