Myocardial infarction is a kind of frontier, which can significantly change a person's life. The quality of life before and after an attack can be very different.

Not all patients can recover from a heart attack: the older the person, the more concomitant diseases that complicate the recovery process, the worse the prognosis.

Therefore, both the patient himself and his relatives should direct their efforts to the recovery process, listen to the recommendations of a specialist on how to behave, and what is allowed and what is not, in order to minimize the likelihood of developing and.

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What is not allowed

Myocardial infarction is a serious pathology that causes many structural lesions of the organ and affects the work of other systems.

Together with the diseases present in the anamnesis, this diagnosis significantly limits the habitual activity and changes the way of life of a person.

The bulk of the changes that must be made without fail in order to minimize the risk of a relapse concerns the daily routine.

Life after a heart attack implies the following limitations:

It is forbidden to self-medicate, as well as changing the treatment program established by the specialist. in the postinfarction period is the basis aimed at preventing re-infarction. Any changes in the treatment regimen must be established by the doctor.

Those who have suffered a heart attack should not only temporarily change their lifestyle, but also adhere to it permanently. Immediately after discharge (for several months), this is necessary in order to avoid the development of complications, and later - to prevent a second heart attack.

3 main points to pay attention to first of all:

Criteria by which the patient's condition is assessed, the correctness of the treatment:

Even if the obtained test results do not exceed the norm (which significantly reduces the risks), it is highly recommended not to deviate from the above recommendations, as the condition may worsen over time.

If, despite the observance of all the advice, the indicators exceed the norm, then an additional examination is required: the development of any structural changes or complications is possible.

In this case, new drugs will be added to the general treatment regimen.

Danger of relapse

The likelihood of developing a second heart attack is high.

Depending on the period of its development, several forms of the pathological process are distinguished:

The most common situation is when a second attack occurs due to irreversible changes in the coronary vessels, provoked by atherosclerosis or other chronic diseases.

Preventive measures to prevent the development of a recurrent heart attack:

Stages of rehabilitation

• if necessary, an operation is performed, it can be coronary stenting or balloon angioplasty;
• measures aimed at restoring the normal life of the patient;
• taking prescribed drugs, systematic diagnosis of the condition, carrying out preventive measures;
• lifestyle adjustments;
• return to work.

It must be understood that life before an attack and after it is significantly different. The emotional support of loved ones is very important for the patient. The atmosphere in which the patient will be at home significantly affects the prognosis. Close people should stimulate the patient's return to a full life to the maximum.

It is necessary to pay attention to the opinion of the patient, not to create emotionally tense situations, to minimize experiences. However, you can not limit him in his desire to work, do what he loves, communicate with friends.

In patients in isolation, the likelihood of relapse is significantly increased. Depression, blues, loss of life goals play a key role in this.

Forecasts

It is difficult to answer the question of how many people live after a massive heart attack. However, the likelihood of recurrence is very high.

It is extremely important to constantly monitor your condition, treat other diseases unrelated to the cardiovascular system, and take care of your health. Then the chance to live long increases.

Life expectancy after an attack varies from patient to patient. It is possible to live to a ripe old age.

Massage technique

In diseases of the cardiovascular system, it is carried out in order to normalize the state of the nervous system, blood vessels, eliminate congestion and improve blood circulation in both circles of blood circulation, accelerate metabolism and establish trophic processes.

Massage is an integral part of therapy. It contributes to the preparation of the heart and blood vessels, as well as the neuromuscular apparatus for physical exertion, the speedy removal of fatigue after them. The use of massage contributes to the speedy recovery of patients with cardiovascular pathologies.

As a result of regular massage, such positive changes can be noted as: expansion of peripheral vessels, improvement in the functioning of the left atrium and left ventricle, and an increase in the pumping capacity of the heart. Impulses entering the central nervous system affect the self-regulation of blood circulation.

The effect of the procedure lies in the fact that it helps to activate the saturation of organs with oxygen and accelerate the removal of decay products, eliminate congestion in and around the massaged area.

Of particular importance is massage in bed rest. The use of well-chosen massage techniques allows you to increase the total capillary capacity, normalize blood pressure, and improve the general condition of the patient.

During the procedure, the patient lies on his back. The first sessions begin with a foot massage. The patient's leg should be raised and placed on the top of the massage therapist's thigh. In this position, there is a natural outflow of blood, relaxation of the thigh muscles, due to which there is a decrease in the load on the myocardium.

Methods for protecting metal parts from corrosion can be divided into the following groups:

• application of non-metallic substances or metallic coatings;
• diffusion saturation of the surface layer;
• coating with resistant films of oxides or salts (chemical coatings);
• use of corrosion-resistant alloys;
• use of corrosion inhibitors;
• protective protection.

Coating non-metallic substances - applying paints, varnishes, anti-corrosion pastes, protective lubricants, plastics, rubber or ebonite to the metal surface. Coating with rubber and ebonite is called gumming, used to protect tanks for the transportation of acids, alkalis, salt solutions.

metal plating - deposition of metal on the surface of a steel product by hot and galvanic methods. With the hot coating method (galvanizing, tin-plating, lead plating), the product is immersed in a bath of molten metal. On automobiles, galvanized body parts and fasteners, tin-coated tapes for radiator tubes, lead-coated lugs of electrical equipment wire clamps, fuel tanks, etc. are used. Tinning is used in the production of tinplate and copper utensils; galvanizing - for wire, roofing iron, pipes; lead plating - for chemical equipment and pipes. The galvanic method has been discussed above. For example, chrome-plated decorative parts (bumpers, headlight rims, etc.) are installed on cars.

Diffusion method consists in saturating the surface layers of a steel part with various chemical elements that enter into a chemical combination with it. It includes cementation, cyanidation, aluminizing.

Coating with oxide films It has two varieties - oxidation and phosphating. Oxidation(burning) is used to protect ferrous metals by creating an oxide film on the surface by immersing parts in a boiling aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, nitrate and manganese peroxide.

The resulting film is resistant in dry air, less resistant in humid, especially in water.

Phosphating allows you to get a film of insoluble phosphates on the metal surface, isolating the product from environment.

Creation of corrosion-resistant alloys It is carried out by introducing alloying additives into steel: chromium, nickel, aluminum, silicon, tungsten and other chemical elements that increase corrosion resistance and improve other properties of the metal.

Corrosion inhibitors - substances that, when added to an aggressive environment, inhibit corrosion. This method can protect almost any metal and in almost any environment, including coolants, oils, liquid fuels.

Protect metals from corrosion and organosilicates , which in the initial state are suspensions. They are applied to the surface with a brush, roller, spray gun, etc. When heated, they turn into ceramics and acquire enhanced protective properties, becoming heat- and even heat-resistant. They are convenient to use for exhaust systems from the outside of parts. They harden from the part's own temperature. They are easily processed, which allows, if necessary, to quickly restore damaged areas.

Silicone polymers (varnishes), pigments, oxides, mica, talc, and asbestos are used to obtain organosilicate coatings.

Protective protection consists in creating a galvanic pair from the above series of metals in order to deliberately destroy one of them while guaranteeing the preservation of a critical part made of another metal.

Control questions

• 1. Tell us about the classification of steels.
• 2. What permanent impurities are contained in steels? In what quantity?
• 3. How are carbon steels designated?
• 4. Tell us about the classification of cast irons.
• 5. For the manufacture of which parts are white and gray cast irons used?
• 6. What parts are made from ductile and ductile irons?
• 7. How are ductile and ductile cast irons designated?
• 8. What chemical elements used for alloying steel
• 9. How are alloy steels designated?
• 10. What steels are called high-speed?
• 11. Name the types of products obtained using powder metallurgy.
• 12. What is brass, bronze? How are they designated?
• 13. What types of antifriction alloys do you know?
• 14. Tell us about the features of composite materials.
• 15. What is the difference between thermoplastics and thermoplastics?
• 16. Tell us about the classification of mineral glass.
• 17. Name the ways to protect metal from corrosion.

The word corrosion comes from the Latin corrodere. It means "to corrode" in translation. Metal corrosion is the most common. However, there are cases when products made from other materials also suffer from corrosion. Stones, plastic and even wood are also susceptible to it. Today, more and more people are faced with such a problem as the corrosion of architectural monuments made of marble and other materials. From this it can be concluded that under a process such as corrosion means destruction under the influence of the environment.

Causes of metal corrosion

Most metals are susceptible to corrosion. This process is their oxidation. It leads to their decomposition into oxides. In the common people, corrosion is called rust. It is a finely ground light brown powder. On many types of metals, during the oxidation process, a special composition appears in the form of an oxide film bonded to them. It has a dense structure, due to which oxygen from the air and water cannot penetrate into the deep layers of metals for their further destruction.

Aluminum belongs to the category of very active metals. In contact with air or water, from a theoretical point of view, it should easily split. However, during corrosion, a special film forms on it, which seals its structure and makes the process of rust formation almost impossible.

Table 1. Compatibility of metals

Table 2. Compatibility of steel with metals

Types of metal corrosion

continuous corrosion

The least dangerous for various metal objects is continuous corrosion. It is especially not dangerous for those situations where damage to apparatus and equipment does not violate technical standards their further use. The consequences of this type of corrosion can be easily predicted and corrected for this equipment.

localized corrosion

The greatest danger is the local type of corrosion. In this case, the loss of metal is not large, but through metal damage is formed, which leads to failure of the product or equipment. This type of corrosion occurs in products that come into contact with sea ​​water or salts. This appearance of rust contributes to the fact that the surface of the metal base is partially corroded and the structure loses its reliability.

A large number of problems appear in places where sodium chloride is used. This substance is used to remove snow and ice on roads in urban areas. This type salt causes them to turn into a liquid, which, already diluted with salts, enters the city pipelines. In this case, the protection of metals from corrosion will not interfere. All underground communications in contact with water with salts begin to collapse. In the United States of America, it is estimated that per year for repair work about two billion dollars is spent in the field of road communications. However, public utilities are not yet ready to abandon this type of salt for treating the roadway due to its low cost.

Methods for protecting metals from corrosion

Since ancient times, people have tried to protect metals from corrosion. constant rainfall ruined hardware. That is why people lubricated them with various fatty oils. Then they began to use coatings from other metals for this purpose, which do not rust.

Modern chemists carefully study all possible methods of combating the corrosion of metals. They create special solutions. Methods are being developed to reduce the risks of corrosion formation on metals. An example is a material such as stainless steel. For its production, iron was used, supplemented with cobalt, nickel, chromium and other elements. With the help of elements added to it, it was possible to create a metal on which rust deposits do not form for a longer time.

To protect various metals from corrosion, various substances have been developed that are actively used in modern industry. Varnishes and paints are actively used today. They are the most affordable means for rust protection of metal products. They create a barrier to water or air entering the metal itself. This allows you to delay the appearance of corrosion for a while. When applying paint or varnish, the thickness of the layer and the surface of the material should be taken into account. To achieve the best result, the coating of metals against corrosion should be carried out in an even and dense layer.

Chemical corrosion of metals

In essence, corrosion can be of two types:

• chemical,
• electrochemical.

Chemical corrosion is the formation of rust when certain conditions. IN industrial environment It is not uncommon to encounter this type of corrosion. Indeed, on numerous modern enterprises metals before the creation of products from them are heated, which leads to the formation of such a process as accelerated chemical corrosion of the metal. In this case, scale is formed, which is the product of its reaction to the appearance of rust during heating.

Scientists have proven that modern iron is much more prone to rust formation. It contains a large number of sulfur. It appears in the metal due to the fact that coal is used during the extraction of iron ores. Sulfur from it gets into the iron. Modern people are surprised that the ancient objects of this metal, which archaeologists find in excavations, retain their external qualities. This is due to the fact that in ancient times, charcoal was used to extract iron, which contains practically no sulfur that could get into the metal.

These metals corrode

Among metals there are different kinds. Most often, iron is used to create any objects or objects. It is from it that twenty times more products and objects are made than from other metals combined. This metal began to be used most actively in industry in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was during this period that the first cast-iron bridge was built. The first marine vessel appeared, for the manufacture of which steel was used.

In nature, iron nuggets are rare. Many people believe that this metal is not terrestrial, it is classified as cosmic or meteoric. It is he who is most susceptible to the formation of corrosion.

There are also other metals subject to corrosion. Among them are copper, silver, bronze.

Video " Corrosion of metals, methods of protection against it

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Today it is impossible to imagine life without various types of pipelines. They are located in almost every settlement and provide communications. The production of pipes for laying underground is carried out from metals of various types.

The inhibitor is not a specific substance. So called kiss a group of substances that are aimed at stopping or delaying the course of any physical or physico-chemical processes.

These methods can be divided into 2 groups. The first 2 methods are usually implemented before the start of the production operation of a metal product (selection of structural materials and their combinations at the stage of design and manufacture of the product, application of protective coatings on it). The last 2 methods, on the contrary, can be carried out only during the operation of the metal product (passing current to achieve a protective potential, introducing special additives-inhibitors into the technological environment) and are not associated with any pre-treatment prior to use.

The second group of methods allows, if necessary, to create new protection modes that provide the least corrosion of the product. For example, in certain sections of the pipeline, depending on the aggressiveness of the soil, it is possible to change the density of the cathode current. Or for different grades of oil pumped through pipes, use different inhibitors.

Q: How are corrosion inhibitors applied?

Answer: To combat the corrosion of metals, corrosion inhibitors are widely used, which are introduced in small quantities into an aggressive environment and create an adsorption film on the metal surface, which slows down electrode processes and changes the electrochemical parameters of metals.

Question: What are the ways to protect metals from corrosion using paints and varnishes?

Answer: Depending on the composition of the pigments and the film-forming base, paint coatings can act as a barrier, passivator or protector.

Barrier protection is the mechanical isolation of a surface. Violation of the integrity of the coating, even at the level of the appearance of microcracks, predetermines the penetration of an aggressive medium to the base and the occurrence of under-film corrosion.

Passivation of the metal surface with the help of LCP is achieved by chemical interaction of the metal and coating components. This group includes primers and enamels containing phosphoric acid (phosphating), as well as compositions with inhibitory pigments that slow down or prevent the corrosion process.

Metal protector protection is achieved by adding powder metals to the coating material, which create donor electron pairs with the protected metal. For steel, these are zinc, magnesium, aluminum. Under the action of an aggressive environment, the additive powder gradually dissolves, and the base material does not corrode.

Question: What determines the durability of metal protection against corrosion by paints and varnishes?

Answer: Firstly, the durability of metal protection against corrosion depends on the type (and kind) of the applied paintwork. Secondly, the decisive role is played by the thoroughness of the preparation of the metal surface for painting. The most time-consuming process in this case is the removal of corrosion products formed earlier. Special compounds are applied that destroy rust, followed by their mechanical removal with metal brushes.

In some cases, rust removal is almost impossible to achieve, which implies the widespread use of materials that can be applied directly to surfaces damaged by corrosion - rust coatings. This group includes some special primers and enamels used in multilayer or independent coatings.

Question: What are highly filled two-component systems?

Answer: These are anti-corrosion paints and varnishes with a reduced solvent content (the percentage of volatile organic substances in them does not exceed 35%). In the market for home use materials, one-component materials are mainly offered. The main advantage of highly filled systems compared to conventional systems is significantly better corrosion resistance with a comparable layer thickness, less material consumption and the possibility of applying a thicker layer, which ensures that the necessary anticorrosion protection is obtained in just 1-2 times.

Question: How to protect the surface of galvanized steel from destruction?

Answer: Solvent-based anticorrosive primer based on modified vinyl-acrylic resins "Galvaplast" is used for interior and exterior works on bases made of ferrous metals with scale removed, galvanized steel, galvanized iron. The solvent is white spirit. Application - brush, roller, spray. Consumption 0.10-0.12 kg / sq.m; drying 24 hours.

Q: What is patina?

Answer: The word "patina" refers to a film of various shades that forms on the surface of copper and copper-containing alloys under the influence of atmospheric factors during natural or artificial aging. Patina is sometimes referred to as oxides on the surface of metals, as well as films that cause tarnishing over time on the surface of stones, marble or wooden objects.

The appearance of a patina is not a sign of corrosion, but rather a natural protective layer on the copper surface.

Question: Is it possible to artificially create a patina on the surface of copper products?

Answer: Under natural conditions, a green patina is formed on the surface of copper within 5-25 years, depending on the climate and chemical composition atmosphere and precipitation. At the same time, copper carbonates are formed from copper and its two main alloys - bronze and brass: bright green malachite Cu 2 (CO 3) (OH) 2 and azure blue azurite Cu 2 (CO 3) 2 (OH) 2. For zinc-containing brass, the formation of green-blue rosasite of the composition (Cu,Zn) 2 (CO 3) (OH) 2 is possible. Basic copper carbonates can be easily synthesized at home by adding an aqueous solution of soda ash to an aqueous solution of a copper salt, such as copper sulphate. At the same time, at the beginning of the process, when there is an excess of copper salt, a product is formed that is closer in composition to azurite, and at the end of the process (with an excess of soda) - to malachite.

Saving coloring

Question: How to protect metal or reinforced concrete structures from the influence of an aggressive environment - salts, acids, alkalis, solvents?

Answer: To create chemical-resistant coatings, there are several protective materials, each of which has its own area of ​​protection. The widest range of protection has: XC-759 enamels, ELOKOR SB-022 varnish, FLK-2, primers, XC-010, etc. In each individual case, a specific color scheme is selected, according to the operating conditions. Tikkurilla Coatings Temabond, Temacoat and Temachlor paints.

Question: What compositions can be used for painting the internal surfaces of tanks for kerosene and other petroleum products?

Answer: Temaline LP is a two-component epoxy gloss paint with an amino adduct hardener. Application - brush, spray. Drying 7 hours.

EP-0215 ​​is a primer for corrosion protection of the inner surface of caisson tanks operating in a fuel medium with an admixture of water. It is applied on surfaces made of steel, magnesium, aluminum and titanium alloys, operated in various climatic zones, at elevated temperatures and exposed to polluted environment.

Suitable for application of BEP-0261 primer and BEP-610 enamel.

Question: What compositions can be used for the protective coating of metal surfaces in marine and industrial environments?

Answer: Thick-film type paint based on chlorinated rubber is used for painting metal surfaces in marine and industrial environments subject to moderate chemical attack: bridges, cranes, conveyors, port equipment, tank exteriors.

Temacoat HB is a two-component modified epoxy paint used for priming and painting metal surfaces exposed to atmospheric, mechanical and chemical attack. Application - brush, spray. Drying 4 hours.

Question: What compositions should be used to cover difficult-to-clean metal surfaces, including those immersed in water?

Answer: Temabond ST-200 is a two-component modified epoxy paint with aluminum pigmentation and low solvent content. It is used for painting bridges, tanks, steel structures and equipment. Application - brush, spray. Drying - 6 hours.

Temaline BL is a two-component, solvent-free epoxy coating. It is used for painting steel surfaces subject to wear, chemical and mechanical attack when immersed in water, containers for oil or gasoline, tanks and reservoirs, treatment plants for Wastewater. Application - airless spray.

Temazinc is a one component zinc rich epoxy paint with a polyamide hardener. Used as a primer in epoxy, polyurethane, acrylic, chlorinated rubber paint systems for steel and cast iron surfaces exposed to strong atmospheric and chemical attack. It is used for painting bridges, cranes, steel frames, steel structures and equipment. Drying 1 hour.

Question: How to protect underground pipes from fistula formation?

Answer: There can be two reasons for the breakthrough of any pipes: mechanical damage or corrosion. If the first reason is the result of chance and carelessness - the pipe is hooked on something or parted weld, then corrosion cannot be avoided, this is a natural phenomenon caused by soil moisture.

In addition to the use of special coatings, there is a protection widely used throughout the world - cathodic polarization. It is a direct current source that provides a polar potential of min 0.85 V, max - 1.1 V. It consists of just a conventional AC voltage transformer and a diode rectifier.

Q: How much does cathodic polarization cost?

Answer: The cost of cathodic protection devices, depending on their design, ranges from 1000 to 14 thousand rubles. A repair team can easily check the polarization potential. Installation of protection is also not expensive and does not involve labor-intensive earthworks.

Protection of galvanized surfaces

Question: Why can't galvanized metals be shot blasted?

Answer: Such preparation violates the natural corrosion resistance of the metal. Surfaces of this kind are treated with a special abrasive agent - round glass particles that do not destroy the protective layer of zinc on the surface. In most cases, it is sufficient to simply treat with an ammonia solution to remove grease stains and zinc corrosion products from the surface.

Question: How to repair a damaged zinc coating?

Answer: Zinc-filled compositions ZincKOS, TsNK, "Vinikor-zinc", etc., which are applied by cold galvanizing and provide anodic protection of the metal.

Question: How is metal protection performed using CNC (zinc-rich compositions)?

Answer: The technology of cold galvanizing with the use of ZNK guarantees absolute non-toxicity, fire safety, heat resistance up to +800°C. The coating of metal with this composition is carried out by spraying, roller or even just a brush and provides the product, in fact, double protection: both cathodic and film. The term of such protection is 25-50 years.

Question: What are the main advantages of the "cold galvanizing" method over hot galvanizing?

Answer: This method has the following advantages:

1. Maintainability.
2. Possibility of drawing in the conditions of a construction site.
3. There are no restrictions on the overall dimensions of protected structures.

Question: At what temperature is thermal diffusion coating applied?

Answer: Application of thermal diffusion zinc coating is carried out at temperatures from 400 to 500°C.

Question: Are there any differences in the corrosion resistance of a coating obtained by thermal diffusion zinc plating compared to other types of zinc coatings?

Answer: Corrosion resistance of thermal diffusion zinc coating is 3-5 times higher than that of galvanic coating and 1.5-2 times higher than that of hot zinc coating.

Question: What paintwork materials can be used for protective and decorative painting of galvanized iron?

Answer: To do this, you can use both water-borne - G-3 primer, G-4 paint, and solvent-borne - EP-140, ELOKOR SB-022, etc. Tikkurila Coatings protective systems can be used: 1 Temacoat GPLS-Primer + Temadur, 2 Temaprime EE + Temalac, Temalac and Temadur are tinted according to RAL and TVT.

Question: What kind of paint can gutter and drainage galvanized pipes be painted with?

Answer: Sockelfarg - black and white latex paint on water based. Designed for application to both new and previously painted outdoor surfaces. Resistant to weather conditions. The solvent is water. Drying 3 hours.

Q: Why funds corrosion protection water-based are rarely used?

Answer: There are 2 main reasons: the increased price compared to conventional materials and the opinion in certain circles that water systems have inferior protective properties. However, as environmental legislation tightens, both in Europe and around the world, the popularity of water systems is growing. Experts who tested high-quality water-based materials were able to make sure that their protective properties are not worse than those of traditional materials containing solvents.

Question: What device is used to determine the thickness of the paint film on metal surfaces?

Answer: The most easy-to-use device "Konstanta MK" - it measures the thickness of the paintwork on ferromagnetic metals. Much more functions are performed by the multifunctional thickness gauge "Constant K-5", which measures the thickness of conventional paintwork, galvanic and hot-zinc coatings on both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic metals (aluminum, its alloys, etc.), and also measures surface roughness, temperature and air humidity, etc.

Rust recedes

Question: How can you treat objects that are heavily corroded by rust?

Answer: The first recipe: a mixture of 50 g of lactic acid and 100 ml of vaseline oil. The acid converts iron metahydroxide from rust into an oil-soluble salt, iron lactate. The cleaned surface is wiped with a cloth moistened with vaseline oil.

The second recipe: a solution of 5 g of zinc chloride and 0.5 g of potassium hydrotartrate dissolved in 100 ml of water. Zinc chloride in an aqueous solution undergoes hydrolysis and creates an acidic environment. Iron metahydroxide dissolves due to the formation of soluble iron complexes with tartrate ions in an acidic medium.

Question: How to unscrew a rusted nut with improvised means?

Answer: A rusted nut can be moistened with kerosene, turpentine, or oleic acid. After a while, she manages to turn it off. If the nut "persists", you can set fire to the kerosene or turpentine with which it was moistened. This is usually sufficient to separate the nut and bolt. The most radical way: a very hot soldering iron is applied to the nut. The metal of the nut expands and the rust lags behind the threads; now a few drops of kerosene, turpentine or oleic acid can be poured into the gap between the bolt and the nut. This time, the nut will definitely loosen!

There is another way to separate rusty nuts and bolts. A “cup” of wax or plasticine is made around the rusted nut, the rim of which is 3-4 mm higher than the level of the nut. Dilute sulfuric acid is poured into it and a piece of zinc is placed. After a day, the nut will easily turn off with a wrench. The fact is that a cup with acid and metallic zinc on an iron base is a miniature galvanic cell. The acid dissolves the rust and the iron cations formed are reduced on the zinc surface. And the metal of the nut and bolt does not dissolve in acid as long as it has contact with zinc, since zinc is a more chemically active metal than iron.

Question: What compositions applied on rust are produced by our industry?

Answer: Domestic solvent-borne compositions applied “on rust” include well-known materials: primer (some manufacturers produce it under the name Inkor) and Gremirust primer-enamel. These two-component epoxy paints (base + hardener) contain corrosion inhibitors and targeted additives that allow them to be applied to dense rust up to 100 microns thick. The advantages of these primers are: curing at room temperature, the possibility of application on a partially corroded surface, high adhesion, good physical and mechanical properties and chemical resistance, ensuring long-term operation of the coating.

Question: What can be used to paint old rusty metal?

Answer: For dense rust, it is possible to use several paints and varnishes containing rust converters:

• primer G-1, primer-paint G-2 (water-borne materials) – at temperatures up to +5°;
• primer-enamel ХВ-0278, primer-enamel AS-0332 – up to minus 5°;
• primer-enamel "ELOKOR SB-022" (materials based on organic solvents) - up to minus 15°С.
• Primer-enamel Tikkurila Coatings, Temabond (tinted according to RAL and TVT)

Question: How to stop the process of metal rusting?

Answer: This can be done with the help of "stainless primer". The primer can be used both as an independent coating on steel, cast iron, aluminum, and in a coating system that includes 1 primer layer and 2 enamel layers. It is also used for priming corroded surfaces.

"Nerjamet-primer" works on the metal surface as a rust converter, chemically binding it, and the resulting polymer film reliably isolates the metal surface from atmospheric moisture. When using the composition, the total cost of repair and restoration work on repainting metal structures is reduced by 3-5 times. The soil is produced ready for use. If necessary, it must be diluted to working viscosity with white spirit. The drug is applied to metal surfaces with remnants of tightly adhering rust and scale with a brush, roller, spray gun. Drying time at +20° - 24 hours.

Question: Roofing often fades. What kind of paint can be used for painting galvanized roofs and gutters?

Answer: Stainless steel cyclone. The coating provides long-term protection against weather, humidity, UV radiation, rain, snow, etc.

Possesses high covering ability and light fastness, does not fade. Significantly extends the service life of galvanized roofs. Also Tikkurila Coatings, Temadur and Temalac coatings.

Question: Can chlorinated rubber paints protect metal from rust?

Answer: These paints are made from chlorinated rubber dispersed in organic solvents. According to their composition, they are volatile resin and have high water and chemical resistance. Therefore, it is possible to use them for corrosion protection of metal and concrete surfaces, water pipes and tanks. Temanil MS-Primer + Temachlor system can be used from Tikkuril Coatings materials.

Anticorrosive in the bath, bathroom, pool

Question: What kind of coating can be used to protect bath containers for cold drinking and hot washing water from corrosion?

Answer: For containers for cold drinking and washing water, KO-42 paint is recommended;, Epovin for hot water - ZincKOS and Teplokor PIGMA compositions.

Question: What are enameled pipes?

Answer: In terms of chemical resistance, they are not inferior to copper, titanium and lead, and at cost are several times cheaper. The use of enameled pipes made of carbon steels instead of stainless steels gives a tenfold cost savings. The advantages of such products include greater mechanical strength, including in comparison with other types of coatings - epoxy, polyethylene, plastic, as well as higher abrasion resistance, which makes it possible to reduce the diameter of pipes without reducing their throughput.

Question: What are the features of re-enamelling bathtubs?

Answer: Enameling can be done with a brush or spray with the participation of professionals, as well as with a brush yourself. Preliminary preparation of the surface of the bath is to remove the old enamel and clean the rust. The whole process takes no more than 4-7 hours, another 48 hours the bath dries, and you can use it after 5-7 days.

Re-enamelling bathtubs require special care. Such baths cannot be washed with powders such as Comet and Pemolux, or using products containing acid, such as Silit. It is unacceptable to get varnishes on the surface of the bath, including for hair, the use of bleach when washing. Such baths are usually cleaned with soaps: washing powders or dishwashing detergents applied to a sponge or soft cloth.

Question: What paintwork materials can be used to re-enamel bathtubs?

Answer: Composition "Svetlana" includes enamel, oxalic acid, hardener, tinting pastes. The bath is washed with water, etched with oxalic acid (stains, stone, dirt, rust are removed and a rough surface is created). Washed with washing powder. Chips close up in advance. Then enamel should be applied within 25-30 minutes. When working with enamel and hardener, contact with water is not allowed. The solvent is acetone. Bath consumption - 0.6 kg; drying - 24 hours. Fully gaining properties after 7 days.

You can also use two-component epoxy-based paint Tikkurila "Reaflex-50". When using glossy bath enamel (white, tinted), either washing powders or laundry soap. Fully gaining properties after 5 days. Consumption per bath - 0.6 kg. The solvent is industrial alcohol.

B-EP-5297V is used to restore the enamel coating of bathtubs. This paint is glossy, white, tinting is possible. The finish is smooth, even and durable. Do not use abrasive powders of the “Sanitary” type for cleaning. Fully gaining properties after 7 days. Solvents - a mixture of alcohol with acetone; R-4, No. 646.

Question: How to protect against breakage of steel reinforcement in the swimming pool bowl?

Answer: If the condition of the ring drainage of the pool is unsatisfactory, softening and suffusion of the soil is possible. The penetration of water under the bottom of the tank can cause subsidence of the soil and the formation of cracks in concrete structures. In these cases, the reinforcement in the cracks can corrode to breakage.

In such complex cases, the reconstruction of damaged reinforced concrete structures of the reservoir should include the implementation of a protective sacrificial layer of shotcrete on the surfaces of reinforced concrete structures exposed to the leaching action of water.

Obstacles to biodegradation

Question: What external conditions determine the development of wood-destroying fungi?

Answer: The most favorable conditions for the development of wood-destroying fungi are: the presence of air nutrients, sufficient wood moisture and favorable temperature. The absence of any of these conditions will delay the development of the fungus, even if it is firmly established in the wood. Most fungi develop well only at high relative humidity (80-95%). When wood moisture is below 18%, the development of fungi practically does not occur.

Question: What are the main sources of wood moisture and what is their danger?

Answer: The main sources of wood moisture in the structures of various buildings and structures include ground (underground) and surface (storm and seasonal) water. They are especially dangerous for wooden elements of open structures located in the ground (pillars, piles, power transmission line and communication supports, sleepers, etc.). Atmospheric moisture in the form of rain and snow threatens the ground part of open structures, as well as the outer wooden elements of buildings. Operational moisture in a drop-liquid or vapor form in residential premises is present in the form of domestic moisture released during cooking, washing, drying clothes, washing floors, etc.

A large amount of moisture is introduced into the building when laying raw wood, using masonry mortars, concreting, etc. For example, 1 sq.m of laid wood with a moisture content of up to 23%, when dried to 10-12%, releases up to 10 liters of water.

The wood of buildings, which dries out naturally, is in danger of decay for a long time. If chemical protection measures were not provided, it, as a rule, is affected by the house fungus to such an extent that the structures become completely unusable.

Condensation moisture that occurs on the surface or in the thickness of structures is dangerous because, as a rule, it is detected already when irreversible changes have occurred in the enclosing wooden structure or its element, for example, internal decay.

Question: Who are the "biological" enemies of the tree?

Answer: These are mold, algae, bacteria, fungi and antimycetes (this is a cross between fungi and algae). Almost all of them can be dealt with with antiseptics. The exception is fungi (saprophytes), since antiseptics act only on some of their species. But it is fungi that are the cause of such widespread rot, which is the most difficult to deal with. Professionals divide rot by color (red, white, gray, yellow, green and brown). Red rot affects conifers, white and yellow - oak and birch, green - oak barrels, as well as wooden beams and cellar ceilings.

Question: Are there ways to neutralize white house fungus?

Answer: White house fungus is the most dangerous enemy of wooden structures. The rate of destruction of wood by white house fungus is such that in 1 month it completely "eats" a four-centimeter oak floor. Previously, in the villages, if the hut was affected by this fungus, it was immediately burned to save all other buildings from infection. After that, the whole world built a new hut for the affected family in another place. Currently, in order to get rid of white house fungus, the affected area is dismantled and burned, and the rest is impregnated with 5% chromic (5% solution of potassium dichromate in 5% sulfuric acid), while it is recommended to cultivate the land on 0.5 m deep.

Question: What are the ways to protect the wood from rotting in the early stages of this process?

Answer: If the process of decay has already begun, it can only be stopped by thorough drying and ventilation of wooden structures. In the early stages, disinfectant solutions, for example, such as the antiseptic compositions "Wood Doctor", can help. They are available in three different versions.

Grade 1 is intended for the prevention of wooden materials immediately after their purchase or immediately after the construction of the house. The composition protects against fungus and woodworm.

Grade 2 is used if fungus, mold or "blue" has already appeared on the walls of the house. This composition destroys existing diseases and protects against their future manifestations.

Grade 3 is the most powerful antiseptic, it completely stops the process of decay. More recently, a special composition (grade 4) has been developed for insect control - “anti-bug”.

SADOLIN Bio Clean is a disinfectant for surfaces contaminated with mold, moss, algae, based on sodium hypochlorite.

DULUX WEATHERSHIELD FUNGICIDAL WASH is a highly effective mold, lichen and rot killer. These compounds are used both indoors and outdoors, but they are effective only in the early stages of rot control. In case of serious damage to wooden structures, rotting can be stopped by special methods, but this is enough hard work performed, as a rule, by professionals with the help of restorative chemicals.

Question: What protective impregnations and preservative compositions, presented on the domestic market, prevent biocorrosion?

Answer: Of the Russian antiseptic preparations, it is necessary to mention metacid (100% dry antiseptic) or polysept (25% solution of the same substance). Such conservation compositions as "BIOSEPT", "KSD" and "KSD" have proven themselves well. They protect the wood from damage by mold, fungi, bacteria, and the last two, in addition, make the wood difficult to ignite. Texture coatings "AQUATEX", "SOTEKS" and "BIOX" eliminate the occurrence of fungus, mold and wood blue. They are breathable and have a durability of over 5 years.

A good domestic material for wood protection is GLIMS-LecSil glazing impregnation. This is a ready-to-use aqueous dispersion based on styrene-acrylate latex and reactive silane with modifying additives. At the same time, the composition does not contain organic solvents and plasticizers. Glazing sharply reduces the water absorption of wood, as a result of which it can even be washed, including with soap and water, prevents fire-fighting impregnation from washing out, due to its antiseptic properties it destroys fungi and mold and prevents their further formation.

Of the imported antiseptic compounds for protecting wood, antiseptics from TIKKURILA have proven themselves well. Pinjasol Color is an antiseptic that forms a continuous water-repellent and weather-resistant finish.

Question: What are insecticides and how are they used?

Answer: To combat beetles and their larvae, poisonous chemicals are used - contact and intestinal insecticides. Fluoride and silicofluoride sodium are allowed by the Ministry of Health and have been used since the beginning of the last century; when using them, safety measures must be observed. To prevent damage to wood by a bug, preventive treatment with fluorosilicic compounds or a 7-10% solution of common salt is used. During historical periods of widespread wooden construction, all wood was processed at the harvesting stage. Aniline dyes were added to the protective solution, which changed the color of the wood. In old houses, to this day, you can find red beams.

The material was prepared by L. RUDNITSKY, A. ZHUKOV, E. ABISHEV

Under influence external factors(liquids, gases, aggressive chemical compounds) any materials are destroyed. Metals are no exception. Corrosion processes cannot be completely neutralized, but it is quite possible to reduce their intensity, thereby increasing the service life of metal structures or others that include “iron”.

Methods of anti-corrosion protection

All methods of protection against corrosion can be conditionally classified as methods that are applicable either before the start of operation of the sample (group 1), or after its commissioning (group 2).

First

• Increased resistance to "chemical" exposure.
• Exclusion of direct contact with aggressive substances (surface insulation).

Second

• Reducing the degree of aggressiveness of the environment (depending on operating conditions).
• The use of EM fields (for example, the "imposition" of external e / currents, the regulation of their density and a number of other techniques).

The use of one or another method of protection is determined individually for each design and depends on several factors:

• type of metal;
• the conditions of its operation;
• the complexity of anti-corrosion measures;
• manufacturing capabilities;
• economic expediency.

In turn, all methods are divided into active (implying a constant "impact" on the material), passive (which can be described as reusable) and technological (used at the stage of sample production).

Active

cathodic protection

It is advisable to use if the medium with which the metal is in contact is electrically conductive. The material is supplied (systematically or constantly) with a large “negative” potential, which makes it impossible in principle to oxidize it.

Protective protection

It consists in cathodic polarization. The sample is bound by contact with a material that is more susceptible to oxidation in a given conductive medium (tread). In fact, it is a kind of "lightning rod", taking on all the "negativity" that aggressive substances create. But such a protector needs to be periodically replaced with a new one.

Polarization anodic

It is used extremely rarely and consists in maintaining the "inertness" of the material in relation to external influences.

Passive (metal surface treatment)

Creating a protective film

One of the most common and low-cost methods of corrosion control. To create the surface layer, substances are used that must meet the following basic requirements - to be inert with respect to aggressive chemical/compounds, not to conduct electric current and to have increased adhesion (good adhesion to the base).

All substances used at the time of metal processing are in a liquid or "aerosol" state, which determines the method of their application - painting or spraying. For this, paints and varnishes, various mastics and polymers are used.

Laying of metal structures in protective "chutes"

This is typical for different kind pipelines and communications engineering systems. In this case, the role of an insulator is played by an air "layer" between the inner walls of the channel and the metal surface.

Phosphating

Metals are treated with special agents (oxidizers). They react with the base, resulting in the deposition of poorly soluble chemical/compounds on its surface. Enough effective method moisture protection.

Coating with more resistant materials

Examples of the use of this technique are often found in everyday life products with chrome (), with silver, "galvanized" and the like.

As an option - protection with ceramics, glass, coating with concrete, cement mortars (coating) and so on.

Passivation

The point is to drastically reduce the chemical activity of the metal. To do this, its surface is treated with appropriate special reagents.

Reducing the aggressiveness of the environment

• The use of substances that reduce the intensity of corrosion processes (inhibitors).
• Air drying.
• Its chemical / purification (from harmful impurities) and a number of other methods that can be used in everyday life.
• Hydrophobization of the soil (backfilling, introduction of special substances into it) in order to reduce the aggressiveness of the soil.

Treatment with pesticides

It is used in cases where there is a possibility of the development of the so-called "biocorrosion".

Technological methods of protection

alloying

The most famous way. The point is to create an alloy based on metal that is inert with respect to aggressive influences. But it is realized only on an industrial scale.

As follows from the information provided, not all methods of anti-corrosion protection can be used in everyday life. In this regard, the possibilities of the "private trader" are significantly limited.