Where did the Internet come from and who created it? When the Internet appeared - the history of the network and when Internet Day is celebrated. Where did the Internet and the World Wide Web come from?

The Internet is the World Wide Web, a global information space. The history of the emergence and development of this world wide web is bright and unusual, because already 10 years after its appearance it conquered many organizations and countries that began to actively use the network for work. At first, the Internet served exclusively groups of researchers and scientists; soon the military squeezed into this group, and then businessmen. After this, the popularity of the Internet grew rapidly. Users were seduced by the speed of information transfer, cheap global communications, many easy and accessible programs, a unique database, etc.

Today, at a low cost of services, every user can access information services from all countries of the world. Also, the Internet today provides global communication opportunities around the world. Naturally, this is convenient for companies that have branches in different parts of the world, for transnational corporations, as well as for management structures.

The famous abbreviation “WWW” stands for “World Wide Web” - World Wide Web

But what was the history of the Internet? How did the Internet appear? How did it all start, and how has this fabulous network with information about everything developed? Read further in the article.

How and when did the Internet appear?

This happened more than 50 years ago. Back in 1961, on instructions from the US Department of Defense, DARPA (Advanced Research Agency) began work on an experimental project to create a network between computers to transmit data packets. The first theoretical development of the predecessor of the modern World Wide Web, which was published in 1964 by Paul Baran, argued that all nodes on the network should have the same status. Each node has the authority to originate, transmit, and receive messages from other computers. In this case, messages are divided into standardized elements called “packets”. Each package is assigned an address, ensuring correct and complete delivery of documents.

Paul Baran - thanks to whom the network appeared in 1964 - the progenitor of the modern Internet

This network was called ARPANET, and it was intended to study various options ensuring reliable communication between different computers. It became the immediate predecessor of the Internet.

For eight years, DARPA worked on the project and in 1969, the Department of Defense approved ARPANET as the leading organization for research in the field of computer networks. From this time on, nodes of the new network began to be created. The first such node was the UCLA Network Test Center, after which the Stanford node was created research institute, a hub of the University of Santa Barbara and the University of Utah, developed the UNIX operating system.

The following year, ARPANET hosts used NCP for communication. A year later, there were already 15 nodes in the network. 1972 is the year in which addressing development groups were created to harmonize different protocols. At the same time, TCP/IP data transfer protocols were developed.

In 1973, the first international connections were made. The countries that joined the ARPANET network were England and Norway. The ARPANET project was so successful that soon many organizations in the USA, England and Norway wished to join it. Within 2 years, ARPANET outgrew the name of an “experimental” network, and became a full-fledged working network. From that time on, responsibility for administering the ARPANET was taken over by the Defense Communication Agency, which today is called the Defense Information Systems Agency.

DISA - Defense Information Systems Agency - defense information systems agency

But ARPANET's development didn't stop there; TCP/IP data transfer protocols have evolved and improved. After some time, this protocol was adapted to publicly available standards, after which the term Internet became generally accepted and entered into everyday communication.

The history of the Internet is just beginning here. In 1976, the UUCP protocol was developed, and three years later they launched USENET, which runs on UUCP.

The US Department of Defense declared TCP/IP its standard in 1983. Also that year, it was announced that ARPANET had completed its research phase. At the same time, MILNET was spun off from ARPANET.

1984 was the year the DNS system was introduced, and the total number of hosts exceeded 1000. The following year, NFS was created, the goal of which was to build a network that would unite all national computer centers. The formation of CSNET accelerated significantly in 1986, when they began to create supercomputer centers. The result of hard work was the NSFNET network, the transmission speed of data packets of which was 56 Kbps. The network is based on 5 supercomputer centers located in NCSA, Princeton, UCSD, Pittsburgh and Cornell University.

By 1987, the number of hosts had exceeded 10 thousand. And in 1988, NSFNET began using the T1 channel. At the same time, countries such as Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, France, Sweden and Finland joined NSFNET. The following year, the number of hosts became more than 100 thousand. At the same time, Great Britain, Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy, Israel, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and Mexico joined the network. In 1990 to worldwide network Russia joined in.

Despite the fact that the ARPANET company ceased to exist in 1991, the worldwide Internet network did not die along with its creator, but, on the contrary, became even larger, uniting many networks into one huge lump of connections. Since that time, the NSFNET network began to operate on T3 channels, which provided a data transfer rate of 44.736 Mbit/s. At the initiative of NSF, InetNIC was created in 1993, in which domain names were registered. Since 1994, trading activities began via the Internet.

That same year, the Internet celebrated its 25th anniversary. This year, Vladimir Levin (a Russian hacker) attacked the American Citibank. This showed the whole world that network security is not 100%, and new developments of various network data security systems began.

In addition, in 1994 there were two more important events, which cannot be ignored. The first event was the development of access protection tools, the second was the licensing of the Mosaic browser to Mosaic Communication Corporation, founded by James Clark. This year, traffic on the World Wide Web exceeded 10 gigabytes/month.

The following year, NSFNET made domain name registration a fee. Since September 14, 1995, the Zea registration fee has been $50. And in April of the same year, NSFNET ceased to exist. As a result of rapid growth in 1995, the network reached the level of six million connected servers. At the same time, the AltaVista search engine was launched and RealAudio technology appeared. The first variants of IP telephony also began to appear.

In 1996, an unspoken competition began between the Netscape and Internet Explorer browsers. And in the world this year there were already 12.8 million hosts and 500 thousand sites.

1997 was a serious test for the entire web system. An Internet error in DNS Network Solutions caused access to millions of commercial accounts to be blocked.

A few years later, namely in 1999, a new global network called Internet 2, or Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, came into operation. With the arrival of the new company, the 32-bit representation system was replaced with a 128-bit one.

In the same year, the first attempt to censor the Internet was made. Government bodies some countries - China, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, countries former USSR have made serious efforts to technically block user access to some sites and servers with political, religious or pornographic content.

In 2001, the number of World Wide Web users exceeded 530 million. The following year, this number grew to 689 million people.

Today, the Internet uses almost all possible communication lines, from low-speed telephone lines to high-speed digital satellite channels. The operating systems used on the Internet also differ in variety.

Internet in Russia

The Internet penetrated into Russia in the early 90s. In those years, a number of universities began to build their own computer networks. Based on the Institute Nuclear Energy them. Kurchatov, two commercial companies were formed that provided Internet connection services.

In 1993, a strong impetus for the development of the Internet in Russia was given by the “Telecommunications Program” from the International Science Foundation.

Next year, within state program“Universities of Russia” have identified a direction for creating a federal university computer network. The network came into operation in 1995. In 1996-98, a backbone network for science and higher education was built.

At the same time, networks of commercial suppliers emerged and developed. At first they focused on connecting organizations.

In 1998, Rostelecom, together with Relcom, formed the company Relcom - DS. Today it is the largest Internet service provider in Russia.

Today, the Internet already has a huge database of information in Russian. According to sociologists, at the end of 1998, about 1.5 million people in Russia were Internet users, and more than half of these users lived outside of Moscow. In 1999, the number of users exceeded 5 million people.

Programs on the network

To fully work with the Internet, there are a number of programs that are popular today. And successful use of the World Wide Web is possible only if the right choice of quality software. It is worth noting that it is impossible to give universal advice on this matter, since everything depends on the configuration of your computer, the specifics of your interests and the operating system you are working with. Also, another reason why it is impossible to say with confidence about the full quality of a particular program is the constant development of the Internet. Almost every day new standards or new methods for their implementation appear.

But, in any case, all Internet software is divided (conditionally) into several groups:

Browsers - Microsoft Internet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome and others;
Mail programs are special programs that work to send, receive, view and sort email;
Communication programs - these programs provide the opportunity to negotiate in real time on the Internet. This can be text mode, audio or video exchange: ICQ, Odigo, Skype, IPhone, EasyTalk, etc.;
Programs for working with files.

Naturally, this list of Internet software is not limited; it is constantly updated and expanded.

What you need to work online

In order to work on the World Wide Web, you need to connect to it. Today there are several ways to connect to the Internet. These are different types of connections with different connection speeds and prices.

Modem. Using a modem, communication with the Internet is carried out over a standard telephone line. This connection is quite unreliable, although relatively cheap. Modem communication requires a telephone line and an internal or external modem.

ISDN. This is a communication line that is very similar to a regular telephone line, with only one difference - it is completely digital and can provide much higher speeds, unlike a modem. To operate, you need either an ISDN modem or an ISDN adapter and an NT-1 connector.

Frame relay— frame retransmission. This is a permanent line of communication, a reliable connection to the Internet. To establish such a connection, you must have an appropriate computer board and a frame relay line.

Leased line. This is a technology similar to frame relay, but in this case the connection is established between two points. For a permanent connection to the Internet, a leased line is the best choice.

Tasks of the World Wide Web

The Internet, as a worldwide network, has several main tasks that satisfy its consumers. The Internet implements its main functions:

Email. This is the simplest and most useful feature. Many users of the World Wide Web use only email. You can exchange messages, send files, .
File transfer. Another irreplaceable and truly one of the best features of the Internet is the ability to transfer files from one computer to another.
Remote access.

What does the Internet mean for modern users?

It is difficult to imagine a PC user who does not use the Internet. But what is the purpose of this? The main idea of the Internet is the free dissemination of information. Thanks to the Internet, racial, religious, and ideological barriers between people or countries are being overcome.

The Internet can easily be called one of the most impressive democratic achievements of the technological process.

Today, the Internet actively serves as:

Decision making tool. The Internet brings all information together within an organization. Now there is no longer any need to collect scattered data and sift them out.
Training organization tool. Thanks to the Internet, information exchange occurs almost instantly, so you can now analyze information and make decisions much faster.
The Internet is also a perfect communication tool. It ensures the integration of all divisions of the corporation.
Collaboration tool.
Expert tool.
One tool for invention.
21st century phone.
A tool for monitoring and improving the production cycle.
Partner tool. There is no longer a company that does not have its own page on the World Wide Web. Thanks to the Internet, you can exchange information with your friends, as well as control the provision of services and communicate with clients.
Marketing tool.
Human resource tool.

A look into the future of the Internet

Over these half a century from the beginning of its creation to the present day, the Internet has appeared, grown and changed a lot. And it continues to change at this time. The Internet was conceived in another era, and was able to survive in the era of personal computers, client-servers and computer networks. Moreover, it not only survived, but also became an integral part of any PC. The Internet was developed before people even existed local networks, he became their prototype and destroyed not only the local network but also the global one.

Now it is not difficult to give at least a short-term forecast for the development of the Internet, as well as name technologies that will become popular in the near future. It is much more difficult to find out what fundamentally new technology will replace the Internet, and whether it will come. The future of technology is now unpredictable, but it may well happen that this technology will fundamentally change the entire face of the computer world.

This refers to the end of the Internet era in its modern form. It may be replaced by the World Wide Web - a giant supercomputer that does not offer data transfer services, but a slightly different operating principle. Instead of a traditional personal computer, the user will be offered a remote access adapter that connects to a monitor, mouse, phone or other peripheral devices. At the same time, providers will turn from service providers into holders of multiprocessor mainframes.

But it is worth noting that the new generation unified computer network technology with terminal access has a number of undeniable advantages:

For the average user, problems associated with purchase, installation, operation, configuration, etc. disappear. hardware;
the presence of payment only for the actual use of the software, and not prepayment for services and resources may be unclaimed;
professional solution to the problem of information security, as well as ensuring privacy;
software availability;
transition to a new level of resource utilization.

Naturally, the deployment of such technology requires a solution huge amount technical problems.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Oddly enough, there is no clear answer to this question. I can say that the Internet appeared in 1969(his birthday is considered 29th of October), but I can say that it has been active only since 1991 or even 93. So when did he appear?

It just depends on what exactly you're asking about. The fact is that in the history of the development of the Internet there are clearly visible two eras, the watershed between which can be called the appearance of the first browser (well, and the work of Tom Bernes-Lee, of course, without which no one would need this very browser).

You are most likely interested in the second era (pop), when the audience of this network began to grow at a monstrous pace, and not in the era when only people in uniform and dressing gowns knew about the Internet (there was no such term then), and its audience even during the years of maximum distribution, it did not exceed tens of thousands of people (compare with today, when more than three billion use the network).

In this case, the birthday of the Internet can be considered May 17, 1991, when the so-called appeared, i.e. what we call today in short is the Internet, and where we safely access using a browser. In general, this holiday is officially celebrated April, 4. Why? Read a couple of paragraphs below and find out (there must be at least some intrigue).

History of the Internet and who created it?

So, it all started in the distant sixties of the last century. At that time, the United States (the country that pioneered the Internet) was at the peak of its capabilities and a huge number of talented scientists worked and served there. It was they who created the future prototype of today's Internet for military purposes. It was called ARPANET and served for communication between various military installations in the event of a nuclear war. Oh how!

As I mentioned just above, the date of birth of this network is considered. But there was nothing in common with what we now understand by the definition of the word Internet. However, the network existed and it developed. Over time, it began to serve not only the military, but also scientists, connecting the country's leading universities. It was developed in 1971 (I wrote about it a little earlier), and a couple of years later the network was able to cross the ocean.

But it was still the preserve of only a select group of scientists and a group of enthusiasts who used it for correspondence. About ten years later (in 1983), a rather significant event occurred - the now well-known TCP/IP protocol was standardized. And in 1988, such a cool thing as chat (real-time correspondence) appeared, which was implemented on the basis of the IRC protocol (in RuNet they called the chat client “Irka”, as I remember now, I’m already many years old).

So, America turns out to have given the impetus for the emergence of the Internet (in our modern understanding), but the very idea of creating the World Wide Web (WWW) had already arisen in Europe within the walls of the still famous organization CERN (collider and other crap).

A Briton worked there Tim Berners-Lee, who can easily be called the founding father of the Internet. Of course, he was not alone, but it was his two-year work on creating the HTML markup language, the HTTP protocol and everything else that was a turning point. This is what made the hypertext-based global network possible.

This was in the late eighties of the last century. And already in 1991, the World Wide Web became available to everyone (the very second birthday of the Internet). But this was not enough for this very accessibility to develop into popularity. Why? Because there was no convenient tool for surfing yet.

And finally, in 1993 the first truly popular one appeared browser for he was graphic, i.e. could display not only text, lists and tables, but also pictures! His name was Mosaic. In fact, he became the founder of all modern columnists (read about) and his popularity at that time was very great.

It was he who attracted millions of new users to the Internet, and it was this date that I would consider the reporting point, when he appeared in the world real internet (accessible and understandable to everyone). From this fertile soil, millions of sites and people began to appear on the Internet like mushrooms. In general, life began.

Internet Day

International Internet Day (despite all the above dates of its multiple birth) is usually celebrated April, 4. Why? Well, probably because if the month (April) is written in numbers, it will turn out 4.04 or the famous 404. These numbers have to some extent become business card Internet, although they mean one of many possible errors that the server produces when an emergency situation occurs.

It’s just that this very thing catches the eye of users very often (this means that the page at this link was not found - it was deleted, moved, or the link was written with an error).

Often, 404 error pages are designed in a very interesting way (the jaga-jaga alone is worth it) and these numbers are firmly ingrained in the minds of users, even if they do not always understand what they are talking about.

It turns out very symbolic, in my opinion.

When did the Internet appear in Russia (Runet)?

Runet is the Russian-language segment of the Internet, i.e. there is an area where websites in Russian and any other services are located where this language is used for communication. Oddly enough, in terms of popularity, the Russian language is in second place on the Internet (after English) and eats up quite a significant 7 percent.

Moreover, Runet itself appeared somewhat earlier than this term became commonly used. The Russian-language network began to take shape around the same time as the bourgeoisie (the rest of the Internet, with the exception of Runet), namely somewhere since 1991-93. The term “Runet” first came into use in 1997. Its meaning is interpreted differently (some say that these are domains belonging to the ru zone, others that it is the Russian RuNet), but they agree that this is a place on the network where the Russian language is used (mainly Russia and neighboring countries abroad).

Well, you and I, dear readers, are residents of this most Russian-speaking part of the Internet (new reality). Congratulations to you!

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

War and network

It is unknown how quickly the prerequisites for the creation of the Internet could have arisen if not for the “Cold War” and the “arms race” that took place between the USA and the USSR. As one of the results of the confrontation between two influential states, a project of the American Department of Defense appeared called the Advanced Research Projects Agency, abbreviated ARPA. This organization was tasked with developing a computer network that could be used to transmit secret data in the event of a major war. However, this reason has not been officially confirmed by anyone.

The first scientist to speak out about the possibility of creating such a network was J. Licklider from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who wrote back in 1962 about a project he called the “Galactic Network”. This scientist's idea was very close to what is currently understood as the Internet. However, the concept existed only in theory so far. The most important steps lay ahead: the search for technical capabilities and algorithms for its implementation, as well as years of experimentation in an attempt to achieve a positive result. Thus began the long history of the creation of the Internet.

Natural research

The development of a unique computer connection was based on the concept of a packet network, the authors of which were English physicists Donald Davis and Roger Scantlebury. It gradually became known that in the period from 1961 to 1967, more and more specialists from the United States and Great Britain were involved in working on the project, without knowing about each other. As a result, parallel research became known at one of the scientific conferences.

It is significant that these first developments were created quite freely and spontaneously, with minimal control by the governments of both countries. And subsequently, the creator of the Internet, Tim Berners-Lee, noted: “We could not have done anything like this if it had been under government control from the very beginning.” By saying “we,” the computer genius also meant his predecessors who created the ARPANET network.

Significant day

The first successful connection was made in 1969. Then the ARPANET network server was located at the University of California, Los Angeles, and attempts began to establish a connection between two cities: Los Angeles and Stanford, the distance between which was 640 km. It was necessary to remotely connect to another computer on the network and send a written message, and a telephone was used to confirm the transfer. The experiment was carried out by university scientists Charlie Cline and his colleague Bill Duvall.

So, the year the Internet was created is 1969, the day is October 29, the time is 22.30. It was then that the short word log (short for login, as the password for logging into the system later became known) was completely transmitted over a network of two computers. Thus began the long history of the creation and development of the Internet, which continues to this day.

Soon after that success, already in 1971, the first program for sending email appeared. The innovation turned out to be extremely popular and began to quickly gain popularity in the United States. In addition, in the 70s of the 20th century, the history of the creation of the Internet was marked by the emergence and development of such systems as bulletin boards, mailings to electronic mailboxes and news groups.

Computers of all networks, unite

At the same time, developers computer technology work was underway to create a single protocol that could unite all existing disparate networks into a single whole. The leader of this large-scale project was the American inventor Robert Kahn. It was he, together with Vinton Cerf and other colleagues, who developed TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which is still used to connect computers into a single network. For this invention, Kahn and Cerf received the unofficial title of “fathers” of the Internet.

The basic principles of the protocol they developed are as follows:

connection occurs without internal changes in the network;
retransmission of incomplete information;
use of gateways and routers;
absence common system control.

By 1983, the ARPANET network was completely transferred to the TCP/IP protocol, after which it changed its name to the one familiar to modern ears - the Internet. However, over time, this name was assigned to the newly formed NSFNet network, which turned out to be more popular and by 1990 ousted its competitor.

Also in 1983, DNS (Domain Name System) was developed - a domain name system. Thus, the history of the creation of the Internet has taken another huge step forward.

The web is being woven

And yet it was far from the Internet we know today. Yes, it has already appeared Email, mailing programs, message boards, and even (in 1988) the first chat room, allowing network users to communicate in real time. However, there was no what we now call the World Wide Web - an inexhaustible source of information consisting of many web pages connected by hyperlinks. All this was developed and launched only in 1989, primarily thanks to the work of a famous scientist from the UK. It was Tim Berners-Lee who developed the HTTP protocol, the hypertext markup language HTML, URLs for websites - in a word, everything without which it is impossible to imagine the functioning of the Internet at the present stage.

If we draw an analogy with other great inventions, we can say that theorists and experimenters with the ARPANET discovered electricity, and the creator of the Internet, Berners-Lee and his colleagues, developed the first electrical appliances.

Websites and browsers

But the development process did not end there, but only continued at an accelerated pace. 1991 is the year the first Internet site was created, located at info.cern.ch. The World Wide Web became universally accessible, beginning to fulfill Berners-Lee's cherished dream that every person on the planet could take advantage of the power of the Internet. Gradually, more and more web servers and sites began to appear, based on software created by the British computer genius.

Since 1993, the first browsers began to appear (Mosaic, Internet Explorer and others), more and more people around the world connected to the Internet, and the number of sites increased to hundreds of thousands.

Internet in the USSR and Russia

The first communication channel with the World Wide Web was laid in 1982, being used exclusively for scientific purposes - to access the archives of the main European libraries. It was only in 1989 that expansion began so that ordinary citizens could gain access. A year later, the first Relcom network appeared, and the su domain for websites was registered Soviet Union. News and other information began to be disseminated through the network, as well as communication between participants, including those separated by an ocean.

World Wide Web today

By 1997, the history of the creation of the Internet was almost completed, and the global network became approximately the same as we know it today. But the difference is that back then there were only 10 million computers connected to the Internet, but now the figure has reached 1.2 billion.

No previous means of communication has achieved such stunning results in such a short time.

The current trend in the development of the Internet is its distribution in developing countries of the world, as well as access through a variety of devices: communication satellites, radio channels, cable TV, telephone and cellular, electrical wires and leased lines.

In less than 20 years of the existence of the Internet - the World Wide Web, more than 966 million sites have appeared (data for 2017). All five continents are connected to the Internet. Users from America and Europe exchange information in real time with Australians and South Africans.

To show the global reach of the free information web, just look at the statistics of the distribution of sites by continent.

How and when the Internet appeared, what technologies made this miracle of the twentieth century possible, who and when created the WWW - in this article.

History of the creation of technologies for the Internet

The history of the World Wide Web took shape entirely in the second half of the 20th century. This is explained by the relative novelty of the underlying technologies. The first networks connected computers long before widespread implementation into our lives of personal computers, in 1956.

According to a number of researchers, the creation of a LAN was preceded by a pragmatic idea to control a computer at a distance. The computers were large and got very hot. The halls where they worked had to be cooled, and the presence of people in them was undesirable. Remote control made it possible to place specialists in another office.

LANs of this time rarely went beyond the building and were local in nature. Nevertheless, they were chosen by the United States military department as an alternative and promising means of reliable communication in case of emergency situations and military invasion.

Creation of distributed networks, ARPANET

In 1957, American intelligence learned of Soviet missiles installed in Cuba, which turned nuclear war from hypothetical to very real. The military's arguments in favor of creating computer networks:

During a nuclear war, long-wave communications will become impossible to use for long-distance communications.
Any centralized communication systems can be disabled by damage to the central nodes.
Distributed decentralized networks work even if individual segments are destroyed.

Already in 1957, the task set and financed by the military was taken up by employees of DARPA, the American agency in whose hands the promising developments of a defensive nature. The project was complex, so four leading senior educational institutions countries. These are two California universities: Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, Utah and Stanford.

The figure shows a hand-drawn diagram of the ARPANET, which identifies these nodes, and the names of the computers are indicated on the rectangular callouts.

At the end of the 60s, the network finally moved from the design stage to real operation. The first ARPANET server, the project's working title, was launched in September 1969. It was the Honeywell DP-516 computer. To estimate its power, it is enough to indicate the amount of RAM, which is 24 kilobytes. But by the standards of that time this was enough.

Global connectivity

Of course, scientific schools saw benefits for themselves in the development of a unified network. The new invention opens up the possibility of ensuring communication between research teams and individual scientists. More and more new participants joined the project, funded by the US Department of Defense.

The team was relatively small, less than 150 people. Half of ARPA's staff held the title of Ph.D. They are the ones who take the global approach to development.

Thus, a number of Internet historians believe that we owe the emergence of the concept of globality to the author of the Galactic Network article, J. Licklider. This work examines the prerequisites for the creation of galactic networks covering millions of people. Licklider became director of the research program on October 4, 1962. Without this researcher, ARPANET could have remained a closed phenomenon to the world, and the Internet would have appeared much later.

Packages and protocols

Technology and communication protocol became a key issue in the ARPA project. At this stage, the involvement of specialist Leonard Kleinorok was required. His publication, dated 1961, examined in detail communication protocols based on packet transmission technology.

Since the line bandwidth is limited, it is difficult to transfer the entire file. Initially, telephone cables were used, laid throughout the country. Any interference or interruptions led to the need to retransmit the data. Kleinork suggested splitting the file into small packages.

The sender sends them one by one, and the recipient carefully places them on the drive and then collects the entire file. The theory was proven by a practical communication session between Massachusetts and California. The data traveled through low-speed telephone lines about 5,000 km long.

Perhaps this was the first global information network, since these cities are located in different time zones. Researchers have proven that time difference does not matter for communication. But the speed and reliability provided by telephone wires were considered unsatisfactory. To ensure reliable and high-speed exchange of information, it was necessary to create separate lines.

Open network and the name Internet

Most researchers of the history of the World Wide Web believe that its modern name “Internet” originates from the French project Cyclades (Cyclade). Work on its launch took place in the 1970s of the last century. The developers of the Cyclade prioritized connection with other similar networks, Inter-net.

The figure shows the original design of the Cyclades, which united five French cities. Lines with a bandwidth of 48 kb are highlighted in bold, and lines with a bandwidth of 4-8 kb are highlighted in thin lines. Used 8 different operating systems interacting with each other.

The French did not have such powerful funding as the ARPA group, so instead of one expensive system they decided to build a global one from local segments interacting with each other. This model suited the military, commercial structures, educational institutions and individuals. Access to the Cyclada could be obtained easier and cheaper.

French engineers have significantly improved the protocol to enable fast data transfer using connected computers as transmitters. This made it possible to increase throughput and security of information. In the new protocol, the file was not opened on intermediate computers, but was only sent further unchanged. The transmission problem was solved in hardware.

The key engineering decision was the approval of a communication standard between open information systems. It was developed by ISO, the international standardization agency. This document defined the principles and levels of interaction.

Unified standards made it possible to eliminate routers and powerful central servers. Data could now be sent directly from user to user. In addition, levels of interaction were determined to ensure the safety of use of the network for departments, including the military.

How did the Internet appear?

The concept of the Internet was first used in the 1970s. This name was coined for the TCP/IP protocol, a single standard for packet file exchange that all operating systems must understand. A kind of international language for computers to communicate.

Strictly speaking, the TCP protocol itself was invented back in the 1970s. In 1978, the developers decided to divide its description into two areas based on functionality. The function of TCP is to parse file packets at the origin and then reassemble them at the destination. IP controlled the transmission.

The standard turned out to be so successful that the ARPANET developers switched their brainchild to TCP/IP. This event occurred on January 1, 1983. Another alternative internet birthday.

The IP address required to access the server with web pages was not very convenient for users. Therefore, in 1984, the concept of domains was introduced. They were indicated in the format familiar to the modern user with.com and other country-specific combinations. It is from the domain that the concept of dotcom is derived - dot (dot) and com (com).

In 1988, it was possible to overcome the limitation of information transfer in deferred mode. Previously, the file could only be sent by email. Now read the document in real time.

In the history of the emergence of the Internet, 1989 can be considered key. Scientists from the UK have proposed turning the network between countries into a worldwide one. To achieve this, standards were unified, called HTTP and URL for specifying the name of a page or file. HTML was also proposed - a language for describing text with hyperlinks, which was expanded many times in subsequent years.

Since 1990, anyone could connect to the World Wide Web through a telephone line using a modem. Another thing is that this access was paid and not everyone could afford it.

Inventors of the Internet

While American researchers made Internet hardware possible, European researchers did more work on hypertext and HTTP standards. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee laid the foundations of the Internet when he invented URL, HTTP and a number of other Internet standards.

He also developed the concept of WWW - a global web consisting of a huge number of interconnected documents, the transition between which is possible with one click on a hyperlink.

Also among the people who came up with and essentially invented the Internet, researchers include Berners-Lee’s colleague, the Belgian scientist Robert Caillot. He also worked at CERN on a data processing project.

The initial task was to systematize the knowledge accumulated by CERN, a leading European research center. But the idea, conceived and implemented by Tim Berners-Lee, was easily scalable to any number of documents and arbitrary types of information.

Without the inventions of European scientists that make it possible to organize access, communication between data from different sites and, most importantly, quickly edit information on them, global networks would not have received such widespread use. Only specialists could use them.

Internet birthday

Some researchers believe that the history of the World Wide Web should be counted from the date October 26, 1969. On this day, an event took place, the true value of which only specialists could appreciate. And this was done by ordinary students Charlie Cline and Bill Duvall. In the photo they were taken on the 40th anniversary of the event.

A remote connection was established between Stanford and Los Angeles. At modern development technology 640 kilometers separating the cities, the distance is short. But for that time it was a breakthrough that proved the possibility of reaching a global level of coverage of communications between people.

To be fair, it is worth noting that the transfer was completed only by 40%. The first two letters of the word LOGIN planned for broadcast were transmitted. The instability of the connection affected. Charlie Cline and Bill Duvall tried again later that day. LOGIN was finally transmitted at 10:30 p.m. Note that the computers being connected were part of the ARPANET.

The next three years were devoted to intensive development of software for the network and improvement of transmission technology. So, in 1971, an email client was launched, which became the prototype of modern email. A notice board and news publication were developed.

The next stage of development is the transmission of a digital signal across the ocean. In 1973, using telephone cables laid along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, researchers from the United States communicated over the network with Great Britain and Norway.

The Internet's birthday can equally be considered September 30, 1993. On this day, CERN lawyers settled all the formalities and allowed access to the World Wide Web to a wide mass of users who were not able to enter the research laboratory’s network. And already in 1994, WWW appeared in schools and other educational institutions.

Thus, the CERN research team created the Internet world public library knowledge. Therefore, September 30, 1993 has more right to the title of the Internet’s birthday than the events in 1969. The question “How old is the Internet?”, as the library of all knowledge in the world, most likely should be answered, counting from this later date.

Internet Day in different countries

In the USA and Europe the celebration is held on April 4th. There are two versions of the origin of such a date. The first is the similarity of the spelling of 4.04 with the 404 error about the absence of the desired page on the web. The second is religious. It is believed that the patron of the World Wide Web is Isidore of Seville, a saint canonized by the Catholic Church. And April 4 is the day of his ascension.

It is interesting that the candidacy of Isidore of Seville has been confirmed by the Vatican since 2000. The Church motivated its decision by the fact that the saint used cross-references in his works - a distant prototype of modern hyperlinks.

In Russia, April 7 is often called Internet Day. On this day in 1994, the domain .ru was allocated for Russian websites, replacing the .su domain, which had lost its relevance, in the Soviet Union.

Similar to Russia, a number of other countries also consider the birth of the Internet to be the moment when their national domains appeared. For example, in Uzbekistan it is April 29, and WWW users in Ukraine celebrate December 14.

History of Internet technologies and services

Postal services

E-mail has accompanied the Internet throughout its history. As noted above, the first client for reading and sending mail over the World Wide Web was developed in 1971.

Some researchers point us back to 1965, to the Mail program written by Noel Morris and Tom Van Valeck. But this application ran strictly on one CTSS operating system. We installed it on an IBM 7090/7094. Forwarding a message was possible to a computer connected via a local network and running on the same system.

Most of the concepts were inherited from the field of processing paper correspondence. Letter, attachment, envelope - all these words are from the past. But email is much faster and easier to use. You can read it from any device. But at first, users were strictly tied to their provider in order to have access to their email account. The letters themselves were stored on the provider's server.

Hotmail. The history of Internet email is often dated back to July 4, 1996. On this day, the Hotmail service began commercial operation. Revolutionaryness consisted in freedom from the provider. The user could check his electronic correspondence from any device connected to the web.

GMail. The history of this mail service began in the summer of 2001. At the same time, the corporation was in no hurry to open access to it to a wide range of users. In beta, it became possible to connect to GMail only in April 2004. The key advantage of Google mail was the incredible space for letters at that time. Each user was allocated 1 GB. Competitors provided at most 10 MB. Therefore, Gmail immediately looked like a leader on the Internet and currently occupies the first position in popularity.

Mail.ru and Yandex Mail. The mail service Mail.ru has been operating since 1998. Perhaps this is the oldest such resource in RuNet. Yandex joined the mailer race later. The service appeared on the Russian segment of the Internet in June 2000. He was distinguished by competent implementation of spam identification and anti-virus processing of attachments directly on the Yandex server.

Search engines

From the very beginning, the Internet was not easy to search. To find something useful, you had to find out the site address, type it into the browser bar, and then follow the links in the form of underlined letters for a long time.

YAHOO. The first search engine was YAHOO. Its two founders wanted to learn more about basketball teams. David Filo and Jerry Yang were left without their supervisor for a long period and had a lot of free time.

In January 1994 they found an indexing solution large quantity information and opened the “Guide” to the world, which at this stage of Internet development was a breakthrough in navigation. It was a directory of sites.

From that moment on, online search developed rapidly, as it attracted financial investments from advertisers. They were happy to place paid ads on search engines, which receive a huge number of visitors every day.

Google. Google's revolutionary invention was the combination of a natural way for people to search for a phrase and ranking links. A simple rule to determine the best pages is this: if site A has a link to site B, then page B gets a point. Now this is called the citation index, TIC.

Currently, no user will be able to navigate more than 150 million sites on the Internet. The search engine string is now displayed in the address page of most browsers.

Yandex. For Russian users in RuNet - the Russian-language sector of the Internet, the search began with Rambler. This Russian project started in 1996, only three years later than the first American search engines. Yandex appeared on the Internet a year later, in 1997, but is currently consistently in the top 10 global search services. In the Russian Internet sector, it is reliably in first place.

Browsers

WorldWideWeb. The race for the right to be called the best guide for users on the Internet began in the 90s of the last century. The first of these programs was simply called WorldWideWeb. As the name suggests, this is WWW, a combination of letters that often refers to the Internet. The browser was renamed Nexus, and then it gave way to more advanced competitors.

Mosaic. Few Russian users know about this web surfing tool, but it was the first to offer a graphical interface. There is evidence that both popular browsers of the 90s: Netscape navigator and IE borrowed the code of this open source project in the initial stages of development.

Netscape Navigator is the first browser with in-line search. It appeared in 1994 and existed until December 28, 2007. For most Russian users, this is where their acquaintance with the Internet began.

Google Chrome, without which the Internet today is difficult to imagine, appeared only in 2008. Its source code is open and the Chromium engine is used in most modern web browsers, including the latest versions of Opera and Yandex.

History of the Internet in Russia

Graph of the development of the World Wide Web in the Russian-speaking space from the moment it was created and the internet was invented in the world, as the diagram clearly demonstrates.

On the graph, the X axis shows the years since 1990, and the Y axis shows millions of addresses issued to users and sites.

It is a mistake to believe that American researchers are decades ahead of their Soviet and Russian colleagues. The first local networks in the USSR were created in military sphere in the 1950s. And in 1972 our civilian specialists managed to solve a problem on a national scale. The Express ticket sales accounting network has been implemented, the services of which we now use when purchasing train tickets via the Internet.

There were also philosophers in Russia who formulated the fundamentals of the functioning of global world networks. Odoevsky mentions such a system in his science fiction book 4338. She was published in 1837.

Key stages in the emergence of the Internet in Russia.

1974 The KOI-8 encoding was developed, which included Cyrillic and Latin letters. This made it possible to create a standard for texts in mixed languages. KOI-8 is enshrined in GOST. In the same year, Academician Sakharov predicted the creation of a worldwide network - a world library of knowledge - in the next half century.

1982 Anatoly Kolesov conducts world conferences using computers using telephone lines. He was given a login to log into the server of the University of Stockholm.

1988 Kolesov was invited to a Central Television program to talk about this new technology.

1990 Glasnet, with the help of American colleagues, is organizing the integration of the USSR into the Internet. Several educational institutions in our country have access to the network. In the summer of the same year, the Demos company opened an email service in the USSR.

by 1991, postal service was organized in all major cities of the Union.

Since 1993, the history of the Internet in Russia has already kept pace with global experience. Providers appeared to provide access to the network through the telephone network using modems. Connected to WWW ordinary people, and not just selected scientific organizations.

What is included in Runet

Thus, in Ukraine at the end of 2003, 82% of sites operated in Russian and united the audience of all countries of the post-Soviet space. In total, as of 2009, there were 15 million resources on the RuNet.

Report content

I can no longer imagine my existence without communicating via the Internet. Social media, chats, forums, instant messaging programs, email, video calling and much more - all this is united by a single network. But not everyone knows when the Internet appeared.

Meaning of WAN

The World Wide Web has spread throughout the world, connecting even the most remote parts of the world and allowing people to communicate across distances, as well as overcoming language barriers and other difficulties that arise in the real world. The global network has taken root in our lives and has become necessary for each of us. But not everyone thinks about where and when the Internet appeared and what contributed to its emergence. It is developing and spreading at tremendous speed, and now we have the opportunity to use it at work, at home, on the street, in ground transport and even in the subway.

When did the first Internet appear?

In order to be able to urgently transmit information in case of war, it was developed international system, working on IP protocols and their routing. It was then that this system received the name “Internet”. The global network quickly entered people's lives. And the day when the Internet appeared marked a new revolution in the world and was etched in the history of the World Wide Web.

At a meeting of several universities of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) and DARPA, which took place in 1979, it was decided to create the Computer Science Research Network (CSnet for short).

How the Internet developed

A year after that meeting, the interconnection of CSnet with the ARPANET occurred, allowing CSnet networks to access the ARPANET gateway through the use of TCP/IP protocols. ARPANET became the first in military technologies global network. The best scientists worked on it, investing only modern technologies. Subsequently, others began to join this network. This is how the Commonwealth was born independent networks, who came to an agreement on the method of internetwork communication.

Then the Bitnet network arose, which made it possible to exchange news and messages through the mechanization of Listsery mailings. In action, it looked like this: the user selected suitable mailing lists from the lists that came to him and subscribed to them, after which the messages and news that he selected were sent to him.

Propagation of the global network

The popularity enjoyed by the Internet contributed to the emergence of new developments and technologies for convenience and greater user acquisition. Thus, in San Francisco, the FidoNet network, which appeared in 1984, acquired no less importance. Its origin is due to the fact that in 1983, Tom Jennings, using his own program, was able to implement a BBS system on personal computer. He called this system FidoBBS. Before the Internet appeared, FidoBBS had already gained its popularity and spread throughout the world. The invention of the FidoNet network package made it possible to link two FidoBBS networks together using a telephone line and modem, after which users could create discussion groups and send messages to each other.

In 1987, the UUCP package was bundled with the IBM PC, which was originally developed for use in the UNIX environment. This made it possible to combine FidoNet and Usenet.

Today, one of the large-scale networks in the Internet community is NSFNET, developed by American scientists. This high speed network supports standards requests for communication quality.

Later, a document was released according to which anyone could use the NFS backbone high-speed backbone system as long as this use was not aimed at personal or commercial purposes.

The history of the emergence of the Internet in Russia

Computer communications and all developments related to it were used in the USSR only within the framework of the military-industrial complex to strengthen the country's defense capability. The main mention of this dates back to 1952.

In 1990, they developed the first union-scale network, which was given the name “Relcom”. When the Internet appeared, it was used only by scientific organizations in Leningrad, Kyiv, Moscow and Novosibirsk. In the same year, scientists made the first communication session via a modem, connecting a Soviet computer with a foreign one. The purpose for this was the need to organize a channel through which users could regularly transmit messages over the Internet.

In 1991, in the Soviet Union, when browsers had not yet been invented, the first network with the .su domain appeared. It was used mainly only by technicians. But when the Internet appeared, the idea of creating a browser arose. The first was the WorldWideWeb, which made the network more convenient to use thanks to its colorfulness and clarity.

Creation of domain.ru

In 1992, the Relcom network was officially registered in the large organization of commercial networks EUnet, which made it possible to access Internet services. And in 1993, the administrative zone RU was registered, after which domain.ru was created. Russian-language websites began to appear.

When the Internet appeared, in Russia the number of users was limited to a narrow circle of scientists and military personnel. But after IP addresses were allocated to computer networks, the number of ordinary users began to increase exponentially. Massive use of the network began, which gave impetus to its subsequent development.

The era of the Russian Internet began in 1994. It was then that domain.ru was officially registered with InterNIC, and administration rights were transferred to RosNIIROS.

Spread of the Russian Internet

Here is a chronology of events from the moment the Internet appeared in Russia and became available to most users:

1994 - the first hackers appeared;

1995 - the first web design studio opened;

1997 - the first online magazines appeared, the Yandex search system began working, and natural language searches for the Russian language were carried out for the first time;

1998 - the free Russian service Mail.ru was opened, which literally within a few months took the leading position in the number of users and managed to maintain this position to this day;

2002 - a law came into force according to which electronic digital signature V electronic documents is considered equivalent to a signature on paper;

2003 - opening of the .su domain, which was closed after the collapse of the USSR;

2006 - an office of the American company Google Inc, which is the owner of the famous Google search engine, opened in Moscow;

2007 - recognition of the GoldenWiFi project as the largest wireless network in the world, which provided wireless Internet services to Moscow residents;

2011 - more than 3.447 million names were registered in the .ru domain, and more than 894 thousand in the ".рф" domain.

Nowadays, almost every family has the Internet. We use it for entertainment, work, communication, online shopping and much more. Therefore, the story telling about when the Internet appeared is of great importance for each of us. And we are obliged to preserve this information for our descendants.