Professional ethics - this is a branch of ethical knowledge that reflects the level of a person’s moral attitude towards society and himself in materialized forms: in content, means, process and consequences professional activity. Professional ethics is interpreted as:

• 1) a certain set of rules of conduct for a socio-professional group, ensuring the moral and ethical nature of relationships that are determined by the specifics of professional activity;
• 2) a branch of the humanities that studies the specifics of the manifestation of moral norms in various types of professional activities;
• 3) a set of unique moral norms that determine people’s attitude towards professional duty;
• 4) codes of conduct that determine the moral nature of social and professional relationships between people;
• 5) applied philosophical discipline that studies the essence, origin, social functions and specifics of moral socio-professional relations and norms, revealing the patterns of their development in various historical periods;
• 6) an independent section of ethics as a science that studies the features of morality, the specifics of the implementation of generalized principles of morality in a certain field of work.

An object research professional ethics- specific moral and professional relations, as well as principles, norms and commandments of the prevailing morality in society, adapted to the characteristics of specific professional activities. Purpose professional ethics is to determine the level of workers’ mastery of ethical norms and rules that become their personal principles. Tasks professional ethics are:

• 1) studying the process of formation and reflection of professional relationships among workers in their ethical consciousness and professional standards;
• 2) clarifying the essence of professional and ethical qualities and professional excellence specialist;
• 3) providing recommendations to professionals, officials, and managers regarding the moral component in the performance of professional functions;
• 4) monitoring the awareness of social tasks and goals of the chosen profession, its importance for society.

Professional ethics has its own purpose, which is to formulate professional and ethical rules for each professional activity. Types of human activity (scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc.) determine the corresponding types of professional ethics, having their own traditions and norms of professional behavior, indicating the continuity of the main professional and ethical standards developed by representatives of this profession over many years.

Professional ethics as an aspect of morality is based on its universal human principles and guidelines, but positions them from the point of view professional problems various fields activities.

The following components can be distinguished in the structure of professional ethics:

• people’s attitude towards their professional activities, and through their attitude towards the profession and towards the people with whom you come into contact in the process of activity (conscientiousness, responsibility, professional duty, etc.);
• motives for professional activity (feeling of patriotism, financial incentive, career building, prestige of the profession, etc.);
• means of realizing professional goals (training, education, etc.);
• management and production regulation of professional duties (organization of work in a team, material and moral incentives for conscientious workers, etc.);
• assessment of the results of professional activities (financial, moral, managerial, etc.);
• theoretical and methodological development of issues of professional ethics in connection with the transformation of society and the emergence of new professions.

Professional ethics are codes of professional behavior of people that prescribe certain moral requirements. Their goal is to achieve maximum results in their professional activities.

The birthplace of the first moral requirements in professional activity is Ancient Egypt. However, the moral problems of this type of ethics were also of interest to the philosophers of Ancient Greece - Plato, Aristotle, etc. For example, it was during this period that the famous Hippocratic Oath arose, which regulated from a moral point of view the type of professional activity that has important for the whole society.

If we talk about professional codes as a regulated list of what is morally permissible, then they arise only in the Middle Ages (XI-XII centuries) and were formed during the period of the medieval guild organization of labor, which united people with similar social status and type of professional activity. Later, a variety of statutes appeared that regulate the activities of workshops in cities Western Europe- distribution of orders, training of apprentices, etc.

Thus, the regulation of moral relationships between people within a certain profession quite early required the registration of appropriate professional requirements. Therefore, we can say that the formation of the requirements of professional ethics occurs before it begins to be studied theoretically.

Today there is an extensive ethical system regulating the process labor activity: official ethics, managerial ethics, ethics of official relations, managerial ethics, etc. In conditions crisis situation public morality, it to some extent compensates for defective morality and plays an educational role.

The development of modern society leads to an even greater division of labor and the emergence of new professional fields of activity. This tendency contributes to the emergence of corresponding moral codes labor relations. In addition, modern market relations also require a professional ideology that would correlate with the modern situation. Its moral and value foundations are activity, enterprise, professional and business culture etc. This gives grounds to assert that professional morality must be considered in unity with public morality. In the event of a conflict between professional and public morality, preference is given to the latter, since it is “older” and more thorough.

Professional ethics, like any theory, cannot give an unambiguous answer to all questions that arise in a professional situation. Its task is to outline the boundaries of “possible” and “impossible”. Therefore, each next generation, taking into account the new requirements of society, must transform the mechanism of interaction “person - professional - team - society”.

Professional ethics has historically developed as a result social division labor. She is a mediator in the relationship between the individual and society. In activity, a person affirms the level of morality in objectified forms, i.e. objectively consolidates its co-presence in being. Professional ethics reflects the level secondary socialization of the individual.

Professionalism - This is a person’s ability to master the skills of a certain activity and construct their own creative abilities on their basis. Professionalism of an individual substantively confirms the recognition of society. Professionalism becomes not only an objective basis for respect from society, but also a real basis for self-respect.

The concept of professionalism is not identical to the concept "speciality". Mastery of any craft is the basis of self-esteem and being needed by people, as well as the basis of mental comfort. After all, this is important factor feelings of fullness and meaningfulness of life.

It should, however, be kept in mind that a profession does not make a person moral. It's not about the profession, but about the moral qualities of the person. An immoral person can use the most noble profession for his own selfish purposes. Morality is not formed by a profession and is not determined by it. In and through professional activity, morality can only manifest itself. There are professions that are directly and closely related to a person’s moral responsibility - these are, first of all, a teacher, a doctor and a lawyer. In their hands are the most important aspects of human life, so they have a humanistically defined direction. The health and life of a person depends on the conscience of a doctor; from the competence and morality of a lawyer - a good name, civil status, in the end, a person’s fate; Humanism and love for the child in the teaching profession are decisive factors in the development of a creative personality.

In the modern era, a number of professions that directly rely on moral factors also include the profession scientist. Without exaggeration, the existence of planetary life as a whole depends on the level of humanistic orientation of science at the present time.

a) professional solidarity;

b) a special understanding of duty and honor;

c) a special form of responsibility determined by the subject and type of activity.

Particular principles stem from specific conditions, content and specifics of any profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements in relation to specialists.

Professional ethics, as a rule, concern only those types of professional activities in which there is various kinds of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, ᴛ.ᴇ. the consequences or processes of these actions have a special impact on the lives and destinies of other people or humanity. In this regard, there are traditional types of professional ethics, such as pedagogical, medical, legal, scientist’s ethics, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which is associated with the increasing role of the “human factor” in a given type of activity (engineering ethics) or the strengthening of its influence in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics)

Pharmaceutical ethics includes the doctrine of duty pharmaceutical worker – pharmaceutical deontology and the doctrine of moral values ​​- axiology.

For the first time in Russia, the requirements of professional ethics were reflected in the Pharmacy Charter of 1789. In particular, it noted: “The pharmacist, like a good citizen who faithfully maintains his sworn position, is obliged to be skillful, honest, conscientious, prudent, sober. Diligent, present at all times and fulfilling his position for the common good accordingly.”

Guided by the principles of humanism and mercy, the fundamentals of legislation Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens, documents of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP - Federation International Pharmaceutical), as well as recognizing the high role and moral responsibility of pharmaceutical professionals to society for their activities, the Russian Pharmaceutical Association adopted in 1995 ᴦ. Code of ethics of the Russian pharmacist. The Code includes 12 articles defining the main goal, conditions and principles of professional activity of a pharmaceutical worker, the main of which are:

· compliance of activities with the requirements of professional duty and ethics, the interests of patients and the needs of protecting the life and health of each person, regardless of gender, age, race and nationality, social status, religious and political beliefs;

maintaining high professional level;

· responsibility for the quality of drug care, informing doctors and patients about the true value of drugs;

· professional independence;

· assistance in selection, purpose and use medicines;

· correct behavior towards colleagues;

· maintaining respect, gratitude and obligations towards those who taught the chosen specialty;

· consolidation of the pharmaceutical community;

· incompatibility with the chosen profession of abuse of knowledge and position.

In 1997 ᴦ. at a WHO meeting with the participation of FIP representatives on the issue "Training future pharmacists: developing curricula"(Vancouver, Canada) modern requirements for industry specialists were formulated, called "7-Star Pharmacist", which also reflect the importance of personal characteristics. According to these requirements, a pharmacist (pharmacist):

· healthcare worker, team member;

· able to make responsible decisions;

· communication specialist, mediator between doctor and patient;

· ready to lead in the interests of society;

· a leader capable of managing resources and information;

· ready to learn throughout your life;

· mentor participating in the training of young pharmacists (pharmacists).

Questions:

1. What is a professionally important personality quality? What types of PVC do you know?
2. What is professionalization? Describe the phases of professional development.
3. What is professional ethics? What is it for?
4. Define pharmaceutical ethics. What is the pharmacist's code of ethics?

1. Petrova N.N. Psychology for medical specialties: textbook. for students avg. honey. textbook establishments / N.N. Petrova. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2006.
2. Kopasova V.N. Pharmacist's Handbook: Effective Sales Techniques / V.N. Kopasova. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2009.

Professional ethics. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Professional ethics." 2017, 2018.

1. Introduction

2. Professional and ethical standards and principles that a modern leader should use in his activities:

2.1 Basic ethical rules and norms of behavior.
2.2 Basics of interaction in the “superior-subordinate” system.
2.3 Ways and directions for improving ethics in management activities.

3. Conclusion

4. List of references used

Introduction

Today, Russian society is characterized by new demands on the individual, on her morality, on her behavior and actions. There are universal ethics (also called universal) and professional ethics. The role of ethics as a science in the present, experienced by modern Russian society period is great: it must analyze the moral state of society, indicate the reasons that caused this state, and propose solutions that would help update the moral guidelines of society.

The chosen topic is very relevant in modern conditions, so professional ethics develops norms, standards, requirements characteristic of certain types of activities. Thus, professional ethics is a code of conduct, a prescribed type of relationship that seems best from the point of view of employees fulfilling their duties. official duties in one or another professional field (in the production of products, in the provision of services, etc.).
The purpose of this work is to determine the professional and ethical standards and principles that a modern leader should use in his activities.

For this purpose, the following tasks have been set (the main issues to be developed (researched)):

Study the basic ethical rules and standards of behavior;
- basics of interaction in the “superior-subordinate” system;
- ways and directions for improving ethics in management activities.

2. PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL STANDARDS AND PRINCIPLES THAT A MODERN MANAGER SHOULD USE IN HIS ACTIVITY

2.1.Basic ethical rules and standards of conduct

• democratic communication between the manager and his subordinates and work colleagues;
• his availability, attentiveness;
• the ability to create a friendly atmosphere of trust;
• politeness and correctness in handling;
• accuracy and responsible attitude to this word.

Business ethics is a professional ethics that regulates the system of relations between people in business. The ethics of business relations deals with the analysis of the relationships of business partners from the standpoint of interpreting moral assessments of the reasons for success or failure in any activity, in particular in commercial and managerial activities. Translated from Greek, ethics means custom, morality. Ethics is based on principles that define correct behavior. The term “ethics” was first used by Aristotle, who lived in ancient times and raised the question of what people should do in order to perform the right, moral actions. Ethics is the doctrine of morality and ethics. The most important categories of ethics: good, evil, justice, duty, conscience, responsibility, etc. Depending on how a person understands moral norms, what content he puts into them and to what extent he takes them into account in communication, he can either facilitate business communication, make make it effective, achieve your goals, or make this communication very difficult. Since in business communication people strive to achieve not only common, but also significant personal goals, the so-called Golden Rule ethics: “What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others” (Confucius). This rule is a moral regulator of business relations, which prevents boundless egoism in partnerships. Civilized societies, in which there is a developed market, have become convinced that moral business is ultimately more profitable than immoral business that destroys business partnerships. Business ethics is based on rules and norms of behavior that ultimately promote cooperation, strengthen business relationships, coordinate or even harmonize interests. A concrete expression of this is the strengthening of mutual trust, openness of intentions and actions. However, putting ethical principles into practice is not easy. IN market economy, which represents freedom of action for its participants, moral dilemmas often arise for business people in the process of their activities and communication. They arise from the contradictions of life itself: on the one hand, a person strives to behave morally, properly, focusing on a moral ideal, and on the other hand, he needs to satisfy his needs, which is often associated with a violation of moral norms. Thus, ideal norms come into conflict with the actual norms of human behavior; the lofty ideal may not coincide with practical calculations. Efficiency business communication can be significantly increased if you follow the principles developed by the practice of communication itself. You should know that:

In morality there is no absolute truth and no supreme judge among men;

When it comes to the ethical failures of others, one should not make “moral flies” into “moral elephants”;

In morality, one should praise others and make claims on oneself;
- the moral attitude of others towards us ultimately depends only on ourselves;

When it comes to the practical approval of moral standards, the main imperative of behavior is “Start with yourself.” Without observing the ethics of business communication between a manager and a subordinate, many people experience discomfort and feel morally unprotected.

2.2. “Superior-subordinate” system

Compliance with the principles of business ethics is very important in the process of communication with partners, since it serves as the most reliable confirmation for the partner of the true image of the company. The first impression from communication with company employees is very difficult (and expensive) to correct. Hence, a special approach to hiring personnel who communicate directly with the client. In turn, the ethics of business relations can be considered in a broader context - in the context of professional ethics and moral culture of a person in general. Professional ethics is a code of conduct, a prescribed type of relationship that seems best from the point of view of employees fulfilling their official duties in a particular professional field (in the production of products, in the provision of services, etc.). One of the main elements of communication culture is the moral behavior of people. This behavior is based on universal human moral principles and norms - respect for human dignity, honor, nobility, decency, correctness, sense of duty, accuracy, etc. Actually, they constitute moral basis business relations. Principles are abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior, their actions, their attitude towards something. In relation to the principles of ethics in business relations, the above is formulated as follows: principles of ethics in business relations, i.e. professional ethics, give a specific employee of ours, and in any organization, a conceptual ethical platform for decisions, actions, actions, interactions, etc. . Among business theorists and practitioners in the global economy, there is no disagreement about what principle should open the list of ethical principles and norms, both for the subjects of ethics - individual employees, and for the collective bearers of ethical principles - organizations. The central position of the so-called gold standard is generally accepted: “Within the framework of your official position, never allow such actions towards your subordinates, management, colleagues at your official level, clients, etc., that you would not want to see in relation to yourself." The order of the principles of business ethics discussed below is not determined by their significance. The second principle: fairness is necessary when providing employees with the resources necessary for their work activities (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.). The third principle requires mandatory correction ethical violation regardless of when and by whom it was allowed. According to the fourth principle, called the principle of maximum progress, official conduct and the actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view. A logical continuation of the fourth principle is the fifth - the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical if they at least do not violate ethical standards. The essence of the sixth principle is as follows: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization’s employees towards moral principles, traditions, etc., that take place in other organizations, regions, countries. The seventh principle recommends a reasonable combination of individual relativism and ethical relativism with the requirements of universal ethics. According to the eighth principle, individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis for developing and making decisions in business relationships.

2.3. Ways and directions for improving ethics in management activities

The ethics of a leader are largely related to the content of their previous professional activities, the characteristics of life experience, and the level and profile of professional education.

Professional ethics is primarily a specific moral code of people of a certain profession. Each profession places corresponding moral demands on the people who choose it and gives rise to special moral problems. However, some professions do not require significant adjustments to the usual norms and rules of human behavior, while others persistently require this. We are talking primarily about types of activities in which the object of influence is a person (education, medicine, law). However, relations between people of professions of other categories also significantly depend on their moral relations. Many types of activities place increased moral demands on people.

Professional morality specifies the general moral norms and assessments that determine a person’s attitude to his professional duties, and indirectly to the people with whom he interacts according to his profession and to society as a whole. its content is, first of all, the corresponding moral codes - sets of moral norms and rules that must be followed. They ascribe a certain type of relationship between people that is considered optimal from the point of view of a person fulfilling his professional duties.

Each profession has its own moral “temptations”, moral “valor” and “losses”, certain contradictions and conflicts arise, and unique ways of solving them are developed. A person is involved in professional activity with his subjective world of feelings, experiences, aspirations, way of thinking, and moral assessments.

Among the various situations in professional relations, the most typical ones begin to stand out, which characterize the relative independence of professions and its specific moral atmosphere. And this, in turn, determines the specificity of people’s actions, the uniqueness of the moral standards of their behavior.

So, as soon as professional relations acquired qualitative stability, this led to the formation of special moral attitudes corresponding to the nature and content of work, reflecting the practical expediency of certain relations both between members of the professional group and the group itself with society.

Moral and professional norms have historically developed from the concrete to the abstract. At first, their meaning was too specific and associated with certain actions or objects. And only in the course of long historical development their semantic content acquires a general, actually moral meaning.

Each era has its own set of produced moral and professional norms, which become a certain spiritual reality. Moral and professional norms can live their own life and become an object of comprehension, study, analysis and assimilation; they become a force that guides the behavior of a representative of a particular profession. The specification of general moral principles and norms of such relations in accordance with the characteristics of a particular type of professional activity is “professional” morality.

Since morality is the most important element of human activity, the very activity of people in all its diversity and specificity cannot but leave an imprint on the specifics of moral regulation. Exist individual species human activity, where extremely high moral demands are placed on people who are professionally involved in it. This applies to those types of activities that are capable of generating very acute moral conflicts; in other types of activities they arise only occasionally. These acute moral conflicts take place first, where issues of life and death, health, freedom, honor and dignity of a person are decided, where moral qualities specialists acquire decisive importance, where the fate of one may largely depend on the moral abilities of another. Moreover, in some professions, even the most professional ability of a specialist largely depends on his moral qualities. This, first of all, concerns the work of a doctor, lawyer, teacher, leader, military man, diplomat, journalist, etc.

Consequently, we are talking about medical, legal, pedagogical, military, diplomatic, and journalistic ethics. It is in these areas of activity that the dependence of one person on another is especially great, and the results of the professional activity of one can have a fateful significance for another. Society places increased moral demands on representatives of these professions, not because of their popularity, but because their activities are directly related to people and their interests.

However, there are many professions where the “object of labor” are living people, and these professions are different in the content of their activities. In this regard, there is a need to distribute them, firstly, into service professions (hairdressers, salesmen, waiters, postmen, etc.). Where there are many professional regulations, requirements that are mandatory, but they are not strictly moral; secondly, professions where traditions have taken root, elements of a moral and psychological nature have been formed, where moral principles are not only a condition for the successful implementation of professional activity, but are internal to it component (doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, diplomats, etc.).

The main feature of these professions is the possibility of “invasion” into a person’s spiritual world, into his destiny, which gives rise to special moral conflicts that entail a change in the subordination of moral requirements. To regulate these collisions, in addition to universal moral values, additional incentives are needed in the form of increased moral requirements, which gives rise to the need for new types of professional ethics.

In the work activity of a lawyer, doctor, diplomat, teacher, manager at any level, more than in any other, society takes into account not only the level of education, the amount of special knowledge, skills, abilities, but also the moral qualities of the employee, which are understood as stable manifestations of moral consciousness in behavior and actions. Here the moral “face” occupies a special place; sometimes it plays an important role in solving professional problems.

In society, despite the fact that the specific duties of representatives of a particular profession are based on the same requirements of general morality, there are, however, specific moral requirements. For example, for a doctor, the main moral requirement is a sensitive, attentive, caring attitude towards the patient, protecting human health and life, for a teacher - love for children and awareness of responsibility to society for the upbringing of the younger generation.

The professional duty of a scientist lies in the conscientious search for truth, the objectivity of scientific argumentation, and the conscience of the progress of mankind; representatives of justice - in maximum justice (“justice” literally means “fairness”), incorruptibility, unwavering loyalty to the spirit of the law, objectivity in the analysis of investigative materials, maintaining a sense of proportion and tact when interrogating witnesses, non-disclosure of investigative secrets, etc. Of course, objections may arise that all the above requirements are not purely specific, that all people should be sensitive and attentive to each other, be honest, truthful, fair, etc. Of course, this is true, but the quality sensitivity, humanity, responsibility among representatives of different professions is not identical, it has its own specifics and nuances.

For example, in the medical profession, sensitivity and humanity acquire a highly appropriate character, a high and multifaceted degree of moral responsibility, that is, these are the qualities that a doctor should have especially developed. In the activities of a lawyer or a military man, sensitivity and humanity can take on a different form, not similar to the medical one. Hence, the behavior of a doctor who hides the nature of his illness from a patient is morally justified, and misconception on the part of the investigator as a tactical technique for the purpose of solving a crime is unacceptable. A doctor’s visit to a seriously ill person’s home is a highly moral matter, but the behavior of a lawyer who offers his services to the accused on his own initiative is considered immoral. However, no matter what additional requirements for the behavior of people professional groups differ, these requirements will have a corresponding analogue in the general moral code. Here it is important to correctly place the emphasis and see the main thing that determines the specifics of moral and professional relations.

All types of professional ethics aimed at systematic use labor potential to ensure social and moral progress. A society that consciously realizes its moral capabilities, cares about its moral health, strives to become morally purer, should not ignore the specific properties of professional morality, predict possible changes in it, ways and methods of improvement.

To the extent that it is scientific, professional ethics can and should express the intrinsic value of moral and professional standards in scientifically based provisions, and in such a way that every specialist can do optimal choice values, actions, behavior, would bring his professional activity, him as a person, would create a need for such a structure of moral life, which is based on universal human values.

In contact with

• Introduction.
• The concept of etiquette
• Origins of professional ethics
• Types of professional ethics.
• Medical ethics.
• Conclusion.

Introduction.

Ethics is a philosophical science whose object of study is morality. In ethics you can distinguish two types of problems:

questions about how a person should act;

· theoretical issues about the origin and essence of morality.

Based on the first type of problems, the practical orientation of ethics becomes obvious, its penetration into all spheres of life, for which it received the name "practical philosophy". The Practical Importance of Ethics manifests itself primarily in the sphere of human communication, an important component of which is the communication of people in the process of joint activity. The joint activity of people cannot be neutral in relation to morality. Historically, morality, and not law, was the first form of regulation of relations between people. This form of regulation of business relations acquires particular importance in a democratic society in which there is no strict state control over the economic and other activities of people.

The concept of etiquette

The established moral norms are the result of a long-term process of establishing relationships between people. Without observing these norms, political, economic, and cultural relations are impossible, because one cannot exist without respecting each other, without imposing certain restrictions on oneself.

Etiquette is a word of French origin meaning manner of behavior. It includes the rules of courtesy and politeness accepted in society.

Modern etiquette inherits the customs of almost all nations from antiquity to the present day. Fundamentally, these rules of conduct are universal, since they are observed not only by representatives of a given society, but also by representatives of the most diverse socio-political systems existing in the modern world. The people of each country make their own amendments and additions to etiquette, determined by the social system of the country, the specifics of its historical structure, national traditions and customs.

As the living conditions of mankind change, education and culture grow, some rules of behavior are replaced by others. What was previously considered indecent becomes generally accepted, and vice versa. But the requirements of etiquette are not absolute: compliance with them depends on the place, time and circumstances. Behavior that is unacceptable in one place and under some circumstances may be appropriate in another place and under other circumstances.

Etiquette norms, unlike moral norms, are conditional; they have the nature of an unwritten agreement about what is generally accepted in people’s behavior and what is not. Every cultured person must not only know and observe the basic norms of etiquette, but also understand the need for certain rules and relationships. Manners largely reflect a person’s internal culture, his moral and intellectual qualities. The ability to behave correctly in society is very important: it facilitates the establishment of contacts, promotes mutual understanding, and creates good, stable relationships.

It should be noted that a tactful and well-mannered person behaves in accordance with the norms of etiquette not only at official ceremonies, but also at home. Genuine politeness, based on goodwill, is determined by an act, a sense of proportion, suggesting what can and cannot be done under certain circumstances. Such a person will never violate public order, will not offend another by word or deed, will not insult his dignity.

So, etiquette- a very large and important part of universal human culture, morality, morality, developed over many centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with their ideas about goodness, justice, humanity - in the field of moral culture and about beauty, order, improvement, everyday expediency - in the field of culture material.

The origin of professional ethics.

To find out the origin of professional ethics is to trace the relationship of moral requirements with the division of social labor and the emergence of the profession. Aristotle, then Comte, and Durkheim paid attention to these questions many years ago. They talked about the relationship between the division of social labor and the moral principles of society. For the first time, K. Marx and F. Engels gave a materialist basis for these problems.

The emergence of the first professional ethical codes refers to the period of craft division of labor in the conditions of the formation of medieval guilds in the XI-XII centuries. It was then that for the first time they noted the presence in shop regulations of a number of moral requirements in relation to the profession, the nature of work, and partners in labor.

However, a number of professions that are of vital importance for all members of society arose in ancient times, and therefore, such professional and ethical codes as the “Hippocratic Oath” and the moral principles of the priests who performed judicial functions are known much earlier.

The emergence of professional ethics preceded the creation of scientific ethical teachings and theories about it. Everyday experience and the need to regulate relationships between people in a particular profession led to the awareness and formulation of certain requirements of professional ethics. Professional ethics, having arisen as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness, then developed on the basis of generalized practicesAndbehavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were contained in both written and unwritten codes of conduct, and in the form of theoretical conclusions. Thus, this indicates a transition from ordinary consciousness to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality. Big role plays in the formation and assimilation of professional ethics standards public opinion. Norms of professional morality do not immediately become generally accepted; this may be due to a struggle of opinions. The relationship between professional ethics and social consciousness also exists in the form of tradition. Different types of professional ethics have their own traditions, which indicates the existence of continuity of basic ethical standards developed by representatives of a particular profession over the centuries. Professionalism as a moral personality trait.

Professional ethics is a set of moral standards that determine a person’s attitude towards his professional duty.

The moral relations of people in the labor sphere are regulated by professional ethics. Society can function normally and develop only as a result of the continuous process of production of material and valuables.

Professional ethics studies:

· relationship labor collectives and each specialist individually;

· moral qualities and personality of a specialist that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

· relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral norms characteristic of a given profession;

· Features of professional education.

Professionalismand attitude towards work are important characteristics of a person’s moral character. They are of paramount importance in the personal characteristics of an individual, but at different stages of historical development their content and assessment varied significantly. In class society they were determined social inequality types of labor, the contrast between mental and physical labor, the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions. The class nature of morality in the world of work is evidenced by writings written in the first third of the 2nd century BC. Christian biblical book “The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach”, in which there is a teaching on how to treat a slave: “feed, stick and burden are for the donkey; bread, punishment and work are for the slave. Keep the slave busy with work and you will have peace "Loosen his hands - and he will seek freedom." In Ancient Greece physical work in terms of value and significance it was at the lowest level. And in feudal society, religion viewed labor as a punishment for original sin, and paradise was imagined as eternal life without labor. Under capitalism, the alienation of workers from the means of production and the results of labor gave rise to two types of morality: predatory-predatory capitalist and collectivist-liberation of the working class, which extended to the sphere of labor. F. Engels writes about this: “...every class and salesEvery profession has its own morality."

The situations in which people find themselves in the process of performing their professional tasks have a strong influence on the formation of professional ethics. In the process of laborandPeople develop certain moral relationships. They contain a number of elements inherent in all types of professional ethics.

Firstly, this is an attitude towards social labor, towards participants in the labor process.

Secondly, these are those moral relations that arise in the area of ​​direct contact between the interests of professional groups with each other and society.

Professional ethics is not a consequence of inequality in the degree of morality of different professional groups. It’s just that society has increased moral requirements for certain types of professional activities.. Basically, these are professional areas in which the labor process itself requires coordination of the actions of all its participants. Dedicated Special attention moral qualities of workers in that field that are associated with the right to manage people’s lives, here we are talking not only about the level of morality, but also, first of all, about the proper performance of one’s professional duties (these are professions from the service sector, transport, management, healthcare, education). The labor activity of people in these professions, more than any other, does not lend itself to preliminary regulation and does not fit within the framework of official instructions. It is inherently creative . The peculiarities of the work of these professional groups complicate moral relations and a new element is added to them: interaction with people- objects of activity. This is where moral responsibility becomes crucial. Society considers the moral qualities of an employee as one of the leading elements of his professional suitability. General moral norms must be specified in a person’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of his profession.

Thus, professional morality must be considered in unity with the generally accepted system of morality. Violation of work ethics is accompanied by the destruction of general moral principles, and vice versa. An employee’s irresponsible attitude towards professional duties poses a danger to others, harms society, and can ultimately lead to the degradation of the individual himself.

Currently in the countries of the former Soviet Union, including in Kazakhstan, the need to develop a new type of professional morality is revealed, which reflects the ideology of labor activity based on the development of market relations. We are talking primarily about the moral ideology of the new middle class, which makes up the overwhelming majority work force in an economically developed society.

In modern society personal qualities of an individual begin with his business characteristics, attitude towards work, level of professional suitability. All this determines exceptional relevance of the issues, constituting the content of professional ethics. True professionalism is based on such moral standards as duty, honesty, demanding of oneself and one's colleagues, and responsibility for the results of one's work.

Types of professional ethics.

Each type of human activity (scientific, pedagogical, artistic, etc.) corresponds to certain types of professional ethics.

Professional ethics- these are those specific features of professional activity that are aimed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society. The study of types of professional ethics shows the diversity and versatility of moral relations. For each profession, certain professional moral standards acquire some special significance. Professional moral standards are rules, patterns, and procedures for internal self-regulation of an individual based on ethical ideals.

The main types of professional ethics are: medical ethics, pedagogical ethics, ethics of a scientist, actor, artist, entrepreneur, engineer, etc.. Each type of professional ethics is determined by the uniqueness of professional activity and has its own specific requirements in the field of morality. For example, ethics of scientist presupposes, first of all, such moral qualities as scientific integrity, personal honesty, and of course patriotism. Judicial ethics demands honesty, justice, frankness, humanism (even towards the defendant if he is guilty), and fidelity to the law. Professional ethics in conditions of military service requires strict performance of official duty, courage, discipline, and devotion to the Motherland.

Required professional and human qualities.

Compliance with the rules of etiquette - good manners - should be the norm of behavior both in society and in the performance of one’s professional duties. Compliance with these unspoken rules gives every person the key to success at work, understanding in society and simply human peace of mind, success in life and happiness. One of the basic principles of modern life is maintaining normal relationships between people and the desire to avoid conflicts. In turn, respect and attention can only be earned by maintaining politeness and restraint. Therefore, nothing is valued as dearly by the people around us as politeness and delicacy.

In society, good manners are considered modesty and restraint a person, the ability to control one’s actions, to communicate carefully and tactfully with other people. Bad manners It is customary to consider habits of speaking loudly, without hesitation in expressions, swagger in gestures and behavior, sloppiness in clothing, rudeness, manifested in outright hostility towards others, in disregard for other people’s interests and requests, in shamelessly imposing one’s will and desires on other people, in inability restrain your irritation by deliberately insulting the dignity of people around you, by tactlessness, foul language, and the use of humiliating nicknames. Such behavior is unacceptable for a cultured and educated person both in society and at work.

A prerequisite for communication is delicacy. Delicacy should not be excessive, turn into flattery, or lead to unjustified praise of what is seen or heard.

One of the main elements politeness They consider the ability to remember names. F. Roosevelt knew that one of the simplest, most intelligible and most effective ways to win the favor of others is to remember their names and instill in them a sense of their own importance

Tactfulness, sensitivity- this is also a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in personal and work relationships, the ability to sense the boundary beyond which, as a result of our words and actions, a person experiences undeserved offense, grief, and sometimes pain. A tactful person always takes into account specific circumstances: differences in age, gender, social status, place of conversation, presence or absence of strangers.

Tactfulness and sensitivity also imply the ability to quickly and accurately determine the reaction of interlocutors to our statements, actions and, in necessary cases, self-critically, without a sense of false shame, apologize for the mistake made. This will not only not damage your dignity, but, on the contrary, will strengthen it in the opinion of thinking people, showing them your extremely valuable human trait - modesty

Respect for others - required condition tact even between good comrades. A culture of behavior is equally mandatory and on the part of the inferior in relation to the superior. It is expressed primarily in an honest attitude to one’s duties, in strict discipline, as well as respect, politeness, and tact towards the leader. The same applies to colleagues. When demanding respectful treatment of yourself, ask yourself more often: are you responding to them in the same way?

Humble person never strives to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, his qualities, does not demand any privileges, special amenities, or services for himself. At the same time, modesty should not be associated with timidity or shyness. These are completely different categories. Very often, modest people turn out to be much firmer and more active in critical circumstances, but it is known that it is impossible to convince them that they are right by arguing.

D. Carnegie considers the following to be one of the golden rules: “People should be taught as if you had not taught them. And unfamiliar things should be presented as if they were forgotten.” Calmness, diplomacy, a deep understanding of the interlocutor’s argumentation, well-thought-out counter-argumentation based on accurate facts - this is the solution to this contradiction between the requirements of “good form” in discussions and firmness in defending one’s opinion.

Nowadays, almost everywhere there is a desire to simplify many of the conventions prescribed by general civil etiquette. This is one of the signs of the times: the pace of life has changed and continues to change rapidly socially living conditions, greatly influence etiquette. Therefore, a lot of what was accepted at the beginning or middle of our century may now seem absurd. Nevertheless, the basic, best traditions of general civil etiquette, even modified in form, remain alive in their spirit. Ease, naturalness, sense of proportion, politeness, tact, and most importantly, goodwill towards people - these are qualities that will reliably help in any situation. life situations, even when you are not familiar with any small rules of general civil etiquette, of which there are a great many on Earth.

Medical ethics.

The uniqueness of medical ethics lies in the fact that all norms, principles and assessments in it are focused on human health, its improvement and preservation. These norms were originally expressed in the Hippocratic Oath, which became Starting point to create other professional and moral medical codes.

For example, the World Medical Association, which emerged in 1947, began its activities with the adoption of the “Declaration of Geneva” - a modern version of the Hippocratic Oath. The "Geneva Declaration" is not simply confirmed the fundamental role of the humanistic ideal in medicine, but also became a moral and ethical guarantee of the independence of the medical profession from political regimes and ideological dictates.

Specifics of medical ethics in the Soviet period.

AND I. Ivanyushkin, associate professor, Doctor of Philosophy, Candidate of Medical Sciences writes: “The Ethical Code of the Russian Nurse” acquires special significance in the context of the history of domestic medicine in the twentieth century. On the one hand, a huge number of nurses and doctors were faithful to their professional duty at that time (for example, during the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War). On the other hand, we must not forget about the following facts. Back in the 1920s, official leaders of Soviet healthcare interpreted professional medical ethics as a “bourgeois relic,” they were convinced that the concept of “medical secret” would die out for Soviet medicine in the future. A similar attitude in these years was towards the concept of “nurse”, which was proposed to be replaced by the concepts of “helper”, “deputy doctor”, “medical technician”, etc.: “The word “sister” itself, and also “sister of mercy”, as a concept , which includes something religious, monastic, does not correspond to the tasks of Soviet healthcare and the type of health worker we need..."

In a somewhat toned down form, this attitude towards professional ethics in our health care persisted throughout the Soviet period. The “Oath of the Doctor of the Soviet Union” was created in 1971, that is, 23 years later than the “Declaration of Geneva”. In addition, there are significant, fundamental differences in their content. For example, in the Soviet medical Oath there is no moral and ethical assessment of induced abortion. Although all our doctors were in the 70-80s. made an oath promise not to disclose confidential information about the patient; in practice, recording the name of the disease on the sick leave certificate was mandatory until 1993. In other words, during for long years Ethical nihilism was officially instilled in the professional environment of Soviet doctors.

Ethics of business and business relations.

A special manifestation of professional ethics is economic ethics (“business ethics”, “business ethics”). This problem is now receiving a lot of attention. Economic ethics is an ancient science. It began with Aristotle in his works “Ethics”, “Nicomachean Ethics”, “Politics”. Aristotle does not separate economics from economic ethics. He advised his son Nicomachus to engage only in the production of goods. its principles were developed in the ideas and concepts of Catholic and Protestant theologians, who for a long time pondered intensely on the problems of business ethics. The emergence of capitalism in Europe in the 16th century was closely related to the Protestant Reformation. It can be said that Protestantism made possible the formation of business ethics. If he had followed the medieval Catholic ideology that "making money" was morally condemnable, he would not have been able to establish moral standards for achieving his goals. Thus, Thomas Aquinas believed that most forms of trade carried out for profit are necessarily immoral. By denying these attitudes, Protestantism made possible the formation of business ethics as a result of the moral sanctification of the desire for profit. He argues that a businessman's work can be approved by God. The desire for profit and the desire for God have become not only compatible, but also mutually conditioning. And the reward financial success came to be understood as a sign of God's favor. A secular version of the Protestant business ethic has become important integral part Western public culture. Nowadays, good ethics means good business. It is possible to be both virtuous and successful in business, and that moral virtue necessary condition for success.

One of the first ethical and economic concepts was that of G. Ford. He believed that happiness and prosperity can only be achieved by honest work and that this is ethical common sense. The essence of Ford's economic ethics lies in the idea that the produced product is not just an implemented “business theory”, but “something more” - a theory whose goal is to create a source of joy from the world of things. Power and machinery, money and property are useful only insofar as they contribute to the freedom of life. Ford's ethical and economic principles are still of practical importance today. Economic ethics is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, and their social appearance. This is information about ethical concepts, moral requirements for the style of work and the appearance of a business person, adapted to the practical needs of a businessman. These are the ethics of negotiating with partners, the ethics of drawing up documentation, and the use of ethical methods of competition.

Economic ethics includes Business Etiquette, which is formed under the influence of traditions and certain prevailing historical conditions of a particular country. Business etiquette is the norms regulating the style of work, the manner of communication between companies, the image of a businessman, etc. Business ethics cannot arise from subjective desire. Its formation is a complex and lengthy process. The conditions for its formation are: political and economic freedom, strong executive branch, stability of legislation, propaganda, law,

Main postulates code of ethics entrepreneurs are the following:

· he is convinced of the usefulness of his work not only for himself, but also for others, for society as a whole;

· proceeds from the fact that the people around him want and know how to work,

· believes in business, regards it as attractive creativity,

· recognizes the need for competition, but also understands the need for cooperation,

· respects any property, social movements, respects professionalism and competence, laws,

· values ​​education. science and technology,

These basic principles of ethics for a business person can be specified in relation to various areas of his professional activity.

For Kazakhstan, problems of economic ethics are of great importance. This is explained by the rapid formation of market relations in our country. If we remember past times, and today, dramatic changes are noted. Take, for example, services in the trade sector. If the previously existing slogan “The customer is always right” was only formal, now everything has fallen into place. In most stores, but not all (some stores have not yet been rebuilt, or rather people), you are greeted with a smile, offering their help in choosing goods. This suggests that economic ethics is still developing in our country.

Conclusion.

Currently, the importance of professional ethics in regulation is increasing. various types labor activity. This is due to the desire to constantly improve professional standards in relation to changing social relations.

Professional ethics of society cannot represent the absolute truth in people's behavior. Each generation must solve them again and again on its own. But new developments must be based on the moral stock created by previous generations.

Today, when there is rapid development technical aspects and cultural lag, it is very important to understand that ethical knowledge is necessary to stabilize society.

Similar documents

The established moral standards are the result of a long process of developing relationships between people. The origin of professional ethics. Professionalism as a moral personality trait. Types of professional ethics. Pedagogical ethics.

course work, added 05/17/2009


Basic principles and types of professional ethics, which is the result of the development of moral self-awareness of professional communities. Professionalism as a status moral principle. Specifics of professional activity of a judge, lawyer, psychologist.

abstract, added 01/12/2015


Professional ethics as a set of norms and rules governing the behavior of a specialist on the basis of universal moral values. Traditional types of professional ethics. Development of professional ethics in the 20th century. Professional ethics and morals.

abstract, added 10/05/2012


Etiquette, its origin, concept, types, norms. Politeness, tact, sensitivity and modesty are like good manners. The origin of professional ethics, its content and features of application in management. Professionalism as a moral personality trait.

test, added 09/14/2009


The origin of professional ethics. Code of professional ethics: concept and legal meaning. Types of professional ethics. Features of the professional ethics of a military psychologist, the content and features of his professional activity as a psychologist.

course work, added 04/25/2010


Professional ethics as an applied, specialized part of ethics. The relationship between the concepts of “ethics”, “morality”, “morality”. The role and place of professional ethics in shaping the worldview and value systems of law enforcement officers.

test, added 08/28/2009


Concept and categories of professional ethics social worker. Functions and principles of professional ethics of a social worker. Social work, How special kind professional activity. The object of study of professional ethics of social work.

abstract, added 02/04/2009


The relationship between the concepts of ethics and professional ethics. Characteristics, structure, properties, functions of professional morality. System of professional and ethical ideas. Norms and classification of categories of professional ethics. The concept of duty and conscience.

presentation, added 09/21/2016


The origin of the consciousness of duty, its structure and role in the life of the individual and society. Ethics of duty by I. Kant; civic duty and self-interest. The concept and formation of ethics, classification of ethical values. Basic principles of professional medical ethics.

abstract, added 10/10/2014


The reasons for the emergence of the institute of professional ethics. Main stages and directions of development of ethics. Professional ethics in various spheres of human activity: political, business. Ethics of business and partnerships - “code of honor”.