Russian cosmonautics, which over the past 4-5 years has experienced a number of rather painful incidents, and, along with the rest of the industry, has been affected by a general negative economic background, nevertheless, over the past 2015 it was able to largely make up for the positions lost in previous years and become one of the locomotives in import substitution projects and the creation of new world-class high-tech products.

We invite you to talk in more detail about the results, failures, ups and prospects of domestic space. Especially considering the fact that Russia’s competitors in the development of near-Earth and interplanetary space are also not asleep. This means that our rocket and space industry needs to make every effort to modernize enterprises, fulfill government orders and conduct R&D in promising areas.

The year began, it should be noted, on a rather negative note - on May 16, 2015, the Proton-M carrier with the Mexican satellite MexSat-1 on board crashed. Later, in August, the government commission will name the reason: experts came to the conclusion that the cause of the launch vehicle accident was a design flaw in the rotor shaft of the third stage turbopump unit, which failed due to increased vibration loads.

The accident with the Mexican satellite was the final one in a whole series of problems with Protons, the peak of which occurred in 2013-2014. The most resonant accident of the Proton-M launch vehicles was the fall of three satellites of the GLONASS orbital constellation on July 2, 2013. The cause of the disaster then was blatant negligence and irresponsibility during the assembly of the rocket, when the angular velocity sensors were installed incorrectly at the manufacturing plant. This led to the loss of satellites and losses of almost 4.5 billion rubles. And already in May 2014, the Russian telecommunications satellite Express AM4R was lost due to the failure of the 3rd stage steering motors.

However, the relevant conclusions based on the results of these accidents were made by the government and relevant departments, and primarily by Roscosmos, and all launches that followed the MexSat-1 crash (and there were four of them later) took place as usual.

Also in the past year, the promising Russian cosmodrome Vostochny was actively developed and built. A new cosmodrome is being built near the village of Uglegorsk in the Amur region. An entire city is also being built near Uglegorsk for cosmodrome workers and members of their families, which will be named in honor of the pioneer of world and domestic cosmonautics, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

The first launch of a launch vehicle from the spaceport was planned for 2015, and the launch of a manned spacecraft for 2018. However, later these dates had to be postponed.

If we talk about the specific achievements of the builders, then, despite the problems with contractors (who are now being dealt with by the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation) and the failure to meet the deadlines for the first launch, a lot was still done. Thus, this year the construction and installation of the most important component of the ground infrastructure of the cosmodrome - the control and measuring complex - was completed. The Vostochny measuring complex includes a unified technological module and a set of antennas for receiving and transmitting telemetry.

In addition, the cosmodrome was equipped with a system for transmitting data from a ground control complex, a marine measurement complex and several command posts throughout Russia. At Vostochny, the “launch minimum” was completed at the end of November, which will allow, according to experts’ calculations, the first launch in the spring of 2016.

The Soyuz launch vehicle was also delivered to the cosmodrome and placed in the installation and testing complex, where it will overwinter and be prepared for the first launch from the Far Eastern cosmodrome.

Work was also actively underway to create social infrastructure for the cosmodrome personnel; relevant departments continued the construction of microdistricts in the city of Tsiolkovsky. The issue of intensifying low-rise construction for the needs of Vostochny employees is also currently being considered. As in the Russian Ministry of Construction, the state will undertake the obligation to ensure social guarantees to attract highly qualified specialists to work at the cosmodrome. Including specialists who are ready to be transferred from the Baikonur complex. The Russian Ministry of Construction will be exploring the possibility of granting this category of citizens the right to provide residential premises at the expense of the federal budget by providing them with state housing certificates.

Russia's relations with our foreign partners, and primarily with the United States, have been quite difficult. We and the Americans, despite significant and, frankly, insurmountable contradictions on the entire foreign policy agenda, remained reliable partners in space. Cooperation on the ISS continued throughout the year, Soyuz launches were carried out, including with American astronauts on board.

However, the most significant situation characterizing the interdependence of Russia and the United States in the space sector is, of course, the epic purchase of Russian RD-180 rocket engines by the American consortium United Launch Alliance.

Against the backdrop of anti-Russian hysteria, the US Congress decided to significantly limit the purchase of RD-180 engines in Russia - only 5 of them were planned to be purchased this year. This put the United Launch Alliance in an extremely awkward position and even forced it to refuse to participate in the Pentagon's tender to launch military satellites.

It is worth recalling that the RD-180, produced by NPO Energomash, is used as the 1st stage of the American Atlas 5 heavy-class rocket, and the Americans cannot do without them yet. As a result, by 2019, Russian rocket scientists from Energomash will supply another 20 RD-180 engines to the United States.

The MRKS-1 project is a partially reusable vertical take-off launch vehicle, which is based on a winged reusable first stage, upper stages and expendable second stages. The first stage is carried out according to the aircraft design and is returnable. It returns to the launch area in airplane mode and makes a horizontal landing at 1st class airfields. The winged reusable block of the 1st stage of the missile system will be equipped with reusable propulsion liquid rocket engines (LPRE).

Currently at the State Research and Production Space Center named after. Khrunichev, design and research work is in full swing to develop and substantiate the technical appearance, as well as the technical characteristics of the reusable rocket and space system. This system is being created within the framework of the federal space program together with many related enterprises.

However, let's talk a little about history. The first generation of reusable spacecraft includes 5 spacecraft of the Space Shuttle type, as well as several domestic developments of the BOR and Buran series. In these projects, both Americans and Soviet specialists tried to build the spacecraft itself (the last stage, which is directly launched into space) reusable. The goals of these programs were the following: returning a significant amount of payload from space, reducing the cost of launching a payload into space, preserving expensive and complex spacecraft for repeated use, and the possibility of conducting frequent launches of a reusable stage.

However, the 1st generation of reusable space systems was not able to solve its problems with a sufficient level of efficiency. The specific price of access to space turned out to be approximately 3 times higher compared to ordinary disposable rockets. At the same time, the return of payloads from space has not increased significantly. At the same time, the service life of the reusable stages turned out to be significantly lower than the calculated one, which did not allow the use of these ships in the busy schedule of space launches. As a result, today both satellites and astronauts are delivered to low-Earth orbit using disposable missile systems. And there is absolutely nothing to return expensive equipment and devices from near-Earth orbit. Only the Americans made a small automatic ship, the X-37B, which was designed for military needs and has a payload of less than 1 ton. It is obvious to everyone that modern reusable systems must be qualitatively different from representatives of the 1st generation.

In Russia, work is underway on several reusable space systems at once. However, it is quite obvious that the most promising will be the so-called aerospace system. Ideally, the spacecraft would take off from an airfield like an ordinary airplane, enter low-Earth orbit, and return back, using only fuel. However, this is the most complex option, which requires a large number of technical solutions and preliminary research. This option cannot be quickly implemented by any modern state. Although Russia has a fairly large scientific and technical reserve for projects this kind. For example, the “aerospace plane” Tu-2000, which had a fairly detailed design. The implementation of this project was at one time hampered by a lack of funding after the collapse of the USSR in the 1990s, as well as the absence of a number of critical and complex components.

There is also an intermediate option, in which the space system consists of a reusable spacecraft and a reusable booster stage. Work on similar systems was carried out back in the USSR, for example, the Spiral system. There are also much newer developments. But this scheme of a reusable space system presupposes the presence of a fairly long cycle of design and research work in numerous directions.

Therefore, the main attention in Russia is focused on the MRKS-1 program. This program stands for “stage 1 reusable rocket and space system.” Despite this “first stage”, the created system will be very functional. It’s just that, within the framework of a fairly large overall program to create the latest space systems, this program has the closest deadlines for final implementation.

The system proposed by the MRKS-1 project will be two-stage. Its main purpose is to launch into low-Earth orbit absolutely any spacecraft (transport, manned, automatic) weighing up to 25–35 tons, both those that actually exist and those that are only in the process of being created. The weight of the payload launched into orbit is greater than that of Protons. However, there will be a fundamental difference from existing launch vehicles. The MRKS-1 system will not be disposable. Its 1st stage will not burn up in the atmosphere or fall to the ground as a collection of debris. Having accelerated the 2nd stage (which is disposable) and the payload, the 1st stage will land, similar to the space shuttles of the twentieth century. To date this is the most promising path development of space transport systems.

In practice, this project is a phased modernization of the Angara disposable launch vehicle currently being created. Actually, the MRKS-1 project itself was born as a further development of the GKNPTs project named after. Khrunichev, where, together with NPO Molniya, a reusable accelerator of the 1st stage of the Angara launch vehicle was created, which received the designation “Baikal” (the first model of “Baikal” was shown at MAKS-2001). "Baikal" used the same automatic system control, which allowed the Soviet space shuttle Buran to fly without a crew on board. This system provides flight support at all stages - from the moment of launch to the landing of the vehicle at the airfield; this system will be adapted for MRKS-1.

Unlike the Baikal project, MRKS-1 will not have folding planes (wings), but rigidly installed ones. This technical solution will reduce the likelihood of emergency situations occurring when the vehicle enters the landing trajectory. But the recently tested design of a reusable accelerator will still undergo changes. As Sergei Drozdov, head of the department of aerothermodynamics of high-speed aircraft at TsAGI, noted, specialists were “surprised by the high heat flows on the wing center section, which will undoubtedly entail a change in the design of the device.” In September-October of this year, the MRKS-1 models will undergo a series of tests in transonic and hypersonic wind tunnels.

At the 2nd stage of the implementation of this program, they plan to make the 2nd stage reusable, and the mass of the payload launched into space will have to increase to 60 tons. But even the development of a reusable accelerator of only the 1st stage is already a real breakthrough in the development of modern space transport systems. And the most important thing is that Russia is moving towards this breakthrough, maintaining its status as one of the world's leading space powers.

Today, MRKS-1 is considered as a universal multi-purpose vehicle designed for launching into low-Earth orbit spacecraft and payloads for various purposes, manned and cargo ships for the programs of human exploration of near-Earth space, exploration of the Moon and Mars, as well as other planets of our solar system .

The MRKS-1 includes a reusable rocket unit (RRB), which is a reusable first stage accelerator, a disposable accelerator of the second stage, as well as a space head unit (RCU). The VRB and the second stage accelerator are coupled to each other according to a package scheme. Modifications of the MRKS with different payload capacities (the mass of cargo delivered to a low reference orbit is from 20 to 60 tons) are proposed to be built taking into account unified accelerators of stages I and II using a single ground complex. Which in the future will make it possible to ensure in practice a reduction in the labor intensity of work on a technical position, maximum serial production and the possibility of developing a cost-effective family of space launch vehicles based on basic modules.

Development and construction of the MRKS-1 family of different payloads based on unified disposable and reusable stages that will meet the requirements for promising space transport systems and are capable of solving the problems of launching both unique expensive space objects and serial ones with very high efficiency and reliability spacecraft can become a very serious alternative among the new generation of launch vehicles that will be used for a long time in the 21st century.

At present, TsAGI specialists have already managed to evaluate the rational frequency of use of the first stage of MRKS-1, as well as options for demonstrators of return rocket units and the need for their implementation. The returnable first stage of MRKS-1 will ensure a high level of safety and reliability and completely eliminate the identification of areas where the detachable parts will fall, which will significantly increase the efficiency of the implementation of promising commercial programs. The above advantages for Russia seem extremely important, as for the only state in the world with a continental location of existing and future cosmodromes.

TsAGI believes that the creation of the MRKS-1 project is a qualitatively new step in the field of designing promising reusable space Vehicle launch into orbit. Such systems fully meet the level of development of rocket and space technology of the 21st century and have significantly higher economic efficiency indicators.

Many technologically the developed countries, in particular, the countries of the European Union (including France, Germany, Great Britain), as well as Japan, China, Ukraine, India have conducted and are conducting research aimed at creating their own samples of reusable space systems (Hermes, HOPE, Zenger-2 ", HOTOL, ASSTS, RLV, Skylon, "Shenlong", "Sura", etc.). Unfortunately, economic difficulties turn a red light on these projects, often after significant design work has been carried out.

Hermes -developed by the European Space Agency spaceship project. Development officially began in November 1987, although the project was approved by the French government back in 1978. The project was supposed to launch the first ship in 1995, but changing political situations and difficulties with financing led to the closure of the project in 1993. Not a single ship has been built like this. was.

European spacecraft Hermes

HORE - Japan's space shuttle. Designed since the early 80s. It was planned as a reusable four-seater spaceplane with vertical launch on a disposable N-2 launch vehicle. It was considered Japan's main contribution to the ISS.

Japanese spacecraft HOPE
Japanese aerospace firms began in 1986 to implement a program of research and development work in the field of hypersonic technology. One of the main directions of the program was the creation of an unmanned winged aerospace aircraft "Hope" (HOPE - translated as "Hope"), launched into orbit using the H-2 launch vehicle (H-2), which was to be introduced into operation in 1996
The main purpose of the ship is to periodically supply the Japanese multi-purpose laboratory “JEM” (JEM) as part of the American space station (now the ISS Kibo module).
The lead developer is the National Space Administration (NASDA). Design research on a manned advanced spacecraft was conducted by the National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) together with the industrial firms Kawasaki, Fuji and Mitsubishi. The option proposed by the NAL laboratory was previously accepted as the base one.
By 2003, the launch complex, full-size mock-ups with all instruments were built, cosmonauts were selected, and prototype models of the HIMES spacecraft were tested in orbital flight. But in 2003, Japan's space program was completely revised and the project was closed.

X-30 National Aero-Space Plane (NASP) - a project of a promising reusable spacecraft- a single-stage aerospace system-spacecraft (AKS) of a new generation with horizontal launch and landing, developed by the United States to create a reliable and simple means of mass launch of people and cargo into space. The project has been suspended and research is currently being conducted on hypersonic unmanned experimental aerial vehicles (Boeing X-43) to create a ramjet hypersonic engine.
Development of NASP began in 1986. In his 1986 address, US President Ronald Reagan declared:
...The Orient Express, which will be built in the next decade, will be able to take off from Dulles Airport and, accelerating to a speed of 25 times the speed of sound, enter orbit or fly to Tokyo in 2 hours.
The NASP program, funded by NASA and the US Department of Defense, was conducted with the participation of McDonnell Douglas and Rockwell International, which worked on the creation of an airframe and equipment for a hypersonic single-stage spaceplane. Rocketdyne and Pratt & Whitney worked on the creation of hypersonic ramjet engines.

Reusable spacecraft X-30
According to the requirements of the US Department of Defense, the X-30 had to have a crew of 2 people and carry a light load. A manned spaceplane with associated control and life support systems proved too large, heavy and expensive for an experienced technology demonstrator. As a result, the X-30 program was stopped, but research in the field of single-stage launch vehicles with horizontal launch and hypersonic ramjet engines in the United States did not stop. Currently, work is underway on a small unmanned vehicle Boeing X-43 "Hyper-X" for testing a ramjet engine.
X-33 - prototype reusable single-stage aerospace vehicle, built under a NASA contract by Lockheed Martin as part of the Venture Star program. Work on the program was carried out from 1995-2001. As part of this program, it was planned to develop and test a hypersonic model of a future single-stage system, and in the future to create a full-fledged transport system based on this technical concept.

Reusable single-stage spacecraft X-33

The program to create the experimental X-33 apparatus was launched in July 1996. NASA's contractor was the Skunk Works development division of the Lockheed Martin Corporation. It won the contract to create a fundamentally new space shuttle, called Venture Star. Subsequently, its improved model was tested, called “X-33” and surrounded by a dense veil of secrecy. Only a few characteristics of the device are known. Take-off weight -123 tons, length -20 meters, width - 21.5 meters. Two engines of a fundamentally new design allow the X-33 to exceed the speed of sound by 1.5 times. The device is a cross between a spaceship and a stratospheric aircraft. Developments were carried out under the banner of reducing the cost of launching payload into space tenfold, from the current 20 thousand dollars per kilogram to just over two thousand. The program, however, was closed in 2001, the construction of an experimental prototype was not completed.

For the "Venture Star" (X-33), the so-called wedge-air rocket engine.
Wedge-air rocket engine(eng. Aerospike engine, Aerospike, KVRD) - a type of rocket engine with a wedge-shaped nozzle that maintains aerodynamic efficiency over a wide range of altitudes above the Earth's surface with different atmospheric pressures. CVRD belongs to a class of rocket engines whose nozzles are capable of changing the pressure of the outflowing gas jet depending on changes in atmospheric pressure with increasing flight altitude (Altitude compensating nozzle). An engine with this type of nozzle uses 25-30% less fuel at low altitudes, where the greatest thrust is typically required. Wedge-air engines have been studied for a long time as the main option for single-stage space systems (SSTO), that is, rocket systems that use only one stage to deliver a payload into orbit. Engines of this type were a serious contender for use as the main engines on the Space Shuttle during its creation (see: SSME). However, as of 2012, not a single engine of this type is used or produced. The most successful options are at the development stage.

On the left is a conventional rocket engine, on the right is a wedge-air rocket engine.

Skylon is the name of the project of the English company Reaction Engines Limited, according to which in the future a reusable unmanned spacecraft may be created, which, as its developers assume, will make possible inexpensive and reliable access to space. A preliminary examination of this project recognized that there were no technical or design errors in it. According to estimates, Skylon will reduce the cost of cargo removal by 15-50 times. The company is currently seeking funding.
According to the Skylon project, it will be capable of delivering approximately 12 tons of cargo into space (for low equatorial orbit)
Skylon will be able to take off like a regular plane and, having reached a hypersonic speed of 5.5 M and an altitude of 26 kilometers, switch to oxygen from its own tanks to enter orbit. It will also land like an airplane. Thus, the British spacecraft not only must go into space without the use of booster stages, external boosters or jettisonable fuel tanks, but also carry out this entire flight using the same engines (two in number) at all stages, starting with taxiing along airfield and ending with the orbital section.
A key part of the project is a unique power plant - a multi-mode jet engine(eng. hypersonic precooled hybrid air breathing rocket engine - hypersonic combined air-breathing/rocket engine with pre-cooling).
Despite the fact that the project is already more than 10 years old, not a single full-size working prototype of the engine of the future device has yet been created and at present the project “exists” only in the form of a concept, because the developers were unable to find the financing necessary to begin the development and construction phase; in 1992, the project amount was determined to be about $10 billion. According to the developers, Skylon will recoup the costs of its production, maintenance and use, and will be able to make a profit in the future.

"Skylon" is a promising English reusable spacecraft.
Multi-purpose aerospace system (MAKS)- a project of a two-stage space complex using the air launch method, which consists of a carrier aircraft (An-225 Mriya) and an orbital spacecraft-rocket plane (cosmoplane), called an orbital plane. An orbital rocket plane can be either manned or unmanned. In the first case, it is installed together with a disposable external fuel tank. In the second, tanks with fuel and oxidizer components are placed inside the rocket plane. A variant of the system also allows for the installation, instead of a reusable orbital aircraft, of a disposable cargo rocket stage with cryogenic fuel and oxidizer components.
The development of the project has been carried out at NPO Molniya since the early 1980s under the leadership of G. E. Lozino-Lozinsky. The project was presented to the general public in the late 1980s. With full-scale development of work, the project could be implemented before the start of flight tests already in 1988.

As part of the initiative work of NPO Molniya, smaller and full-scale dimensions and weight models of the external fuel tank, dimensions and weight and technological models of the spaceplane were created under the project. To date, about $14 million has already been spent on the project. The project is still possible if there are investors.
"Clipper" - a multi-purpose manned reusable spacecraft, designed at RSC Energia since 2000 to replace the Soyuz series spacecraft.

Clipper model at the air exhibition in Le Bourget.
In the second half of the 1990s, a new ship was proposed according to the “load-bearing hull” design - an intermediate option between the winged Shuttle and the Soyuz ballistic capsule. The aerodynamics of the ship were calculated, and its model was tested in a wind tunnel. In 2000-2002, further development of the ship was underway, but the difficult situation in the industry left no hope for implementation. Finally, in 2003, the project received a start.
In 2004, promotion of Clipper began. Due to insufficiency budget financing the main emphasis was on cooperation with other space agencies. In the same year, ESA showed interest in the Clipper, but demanded a radical reworking of the concept to suit its needs - the ship was supposed to land at airfields like an airplane. Less than a year later, in collaboration with the Sukhoi Design Bureau and TsAGI, a winged version of the Clipper was developed. By the same time, the RKK had created a full-scale model of the ship, and work began on assembling the equipment.
In 2006, based on the results of the competition, the project was formally sent by Roscosmos for revision, and then stopped due to the termination of the competition. At the beginning of 2009, RSC Energia won the competition to develop a more versatile spacecraft PPTS-PTKNP (“Rus”).
"Parom" - inter-orbital reusable tug, designed at RSC Energia since 2000, and which is expected to replace disposable transport spacecraft of the Progress type.
The “ferry” must lift from a low reference orbit (200 km) to the ISS orbit (350.3 km) containers - relatively simple ones, with a minimum of equipment, launched into space using Soyuz or Protons and carrying them, respectively , from 4 to 13 tons of cargo. The “ferry” has two docking points: one for the container, the second for mooring to the ISS. After the container is launched into orbit, the ferry, using its propulsion system, descends to it, docks with it and lifts it to the ISS. And after unloading the container, “Parom” lowers it into a lower orbit, where it undocks and brakes on its own (it also has small engines) to burn up in the atmosphere. The tug will have to wait for a new container for subsequent towing to the ISS. And so many times. The Parom is refueled from the containers, and, while on duty as part of the ISS, undergoes preventative repairs as needed. The container can be launched into orbit by almost any domestic or foreign carrier.

The Russian space corporation Energia planned to launch the first Parom-type interorbital tug into space in 2009, however, since 2006, there have been no official announcements or publications dedicated to the development of this project.

Zarya - reusable multi-purpose spacecraft, developed by RSC Energia in 1986-1989, the production of which was never started due to a reduction in funding for space programs.
The general layout of the ship is similar to the Soyuz series ships.
The main difference from existing spacecraft is the vertical landing method using jet engines running on kerosene as fuel and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer (this combination was chosen due to the low toxicity of the components and combustion products). 24 landing engines were placed around the circumference of the module, the nozzles were directed at an angle to the side wall of the ship.
At the initial stage of descent, braking was planned to be carried out due to aerodynamic braking to a speed of approximately 50-100 m/s, then the landing engines were turned on, the rest of the speed was planned to be damped due to the deformable shock absorbers of the ship and the crew seats.
The launch into orbit was planned to be carried out using a modernized Zenit launch vehicle.

Spaceship Zarya.
The diameter of the ship was to be 4.1 m, length 5 m. The launch mass of the ship was 15 tons, the mass of cargo delivered into orbit was 3 tons or a crew of 8 people, the mass of cargo returned to Earth was 2.5 tons. The flight duration together with orbital station 195-270 days.

I shared with you the information that I “dug up” and systematized. At the same time, he is not at all impoverished and is ready to share further, at least twice a week. If you find errors or inaccuracies in the article, please let us know. I will be very grateful.

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Reviews (11) on Development of promising spacecraft stopped halfway.”

Email: [email protected]
Kolpakov Anatoly Petrovich
Journey to MARS
Content
1. Abstract
2. Levitator for a spaceship
3. SE – static energyoid for a power plant
4. Flights to Mars
5. Stay on Mars

annotation
Jet spacecraft (RSV) are unsuitable for long journeys into deep space. They require a large amount of fuel, which represents the majority of the RSC's mass. RSCs have a very small acceleration section with overcoming excessive overload and a very large movement section in zero gravity. They accelerate to only 3 cosmic speeds of 14.3 km/s. This is clearly not enough. At this speed, you can fly to Mars (150 million km), like a thrown stone, in only 120 days. In addition, the RKK must also have a power plant to generate the electricity necessary to satisfy all the needs of this ship. This power plant also requires fuel and oxidizer, but of a different type. For the first time in the world, I offer two important devices: the polylevitator and the SE - a static energyoid. The polylevitator is a supportless propulsion device, and the SE is a power plant. Both of these devices use new, previously unknown operating principles. They do not need fuel, because they use the Source of strength discovered by me. The source of forces is the ether of the Universe. A polylevitator (hereinafter referred to as a levitator) is capable of creating free force of any magnitude for a long time. It is intended to propel the spacecraft, and the energoid is intended to power the generator electrical energy for the needs of the spacecraft. Mars levitator spacecraft (MLK) capable of reaching Mars in 2.86 days. At the same time, he performs only active flight throughout the entire journey. In the first half of the path, it accelerates with an acceleration equal to + 9.8 m/s2, and in the second half of the path it decelerates with a deceleration equal to – 9.8 m/s2. Thus, the trip to Mars turns out to be short and comfortable (without overloads and weightlessness) for the MLK crew. MLK has a large capacity, so it is equipped with everything necessary. To provide electricity, it is supplied with an EPS - an energoid power plant, which includes an energoid and an electrical energy generator. MLKs will be sent to Mars for various purposes: scientific, cargo and tourist. Scientists will be equipped with the necessary instruments and equipment to study this planet. They will also transport scientists there. Cargo MLK will deliver to Mars various machines and mechanisms necessary for the creation of construction structures for various purposes, as well as for the extraction of resources useful for earthly civilization. Tourist MLKs will deliver tourists and fly over Mars in order to get acquainted with the sights of this planet. In addition to the use of MLKs for various purposes, the use of DRAVs is envisaged - two-seat levitation aircraft that will be used for: mapping the surface of Mars, installing building structures, taking samples of Martian soil, controlling drilling rigs and others. They will also be used for remote control Martian: cars, scrapers, bulldozers, excavators during the construction of construction structures on Mars and for many other purposes. Space poses a great danger to people traveling in it on spaceships. This danger in the form of gamma rays and x-rays comes from the Sun. Harmful radiation also comes from outer space. Up to a certain height above the Earth, protection is provided by the Earth's magnetic field, but further movement becomes dangerous. However, if you take advantage of the Earth's magnetic shadow, you can avoid this danger. Mars has a very small atmosphere and does not have a magnetic field at all, which could reliably protect people staying there from the harmful effects of gamma and X-rays emanating from the Sun, as well as harmful radiation from Space. To restore the magnetic field of Mars, I propose to first equip it with an atmosphere. This can be done by converting the gases present on it into hard materials. This will require a large amount of energy, but this is not a big problem. It can be produced by EPS, pre-fabricated at factories on Earth, and then delivered to Mars by cargo MLKs. If there is an atmosphere, it must be such that it can create and accumulate static electricity, which, having reached a certain limit, should produce self-discharges in the form of lightning. Lightning will magnetize the core of Mars, and it will create a magnetic field of the planet, which will protect all life on it from harmful radiation.

Levitator for space tourism
Almost everything is available for space tourism. The only thing missing is an unsupported propulsion device. I invented just such a simple, cheap and absolutely safe highly efficient unsupported propulsion device for a spaceship and have already tested the principle of its operation experimentally. I gave it the name levitator. For the first time in the world, a levitator is capable of creating force (thrust) of any magnitude without the use of fuel. To provide movement, the levitator uses previously unknown principles. It does not require energy. Instead of an energy source, the levitator uses a source of force that I discovered, omnipresent on Earth and in Space. Such a source of strength is the ether of the Universe, little known to science. I have made 60 applied scientific discoveries of the properties of the ether of the Universe, which are not yet protected by security documents. Everything that needs to be known about the ether of the Universe is now fully known, but so far only to me. Ether is not at all what science imagines it to be. A spacecraft equipped with a levitator is capable of flying in space at any speed at any altitude at any distance without noticeable overloads and weightlessness. In addition, it can hover over any space object: the Earth, the Moon, Mars, a fireball, a comet for as long as desired and land on their surface in suitable places. A levitator spacecraft can go into open space hundreds of thousands of times and return back without noticeable overloads and weightlessness. It can carry out active flight for as long as desired, that is, move in Space with constant thrust. It is capable of creating acceleration for a spacecraft, usually equal to that on Earth, i.e. 10 m/s2, with people on board and reach speeds many times greater than the speed of light. The “prohibitions” of STR—A. Einstein’s special theory of relativity—do not apply to unsupported motion. The first space tourist route, apparently, will be a flight around the Earth by levitator spacecraft with several dozen tourists on board in near space at an altitude of 50-100 km, where there is no space “junk”.
Briefly: what is the essence? According to classical mechanics, in open mechanical systems the resulting force from all acting forces is not equal to zero. To create this force, paradoxically, the energy of any energy carrier is not consumed. A levitator represents such an open mechanical system. The levitator creates a resultant force, which is the thrust of the levitator. The law of conservation of energy does not apply in it. Thus, the mechanics of open mechanical systems turns out to be costless - free, and this is extremely important. The levitator is a simple device - a multi-link. Its links are subject to forces initiated by the deformation force of disc springs or a screw pair. Their resulting force is thrust. The levitator can create thrust of any magnitude, for example 250 kN.

At the same time, the landing of promising spacecraft should also be carried out on the territory of Russia; currently, Soyuz spacecraft take off from Baikonur and land also on the territory of Kazakhstan.

SE – static energyoid for a power plant
I invented an engine, which I gave the name - energoid. Moreover, such an energyoid in which the links do not perform regular motion relative to each other, therefore it is called static. And since the links do not have relative movement, they do not have wear in kinematic pairs. In other words, they can work as long as they like - forever. A static energoid (SE) is just a multi-link. It, being a device enclosed inside the rotor, is a mechanical rotary engine. So, the Static Energyoid, a mechanical rotary engine, has finally been invented. The force is set on one of its links using highly rigid deformed disc springs or a screw pair. It is important to note Special attention the fact that the deformation of these springs remains unchanged, that is, its scanty energy is not spent on performing the work of the SE. Forces propagate throughout all links of the SE. Forces act on all links, their modules undergo transformations from link to link and create moments with a resulting calculated torque. Static energoid (SE) is a multifunctional device. It simultaneously performs the roles of highly effective: 1 – a source of free mechanical energy; 2 - mechanical engine; 3 – automatic continuously variable transmission, with any large range of changes in gear ratios; 4 – without wear dynamic brake (energy recuperator). The SE can power any mobile and any stationary machines. The solar cell can be designed for any power up to 150 thousand kW. The SE has a PTO speed of the power take-off shaft (rotor) of up to 10 thousand per minute, the optimal transformation ratio is 4-5 (range of change of gear ratios). The SE has a continuous operation resource equal to infinity. Because the SE parts do not undergo relative motion with large or small linear or angular velocities and therefore do not wear out in kinematic pairs. The operation of a static energyoid, unlike all existing heat engines, is not accompanied by any working process (combustion of hydrocarbons, fission or synthesis of radioactive substances, etc.). For the purpose of setting and controlling power, the SE is equipped with a simple device - a stop, which creates two moments of equal magnitude, but opposite in direction. When a stop is specified in its device (an open mechanical system), a resulting moment arises. According to the theorem on the motion of the center of inertia of classical mechanics, this moment can have a value different from zero. It represents the torque of the SE. In addition to the stop, the SE is equipped with a simple design ARC-KM - an automatic frequency and torque regulator, which automatically matches the torque of the SE with the moment of load resistance. During operation, the SE does not require any maintenance. The costs of its operation are reduced to zero. When using the SE to drive mobile or stationary machines, it replaces: an engine and an automatic transmission. SE does not require fuel and therefore has no harmful gases. In addition, the SE has the best characteristics of working together with any mobile or stationary machine. On top of that, the SE has a simple structure and operating principle.
I have already made calculations of the energy efficiency of the entire standard range of capacities: from 3.75 kW to 150 thousand kW. So, for example, with a power of 3.75 kW, the solar cell has a diameter of 0.24 m and a length of 0.12 m, and with a maximum power of 150 thousand kW, the solar cell has a diameter of 1.75 m and a length of 0.85 m. This is means that the solar cell has the smallest dimensions among all currently known power plants. Therefore, its specific power is a large value, reaching 100 kW per kilogram of its own weight. SE is the safest and most highly efficient power plant. SEs will apparently be most widely used in the energy sector. On its basis, EPS will be created - energyoid power plants, which will include solar cells and any electrical energy generator. EPS will be able to save humanity from the fear of imminent death from the growing energy shortage. The energy saving system will make it possible to completely and forever solve the energy problem, no matter how rapidly the need for energy grows not only in the Russian Federation, but also throughout humanity, and the associated environmental problem - getting rid of harmful emissions when obtaining energy. I also have: “Fundamentals of the theory of solar cells” and “The theory of ideal external speed characteristics of solar cells”, which allow us to calculate the optimal parameters of both solar cells for any rated power, and the speed characteristics of its joint operation with any machine aggregated with it. I have already tested the operating principle of the SE experimentally. The results obtained fully confirm the “Fundamentals of the theory of static energoid (SE)”. I have Know-how (not yet patented inventions mainly due to lack of funding) on ​​SE and EPS. SE are based on my fundamental scientific discovery of a new previously unknown source of energy, which is the little-studied ether of the Universe, and 60 also my applied scientific discoveries of its physical properties, which together determine the principle of operation of the static energyoid, and, consequently, the EES. Strictly speaking, the ether of the Universe is not a source of energy. He is the source of strength. His forces set in motion all the matter of the Universe and thus endow it with mechanical energy. Therefore, this source can only be called a conditionally omnipresent source of free mechanical energy on Earth and in Space only with a reservation. However, since there is no energy in it, it therefore turns out to be an inexhaustible source of energy. By the way, according to my discoveries, all the matter of the Universe turns out to be immersed in this ether (this is still unknown to academic science). Therefore, it is the ether of the Universe that is the omnipresent source of forces (a conditional source of energy). It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that the state directs all efforts and a fair share of funding to the search for an inexhaustible source of energy. However, now I have already found such a source, perhaps to his great surprise. Such a source, as mentioned above, turned out to be not a source of energy, but a source of forces - the ether of the Universe. The ether of the Universe is the only conditional omnipresent source of free mechanical energy that is most convenient for practical use and exists in nature (in the Universe). All known sources of energy are just intermediaries in obtaining energy from the ether of the Universe, which can be dispensed with. Therefore, states need to immediately stop funding research for new energy sources in order to avoid wasting money.
Briefly: what is the essence of my scientific discoveries? The basis of the mechanics of all known technology is the so-called closed mechanical systems, in which the resulting moment is equal to zero. To make it different from zero, we had to be sophisticated in creating special devices (engines, turbines, reactors) and at the same time consume some energy. Only in such cases in closed mechanical systems was it possible to obtain a resulting (torque) moment different from zero. Therefore, the mechanics of closed mechanical systems turns out to be expensive. But this in turn turned out to be fraught, as is well known, with high costs. financial resources to obtain energy by all currently existing methods. The operating principle of a static energoid (SE) is based on another mechanics - a little-known part of classical mechanics, the so-called non-closed (open) mechanical systems. In these special systems, the resulting moment from all acting forces is not equal to zero. But, paradoxically, the energy of any energy carrier is not consumed to create this moment. The SE represents such an open mechanical system. This can be understood from the following example. The SE creates a resulting moment, which is the torque. Therefore, for this reason, the SE, in particular, turns out to be a perpetual mechanical rotary engine. From this it also becomes clear that in open (not closed) mechanical systems the law of conservation of energy is not observed. Thus, the mechanics of open mechanical systems turns out to be costless - free, and this is extremely important. This is explained, first of all, by the fact that in the SE, due to its specificity, only forces act that are determined by the source of forces, and not by the source of energy.
SE is a simple device. Its links are affected, as indicated above, by forces and moments initiated by the deformation force of disc springs or a screw pair. Their resulting moment turns out to be torque, and the SE, in particular, turns into a rotary engine. The most amazing thing is that this simple device could not have been invented by hundreds of thousands of inventors over almost three centuries. Only because inventors made their inventions, as a rule, without theoretical justification. This continues to this day. An example of this is the numerous attempts to invent the so-called “perpetual motion machine”. SE is a perpetual motion machine, but it has significant differences from the notorious “perpetual motion machine” and is much superior to it. The SE has a simple structure and operating principle. Doesn't have any workflow. Has a resource of continuous operation equal to infinity. It does not use a source of energy, but uses a source of strength. At the same time it is an automatic continuously variable transmission. It has an extremely high power density, reaching 100 kW per kilogram of its own weight. And so on, as already described in detail above. Thus, the solar energy system turns out to be superior in all respects to all existing power plants: engines, turbines and nuclear reactors, i.e. The solar energy system essentially turns out to be not an engine, but an ideal power plant. I have already tested the operating principle of the SE experimentally. A positive result was obtained, which is fully in accordance with the “Fundamentals of the Theory of SE”. If necessary, I will provide evidence by demonstrating a working example of an EPS - an energyoid power plant, and, consequently, an ESS, which will be developed by me according to the technical requirements agreed upon with the Space Agency. If the Space Agency is interested in acquiring the Know-how of SE and EPS, I will provide the Procedure for the sale of Know-how. In addition, the Space Agency will be issued: 1 – SE know-how; 2 – Fundamentals of SE theory; 3 – Theory of ideal external speed characteristics of solar cells; 4 – a working example of an EPS – an energyoid power plant; 5 – drawings for it.

Flights to Mars
Space poses a great danger to people traveling in it on spaceships. This danger in the form of gamma rays and x-rays comes from the Sun. Harmful radiation also comes from outer space. Up to a certain height above the Earth (up to 24,000 kilometers), protection is provided by the Earth's magnetic field, but further movement becomes dangerous. However, if you take advantage of the Earth's magnetic shadow, you can avoid this danger. The magnetic shadow from the Earth does not always cover Mars. It appears only when there is a very definite relative position of these planets in Space, but since Mars and Earth are constantly moving in different orbits, this is an extremely rare case. To avoid this dependence it is necessary to use other means. You can use “space plastic”, the all-metal shell of a spaceship, as well as magnetic protection in the form of a toroidal magnet and other means of protection that may have been successfully invented over time.
Mars has a very small atmosphere and does not seem to have a magnetic field at all, which could reliably protect people staying there from the harmful effects of gamma and X-rays emanating from the Sun, as well as harmful radiation from Space. To restore the magnetic field of Mars, I propose to first equip it with an atmosphere. This can be done by converting the corresponding solid materials present on it into gases. This will require a large amount of energy, but this does not pose a problem. It can be produced by EPS manufactured at factories on Earth, and then delivered to Mars using the MLK. If there is an atmosphere, this atmosphere must be such that it can create and accumulate static electricity, which, having reached a certain limit, should produce self-discharges in the form of lightning. This process must be continuous. Over a long period, lightning will magnetize the core of Mars, and it will create a magnetic field of the planet, which will protect it from harmful radiation. The presence of a core is indicated by evidence of the existence once on this planet of an atmosphere and a developed civilization similar to that of Earth.
To fly to Mars and back, you must have a levitator spacecraft with protection from harmful radiation emanating from Space. It was already indicated above that such a spacecraft, when fully loaded, will have a mass of 100 tons. A fully loaded Mars Levitator Spacecraft (MLS) should include: 1 – levitator spacecraft; 2 – main and reserve polylevitators, including 60 levitators, each of which individually is capable of creating a maximum traction force of 20 tons; 3 – three EPS – energyoid power plants (one operating and two reserve), each of which has a rated power of 100 kW and a rated three-phase voltage of 400 V, including an ESS and an asynchronous three-phase generator; 4 – three systems (one working and two backup) to provide a standard atmosphere: in the MLK flight control compartment, in the rest compartment, in the leisure compartment, in the cafe-restaurant compartment, in the control compartment of all MLK systems; 5 – food storage with a reserve to provide food for 12 people for 3-4 months; 6 – storage of containers with drinking water for 25 cubic meters; 7 – storage for two double levitator aircraft (DLLA); 8 – laboratory for determining physical properties and chemical composition Martian soil, minerals and all kinds of liquids that could presumably be found on Mars; 9 – two drilling rigs; 10 – two telescopes for tracking Mars while moving towards it or tracking the Earth while moving towards it. All MLK compartments are equipped with radio equipment, video equipment and computers.
It goes without saying that the flight control of the MLK should be carried out automatically by a specially designed program - the autopilot, and the role of the pilots should only be to accurately implement it. Pilots must take manual control of the MLK flight only in case of failures in the autopilot program, as well as during launch, flights over the planets Mars and Earth and when landing on their surface, i.e. in the same way as airliners are controlled in the airspace of the Earth. The crew of the MLK includes: 2 pilots who simultaneously control its flight and 10 specialists. Among the specialists there should be two backup pilots, and the rest should be maintenance engineers for all equipment, both the MLK and the rest of the equipment mentioned above. In addition, each crew member must have at least 2 specialties. This is necessary so that, taken together, they can all solve any problems associated with obtaining resources in the event of minerals or something else being discovered on Mars and extract water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, other useful liquids and gases, as well as metals, if they will be found bound on Mars. By doing this, they themselves will be able to some extent, at least partially, get rid of their dependence on earthly resources.
When flying to Mars in outer space, the problem of determining the speed of movement arises. Information about her is very important. Without it, it will be impossible to accurately calculate arrival at the final destination of the route. Those instruments that are used on airplanes flying in the airspace of the Earth are completely unsuitable for aircraft moving in Space. Because there is nothing in Space that could determine this speed. However, given that the speed ultimately depends on the acceleration of the movement of the MLK, therefore this dependence should be used to create a spacecraft speedometer. The speedometer must be an integral device that must take into account both the magnitude of the MLK accelerations and their duration throughout the entire flight of the spacecraft and, on their basis, produce the final speed of movement at any time.
The polylevitator is capable of creating the necessary traction force of the MLK, so it will perform active flight all the time, that is, accelerated or slow motion, and thus relieve all personnel from harmful weightlessness and excessive overloads. The first half of the journey in Space to Mars will be accelerated motion, and the second half of the journey will be slow motion. Theoretically, this will allow one to arrive on Mars at zero speed. In practice, the approach to its surface will be at some very definite, but low speed. But in any case, this will allow for a safe landing on its surface in a suitable place.
Knowing the distance to Mars and the acceleration of the MLK movement, it is easy to calculate both the duration of movement to cover the path from Earth to Mars (or, conversely, from Mars to Earth), and the maximum speed of movement. Depending on the relative position of the Earth and Mars in outer space, the distance between them changes. If they find themselves on one side of the Sun, the distance becomes minimal and equal to 150 million kilometers, and if on opposite sides, then the distance becomes greatest and equal to 450 million kilometers. But these are only special cases that happen extremely rarely. For each flight to Mars, the distance to it will need to be clarified - requested from the relevant competent authorities.
With uniformly accelerated motion in the first half of the path and uniformly decelerated motion in the second half of the MLK path, the duration of the journey to Mars turns out to be different. Calculations at a distance to Mars of 150 million kilometers turn out to be equal to only 2.86 days, and at a distance of 450 million kilometers it turns out to be equal to 4.96 days. In the first half of the journey, the MLK accelerates with a safe acceleration equal to the earth’s, and in the second half of the journey, it decelerates with a safe deceleration equal to the earth’s acceleration when flying from Earth to Mars or, conversely, from Mars to Earth. Such long accelerations and decelerations make it possible to eliminate excessive overloads for the crew and travel from Earth to Mars or in the opposite direction in comfortable conditions.
Thus, with a minimum distance between Earth and Mars of 150 million kilometers, the MLK overcomes it in 2.86 Earth days. Accelerating midway to a speed of 4.36 million kilometers per hour (1212.44 km/s). With a maximum distance between Earth and Mars of 450 million kilometers, MLK overcomes it in 4.96 Earth days. Accelerating midway to a speed of 7.56 million kilometers per hour (2100 km/s). Special attention should be paid to the fact that such grandiose results cannot be achieved using modern jet spacecraft. It is significant that with the help of jet spacecraft, travel to Mars is envisaged at a minimum distance to it within 120 Earth days. In this case, it will be necessary to experience uncomfortable weightlessness. With the help of the MLK, the journey will last only 2.86 days, that is, 42 times faster, but it will be accompanied by comfortable conditions equivalent to those on earth (without overloads and weightlessness), since with acceleration equal to the earthly one on the MLK, and, consequently, its the crew will be subject to a force of inertia equal to the force of gravity of the Earth. This means that each crew member will experience an inertial force acting on him equal to the force of weight on Earth.
It should be borne in mind that at the moment when the MLK leaves the Earth and moves towards Mars, it may seem illusory that the Earth will be below and Mars above. This impression is similar to that of a person moving in the elevator of a multi-story building. Moreover, it will be uncomfortable to look at Mars with your head up. Therefore, it will be necessary to provide a system of mirrors located at an angle of 450 in the compartments from which Mars will be observed. All these measures will be equally suitable for observing the Earth on the way back - from Mars to Earth. Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in choosing the direction of movement towards it, it is necessary to launch towards Mars only at night when it is visible in the sky. In this case, it is necessary to use such a night time when it will be observed close to the zenith location. The pilot's cabin should be located in front of the MLK, and its base (floor) should be able to rotate 90 degrees. This is necessary so that when flying over the surfaces of celestial bodies it occupies a horizontal position, and when moving in Space it is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the MLK, that is, it is rotated 90 degrees with respect to this axis.

Stay on Mars
The first MLK arriving at Mars will not immediately land on its surface. Initially, it will make several reconnaissance flights of Mars at an altitude convenient for viewing its surface, in order to select the most suitable landing site. MLK does not require reaching the first Martian escape velocity to be in an elliptical orbit around Mars. There is no need for such an orbit. MLK can hover at any altitude or orbit Mars at this altitude as many times as it wants. Everything is determined only by establishing the traction force of the polylevitator, which in this case turns out to be a lifting force with a well-defined component of the force of horizontal movement at any speed. These forces are easily set by adjusting the polylevitator. Having thus determined a suitable location, the MLK will finally land on the surface of Mars. From this point on, MLK becomes a residential home and office for its personnel, who were its crew during MLK's flight.
For research and study of the relief of Mars, as well as for exploration useful resources designed in advance and fully equipped with everything necessary back on Earth DLLA - double levitator aircrafts. Using DLLA you can create in the shortest possible time, in particular, a detailed physical map of Mars. Which, apparently, will be the first priority for the first team to arrive. To do this, according to the schedule, 2 DLLA will regularly fly out on designated routes and carry out this work. In each DLLA, the map will be depicted according to a program previously developed on Earth. For this, DLLA will have the necessary equipment. DLLA is capable of moving at various speeds, including high speeds, which will allow Mars to be studied at a high rate and in the shortest possible time. DLLA crews must work in spacesuits equipped with containers with the necessary supply of air (oxygen) for breathing of two people for at least 4-5 hours. Due to insufficiently comfortable conditions, the working day of the DLLA crew will most likely be approximately 1-2 hours. Then, taking into account the accumulated experience work time operators will be specified.
Since Mars has a slight atmosphere and does not seem to have a magnetic field at all, being on it is just as dangerous as being in open space. Therefore, it is necessary first of all to provide it with an atmosphere, preferably similar to the earth’s, and to rehabilitate the magnetic field. However, for this you need to be on this planet a large number people and technology. For them. It is necessary to use both individual protective equipment and collective protective equipment. This is impossible to achieve a sufficiently 100% result, so the stay of each person on Mars should be short-lived. First of all, it is necessary to select people who are completely resistant to radiation. Accident Chernobyl nuclear power plant I discovered that some people have such abilities. However, there are very few people with such abilities and there are no ways to test them. For large groups of specialists, means of protection may include bases with electrostatic radiation shields and underground shelters. As personal protective equipment, bio-suits (Bio-Suit), thin aluminum films, as well as special durable films sprayed onto the body can be used. However, eyes, hands and feet must have separate protection. Movement on Mars in most cases should be carried out using DLLA equipped with toroidal magnets that protect the crew from harmful radiation. Being in the toroidal magnet DLLA, the crew can remotely control various machines and mechanisms operating outside. This completely prevents the crew from leaving the DLLA and prevents the crew from being exposed to radiation. Having completed the work, DLLA returns to the shelter.
MLT and DLLA operators will remotely control the installation of construction structures, drilling rigs and other Martian machines: cars, scrapers, bulldozers, excavators. These vehicles will be delivered to Mars by cargo MLTs as needed. MLT and DLLA can be used as cranes. Moreover, the first ones have a large lifting capacity - up to 100 tons (when the second backup polylevitator is turned on), and the second ones have a low load capacity - up to 5 tons (when the backup polylevitator is also turned on).
All work on Mars will apparently be organized on a rotational basis. This will be advisable from various points of view. Firstly, many problems that arise will need to be solved by a large team. This team may include several hundred, and later several thousand people. Therefore, it will be necessary to attract additional contingent of missing specialists. Secondly, it will be necessary to additionally deliver the missing equipment to Mars, which will become necessary, which is difficult to foresee the first time. Thirdly, specialists who have worked on Mars need rest. Fourthly, some of the work will be carried out by a large number of specialists on Earth, so this work must be coordinated with specialists working on Mars. Fifthly, the resources mined on Mars will need to be delivered to Earth. Sixth, it is necessary to send more and more MLKs with people to Mars to populate the developed territories and, with their help, to develop additional territories. Seventh, there is no doubt that resources useful to the Earth will be discovered on Mars; first of all, these will be rare minerals that will need to be developed and the necessary equipment will need to be delivered to Mars. In this regard, there will be a need to create cargo MLKs equipped with lifting devices capable of operating in Martian conditions, which, like passenger MLKs, can travel to Mars in specified areas and, loaded with minerals or other resources useful to earthlings, deliver them to Earth.
Over its entire surface, Mars is essentially an uninteresting, lifeless desert, which will soon bore every person who comes here. Therefore, after getting acquainted with its few attractions, all people who arrive here should have decent leisure and rest in safe places after a working day. The safest places, especially at first, can be various types of dungeons. In mountainous areas, entire cities should gradually be created underground. With various well-designed entertainment centers, sports facilities, residential buildings forming entire streets with shops, offices, various institutions, cultural institutions and medical institutions - medical centers, clinics, hospitals and more. Since this is the case on Earth. Just like on Earth with cinemas, libraries, flower beds, decorative and fruit dwarf trees, fountains, alleys, sidewalks, two-way roads along which levitated transport, which is something similar to earthly cars, will move. If there is no soil on Mars, then it can be borrowed from Earth. Underground cities should include not only residential, but also industrial areas in the image and likeness of earthly ones. Sufficient space must be provided so that wingless single-seat and multi-seat levitation aircraft can fly at low altitudes. Underground cities must be equipped with water supply, air ducts and sewerage. The air pressure should be close to atmospheric, the composition of the air is similar to that on Earth. Numerous entrances to the underground cities must have special airlocks to prevent air leakage from these cities when people dressed in protective suits enter and exit outside. The necessary urban infrastructure must be created so that Martians can work on the surface and spend their leisure time and recreation underground. That is, most of the time living underground without spacesuits. Apparently, if there is or was a civilization on Mars, it will soon be discovered or traces of it will be discovered. Apparently, most of these traces will be underground. This means at some depth of the planet Mars. We must assume that one of the entrances to the underground city, if, of course, it exists there, is indicated by the “Martian Sphinx.”
MLK has a wide range of capabilities. In addition to flights over any distance, the role of home and office, it can be used as a space station, being at any high or low altitude from the surface of the planet in hovering mode. In particular, it can also be used, as mentioned above, as a crane for the construction of high-rise structures of any height, both on Mars and on any other planet, for example on Earth, or its natural satellite, for example on the Moon. Moreover, it should be noted that this does not require the planet to have air or other gas, because the MLK polylevitator does not need any support. By the way, in order to guarantee stable radio communication with the Earth, implement television and transmit a large amount of information, it will be necessary to be among the first to build on Mars an openwork lightweight metal (steel) antenna with a height of several hundred, and maybe thousands of meters. This will be quite possible with the help of MLK. Moreover, such an antenna can be manufactured at the Earth Engineering Plant and in the form of prefabricated sections. Then it was delivered by cargo MLK to Mars and mounted there. A block can then be inserted into the lower part of this antenna, including sections of rooms with various equipment similar to those on earth. The only difference will be that the additional equipment will include: EPS of the required power; a system that creates a standard atmosphere; upgraded air conditioning system; refrigerator for food supplies. There is also a warehouse for food products, which requires special measures for their long-term preservation. As well as warehouses for storing special equipment and possibly something else that will become clear later.
More and more MLKs will arrive on Mars, increasing the population of this planet. Basically, they will be engaged in the extraction of minerals, metals, rare on Earth, and possibly something else. In addition, Martian tourism will be widely developed because many earthlings dream of visiting this planet. Moreover, such a trip on the MLK will be cheaper than traveling on jet spacecraft by several orders of magnitude (approximately 3-4 orders of magnitude). Two sculptures believed to have been created by intelligent creatures have been discovered on Mars. One sculpture was discovered a long time ago, the so-called “Martian Pig,” and the second, also recently, is also a sculpture of the head of a humanoid creature. On Mars there are mountains and valleys, and at the poles there are snow caps covered with dust. All this will be of interest to tourists. Over time, apparently, new attractions will appear on Mars that will be interesting for tourists. It goes without saying that they will be located at large distances from each other. However, this will not pose a problem for tourists to visit them. Tourist MLKs are capable of moving very quickly. Therefore, flights over long distances will take little time.
Particular attention should be paid to the fact that in view of the numerous uses of various types of MLK: passenger, cargo and tourist flights to Mars and back will be very frequent, especially when this planet is equipped with an atmosphere, a magnetic field and underground cities. That is, when it is reliably protected from solar radiation and harmful radiation from Space. Apparently, at least one spacecraft flight per week. And as the population of this planet continues every year, flights to Mars will become even more frequent.

A similar idea has long been practically implemented by the Bryansk scientist Leonov V.S. In 2009, he manufactured and tested a sample of a quantum engine, which has parameters hundreds of times more efficient than liquid jet engines; there are test reports that are publicly available. Moreover, he explained the theoretical basis for the operating principle of his support-free quantum engines in his theory of SUPER UNION. But there are also problems with financing the work.

Rearmament of the navy and army is not only about supplying modern equipment to the troops. IN Russian Federation New types of weapons are constantly being created. Their promising development. Let us next consider the latest military developments in Russia in some areas.

Strategic intercontinental missile

This type is an important weapon. The basis of the missile force of the Russian Federation is the Sotka and Voevoda liquid-propelled heavy ICBMs. Their service life has been extended three times. Currently, a heavy Sarmat complex has been developed to replace them. It is a hundred-ton class missile that carries at least ten multiple warheads in its warhead. The main characteristics of "Sarmat" have already been assigned. Serial production is planned to begin at the legendary Krasmash, for the reconstruction of which 7.5 billion rubles have been allocated from the Federation budget. Promising combat equipment is already being created, including individual breeding units with promising means of overcoming missile defense (R&D “Inevitability” - “Breakthrough”).

Installation "Avangard"

In 2013, the commanders of the Strategic Missile Forces conducted an experimental launch of this medium-class ballistic intercontinental missile. This was the fourth launch since 2011. Three previous launches were also successful. In this test, the rocket flew with a mock-up of a standard combat unit. It replaced the previously used ballast. The Avangard is a fundamentally new missile, which is not considered a continuation of the Topol family. The Strategic Missile Forces command calculated an important fact. It lies in the fact that Topol-M can be hit by 1 or 2 anti-missile defenses (for example, the American type SM-3), and one Avangard will require at least 50. That is, the effectiveness of missile defense breakthrough has increased significantly.

In the Avangard-type installation, the already familiar missile with a multiple warhead element for personal guidance has been replaced by the latest system, which has a guided warhead (UBU). This is an important innovation. The blocks in the MIRV IN are located in 1 or 2 tiers (exactly the same as in the Voevoda installation) around the engine of the propagation stages. With a computer command, the stage begins to rotate towards one of the targets. Then, with a small impulse from the engine, the warhead released from its fastenings is sent to the target. Its flight is carried out along a ballistic curve (like a thrown stone), without maneuvering in altitude and heading. In turn, the controlled unit, in contrast to the specified element, looks like an independent rocket with a personal guidance and control system, an engine and rudders resembling conical “skirts” in the lower part. This is an effective device. The engine can allow it to maneuver in space, and in the atmosphere - a "skirt". Due to this control, the warhead flies 16,000 km from a 250-kilometer altitude. In general, the Avangard’s range can be more than 25,000 km.

Bottom missile systems

The latest Russian military developments are also present in this area. There are also innovative implementations here. Back in the summer of 2013, tests were carried out in the White Sea of ​​such weapons as the new Skif ballistic missile, which is capable of firing and hitting ground and sea targets while waiting on the ocean or seabed at the right time. It uses the ocean as an original mine installation. The location of these systems at the bottom of the water element will provide the necessary invulnerability to retaliatory weapons.

The latest military developments of Russia - mobile missile systems

A lot of work has been invested in this direction. In 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defense began testing a new hypersonic missile. Its flight speed is approximately 6 thousand km/h. It is known that today in Russia hypersonic technology is being studied in several developing areas. Along with this, the Russian Federation also produces combat railway and naval missile systems. This will significantly modernize the weapons. Experimental design of Russia's latest military developments is being actively carried out in this direction.

The so-called test launches of the Kh-35UE missiles were also successful. They were released from installations located in a cargo-type container of the Club-K complex. The X-35 anti-ship missile is distinguished by its flight to the target and its stealth at an altitude not exceeding 15 meters, and at the final part of its trajectory - 4 meters. The presence of a powerful warhead and a combined homing system allows one unit of this weapon to completely destroy a militarized ship with a displacement of 5 thousand tons. For the first time, a model of this missile complex was shown in Malaysia in 2009, at the military-technical salon.

It immediately created a sensation, since Club-K is a typical twenty- and forty-foot cargo container. This Russian military equipment is being transported by rail, on sea vessels or trailers. In the specified container, command posts and launchers with multi-purpose missiles of the X-35UE 3M-54E and 3M-14E type are located. They can hit both ground and surface targets. Every container ship that carries the Club-K is, in principle, a missile carrier with a devastating salvo.

This is an important weapon. Absolutely any train with these installations or convoy, which includes heavy-duty automobile container ships, is a powerful missile unit that can appear in any unexpected place. Successfully conducted tests proved that Club-K is not a fiction, it is truly a combat system. These new developments military equipment-confirmed fact. Similar tests are also being prepared with 3M-14E and 3M-54E missiles. By the way, the 3M-54E missile can completely destroy an aircraft carrier.

The latest generation strategic bomber

Currently, the Tupolev company is developing and improving a promising aircraft complex (PAK DA). It is a Russian strategic missile-carrying bomber newest generation. This aircraft is not an improvement of the TU-160, but will be an innovative aircraft based on the latest solutions. In 2009, a contract was signed between the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Tupolev company to conduct R&D on the basis of the PAK DA for a period of three years. In 2012, an announcement was made that the preliminary design of the PAK DA had already been completed and signed, and then development of the latest military developments began.

In 2013, this was approved by the command of the Russian Air Force. PAK DA is famous for itself, like the modern nuclear missile carriers TU-160 and TU-95MS.
Of several options, we settled on a subsonic stealth aircraft with a “flying wing” design. This Russian military equipment is not capable of breaking the speed of sound due to its design and huge wingspan, but can be invisible to radar.

Future missile defense

Work continues on the creation of the S-500 missile defense system. In this newest generation, it is planned to use separate tasks to neutralize aerodynamic and ballistic missiles. The S-500 differs from the S-400, which is designed for air defense, in that it is being created as an anti-missile defense system.

It will also be able to combat hypersonic weapons that are actively being developed in the United States. These new Russian military developments are important. The S-500 is an aerospace defense system that they want to construct in 2015. It will have to neutralize objects that fly at an altitude of above 185 km and at a distance of more than 3,500 km from the launch site. At the moment, the draft sketch has already been completed and promising Russian military developments are underway in this direction. The main purpose of this complex will be to defeat the latest types of airborne attack weapons that are produced in the world today. It is assumed that this system will be able to perform tasks both in a stationary version and when deployed to a combat zone. which Russia is due to begin producing in 2016, will be equipped with a shipborne version of the S-500 anti-missile system.

Combat lasers

There is a lot of interesting things in this direction. Russia began military developments in this area before the United States of America and has in its arsenal the most experienced samples of high-precision chemical combat lasers. Russian developers tested the first such installation back in 1972. Then, with the help of a domestic mobile “laser gun,” it was possible to successfully hit a target in the air. So in 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defense requested to continue work on the creation of combat lasers that are capable of hitting satellites, aircraft and ballistic missiles.
This is important in modern weapons. New Russian military developments in the field of lasers are being carried out by the Almaz-Antey air defense organization, the Taganrog Aviation Scientific and Technical Concern named after. Beriev and the Khimpromavtomatika company. All this is controlled by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. began again to modernize the A-60 flying laboratories (based on the Il-76), which are used to test the latest laser technologies. They will be based at an airfield near Taganrog.

Prospects

In the future, with successful development in this area, the Russian Federation will build one of the most powerful lasers in the world. This device in Sarov will occupy an area equal to two football fields, and at its highest point it will reach the size of a 10-story building. The installation will be equipped with 192 laser channels and enormous laser pulse energy. For the French and American counterparts it is equal to 2 megajoules, and for Russia it is approximately 1.5-2 times higher. The superlaser will be able to create colossal temperatures and densities in matter, which are the same as on the Sun. This device will also simulate in laboratory conditions the processes observed during the testing of thermonuclear weapons. The creation of this project will be estimated at about 1.16 billion euros.

Armored vehicles

In this regard, the latest military developments were also not long in coming. In 2014, the Russian Ministry of Defense will begin purchasing main effective battle tanks based on the single Armata heavy armored vehicle platform. Based on a successful batch of these vehicles, controlled military operation will be carried out. The release of the first prototype of a tank based on the Armata platform, in accordance with the current schedule, took place in 2013. The specified Russian military equipment is planned to be supplied to military units from 2015. The development of the tank will be carried out by Uralvagonzavod.

Another prospect of the Russian defense industry is “Terminator” (“Object - 199″”). This combat vehicle will be designed to neutralize air targets, manpower, armored vehicles, as well as various shelters and fortifications.

The Terminator can be created on the basis of the T-90 and T-72 tanks. Its standard equipment will consist of 2 30-mm cannons, an Ataka ATGM with laser guidance, a Kalashnikov machine gun and 2 AGS-17 grenade launchers. These new developments in Russian military equipment are significant. The capabilities of the BMPT allow the execution of fire at a significant density on 4 targets at once.

Precision weapons

The Russian Air Force will adopt missiles to carry out attacks on surface and ground targets with GLONASS guidance. At the test site in Akhtubinsk, the Chkalov State Medical Center named after Chkalov, the S-25 and S-24 missiles, which are equipped with special kits with seekers and control surfaces, were tested. This is an important improvement. GLONASS guidance kits began to arrive en masse at air bases in 2014, that is, Russian helicopter and front-line aviation has completely switched to high-precision weapons.

Unguided missiles (NUR) S-25 and S-24 will remain the main weapon of bomber and attack aircraft of the Russian Federation. However, they hit areas, which is expensive and ineffective. GLONASS homing heads will transform the S-25 and S-24 into high-precision weapons capable of hitting small targets with an accuracy of up to 1 meter.

Robotics

The main priorities in organizing promising types of military equipment and weapons have almost been determined. Emphasis is placed on creating the most robotic combat systems, where a person will be assigned a safe operator function.

A set of programs is planned in this direction:

• Organization of power armor, known as exoskeletons.
• Work on the development of underwater robots for a wide variety of purposes.
• Designing a series of unmanned aerial vehicles.
• It is planned to establish technologies that will allow Nikolai Tesla's ideas to be implemented on an industrial scale.

Russian experts relatively recently (2011-2012) created the SAR-400 robot. It is 163 cm tall and looks like a torso with two “manipulator arms” equipped with special sensors. They allow the operator to feel the object they are touching.

The SAR-400 is capable of performing several functions. For example, flying into space or performing remote surgery. And in military conditions it is generally irreplaceable. He can be a scout, a sapper, and a repairman. In terms of its operating capabilities and performance characteristics, the Android SAR-400 is superior (for example, in hand grip) to its foreign counterparts, and American ones too.

Weapon

The latest military developments in Russia are currently also actively being carried out in this direction. This is a confirmed fact. Izhevsk gunsmiths began developing the latest generation of automatic small arms weapons. It differs from the Kalashnikov system, popular throughout the world. This implies a new platform that allows you to compete with analogues of the latest models of small arms in the world. This is important in this area. As a result, law enforcement agencies can be provided with fundamentally new combat systems that correspond to the rearmament program of the Russian army until 2020. Therefore, significant developments are currently underway in this regard. Future rifle systems will be of a modular type. This will simplify subsequent modernization and production. In this case, a scheme will be used more often in which the weapon’s magazine and the striking mechanism will be located in the butt behind the trigger. To develop the latest small arms systems, ammunition with innovative ballistic solutions will also be used. For example, increased accuracy, significant effective range, more powerful penetration ability. Gunsmiths are tasked with creating new system“from scratch”, not based on outdated principles. To achieve this goal, the latest technologies are used. At the same time, Izhmash will not renounce work on modernizing the AK 200 series, since the Russian special services are already interested in the supply of this type of weapon. Currently, further military developments are being carried out in this direction.

Bottom line

All of the above emphasizes the successful modernization of the Russian Federation’s weapons. The main thing is to keep up with the times and not stop there, implementing the latest improvements in this area. Along with the above, there are also secret military developments of Russia, but their publication is limited.

That the country is going to spend 1.6 trillion rubles on various space programs by 2020. First of all, they talked about continuing the construction of the Vostochny cosmodrome - the first launch of a launch vehicle from this launch pad is planned for the end of 2015. At the same time, plans were announced to create by 2030 certain systems to counter the use of weapons from space and in space, plans to send astronauts beyond the Earth’s orbit in the future, including the creation of a permanent lunar base, which can then be used as an intermediate point during flights to Mars (this program, however, is planned to begin closer to 2030).

How does Russia look at the prospects for the development of the space industry today, a year later? Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin, who oversees the defense and rocket and space industries, wrote about this for Rossiyskaya Gazeta in the article “Russian Space”. Under the slogan “We are moving from cosmic romanticism to earthly pragmatism,” he noted that Russia now faces three strategic tasks in the study and development of outer space: expanding its presence in low Earth orbits and the transition from their development to use; exploration and subsequent colonization of the Moon and cislunar space; preparation and beginning of the exploration of Mars and other objects of the Solar system.

First, he touched upon the problems that the Russian space industry has faced in recent decades: the collapse of the USSR and the subsequent harsh tests of the rocket and space industry of the former Union, the thoughtless “eating up” of the scientific and technical reserve. By many measures, the industry has been set back decades. Although today Russia still leads in manned space programs and the stable operation of the world's second satellite navigation system GLONASS is ensured, the general state of the industry cannot be called favorable.

Guaranteed access to space from its territory

In order to improve the situation until 2030, the Russian Federation is going to provide guaranteed access to space from its territory: launches of defense and dual-use spacecraft will be gradually transferred from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to the Plesetsk and Vostochny cosmodromes. However, Russia will not leave Kazakhstan: the launch complexes will be used within the framework of international programs and with more active participation of the Kazakh side. For example, within the framework of the Baiterek project to create and operate a middle-class space complex.

Currently, work on the construction of the Vostochny Cosmodrome is in full swing: launch and technical complexes for the Soyuz-2 family of launch vehicles are being built, design and survey work is being carried out on the facilities of the Angara heavy rocket complex. The supporting infrastructure of the cosmodrome is being built. At the same time, the creation of promising light, medium and heavy class launch vehicles is being completed.

Space communications and remote sensing of the Earth

The Russian Federal Space Program for 2006-2015 provides for the development and creation of a whole series of communication satellites on a modern technological basis. By the end of 2015, the domestic constellation of communications and broadcasting satellites will be almost completely renewed. The problem is that the electronic component base (ECB), which makes up 90% of each spacecraft, is heavily dependent on foreign suppliers. Onboard relay complexes created in last years Communication satellites are either entirely manufactured by foreign companies or created at industry enterprises based on foreign components. Therefore, the Federal Space Agency took on the role of a system integrator and the actual customer of the domestic industry of radiation-resistant electronic components.

The area of ​​remote sensing of the Earth (ERS) from space that is in demand today includes hydrometeorology, cartography, search for minerals, Information Support economic activity, detection and monitoring of emergency situations, environmental conditions, forecasting earthquakes and other destructive natural phenomena. In order to meet these needs of Russia, an updated domestic remote sensing system will be created. And the minimum required number of its satellite constellation should be 28 spacecraft, which is planned to be achieved over the next 7-10 years.

The development of the GLONASS navigation system will also continue: the Glonass-M spacecraft will be replaced by a new generation of GLONASS-K navigation devices with improved technical characteristics, which will expand the scope of application and improve the quality of navigation support. Work continues to promote GLONASS navigation services on the world market.

Scientific directions

Russia is also looking to expand its efforts to build scientific spacecraft for space exploration. In 2011, the Russian space radio telescope Spektr-R with an antenna with a diameter of 10 meters was successfully launched into orbit; it became the basis of the ongoing international radio interferometric research project RadioAstron. Also in 2011, the launch of the Phobos-Grunt interplanetary station ended in failure.

In the spring of 2013, the Bion-M1 spacecraft flew with animals and microorganisms on board. During the flight, more than 70 experiments in the field of space biology, physiology and radiation biology were successfully completed. The launch of a new Russian scientific satellite, Foton-M, is due to take place in the near future, with the help of which the Russian program of microgravity research in fluid physics, space technology and biotechnology will continue.

Finally, this year the small spacecraft "MKA-FKI" - "RELEK" will be launched, which should conduct experiments on the study of cosmic rays, as well as several technical experiments. Work on the ExoMars project is progressing intensively. Projects of large astrophysical observatories of the “Spektr” series - “Spektr-RG” and “Spektr-UV” are being prepared. Work continues on the creation of promising observatories “Spektr-M” (“Millimetron”) and “GAMMA-400”.

Pragmatism in the development and use of near-Earth orbits

Competition in the development and use of near-Earth orbits is intensifying today. Dmitry Olegovich notes: “On January 12, the unmanned Cygnus spacecraft docked to the ISS, delivering 1.5 tons of equipment, food and CubeSat satellites to low-Earth orbit. The total carrying capacity of this ship is 2.7 tons. Our Progress-M is capable of lifting a little more than 2 tons into orbit. It is important that Cygnus, like its Antares launch vehicle, was created not by a state corporation, but by a small private American company, Orbital Sciences, which employs only 4 thousand people. In addition, last year the Dragon spacecraft, created by SpaceX and capable of delivering 6 tons of cargo into orbit, flew to the ISS for the third time. In addition to the ships of these two companies and our Progress, ATV launch vehicles of the European Space Agency act as unmanned carriers on the ISS ( payload 7.7 tons) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency HTV (6 tons).

But it’s not only and not so much about payload capacity. The manned spacecraft Soyuz and the transport vehicle Progress are veterans of cosmonautics. SpaceX was founded in 2002. It employs 3,800 employees. This is 12 times less than, for example, in the State Research and Production Space Center named after. M.V. Khrunichev, where another veteran of the Russian space industry is being assembled - the Proton heavy launch vehicle. This is also the reason why flights of domestic launch vehicles and ships are more expensive than those of our Western competitors. A comparison of the cost of space technology between Russia and China, in which the space program is elevated to the rank of state priority, also turns out to be not in our favor.”

According to the Deputy Prime Minister, space has practically ceased to be just a matter of pride and prestige for the state, becoming a branch of production with its own standards of profitability, depreciation and profit. Therefore, all current and future space programs must be considered through the prism of their profitability, including the program scientific works on the Russian segment of the International Space Station. Russia seeks to increase economic efficiency manned flights, speed up (up to 1-2 years) the adaptation of ships to new tasks, reduce the development time of new modules, complete “space long-term construction” and adapt to the needs of the customer.

The Moon and deep space exploration

Russia is also going to seriously and for a long time deal with the issue of lunar exploration. The first human landings on the Moon are planned to take place in 2030, after which the deployment of a visitable lunar base with a laboratory will begin. There, according to Mr. Rogozin, it is planned to place instruments for studying the depths of the Universe, a laboratory for the study of lunar minerals, meteorites, and pilot production of useful substances, gases, and water from regolith. Then test sites will be placed for storing and transmitting energy over a distance to test new engines. The task, according to Mr. Rogozin, is grandiose, extremely complex and ambitious, but at the same time achievable. It will testify to Russia's technological maturity and the creation of a strategic intellectual and industrial foundation for future generations.

To explore the Moon, it is necessary to create a promising manned spacecraft. transport system based on a super-heavy class rocket and a promising habitat system. In addition, design work is underway to create powerful interorbital (interplanetary) tugs, without which exploration of the Moon and exploration of the planets of the Solar System is impossible. The emergence of such means will make it possible to reach not only the Moon, but also to implement future flights to asteroids and Mars. The Moon can become an intermediate base for the exploration of deep space, solving scientific problems and problems such as combating the asteroid-comet danger to the Earth. Key areas of development within the framework of the national project “Exploration of Deep Space” will be the creation of nuclear power plants and plasma technologies for energy conversion, the development of biotechnologies, robotics and new materials.

As Dmitry Rogozin notes, most Russian scientists believe that the Moon is the most important object for fundamental scientific research. Its origin largely sheds light on the most complex issues of cosmogony: the birth of the Solar system, its development and future. In addition, the Moon is the closest source of extraterrestrial matter, minerals, minerals, volatile compounds, and water. The Moon is a natural platform for technological research and testing of new space technology. The opinion on the need to explore the Moon is also shared by united Europe, China, Japan, and India.

“We do not position the task of flying to the Moon as a program limited in time and resources. The moon is not an intermediate point on a distance; it is an independent and even self-sufficient goal. It is hardly advisable to make 10-20 flights to the Moon, and then, abandoning everything, fly to Mars or asteroids. This process has a beginning, but no end: we are going to go to the moon forever. In addition, flights to Mars and asteroids, in our view, not only do not contradict the exploration of the Moon, but in many ways imply this process,”- Mr. Rogozin emphasized.

Question of cooperation with NASA

Because of the events in Ukraine, cooperation between the Russian Federation and NASA was called into question: the Americans announced sanctions, which, however, should not have affected joint work on the ISS (Russia has accumulated unique experience in this area). But Roscosmos has already reported that the State Department’s position on cooperation between Russia and NASA has softened quite a bit. Deputy Head of the Federal Space Agency Sergei Savelyev noted: “No damage has been caused to international projects. It is possible to work on almost all areas of interaction between our agencies".