The process of streamlining formalization and standardization is called. Social institutions and institutionalization. Structure and functions of social institutions

Social studies test Society as a complex dynamic system for 10th grade students. The test consists of 3 parts and is designed to test knowledge on the topic Society. In part 1 - 15 questions, in part 2 - 4 questions, in part 3 - 1 question (essay).

Part 1 - multiple choice tasks
Part 2 - short answer tasks
Part 3 - task with a detailed answer (essay on one of the proposed topics)

1. The ability of a social system to include new parts, new social formations, phenomena or processes into a single whole is the ability to

1) socialization
2) integration
3) operation
4) diversification

2. The process of the body adapting to environment called

1) adaptation
2) cooperation
3) integration
4) determinism

3. Elements of social and cultural heritage transmitted from generation to generation and preserved in certain societies, classes and social groups ah for a long time, called

1) civilization
2) formation
3) tradition
4) morality

4. The process of streamlining, formalization and standardization is called

1) institutionalization
2) cooperation
3) consolidation
4) denomination

5. The main element of society is

1) state
2) social group
3) political system
4) person

6. Progressive development from a lower state to a higher one

1) revolution
2) regression
3) paradigm
4) progress

7. The process of gradual change and development is called

1) evolution
2) revolution
3) regression
4) adaptation

8. An irreversible process aimed at changing material and spiritual objects in order to improve them is called

1) development
2) socialization
3) adaptation
4) regression

9. Radical, radical, deep, qualitative change, a leap in the development of society, an open break with the previous state

1) evolution
2) revolution
3) progress
4) regression

10. The socialist revolution, in which the transition from capitalism to socialism took place, Soviet science called the events

1) January 1905
2) February 191 7
3) October 1917
4) September 1939

11. The events of 1989-1991 in Eastern Europe, as a result of which Soviet-type political regimes were eliminated, were called

1) velvet revolutions
2) color revolutions
3) national liberation revolutions
4) socialist revolutions

12. The restoration of a previously existing political system in scientific literature is called

1) restoration
2) emancipation
3) revolution
4) regression

13. An action that has been ingrained and repeated for a long time in any society

1) custom
2) right
3) institute
4) habit

14. A small group of people connected by marriage or consanguinity, common life, interests, mutual help and responsibility is called

1) company
2) team
3) family
4) marriage

15. A well-established order of social life in the main spheres of life is called

1) socialization
2) adaptation
3) institutional interaction
4) social consensus

1. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, characterize the concept social norms. Permission, morality, society, prohibition, traditions, law.
Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.

2. Insert the missing concept: “Historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities, regulated by norms, traditions, customs and aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of society, are called __________.”

3. Find in the list below concepts that characterize the main types of human activity. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) game
2) education
3) labor
4) communication
5) teaching
6) thinking

4. Find concepts related to political institutions in society in the list below. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) family
2) state
3) parties
4) banks
5) trade unions
6) church

Part 3 (essay topics)

1. “Progress is not an accident, but a necessity” (G. Spencer).

2. “A person can do without many things, but not without a person” (L. Berne).

3. “Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other.” (Seneca).

Answers to a social studies test Society as a complex dynamic system
Part 1
1-2, 2-1, 3-3, 4-1, 5-4, 6-4, 7-1, 8-1, 9-2, 10-3, 11-1, 12-1, 13-1, 14-3, 15-3.
Part 2
1-society
2-social institutions
3-1345
4-235

Social institutions(from Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term “social institution” is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social ties and relationships. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization itself is called institutionalization.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points: 1) One of necessary conditions The emergence of social institutions serves a corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize the joint activities of people in order to satisfy certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and raising children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The Institute higher education provides training work force, allows a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. 2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature and have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent social entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and guides their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts,

arising in the process of everyday life, ensures a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. The mere presence of these sociocultural elements does not ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, and embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personal needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Externally, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, equipped with certain material means and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who have certain material assets (buildings, finances, etc.) for their activities.

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal for its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, and a set of social positions and roles typical for a given institution. Based on all of the above, we can give the following definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the members’ fulfillment of their social roles, defined by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

27. Social institutions as elements of the social structure of society.

The concept of a social institution is one of the main ones in sociology. There are even attempts to define sociology as the science of social institutions. Thanks to the interpretation of this concept in sociology, a special institutional approach was developed.

Brief dictionary in sociology argues that the term “institution” is of Latin origin and in literal translation in relation to the ancient era means establishment, establishment. Today, a social institution means historically established, stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people and is used in a wide variety of meanings. A social institution is the main component of the social structure, integrating and coordinating many individual actions of people, organizing social relations in the most important areas of public life.

A social institution is an organized system of connections and social norms that brings together significant social values and procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society.

A social institution is a role system, which also includes norms and statuses, a set of customs, traditions and rules of behavior; formal and informal organization; a set of norms and institutions regulating a certain sphere of social relations; a separate set of social actions.

Thus, a set of relationships and systems of behavior that is useful to society finds its most complete expression in social institutions. It is known that the most important condition for the existence of humanity is the constant reproduction of material wealth. It is social institutions that help to carry it out purposefully and effectively. This includes the socialization of the younger generation, the modernization of society, and its protection from external and internal enemies. Therefore, the importance of social institutions cannot be overestimated. One thing, and perhaps the most important thing, can be said unequivocally: without them, humanity simply cannot exist in a civilized manner. Moreover, the presence of social institutions, the degree of their development and operational efficiency is an indicator of the level of civilization of the era. Therefore, the concept of “social institution” in sociology occupies one of the central and extremely significant places.

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Sociology

Sociology as the science of society, the object and subject of sociology etymologically.. classical sociological theories sociology.. classification of groups..

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Social institutions (from the Latin institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term “social institution” is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social ties and relationships. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization itself is called institutionalization.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points: 1) One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize the joint activities of people in order to satisfy certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and raising children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The Institute of Higher Education provides training for the workforce, allows a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure his existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. 2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature and have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent social entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

arising in the process of everyday life, ensures a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. The mere presence of these sociocultural elements does not ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, and embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personal needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Externally, a social institution is a collection of persons and institutions equipped with certain material means and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who have certain material assets (buildings) for their activities , finances, etc.).

27. Social institutions as elements of the social structure of society.

The Brief Dictionary of Sociology states that the term “institution” is of Latin origin and literally translated in relation to the ancient era means establishment, establishment. Today, a social institution means historically established, stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people and is used in a wide variety of meanings. A social institution is the main component of the social structure, integrating and coordinating many individual actions of people, streamlining social relations in the most important spheres of public life.

A social institution is an organized system of connections and social norms that brings together significant social values and procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society.

1. The concept of "social institution".

Institutionalization of social life.

What kind of systems are these? What are their main elements? First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and guides their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts,

arising in the process of everyday life, ensures a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole. The mere presence of these sociocultural elements does not ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, and embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personal needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Externally, a social institution is a collection of persons and institutions equipped with certain material means and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who have certain material assets (buildings) for their activities , finances, etc.).

2 Types and functions of social institutions.

Each institution performs its own characteristic social function. The totality of these social functions adds up to the general social functions of social institutions as certain types of social system. These functions are very diverse. Sociologists of different directions tried to somehow classify them, present them in the form of a certain ordered system. The most complete and interesting classification was presented by the so-called “institutional school”. Representatives of the institutional school in sociology (SLipset; D. Landberg and others) identified four main functions of social institutions:

1) Reproduction of members of society. The main institution performing this function is the family, but other social institutions, such as the state, are also involved.

2) Socialization - the transfer to individuals of patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given society - institutions of family, education, religion, etc.

3) Production and distribution. Provided by economic and social institutions of management and control - authorities.

4) Management and control functions are carried out through a system of social norms and regulations that implement the corresponding types of behavior: moral and legal norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. Social institutions control the behavior of an individual through a system of rewards and sanctions.

Social institutions differ from each other in their functional qualities:

1) Economic and social institutions - property, exchange, money, banks, economic associations of various types - provide the entire set of production and distribution of social wealth, connecting, at the same time, economic life with other spheres of social life.

2) Political institutions - state, parties, trade unions and other types public organizations, pursuing political goals aimed at establishing and maintaining a certain form of political power. Their totality constitutes the political system of a given society. Political institutions ensure the reproduction and sustainable preservation of ideological values and stabilize the dominant social and class structures in society.

3) Sociocultural and educational institutions aim at the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values, the inclusion of individuals in a certain subculture, as well as the socialization of individuals through the assimilation of stable sociocultural standards of behavior and, finally, the protection of certain values and norms.

4) Normative-orienting - mechanisms of moral and ethical orientation and regulation of individual behavior. Their goal is to give behavior and motivation a moral reasoning, an ethical basis. These institutions establish imperative universal human values, special codes and ethics of behavior in the community.

5) Normative-sanctioning - social regulation of behavior on the basis of norms, rules and regulations enshrined in legal and administrative acts. The binding nature of norms is ensured by the coercive power of the state and the system of corresponding sanctions.

6) Ceremonial-symbolic and situational-conventional institutions. These institutions are based on a more or less long-term acceptance of conventional (under agreement) norms, their official and unofficial consolidation. These norms regulate everyday contacts and various acts of group and intergroup behavior. They determine the order and method of mutual behavior, regulate methods of transmission and exchange of information, greetings, addresses, etc., regulations for meetings, sessions, and the activities of some associations.

Violation of normative interaction with the social environment, which is society or community, is called dysfunction of a social institution. As noted earlier, the basis for the formation and functioning of a specific social institution is the satisfaction of one or another social need. In conditions of intensive social processes and the acceleration of the pace of social change, a situation may arise when changed social needs are not adequately reflected in the structure and functions of the relevant social institutions. As a result, dysfunction may occur in their activities. From a substantive point of view, dysfunction is expressed in the unclear goals of the institution, the uncertainty of its functions, the decline of its social prestige and authority, the degeneration of its individual functions into “symbolic”, ritual activity, that is, activity not aimed at achieving a rational goal.

One of the obvious expressions of the dysfunction of a social institution is the personalization of its activities. A social institution, as is known, functions according to its own, objectively operating mechanisms, where each person, based on norms and patterns of behavior, in accordance with his status, plays certain roles. Personalization of a social institution means that it ceases to act in accordance with objective needs and objectively established goals, changing its functions depending on the interests of individuals, their personal qualities and properties.

An unsatisfied social need can give rise to the spontaneous emergence of normatively unregulated types of activities that seek to compensate for the dysfunction of the institution, but at the expense of violating existing norms and rules. In its extreme forms activity this kind may result in illegal activities. Thus, the dysfunction of some economic institutions is the reason for the existence of the so-called " shadow economy", results in speculation, bribery, theft, etc. Correction of dysfunction can be achieved by changing the social institution itself or by creating a new social institution that satisfies a given social need.

Researchers distinguish two forms of existence of social institutions: simple and complex. Simple social institutions are organized associations of people that perform certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the fulfillment by members of the institution of their social roles determined by social values, ideals, and norms. At this level, the control system has not emerged as an independent system. Social values, ideals, and norms themselves ensure the sustainability of the existence and functioning of a social institution.

3. Family as the most important social institution.

A classic example of a simple social institution is the institution of the family. A.G. Kharchev defines a family as an association of people based on marriage and consanguinity, connected by a common life and mutual responsibility. The initial basis of family relationships is marriage. Marriage is a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their conjugal and kinship rights and obligations. But the family, as a rule, represents a more complex system of relationships than marriage, since it can unite not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives. Therefore, the family should be considered not just as a marriage group, but as a social institution, that is, a system of connections, interactions and relationships of individuals that perform the functions of reproduction of the human race and regulate all connections, interactions and relationships on the basis of certain values and norms, subject to extensive social control through a system of positive and negative sanctions.

The family as a social institution goes through a number of stages, the sequence of which forms the family cycle or family life cycle. Researchers identify a different number of phases of this cycle, but the main ones are the following: 1) entering into a first marriage - forming a family; 2) the beginning of childbearing - the birth of the first child; 3) the end of childbearing - the birth of the last child; 4) “empty nest” - marriage and separation of the last child from the family; 5) cessation of the existence of a family - the death of one of the spouses. At each stage, the family has specific social and economic characteristics.

In the sociology of the family, the following are accepted: general principles identifying types of family organization. Depending on the form of marriage, monogamous and polygamous families are distinguished. A monogamous family provides for the existence of a married couple - husband and wife, while a polygamous family - as a rule, flies have the right to have several wives. Depending on the structure of family ties, simple, nuclear, or complex, extended family types are distinguished. A nuclear family is a married couple with unmarried children. If some of the children in the family are married, an extended, or complex, family is formed, including two or more generations.

The family as a social institution arose with the formation of society. The process of family formation and functioning is determined by value-normative regulators. Such, for example, as courtship, choosing a marriage partner, sexual standards of behavior, norms that guide wife and husband, parents and children, etc., as well as sanctions for non-compliance. These values, norms and sanctions represent the historically changing form of relations between a man and a woman accepted in a given society, through which they regulate and sanction their sexual lives and establish their marital, parental and other kinship rights and responsibilities.

At the first stages of the development of society, relations between men and women, older and younger generations were regulated by tribal and clan customs, which were syncretic norms and patterns of behavior based on religious and moral ideas. With the emergence of the state, regulation family life has acquired a legal character. Legal registration of marriage imposed certain obligations not only on the spouses, but also on the state sanctioning their union. From now on, social control and sanctions were carried out not only by public opinion, but also by government agencies.

The main, first function of the family, as follows from A.G. Kharchev’s definition, is reproductive, that is, the biological reproduction of the population in a social sense and satisfying the need for children in a personal sense. Along with this main function, the family performs a number of other important social functions:

a) educational - socialization of the younger generation, maintaining the cultural reproduction of society;

b) household - maintaining the physical health of members of society, caring for children and elderly family members;

c) economic - obtaining material resources from some family members for others, economic support for minors and disabled members of society;

d) the sphere of primary social control - moral regulation of the behavior of family members in various fields life activity, as well as regulation of responsibilities and obligations in relations between spouses, parents and children, representatives of the older and middle generations;

e) spiritual communication - personal development of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment;

f) social status - providing a certain social status to family members, reproduction of the social structure;

g) leisure - organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;

h) emotional - receiving psychological protection, emotional support, emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy.

To understand the family as a social institution, the analysis of role relationships in the family is of great importance. Family role is one of the types of social roles of a person in society. Family roles are determined by the place and functions of the individual in the family group and are subdivided primarily into marital (wife, husband), parental (mother, father), children (son, daughter, brother, sister), intergenerational and intragenerational (grandfather, grandmother, elder , junior), etc. The fulfillment of a family role depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, first of all, on correct formation role image. An individual must clearly understand what it means to be a husband or wife, the eldest in the family or the youngest, what behavior is expected of him, what rules and norms this or that behavior dictates to him. In order to formulate the image of his behavior, the individual must accurately determine his place and the place of others in the role structure of the family. For example, can he play the role of head of the family, in general?

Marriage and family as social institutions. The role of the family in personality development. Trend in the development of family and marital relations. Social functions of the family. Forms of marriage, family roles, formal and informal norms and sanctions in the sphere of marriage and family relations.

St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Department of Political Science. Abstract On the topic: Social institutions of society."

What is a modern family? Types of family organization. Family law. Types of family relationships. Functions of the family and the current difficult demographic situation in Russia. The results of a sociological study.

The origin of the term "social institution", analysis of the functioning of domestic, political, professional institutions. Functions, forms, sources of development of social institutions; process of institutionalization. Organization as an element of social structure.

Subject: . Plan: Marriage is the basis of family relationships. Family functions. Family role. Tasks of family sociology. Categories of family and marriage relations. Historical direction in the sociology of family and marriage.

Specifics of sociological study of family. The main forms of marriage: endogamous and exogamous, polygamous and monogamous. Types of families depending on the existence of the characteristics of their socio-demographic composition and functions. Stages of development and family structure.

Social institutions as historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people, their external and internal structure, types and basic principles of activity. Family as a social institution modern tendencies its development.

Characteristics of the essence, forms and types of family - a group of people connected by direct family relationships, the adult members of which assume responsibilities for caring for children. Family transformation and dynamics of family relationships. The most important functions of the family.

The problem of defining the concept of “family” in the sociology of family and demography. The family as a social institution and a small group: the subject of physical and social reproduction of generations. Specific and nonspecific, individual and social functions of the family.

The concept of social institutions, their emergence, classification by spheres of society. The methodology of institutionalization is an ordered process with a certain structure of relations, hierarchy of power, discipline, rules of behavior.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine PGASA ABSTRACT on the discipline “Sociology” on the topic “Family as an object of sociological research” Completed by: Art. gr. _____ Sav...

The concept and types of social institutions. Marriage is the basis of family relationships. Historical direction in the sociology of family and marriage. Family as the most important social institution: life cycle, forms, functions. Distribution of roles in the family. The crisis of the family, its future.

The family is one of the fundamental institutions of society, giving it stability and the ability to replenish the population in each subsequent generation. The process of family formation, its life cycle. Reasons that motivate people to join family groups.

Characteristics of a social institution and the goals of its activities. A set of social positions and functions. Definition and analysis of religion as a social institution. Value-normative level of religion. Church as a form of modern religious organization.

Studying the foundations of family sociology, the main problems of family and marital relations of our time, their causes and methods of resolving them. Divorce as an indicator of the crisis of the family institution. Trends in the development of family and marital relations in Russia, Western countries and the USA.

Marriage and family as social institutions and their functions. Social, psychological and economic motives of marriage and family relations. Prospects for the development of family and marriage. Group quality of family life. Style of performing intrafamily roles.

The first, most often used meaning of the term “social institution” is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of social connections and relationships. And the process of streamlining, formalization and standardization itself is called institutionalization. The process of institutionalization, that is, the formation of a social institution, consists of several successive stages:

· the emergence of a need, the satisfaction of which requires joint organized actions;

· formation of common goals;

· the emergence of social norms and rules during a spontaneous social interaction carried out by trial and error;

· the emergence of procedures related to norms and rules;

· institutionalization of norms and rules, procedures, that is, their adoption, practical use;

· establishment of a system of sanctions to maintain norms and rules, differentiation of their application in individual cases;

· creation of a system of statuses and roles covering all members of the institute without exception;

· So, the final stage of the institutionalization process can be considered the creation, in accordance with the norms and rules, of a clear status-role structure, socially approved by the majority of participants in this social process.

The process of institutionalization thus includes a number of aspects.

One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is a corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize the joint activities of people in order to satisfy certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and raising children, implements relations between the sexes, generations, etc. The Institute of Higher Education provides training for the workforce, allows a person to develop his abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and provide for his existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction, are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.

A social institution is formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relationships of specific individuals, social groups and communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature and have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent social entity that has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

First of all, we are talking about a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and channels their specific aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts that arise in the process of everyday life, and ensures a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole.

The mere presence of these sociocultural elements does not ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, and embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all sociocultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of personal needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.

The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Externally, a social institution is a set of organizations, institutions, individuals, equipped with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. Thus, an institute of higher education is operated by a social corps of teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., which for their activities have certain material assets (buildings, finances, etc.).

Thus, social institutions are social mechanisms, stable value-normative complexes that regulate various spheres of social life (marriage, family, property, religion), which are little susceptible to changes in people’s personal characteristics. But they are put into action by people carrying out their activities, “playing” by their rules. Thus, the concept of “monogamous family institution” does not mean a single family, but a set of norms that is implemented in countless families of a certain kind.

Institutionalization, as P. Berger and T. Luckman show, is preceded by a process of habitualization, or “habituation” of everyday actions, leading to the formation of patterns of activity that are subsequently perceived as natural and normal for a given type of activity or solving problems typical in given situations. Patterns of action act, in turn, as the basis for the formation of social institutions, which are described in the form of objective social facts and are perceived by the observer as “social reality” (or social structure). These trends are accompanied by procedures of signification (the process of creating, using signs and fixing meanings and meanings in them) and form a system of social meanings, which, developing into semantic connections, are recorded in natural language. Signification serves the purpose of legitimation (recognition as competent, socially recognized, legal) of the social order, that is, justification and justification of the usual ways of overcoming the chaos of destructive forces that threaten to undermine the stable idealizations of everyday life.

The emergence and existence of social institutions is associated with the formation in each individual of a special set of sociocultural dispositions (habitus), practical patterns of action that have become for the individual his internal “natural” need. Thanks to habitus, individuals are included in the activities of social institutions. Social institutions, therefore, are not just mechanisms, but “original “meaning factories” that set not only patterns of human interactions, but also ways of comprehending, understanding social reality and the people themselves.”