In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 N 597 “On measures to implement state social policy”, by 2020 the number of highly qualified workers should increase so that it constitutes at least a third of the number of qualified workers.

It should be noted that so far in Russian Federation there is no clearly defined concept of “highly qualified workers”, and there are also no clear criteria for identifying them as part of a qualified workforce work force.

The distribution of workers into occupational groups in accordance with their skill level is provided for in All-Russian classifier occupations (hereinafter referred to as OKZ), where such enlarged groups of workers are identified as “specialists of the highest level of qualifications” and “specialists of an average level of qualifications”. This classifier was developed and introduced into domestic practice to solve a wide range of problems related to assessing the state and dynamics of changes in the structure of the labor force, analyzing and forecasting indicators in the field of employment and vocational education. Its development was associated with the transition of the Russian Federation to the accounting and statistics system accepted in international practice, based on the requirements of the development of a market economy.

In accordance with the methodology of this classifier, the qualification criterion is the level of education (professional training) and experience (experience) practical work, which together form the necessary prerequisites for performing work of a certain complexity. The same approaches - the presence of professional education and work experience - are also formalized in the Unified qualification directory positions of managers, specialists and other employees.

When classifying occupations, it is taken into account that a certain level of qualification can be achieved not only through professional education or special training, but quite often it is achieved through practical work experience.

Accordingly, qualified workers include workers who perform labor responsibilities which requires primary, secondary or higher professional (special) education, or in some cases - practical experience in the relevant profession.

However, for occupations that require a high level of qualifications, education and special training play a decisive role.

Specialists of the highest level of qualification include specialists who carry out development and research of scientific theories and concepts, contributing to the enrichment and increase in the amount of knowledge accumulated by society in various fields of activity, their practical application and systematic dissemination through training.

Most occupations (professions) united by this classification group are distinguished by a high degree of complexity of the work performed and require a level of qualification corresponding to higher professional education, as well as higher levels of it, determined by additional special knowledge and skills and characterized by the presence of an academic degree.

The main functions of specialists of the highest level of qualification of various professional groups are to develop theories, study and analyze processes and phenomena, develop concepts and methods in various fields of science practical application acquired knowledge and research results in specific fields of activity, teaching theory and practice in various fields of knowledge at a certain educational level; providing information, financial, commercial, legal and social services; creation and execution of works of literature and art; preparation of scientific documents and reports.

In addition to clear criteria for identifying the category of “highly qualified workers,” the necessary information base and corresponding indicators must exist (or be created) to determine reliable quantitative parameters, and an algorithm for their calculation must be developed.

As information base To determine the number and share of highly qualified workers in the composition of qualified workers, it is proposed to use Rosstat statistics from sample surveys of the population on employment problems (OPS) with the necessary changes made to the survey Questionnaire.

In our opinion, it is advisable to consider the issue of additional use of statistics from large and medium-sized enterprises. Thus, within the framework of state statistical observation, information on the number and share of specialists of the highest level of qualification (for large and medium-sized enterprises) can be assessed on the basis statistical reporting enterprises form No. 1-T (prof) “Information on the number and needs of organizations for workers by professional groups,” which has been put into practice since 2008 and is carried out at intervals of once every two years.

• Criminal legal regulation: concept, content, system and forms of manifestation
• Criminal law - legal tools for criminal legal regulation
  • Social facets of criminal law
    • Social facets of criminal law - page 2
  • The concept of criminal law in Russia
  • Criminal law system
  • Criminal law in the system of other branches of law
  • Mechanism of criminal law regulation
  • Subject and method of criminal law regulation
    • Subject and method of criminal legal regulation - page 2
  • Objectives of criminal law regulation
  • Functions of criminal law regulation
  • Principles of criminal law regulation
• Criminal law
  • The concept of criminal law and its features
  • Sources of criminal law
    • Sources of criminal law - page 2
  • Structure of criminal law
  • Criminal law norm
  • The effect of criminal law over time
    • Types of criminal law action over time
    • Time of crime
  • The action of criminal law in space
    • The action of criminal law in space - page 2
    • The action of criminal law in space - page 3
    • The action of criminal law in space - page 4
    • The action of criminal law in space - page 5
  • The effect of criminal law on a circle of persons
  • Interpretation of the law
  • Extradition of persons who have committed crimes
• Criminal liability
  • Social nature of criminal liability
  • Criminal liability is a phenomenon of individual legal consciousness
    • Criminal liability - a phenomenon of individual legal consciousness - page 2
  • Criminal liability in the structure of the socio-legal space
    • Criminal liability in the structure of the socio-legal space - page 2
    • Criminal liability in the structure of the socio-legal space - page 3
  • Concept of criminal liability
  • Objective-subjective nature of the basis of criminal liability
  • Basis of criminal liability
• Crime
• The concept of crime, its types
  • Crime, its generic and specific characteristics
    • Crime, its generic and specific characteristics - page 2
    • Crime, its generic and specific characteristics - page 3
  • Public danger of crime
    • Public danger of crime - page 2
    • Public danger of crime - page 3
  • Legal nature of the concept of crime
    • Legal nature of the concept of crime - page 2
    • Legal nature of the concept of crime - page 3
  • Types of crimes
    • Types of crimes - page 2
    • Types of crimes - page 3
    • Types of crimes - page 4
• Corpus delicti
  • The concept of corpus delicti
  • The meaning of the crime
  • Elements and signs of a crime
  • Types of crimes
  • Composition of the crime and qualification of the crime
• Object of the crime
  • The concept of the object of a crime
    • The concept of the object of a crime - page 2
    • The concept of the object of a crime - page 3
    • The concept of the object of a crime - page 4
  • Classification of crime objects
    • Classification of crime objects - page 2
• The objective side of the crime
  • The concept of the objective side of the crime
  • The act as an element of the objective side of the crime
  • Public danger and illegality of the act
  • Consequences of the crime
  • Causality as necessary condition criminal liability in material compositions crimes
    • Causality as a necessary condition for criminal liability in the material elements of a crime - page 2
  • Optional signs of the objective side of the crime
• Subject of the crime
  • The concept of the subject of a crime
  • Age as a sign of the subject of a crime
  • Sanity and insanity
  • Criminal liability of persons with mental disorders that do not exclude sanity
  • Liability for crimes committed while intoxicated
  • Special subject (perpetrator) of the crime
• The subjective side of the crime
  • General characteristics of the subjective side of the crime
  • Guilt concept
  • Forms of guilt
  • Intentional form of guilt and its types
    • Intentional form of guilt and its types - page 2
  • Careless form of guilt and its types
  • Double form of guilt
    • Double form of guilt - page 2
  • Optional signs of the subjective side of the crime
    • Optional signs of the subjective side of the crime - page 2
  • The concept of error and its legal significance
• Stages of committing a crime
  • The concept of stages of an intentional crime
  • Completed crime
  • Preparing for a crime
  • Attempted crime and its types
    • Unfinished assassination attempt
  • Voluntary renunciation of crime
    • Voluntary renunciation of crime - page 2
• Complicity in crime
  • Concept and signs of complicity
    • Content and nature of guilt in case of complicity
  • Types of accomplices in crime
    • Perpetrator of the crime
    • Instigator of crime
    • Accessory to crime
    • Organizer of the crime
  • Forms and types of complicity
  • Liability of accomplices
    • Failed complicity
• Circumstances excluding the criminality of the act
  • Necessary defense
    • Conditions for the legality of necessary defense related to the attack
    • Conditions for the legality of necessary defense relating to defense
    • Exceeding the limits of necessary defense
  • Causing harm when detaining a person who has committed a crime
  • Urgent necessity
    • Urgency - page 2
  • Physical or mental coercion
  • Justified risk
    • Justified risk - page 2
  • Execution of an order or instruction
  • Other circumstances excluding the criminality of the act
    • Other circumstances excluding the criminality of the act - page 2
• Multiplicity of crimes
  • The concept and types of a single crime
    • Concept and types of a single crime - page 2
  • The concept and signs of plurality
  • Set of crimes
  • Recidivism of crimes
    • Recidivism - page 2
  • Competition (conflict) of criminal law norms
    • Competition (conflict) of criminal law - page 2

Types of crimes

As is known, general concept corpus delicti is a means of understanding specific elements of crimes and allows general view subject to scientific analysis their elements and characteristics, classify these elements and characteristics and elements of crimes containing them. The general corpus delicti is the basis for correct definition in each specific case of the presence or absence of a particular crime in a person’s actions.

In other words, the general corpus delicti in the science of criminal law is a kind of theoretical basis for the correct qualification of the committed act, because the general concept of the corpus delicti contains that universal set of elements and features that characterize the necessary elements and features of each crime.

All elements of a crime in the theory of criminal law are divided depending on the signs (properties) characterizing the object, the objective and subjective sides, as well as the subject of the crime. The classification of elements of a crime is based primarily on such criteria as: the degree of social danger of the act, the structure or method of describing the elements and characteristics of the crime in the law.

According to the degree of public danger, three types of crime are distinguished: basic (simple), qualified (with aggravating, qualifying features) and privileged (with mitigating features).

Basic (simple) a crime is recognized that contains a set of objective and subjective features that always occur when a certain type of crime is committed, but does not provide additional features that increase or decrease the level of social danger of the crime.

At the same time, the same criminal act, depending on certain characteristics related to the object (the importance of the object being violated, etc.), the objective side (for example, the method, place, time, etc. crime), to the subjective side (the presence of selfish or other motives, etc.) or to the subject of the crime (special official or official position, age, etc.), may contain varying degrees of public danger.

If these and other similar signs aggravate the guilt and therefore affect the qualification (qualifying signs), they are taken into account by the legislator in the article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code, along with the main elements, qualified elements of the crime are identified.

All additional circumstances included in the crime and changing its qualification should be recognized as qualifying characteristics. It is proposed to call such circumstances qualifying, i.e. entailing a change in the classification of the crime, the emergence of a new sanction, differentiation of punishment, in other words - reinforcing qualifying features (L. L. Kruglikov).

It seems that the main thing in this issue is not so much the terminological formulation of these signs (although this is an important aspect of the problem), but rather their identification. The qualified corpus delicti, as a rule, is formulated in different parts or paragraphs of the corresponding article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code using a terminological model like: “The same act.”

Criminal legislation provides for a fairly significant number of qualifying criteria, of which the most often used are: grave consequences, violence, criminal record, especially dangerous recidivism, organized group, base motives, etc.

By their legal nature, qualifying features are dual in nature. On the one hand, they are included in the totality of signs of a crime and in this regard have a certain set of features that characterize them as signs of a crime. On the other hand, they are a kind of (often significant) “appendage” to the main composition, since they are not included in the only possible set of signs of a socially dangerous act, which defines it, according to the law, as criminal and criminally punishable.

Qualifying signs reflect the degree of social danger of a certain type of behavior, since they indicate a significant change in the level of social danger compared to that reflected by the signs of the main composition. However, the absence of qualifying characteristics or their failure to confirm them during the investigation or trial does not automatically entail the exclusion of corpus delicti from the act, since it may contain elements of the main corpus delicti.

The qualifying elements of a crime must be distinguished from factors that serve only as mitigating or aggravating circumstances. The main difference between them is that the qualifying elements of a crime are a means (technique) of legislative differentiation, first of all, of responsibility, and through it, punishment.

Circumstances mitigating or aggravating punishment are a way of individualizing only punishment, and therefore they are taken into account only when assigning punishment, because they provide the court with the opportunity to vary the choice of the type and amount of punishment within the sanction of the article, reducing it or, accordingly, increasing it.

Particularly aggravating features, if they are included by the legislator in the relevant article of the criminal code, can affect the creation of a particularly qualified crime, designated by the legislator with a phrase like: “Actions provided for in parts one and two of this article,” etc.

Privileged(with mitigating circumstances) is the corpus delicti, which, in addition to the main elements, also contains signs with the help of which the legislator differentiates responsibility in the direction of reducing it. The privileged composition may be contained either in different parts of the same article of the criminal code, or may be provided for in a separate article.

The proposed classification of elements of crime is not the only one in the theory of criminal law and the practice of applying criminal law. In addition to dividing elements of crime according to the degree of social danger of the act, in the theory of criminal law they are also divided according to the method of describing the elements and characteristics of the crime in the law.

Thus, according to the specified criterion, it was proposed to divide all elements of crime into simple and complex. Simple elements of crime, in turn, are divided into descriptive and blanket; complex - into alternative ones, with two actions, with two forms of guilt and with two objects (A. N. Trainin).

It seems that such a division of elements of crime into types is not entirely justified for the following reasons. First of all, in the theory of criminal law, there is a generally accepted rule according to which the corpus delicti cannot be blanket, since it always contains a description of certain specific features of the crime.

Only a criminal law norm can be blanket. In addition, it is hardly advisable to classify alternative elements of a crime as complex, because in essence this is a special description by the legislator in one criminal law norm of several different elements of a crime, each of which has a set of certain characteristics and is therefore considered as independent.

According to most scientists, all elements of a crime, according to the way their characteristics are described in the law, should be divided into: simple, complex and alternative.

Simple corpus delicti is a composition containing a description of one act, parts or stages of which do not form an independent crime. In other words, each element of the crime is presented in a single copy.

Difficult corpus delicti is a composition the legislative structure of which is complicated by the inclusion in it, in addition to elements or characteristics in a single number, of additional quantitative elements or characteristics, but in their entirety they represent one corpus delicti.

Complex crimes, in turn, are divided into:

1. elements of a crime in which one element or several elements of a crime are not single (several objects, two forms of guilt, etc.);
2. elements of a crime in which one crime is constructed by the legislator himself from several crimes that, in relation to another situation, have a relatively independent meaning, but in this particular crime they play the role of only its elements or characteristics.

The last subtype of crime has its own varieties, namely the composition:

• with two objects (robbery, etc.);
• with two mandatory actions (rape, etc.);
• with two forms of guilt (illegal abortion, resulting in the death of the victim through negligence, etc.);
• with two or more consequences (intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm, resulting in the death of the victim through negligence, etc.).

Alternative corpus delicti is a composition that describes not one criminal act or method of action, but several alternative options, the presence of at least one of which is the basis for resolving the issue of criminal liability. The elements of a crime of this type are divided into elements:

• with two or more alternative actions(illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation or carrying of weapons, ammunition, explosives and explosive devices);
• in which the legislator, within one crime, organically combines two other crimes (robbery).

According to the design features of the signs of the objective side, the elements of crime are divided into: material, formal and truncated.

Material corpus delicti is a composition, the end of which the legislator associates with the onset of a criminal result (consequences). If an act aimed at achieving a criminal result obligatory for a given crime does not lead to its occurrence, there will be no completed crime. The perpetrator in this case will be held liable for attempting to commit the relevant crime.

Formal Forms are recognized in which, in order to have a completed crime, only the commission of an act specified in the law is required, regardless of the occurrence of certain consequences that may be caused by this act.

In fact, the resulting consequences in the formal elements of a crime can serve as either qualifying characteristics or aggravating circumstances.

Truncated corpus delicti is a corpus delicti that, to be considered complete, does not require not only the occurrence of a criminal result, but also the completion of those actions that can cause these consequences. The legislator considers truncated crimes to be completed at an earlier stage of criminal actions (robbery, banditry, etc.).

Good evening, dear readers of the Sprint-Answer website. In this article we will take a closer look at the question of the second round of today's TV game "Field of Miracles" for October 20, 2017. All the questions raised in today’s episode, as well as the answers to them, can be found in the articles on our website in the same section.

There are a lot of synonyms for the word “cook”. A person skilled in cooking is a cook. A woman who prepares food is a cook. The cook of a military unit is a cook. The ship's cook is a cook. What is the name of a qualified cook who runs a small restaurant or canteen? 9 letters

What is the name of a qualified cook who runs a small restaurant or canteen?

To answer this question, we need to look into the dictionary of synonyms, and here's what you can find in it.

Synonyms for "cook":
Culinary – a person skilled in cooking, a cook.
Cook, cook - in everyday life a woman who prepares food.
Cook - one who works in the kitchen, prepares food, cook (an outdated word).
Cook - a cook in a military unit or in a workers' artel (special).
Cook - marine, ship, ship, sailor's cook. An officer is called a cook.
Kuhmister (from German Kchenmeister) is a qualified cook or owner of a small restaurant, canteen (obsolete).

Thus, we found out that the correct answer to the question in the second round of the game is: Kuhmister(9 letters).

In the Russian Federation the following levels of higher professional education are established:

higher professional education, confirmed by the assignment of a qualification (degree) “bachelor” (duration of study not less than 4 years);

higher professional education, confirmed by the qualification “certified specialist” (training period of at least 5 years);

higher professional education, confirmed by the award of a Master's qualification (degree) (training period of at least 6 years).

The main professional educational program providing master's training consists of a bachelor's program in the relevant field of study and at least two years of specialized training (master's degree).

Persons who have completed the bachelor's program enter the master's program through a competition.

Persons who have received a state-issued document on higher professional education of a certain level have the right, in accordance with the received area of ​​training (specialty), to continue their studies in the educational program of higher professional education at the next level.

Receiving education for the first time in educational programs of higher professional education at various levels is not considered as receiving a second higher professional education.

From Federal Law"About higher and postgraduate
vocational education" dated 08.22.96? 125 - Federal Law

The introduction of a multi-level system of higher professional education in 1992 solved the problem of entering the education system adopted in many countries of the world. Previously, we only graduated specialists with a training period of 5-6 years, i.e. there was a one-stage scheme. And now the scheme is multi-stage: the first 2 years - incomplete higher education, after 4 years of study in a certain "direction" - qualification (degree) "bachelor", another 2 years of specialized training - qualification (degree) "master". At the same time, in parallel with bachelors and masters, a “specialist” studies for 5 - 6 years.

It must be said that there is no complete unity in the correspondence of “bachelor” and “master” degrees in different states - a bachelor can be a graduate of a higher school, a holder of a first academic degree, or even just a high school graduate. And a master's degree is, in some countries, an academic degree between a bachelor's and a doctorate.

Be that as it may, applicants need to decide which path to take. We will tell you about the main features of each “component” in the multi-stage scheme of education at universities.

What is the difference

So, for specialists: five years - and a diploma as a practical specialist ("engineer", "agronomist", "economist", "mechanic", etc.), then work in the profile of the acquired specialty. For bachelors: four years - and a diploma of general higher education, after which you can continue studying for a master's degree for another two years. Admission to the master's program is competitive and amounts to approximately 20% of the bachelor's degrees graduated. Master's programs do not exist in all Russian universities, and you can only enroll in them with a bachelor's degree. The first two years of training for specialists and bachelors are the same (basic education). If you change your mind about continuing to study at this university, get a diploma of incomplete higher professional education. From the 3rd year, the training programs for specialists and bachelors are already different. Therefore, the transition from a bachelor to a specialist is associated with the elimination of the difference in the subjects attended and passed, which has accumulated over four years of study. By the way, a new concept has appeared: “direction of training for a certified specialist.”

The difference between a specialist and a master: masters are trained for scientific work, and specialists - for professional activity in a particular industry.

Having a bachelor's degree from one university, you can enroll in a master's program at another university. However, again a problem may arise with the difference in curricula in different universities.

Subtleties of transition

Any innovation requires some time to “settle down”, because some inconsistencies between the new and the old always appear. A lot of time has passed since 1992, but there are still some problems in our multi-stage system of higher professional education. For example, in the division of directions and specialties in the first four years. Many state universities have trained and continue to train only specialists. Some universities, in addition to the traditional scheme, also have a multi-level one. Non-state universities, as a rule, train only bachelors.

There is still tension regarding the prestige of a bachelor's degree: employers are not always inclined to hire bachelors. There are several reasons. One of them is psychological. Namely: current employers most often received their higher education in Soviet times, when we only had specialists, and the word “bachelor” was “not ours,” Western. Moreover, there is a difference in the training programs - a specialist is trained in a specific specialty, as if in a narrow profile, while bachelor’s programs are broad-profile, have in general scientific and in general professional character. Those. the bachelor receives fundamental training without any narrow specialization, because I studied only 4 years. The law, of course, states that a bachelor has the right to occupy a position for which the qualification requirements provide for higher professional education. But! He has the right, but he is not always given this right. They prefer to hire “specialists” and “masters”.

Don't be discouraged - over time the question "What can a bachelor do?" will not arise. In the meantime, if problems arise, we can only advise you to continue your studies at the next level and obtain the qualification “certified specialist” or “master”.

Still, there are advantages to choosing a bachelor's degree. Let's list them.

1. This type of qualification is accepted according to the international classification and is understandable to employers abroad. They often invite bachelors there, without even specifying the area of ​​training, since office work simply requires an educated person who knows how to work with information, with people, and who can prepare all kinds of documents.
2. The fundamental nature of the training, its “non-constriction” makes it possible, if necessary, to easily change profession. The fact is that, in accordance with the state educational standard, bachelor's training programs in areas are structured in such a way that they allow you to move to one of a whole “fan” of compatible professions in 1 year. And after 5 years of training, a specialist receives new profession(if necessary) will have to take 2-3 years, and even on a commercial basis, because this will already be getting a second one higher education. For a bachelor's degree, master's degree studies are classified as continuation of education at the next level and therefore it is free (for budget places).
3. Within 4 years after entering a university, a person receives a diploma and gains economic independence.

What to choose? What educational path should you build for yourself?

First, think about the focus of your professional training. If there is no conscious desire to engage in the future scientific activities or work on narrow specialty, then you can stop at a bachelor's degree. In addition, find out the real situation on the labor market in your place of residence. Those. try to understand how competitive the specialty and qualification you like will be in your region, and whether you can quickly find a prestigious job with a bachelor’s degree in hand.

In many areas of life, you can often hear about the presence or absence of any qualification. From the article you can learn that qualification is a very broad concept and even its term has two main translations.

Meaning of the concept

WITH in English the term translates as “quality,” meaning the degree of merit exhibited. In an older translation (from Latin), the word “qualification” is a combination of the words “what” and “to do.” In other words, how good is what is being done.

Depending on the application, the term means an assessment of the degree of quality or specified levels.

Types of qualifications

Qualification is a fairly broad concept. There are various types of it, distinguished depending on the scope of application:

• in education, this is the level of training of those who graduated from an educational institution (secondary or higher);
• V labor relations- level of manifestation professional qualities, degree of suitability to certain requirements;
• in sports - preliminary (qualifying) competitions;
• in criminal law - the assessment of a specific socially dangerous action.

In addition to division by field of application, the qualifications of the employee and the job are distinguished.

Employee qualification

For an employee, qualification is the degree of his training in a professional sense. In other words, this is the level of his training, the presence of experience, theoretical and practical skills to perform a certain type of activity. Most often, qualifications are established in the form of a category or rank.

An employee has the right to take advanced training courses and then receive a higher category or rank. This will also increase his wage. But if the employee cannot confirm the existing category, the employer will have the right to lower it and even terminate the employment contract.

The procedure for determining the level of training of a professional has its own characteristics in each individual country. They are prescribed in labor legislation.

Job qualifications

This characteristic is established depending on the degree of complexity and responsibility of the employee during the performance of work duties. It is determined in accordance with existing records of tariff and qualification categories that relate to a specific specialization.

What are job qualifications and why are they important? It is used when setting tariff rates and salaries, from which wages are calculated. In simple words, wages depend on qualifications.

Professional qualifications

That's what they call it vocational training an employee who has to perform a certain type of activity. The work requires one or another qualification, determined depending on its expected complexity and the required quality of performance.

Most often, the following steps exist:

• primary vocational education allows you to be a worker;
• secondary education - technician;
• higher - a specialist.

Among working specialties, there are 6 categories, which are registered in a special grid. As a rule, vocational schools graduate workers of 3-4 categories.

There is a network for teachers. So, after graduating from a higher educational institution, a teacher takes up a position as a specialist and works without a category. Then he can raise it to 2nd, 1st, highest. The last qualification level in pedagogy is the category of teacher-methodologist.

The employees have their own grid. It consists of 18 digits.

Do not forget that in real working conditions, qualifications on a grid do not always correspond to real skill. In addition to advanced training, the employee must have a sense of responsibility, professional duty, and civic maturity.