OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON: Develop skills in planning technological processes at pork production enterprises with a production volume of 12, 24, 27, and 54 thousand heads per year.

METHODOLOGICAL SETTINGS: Flow-shop technology for pork production is determined by a technological reproduction scheme that ensures pork production evenly throughout the year, employment work force, and year-round use of equipment and capital structures. With the flow-shop technology of pork production, the formation of all production groups is carried out with a certain cyclicity. For enterprises with 12, 24, 27 and 54 thousand heads, a seven-day cycle is adopted, and for enterprises with 108 and 216 thousand heads, a daily cycle.

Premises at enterprises with flow-shop technology are unified for maintaining certain age groups according to the principle “everything is busy”, “everything is free”. There are two sectors on the territory of the enterprise: reproduction and fattening. The reproduction sector includes 4 workshops:

Insemination and maintenance of sows in the first period of pregnancy; - keeping sows in the second period of pregnancy;

Farrowing and maintenance of suckling sows; - rearing piglets.

In the reproduction sector, the rate of repair of breeding stock should be at least 40%.

With a production volume of 12,000 heads per year and a seven-day work cycle, 231 heads of pigs with a live weight of 110 kg (12,000: 52 weeks) should be removed from fattening.

With the departure of gilts in the fattening sector of 1 - 2%, 235 heads should be fed from the nursery every week for fattening.

Waste in the rearing shop is 3-4%, therefore, by weaning piglets from the queens, it is necessary to have 245 heads.

When leaving for the suckling period 8 - 9% of piglets, during farrowing you need to get 270 piglets.

With a multiplicity of 10 piglets per uterus, it is necessary to have 27 sows in the lactating queen shop. After farrowing, about 10% (3 heads) of low-milk queens are immediately sent to the insemination shop. Thus, 30 sows should be allowed to farrow (27 + 3).

With 20 - 25% sow holiness after the first insemination, 37 sows should be inseminated weekly. To ensure mating of 37 queens per week, a group of single queens should be 1.3 - 1.4 more - 50 - 55 heads.

A group of 37 heads of queens, as a production unit, is completed and maintained in a constant composition from the moment of insemination until the weaning of piglets.

The pigsty - queen cell capacity should correspond to the number of queens in the suckling period group, depending on the annual pork production. In total, 52 production groups of queens should be formed during the year (according to the number of weeks in the year). When carrying out one round of farrowing and raising piglets under queens, the room is occupied for 56 days (42 days suckling period + preventive period).

To support the conveyor, the farm must have eight rooms to house suckling queens (56:7).

During rearing, piglets are kept for 75–79 days and with an increase of 350 g per day, the young animals reach a live weight of 36 kg in 119 days. To ensure cyclical production, the rearing workshop must have 11 rooms plus one room for carrying out sanitary, preventive and repair work[(119 – 42) / 7] + 1. The capacity of the room should provide accommodation for one production group weanlings – 235 – 245 stalls.

Every 7 days, 235 heads of gilts with an average live weight of 36 kg per head are transferred from the rearing workshop to the fattening workshop. Pigs are fattened for 119 days and reach a live weight of 110 kg, with an average daily gain of live weight of 620 g. To implement a flow system in the fattening sector, it is necessary to have 18 sections:

[(110 – 36) / 0.62]: 7 = 17 + 1 = 18. One section remains free every week to prepare for the reception of a new production group. The cyclical nature of production at the enterprise will be implemented only when the planned average daily gain in live weight is achieved. So, with 500 g of average daily fattening gains, it will take 148 days, or 21 seven-day periods, to achieve a live weight of 110 kg

[(110 – 36): 0.5] : 7 = 21, and to ensure production flow, instead of 18, 22 pig fattening sections will be required.

The rhythm of everything technological process at a pig fattening enterprise is due to the organization of insemination of sows.

A production group of 37 queens is formed from 22 queens received from the farrowing department after weaning their piglets, 3 queens transferred to the group of single queens immediately after farrowing; 7 queens from the production group, mated three weeks earlier and coming back into heat, 5 queens from the group of replacement gilts, introduced instead of 5 queens (20%) from the production group of the farrowing department, culled immediately after the piglets were weaned. The number of gilts in the replacement group should be 7 times higher than their weekly requirement - 35 replacement gilts. Selection for the repair group is carried out three times. The first time, during the period of weaning piglets from the nests of multiple, high-milk queens. The selection is carried out 4 times more than the weekly requirement - 20 pigs. The second time they are selected at the age of 119 days, when transferred from the nursery to fattening. At the same time, 40% of pigs that are lagging in growth and development (8 out of 20) are culled. The final selection and assessment of replacement young stock is carried out before mating, and 50% of the remaining gilts are culled.

In the insemination workshop and keeping sows of the first period of pregnancy, the production group of sows is kept in individual pens for 28 days in order to increase fertility and maintain gestation.

In the farrowing shed and keeping suckling queens are kept for a week (from 109 to 114 days) 30 pregnant sows and 162 suckling queens (27 pigs per group) for 6 weeks (42 days) and 1475 suckling piglets (270 piglets in group X 6 - 9% waste).

The need for premises for keeping queens in the second period of gestation is determined by the following calculation: (108 – 28)/7 = 12 i.e. approximately 12 premises are required.

Piglets in the rearing workshop are from 43 to 119 days - 11 weeks - 2590 heads (245 piglets in the technological group minus 4% waste).

In the fattening workshop, gilts are kept from 120 to 238 days of fattening – 3960 heads

(17 technological groups of 231 heads per group, minus 2% waste).

The section for raising replacement gilts should have 288 heads [(120 kg at mating - 36 kg when transferred to the fattening department) / 0.5 kg of gain per day = 168 days required for raising a replacement gilt, or 24 weeks]. The technological group after the second selection of pigs is 12 heads (12 X 24 = 288).

For artificial insemination, 7 main boars, 7 test boars and 7 replacement boars are required per 100 queens.

Task 19.3 Calculate the size of technological groups, the need for premises and the total daily number of pigs at a pig production enterprise with a production volume of 24, 27 and 54 thousand heads per year with a seven-day production cycle (Table 24).

When calculating, use the following indicators:

The duration of the suction period is 42 days,

average daily gain on rearing 350 g,

average daily fattening gain 620 g,

Fertility of queens 75%,

waste of young animals on suction 8%,

departure of young animals on rearing 4%,

departure of young animals for fattening 2%,

· culling of queens from each technological group 20%.

Table 24 - Calculations of the size of technological groups, the number of pigs in workshops and the need for premises

Findings _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The flow system of pork production is based on the receipt, cultivation and sale of large groups of the same age of young pigs after a certain period of time, which is ensured by:

1. continuous rhythmic formation of groups of queens homogeneous in number and timing of insemination and rhythmic production of batches of piglets of the same age. The constant composition of the groups of queens is maintained during the gestation and lactation periods until the piglets are weaned. Young animals are formed in accordance with the accepted technology into production groups, which are kept during all stages of growing and fattening;
2. the formation of such a number of groups of queens and pigs of other age groups, which ensures the flow and receipt of marketable pigs during the entire period of operation of the enterprise;
3. insemination of the queens of each group in a short, well-defined period of time, without a pause;
4. the presence of specialized premises for each stage of the production process, divided into sectors and used on an "empty-occupied" basis.

The flow system of production provides for a certain duration of the production cycle for each sex and age group. The duration of the lactation period of the queens, the timing of growing and fattening are taken in accordance with specific economic conditions. The duration of the production cycle in days is as follows: single queens - 21; 1st period of pregnancy - 32 - 35; 2nd period of pregnancy - 80-82; suckling queens with suckling piglets (depending on the accepted duration of the suckling period) 32 - 35, 42, 49, 56; weaned piglets (4 months) - 65 - 88, replacement pigs under the age of 273 days - 154, in preparation for insemination - 42, fattening young animals - 150 - 175.

For each age group of pigs, a separate room is provided, the capacity of which must correspond to the number of livestock and the duration of the production cycle, taking into account the preparatory work carried out in the room before placing the animals.

Depending on the group and physiological state of pigs, walking and non-walking housing systems are used. The walking system is used for keeping boars, single and pregnant queens and replacement young animals. Walking areas are provided for organizing walks. Weaned piglets and fattening young animals are kept without walking. Indoor housing methods are used - small-group, large-group and individual in cages (pencils).

At complexes for the production of pork on an industrial basis, the maintenance of sows prepared for mating and the 1st period of gestation in the critical period (32 days) is individually housed, the 2nd period (from 33 to 112 days) is small group (10-10 days each). 15 heads in the machine); suckling - fixed in special pens with compartments for suckling piglets; weaned piglets, replacement young animals and fattening pigs - groups of 20 - 25 heads depending on age and live weight. Floors in pens for keeping pigs must be durable, non-slip, low thermal conductivity, waterproof, and resistant to waste liquid and disinfectants. When keeping suckling sows with piglets, bedding is used at the rate of 1.5 kg of sawdust or cut straw. The size of the pen should be 7 - 7.5 sq.m per queen with piglets, for single and pregnant queens the size of the pen is determined at the rate of 1.9 - 2 sq.m per 1 head, for weaned piglets - 0.35 - 0, 40 and young animals for fattening - 0.8-1.0 sq.m.

In the pens, it is necessary to install slatted floors with a slatted width of 40 - 50 mm for weaned piglets, replacement, fattening young animals and 70 mm for boars and sows, and the width of the slats is 22 and 26 mm, respectively. Slotted floors should be installed when feeding dry food in the rear part of the pen, wet mixtures and liquid food - in the front part, along the line of feeders, with a deviation of at least 40 cm from them.

The efficiency of pork production is determined primarily by the level and type of feeding. On the farms of our country, concentrate and concentrate-root crop (concentrate-silage) types of feeding predominate. In the first case, concentrates in pig diets make up 75-85%, green feed and grass meal - 10-15, silage -3-8 and animal feed - about 2%. In the beet-growing zone, a different feed ratio is used in pig diets: concentrates - 65 - 75%, succulent feed - up to 15 - 20, green feed, grass meal and silage - up to 8 - 13, animal feed 2%.

Course work on pig farming

on the topic: Calculation of flow-shop technology for pork production

Introduction

Pork is the most important product nutrition of the population of the republic and raw materials for the meat processing industry. World experience shows that in recent years, the increase in meat production is due to beef only by 13%, while pork - by 19%. These trends in the rate of production of beef and pork meat are associated with the biological and technological capabilities of pigs to ensure a rapid increase in the production of high-quality meat at low feed and labor costs per unit of output.

Pig breeding is the traditional and second most important livestock sector in Belarus, 60% of the pig population in the republic is concentrated in collective farms and state farms, the rest is in the households and farmers. In the total balance of meat, pork accounts for 44%.

For most pork production developed countries in recent years, the introduction into production of the achievements of science in breeding and genetics, feeding and keeping animals, the close integration of pig farms with feed mills has been characteristic. The solution to this problem is seen in the widespread transition from the wasteful, with large expenditures of material resources, the constant growth of capital investments of the semi-intensive development path to the intensive one, which requires an increase in the genetic potential of animal productivity, ensuring a balanced supply of all essential elements of animal nutrition, the use of high-performance technologies, and improvement of the management mechanism.

1. Analytical part

Pork is still the most popular and most nutritious type of meat. In the structure of world production of meat of all types, pork ranks first (39.1%), followed by poultry meat - 29.3%, beef - 25.0%, lamb - 4.8% and other types of meat - 1.8% . In gross meat production in developing countries specific gravity pork is even more significant - 41.8% (Dankvert S.A., Dunin I.M., 2002). World pork production in 2000 amounted to 90.9 million tons. The main producers of pork are Asia - 50.3 million tons (55.4%), of which 43 million tons come from China, and Europe - 25.0 million tons (27.5%). World pork production has increased at uneven rates over the past 50 years. If from 1950 to 1970 it increased from 16.0 million tons. to 34.3 million tons, that is, by 0.9 million per year, then during the period from 1980 to 2000 the increase in pork production amounted to 1.9 million tons per year. If we take into account that the number of pigs in these years increased very slightly - less than 1% per year, then such a significant increase in pork production should be attributed to the qualitative change in pig farming, and first of all, a significant increase in its productivity, which began in the early 80s years. The greatest growth in pork production over the past 20 years has been in Asia, which produces more than half of the world's pork. The growth of this indicator was noted to a much lesser extent in the Americas and Oceania. In Europe and Africa, pork production is barely increasing. The main producers of pork are China, which accounts for almost half of world production (43.1 million tons, or 47.4%), the USA (8.5 million tons) and Germany (3.8 million tons). Russia is not among the leaders in pork production (1.2 million tons). It should be noted that the decline in pork production in Russia has been stopped, and in recent years there has even been a slight increase.

Pork production per head available at the beginning of the year. This ratio is the main general indicator characterizing the efficiency of pork production at all stages of the technological process - from the selection of breeds and their selection and genetic improvement to housing technology and fattening techniques. In the dynamics of pork production per live pig during recent years Throughout the world, two periods can be distinguished. The first period - from 1950 to 1970 - can be defined as a period of stagnation in industry productivity, during which the said indicator remained unchanged at 52 kg of pork per pig. The second period, which began in the late 70s, is characterized by a fairly rapid increase in pork production per pig. Thus, from 1970 to 2000 it increased by 48.8 kg, increasing annually by 1.62 kg. Europe and North America have been characterized by a stable increase in pork production per pig since 1950. The highest productivity of pigs is typical for Europe (123.4 kg) and North America (124.2 kg). The lowest is in Africa (31 kg). Pork production per pig throughout the world varies widely, averaging 100.1 kg. Russia, with an indicator of 68.3 kg, is not among the ten leaders. In Belarus, as of 2000, this figure was 62.5 kg. It is surprising that among the leading countries in pig production productivity, i.e. in pork production per pig, from among the main pig-producing countries with the largest number of pigs and producing greatest number pork, includes only one France.

Piglet weaning from the uterus is one of the most difficult periods in the life of piglets after birth, because they are completely transferred to independent feeding without mother's milk. The terms for weaning piglets are set depending on the level of development, the intensity of pig breeding, the availability of complete feed on the farm, good premises, and highly qualified pig breeders. IN different countries and farms, weaning is carried out from one week to 8 weeks of age. By reducing the terms of weaning, they achieve a reduction in the loss of live weight of sows during the suckling period, their earlier insemination for the next farrowing and, thus, an increase in the intensity of use of the breeding stock in the herd.

In our country, piglets are weaned at 26-30, 35-40 and 60 days. In most breeding farms, weaning is carried out at 7-8 weeks of age, and in large agricultural enterprises - most often at 26-30 days.

pig fattening represents the final business operation, the successful implementation of which depends on the results of all work in pig breeding. Her goal is to obtain the maximum amount of pork High Quality most effective way.

The success of fattening depends on genetic characteristics, breeding methods, feeding and keeping conditions of pigs, feed quality, pork production technology. Of the genetic factors, breeds that differ in early maturation, fattening and meat productivity, and the ability to turn feed into products have the greatest influence.

The paramount rule for organizing the fattening of pigs is to provide the whole range of measures to obtain the maximum possible average daily gain in live weight. Animals are placed for fattening at 95 days of age. Fattening lasts 120 days.

Feeding method. The choice of one or another method of feeding depends on the availability of appropriate equipment at a particular pig farm. Both wet and dry feeding have their advantages and disadvantages.

One of the most important processes in modern technology Pork production is the production and raising of piglets. For normal growth and development of piglets, a sufficient supply of nutrients with feed is necessary. They are found in colostrum and milk of sows and feed prepared for piglets. of different ages. When feeding piglets up to 60 days of age, two feed recipes are used: SK-11 (prestarter) and SK-16 (starter) (Table 1). Piglets are accustomed to feeding starting from 5-7 days of life.

Table 3. Structure of diets for piglets

One of the weak links in the technology of raising piglets is the growing period, when piglets are completely transferred to dairy-free feeding with plant feed. The structure of the diet for growing piglets is as follows: wheat - 26.4%; shelled barley - 14%; shelled oats - 34%; peas – 4.8%; soybean meal - 12%; fishmeal - 3%; feed animal fat - 1%; SOM – 2%; tricalcium phosphate - 0.9%; chalk - 0.5%; table salt - 0.4%; premix KS-3 - 1%.

The composition of feed for single and pregnant sows is represented by 2-3 types of cereal grains in any ratio, as well as protein feeds in the form of pea powder (10-15%), meals and cakes (3-5% in nutritional value) so that 1 com. units accounted for 134-137 g of crude and 100-105 g of digestible protein.

To feed suckling sows, high-quality feed is used - barley, corn, wheat, triticale, peas, grass or hay meal from perennial legumes. Concentrated feed is used as part of diets in an amount of 80-85% nutritional value. At the same time, individual concentrated feeds are included in the diets in the following quantities: oatmeal - up to 15%, corn, barley and peas - up to 15-20% each. Peas are used in Vila extrudate. Protein feed – sunflower and soybean meal, fish and meat and bone meal. They are included in an amount of 3-5% nutritionally.

The diets of breeding boars consist of a variety of high-quality concentrated feeds. At the same time, during the breeding period, the composition of the diets includes 85% of the nutritional value of concentrated feed, grass in summer period 10-15%, and in winter - juicy (carrots, root vegetables) up to 10%, grass or hay flour up to 5%. Legume grains in the form of derti or extrudate (10-15%), soybean meal (up to 15%) and sunflower meal (up to 10%), animal feed are a source of complete protein and essential amino acids. Boars are fed 2 times a day with crumbly mash with a humidity of 68-72%.

Pig fattening is the final stage in pork production, which mainly determines both its quality and profitability. The basis for highly profitable fattening of pigs is standardized feeding with complete compound feeds with normal placement of animals and an optimal microclimate in the premises. The feed recipe for pigs in the first fattening period is as follows: wheat – 25%; barley – 35%; triticale – 15%; peas – 12%; Sunflower meal – 1.5%; soybean meal – 3%; fish meal – 2.5%; meat and bone meal – 1%; feed fat – 1.5%; molasses – 1%; chalk – 0.4%; table salt – 0.3%; defluorinated phosphate – 0.8%; premix KS-4-1 – 1%.

Breeding work. Due to the uncompetitiveness of products from pigs of the Belarusian black-and-white breed, farms abandoned the use of this breed.

To improve the fattening, meat and reproductive qualities of animals supplied for slaughter, and to reduce the cost of pork, industrial crossing is used.

In two-breed crossbreeding, pigs of the Belarusian meat breed are crossed with boars of the Landrace or Duroc breed, and the resulting F 1 crossbreeds are supplied for fattening.

The disadvantage of two-breed industrial crossing is that this method of commercial breeding does not allow using the effect of maternal heterosis due to its absence in purebred queens. The effect of a heterotic uterus appears only with a return, three-breed or other type of interbreeding.

Three-breed crossbreeding involves the mating of two-breed crossbred queens F 1 with boars of the third breed:

(BMP × KB) × D

The advantage of this method of crossing over a simple two-breed method is that it makes it possible to use, firstly, the heterotic effect of the hybrid uterus in terms of maternal qualities, secondly, the qualities of the third breed and, thirdly, the advantages of the boar used at the final stage of crossing with the dominant heredity in comparison with a crossbred uterus characterized by loose heredity. With such crossing, it becomes possible to largely predict the qualities of three-breed offspring.

Veterinary and sanitary measures. When producing pork, only healthy animals can produce a large amount of high-quality products. To achieve this, the farm carries out a system of veterinary preventive measures, which includes:

· constant veterinary monitoring of the physiological and immunological state of the animal’s body, the quality of feed, the microclimate in the premises, timely diagnosis of diseases;

· strict implementation of specific prevention schemes for infectious and parasitic diseases and implementation of a full range of veterinary and sanitary measures;

· compliance with the technological process at all production sites;

· use of premises (sections) for farrowing sows, rearing piglets, raising replacement young stock and fattening animals on the “empty-occupied” principle;

· timely and high-quality sanitary cleaning of premises from manure, its disinfection in the event of the appearance of infectious diseases;

· ensuring timely cleaning and disposal of animal carcasses, etc.

It is prohibited to keep dogs (except guard dogs) and cats on the territory of a pig-breeding enterprise. Guard dogs are subject to rabies vaccination, deworming and other veterinary treatments.

Taking into account the epizootic situation, a scheme of veterinary and preventive measures has been developed for the farm. All preventive measures begin with the breeding stock, with the mating workshop, where individual records of all inseminated sows are kept. So, on the 50th day of pregnancy the first and on the 60th day the second vaccination against paratyphoid is carried out. Vaccination against leptospirosis is carried out 2 times a year.

In the survey section, piglets are administered ferroglucin in a dose of 2 ml (150 mg of iron) to prevent anemia and increase general nonspecific resistance. A repeated injection of the drug is given at 15-20 days of age at a dose of 3 ml (225 mg of iron).

Castration of boars is carried out at 20-25 days of age. Vaccination against paratyphoid (salmonellosis) is carried out on the 21st day of life and repeated after 7-10 days. For the prevention of leptospirosis, animals are vaccinated at 30-35 days of age and re-vaccinated after 10-12 days.

In the nursery group (after completion), vaccination against erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease is carried out. Gilts are revaccinated after 30 days.

Of course, the holding of all special events is combined with improving the hygiene of feeding and keeping pigs, providing them with mineral and vitamin supplements.

Equipment. Pigs in buildings are placed in group or individual pens, taking into account age and production groups (producing boars, deeply pregnant and suckling queens with suckling piglets - one head per pen; single and inseminated queens until the actual gestation is established - in individual pens; queens with established gestation, replacement young animals, suckling pigs and fattening pigs - in group pens).

Machines for suckling sows are made of lattice with a clearance of 5 cm, a height of 1.1 m. They are equipped with boxes for fixing queens, compartments for feeding piglets, feeders and teat drinkers for queens and piglets. For feeding pigs, the pens are equipped with feeders.

After weaning, the sow piglets are covered and kept in individual pens until pregnancy is established. After the pregnancy is established, they are transferred to the shop of pregnant sows and placed 12 heads in the machine. The floor area per sow is 2 m2, the feeding front is 0.4 m.

Piglets after weaning are transferred to the rearing shop, where they are placed in pens for 25 pigs. The pens are equipped with an insulated den, feeders and automatic drinkers.

Producer boars are housed separately. They are kept individually in pens with an area of ​​7 m2, the height of the fence is 1.4 m. The feeding front is 0.5 m.

Mechanization production processes. Taking into account the ever-increasing demand for compound feed, enterprises are undergoing technical re-equipment and reconstruction to increase capacity (up to 40 thousand tons per year) and improve the quality of products. Equipment installed during reconstruction: crusher OMT – 2; dispenser with magnetic catcher; aspiration; screws, conveyors; noria

Slotted floors are used for manure removal. In this case, the manure falls through and is trampled by pigs into the canals. The manure falling through the floor cracks is transported by the scrapers of the TS-1 conveyor. Reception from pigsties and unloading of manure is carried out using an NPK-30 bucket manure loader.

The microclimate in the premises affects the development and productivity of animals. Of particular importance are temperature, humidity, chemical composition air, the presence of dust and microbes in it, light and ultraviolet rays. Hypothermia in combination with dampness in the room, gas pollution and dust in the air are the main reasons for the decrease in animal productivity.

Newborn piglets, unlike other farm animals, do not have hair, so they are especially sensitive to hypothermia. To maintain normal temperature conditions in the piglet housing area, special local heating systems are used. These include infrared irradiation lamps, which are suspended at a height of 0.7 - 0.8 from the floor level above the location of the young animals. For the first three days after farrowing, piglets are constantly heated. From 3 to 10 days of age, every 1.5 hours of operation, the lamp is turned off for 0.5 hours. From 11 to 45 days of life, the following heating mode is set: 1 hour lamp operation and 0.5 hour shutdown. This mode is also used for heating weaned piglets. In this case, one lamp is installed in the center of the pen for group housing of animals at a height of 0.8 m from the floor. After weaning piglets from the sow, it is necessary to increase the temperature in the room by 2-3 o C.

The maximum permissible air temperature in premises for animals of all age groups in the summer should not exceed 30 o C.

The use of flow-shop production technology allows for uniform, year-round farrowing of sows throughout the year; rhythm of production; separate-shop organization of labor; separate content of each technological group in a separate isolated technological section; specialization of buildings and equipment for production purposes; comprehensive mechanization and automation of processes; consistently form technological groups of pigs.

2. Technological part

2.1 Calculation of the yield of piglets and breeding stock with the determination of zootechnical parameters for a given yield of pork production

To ensure growth in production, it is proposed efficient technology, the calculations of which are given in this section.

1. Calculate the number of farrows from the main sow per year (K o) by dividing the days of the year by the reproductive period, which consists of single (X), gestating (S), suckling (P) periods:

K o = 365 / (X + C + P)

K o = 365 / (21+ 114 + 35) = 2.14

2. Let’s calculate the complex’s need for piglets per year:

T = ((P/V + N) x 100) / K,

where T is the need for piglets for the farm, heads;

P – plan for selling pork to the state, c;

B – live weight of one head at sale, centners;

N – number of piglets for on-farm needs, heads;

K – safety of piglets, %.

T = ((9640/1.11 + 1520) x 100) / 94.5 = 10798

3. We calculate the required number of main sows:

A = T / (K o x C + C 1 x Y),

where A is the required number of main sows, heads;

K about – number of farrows from the main sow;

C – business output of piglets for farrowing from the main uterus, heads;

C 1 – business yield of piglets from the tested uterus, heads;

Y – number of checked queens per one main one, goal.

A = 10798 / (2.14 x 10.4 + 9.3 x 1.2) = 323

4. Let’s calculate the complex’s need for tested uteri:

where P is the required number of queens to be checked, heads.

P = 323 x 1.2 = 387

5. Let’s calculate the complex’s need for replacement gilts (P s) at the rate of 150% of the number of checked queens:

P s = P x 1.5

R s = 387 x 1.5 = 580

6. Let’s calculate the need for breeding boars based on the current zootechnical standards for the load per 1 boar during artificial insemination (1 boar per 100 ewes):

X p = (A + P) / N,

where X p is the required number of breeding boars, heads;

N – norm of queen load per 1 boar, head.

X n = (323 + 387) / 100 = 7

7. Let’s calculate the complex’s need for replacement boars at the rate of 4 heads for each rejected main boar:

a) calculate the annual culling of breeding boars:

B x \u003d X p x K in,

where B x is the number of breeding boars culled per year, heads;

K in – rejection coefficient equal to 0.28.

B x \u003d 7 x 0.28 \u003d 2

b) calculate the number of replacement boars (P x):

P x \u003d B x x 4

P x \u003d 2 x 4 \u003d 8

8. a) calculate the number of farrows (OK o) received on the farm per year:

OK o = A x K o + P

OK o = 323 x 2.14 + 387 = 1078

b) average yield of piglets (In p) for 1 farrow:

B n = T / OK o

B n = 10798 / 1078 = 10

a) calculate the weight of the piglet at the end of the suckling period:

M p = 1 + P p x S p,

where M p is the weight of the piglet at the end of the suckling period, kg;

P p – duration of the suckling period, days;

S p – average daily increase in live weight of suckling piglets, kg.

M p = 1 + 35 x 0.313 = 11.95

b) calculate the weight of the piglet at the end of the growing period:

M d = M p + P d x S d,

where Md is the weight of the piglet at the end of the growing period, kg;

P d – duration of the growing period, days;

S d – average daily increase in live weight of growing piglets, kg.

M d = 11.95 + 90 x 0.428 = 50.47

c) calculate the duration of the fattening period:

P o = (M r - M d) / S o,

where P o – duration of fattening, days;

M r – mass upon sale, kg;

S o – average daily increase in live weight of fattening pigs, kg.

P o = (111 – 50.47) / 0.624 = 97

The calculated main production indicators of the complex are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Main production indicators of the complex

2.2 Formation of the main production groups of pigs at the pig-breeding complex

Let's determine the number of production cycles at the complex per year:

P = OK o / X,

where P is the number of production cycles per year;

X - size of the group of suckling queens, heads.

P = 1078 / 60 = 17.9

Let's calculate the rhythm step (Ш) on the stream:

W = 365 / 17.9 = 20 (days)

1. We calculate the pregnant group of queens in one production cycle. It is larger than the size of the group of suckling queens by the average percentage of emergency farrowings in the herd. It is on average 10%. Therefore, if we accepted a group of suckling queens, 60 goals. The group of pregnant queens will be 110% of the group of suckling queens, i.e. 66 goals

2. We calculate a random group of queens in one production cycle. The number of breeding queens is greater than the number of pregnant ones by the percentage of unmarried queens in the herd. The percentage of singleness depends on the level of fertilization of the queens in mating. It is 100% - 76.5% = 23.5%. The group of breeding queens will be 123.5% of the group of pregnant queens, i.e. 82 goals

3. We calculate the reserve group of queens:

H = 21 x X A / W,

where B is the reserve group of queens, heads;

Х А – size of the group of breeding queens in one cycle, goal.

B = 21 x 82 / 20 = 86

4. We calculate the number of suckling piglets:

P s = X p x B p,

where P s is the number of suckling piglets, heads;

X p – number of suckling sows, heads;

In p – average yield of piglets per sow, heads.

P s = 28 x 10.1 = 283

5. We calculate the number of piglets used for on-farm needs in one production cycle:

P vn = O vn / R,

where P in – the number of piglets going to on-farm needs, heads;

About ext – the need for piglets for on-farm needs, heads.

P in = 1520 / 17.9 = 85

6. We calculate the number of weaned piglets in one production cycle:

P d = P s x K p – P in,

where P d is the number of weaned piglets in one production cycle, heads.

P d = 600 x 0.945 – 85 = 482

7. Let’s calculate the number of piglets transferred to the repair group in each production cycle:

P m = (P s + P x) / P,

where Р m is the number of piglets transferred to the replacement group in each production cycle, heads;

Р с – need for replacement sows, heads;

P x – need for repair boars, heads.

R m = (580 + 8) / 17.9 = 33

8. Let us calculate the number of young animals transferred for fattening in one production cycle:

M o = P d x K d – R m,

where M o is the number of young animals transferred for fattening in one production cycle, heads;

M o = 482 x 0.968 – 33 = 433

9. Calculate the number of fattening pigs

a) calculate the annual culling of the main queens:

B A = A x K c,

where B A is the annual culling of queens, heads;

A – requirement of the complex for the main uteri, heads;

K in – rejection coefficient.

B A = 323 x 0.28 = 90

b) we calculate the annual culling of breeding boars:

B x \u003d X p x K in,

where B x is the annual culling of breeding boars, heads;

X p – the complex’s need for breeding boars, heads.

B x \u003d 7 x 0.28 \u003d 2

c) we calculate the annual culling of the checked queens:

B p = P – B A,

where B p is the annual culling of checked queens, heads;

P – the complex’s need for tested queens, goal.

B p = 387 – 90 = 297

d) calculate the number of adult pigs for fattening (B o):

B o \u003d (B A + B x + B p) / P

B o = (90 + 2 + 387) / 17.9 = 27

10. Let’s calculate the number of young animals removed from fattening for one production cycle:

M co = M o x K o,

where M co is the number of young animals removed from fattening, heads;

K o – survival rate of young animals during fattening.

M co = 433 x 0.985 = 426

11. Let’s calculate the total weight of pigs sold to the state during one production cycle.

a) calculate the annual culling of replacement young stock (Br m):

Br m = (P c + P x) – (P + B x)

Br m = (580 + 8) – (387 + 2) = 199

b) calculate the culling of replacement young stock for one production cycle (Br 1):

Br 1 = Br m / R

Br 1 = 199 / 17.9 = 11

Table 5. Production groups in one cycle

c) calculate the total weight of pigs sold to the state in one production cycle:

O m = (M co x M m + B o x M in + Br 1 x M m),

where Om is the total weight of pigs sold to the state, c;

O m = (426 x 1.11 + 27 x 1.8 + 11 x 1.11) = 566

The calculated production groups in one cycle are summarized in Table 5.

2.3 Calculation of the number of production groups on the stream and the average annual livestock at the complex

The calculated constant number of groups of pigs throughout the reproductive cycle and the average annual population are summarized in Table 6.

Table 6. Constant number of production groups on stream and average annual livestock of the complex

2.4 Calculation of space requirements for continuous pork production

Table 7. Requirement for complex premises

2.5 Calculation of feed requirements and economic efficiency work of a pig breeding enterprise

1. Let's calculate the amount of production from the sale of young animals.

P m = M co x M m x P,

where P m – quantity of products from product sales, c;

M so – number of young animals removed from fattening, heads;

M m – average live weight of one head sold to the state, c;

P – number of production cycles per year.

P m = 426x 1.11 x 17.9 = 8464.2

2. Let’s find the amount of products from adult, culled animals:

P in = B o x M in x P,

where P in – products from adult, culled animals, c;

В о – adult fattening pigs, heads;

M in – average live weight of adult pigs sold to the state, c.

P in = 27 x 3 x 17.9 = 1449.9

3. Let’s calculate the amount of products from culling animals from the repair group:

P b \u003d Br m x M m,

where P b is the amount of products from the culling of animals from the repair group, c;

Br m – annual culling of replacement young animals, heads.

P b \u003d 199 x 1.11 \u003d 221

4. Calculate the amount of products from sanitary slaughter

a) sanitary slaughter during the suckling period:

P sp = (P s – (P s x K p)) x P x 0.05,

where P sp – sanitary slaughter during the suckling period, c;

P s – number of suckling piglets, heads;

Кп – coefficient of safety of piglets during the suckling period.

P sp = (600 – (600 x 0.945)) x 17.9 x 0.05 = 29.53

b) sanitary slaughter during growing:

P sd = (P d – (P d x K d)) x P x 0.27,

where P sd – sanitary slaughter during growing, c;

P d – number of weaned piglets in one production cycle, heads;

K d – coefficient of safety of piglets during the growing period.

P sd = (482 – (482 x 0.968)) x 17.9 x 0.27 = 74.5

c) sanitary slaughter for fattening:

P co \u003d (M o - M co) x P x 0.54,

where P so – sanitary slaughter for fattening, c;

M o – number of young animals transferred for fattening in one production cycle, heads.

P co \u003d (433 - 426) x 17.9 x 0.54 \u003d 68

d) quantity of products from sanitary slaughter (P su):

P su \u003d P cn + P sd + P co

P su \u003d 29.53 + 74.5 + 68 \u003d 172 (c)

5. The cost of production consists of various cost items; 70% of the structure of the cost of production is made up of feed costs. Knowing them, it is easy to guess the final cost of production.

a) calculate the actual costs of feed on the farm:

F zk \u003d O zk / V pp,

where F zk – actual feed costs per 1 kg of pork, units;

О зк – total feed requirement for the year, units;

In pp – gross pork production for the year, centners.

F zk \u003d 44840.1 / 10307.1 \u003d 4.35

Today, the average price of 1 kg of feed is 240 – 300 rubles. The diet contains 60% concentrates, so 1 unit. costs 250 rubles, and 1 q. - 25 thousand rubles.

b) calculate the cost of feed (Z d) in monetary terms:

Z d = F zk x 25000

Z d = 4.35 x 25000 = 108750 (rubles)

c) calculate the cost (C b) of one hundredweight of products:

C b = W d x 1.3

C b = 108750 x 1.3 = 141375

6. Let’s calculate the level of production profitability:

R p = (K / V) x 100,

where R p – production profitability, %;

K – net income, thousand rubles;

B – Cost of all products, thousand rubles.

R p = (1635750.9 / 1456379.1) x 100 = 112.3

Table 9. Product sales and annual profit

conclusions

Pork production technology is, first of all, a system of zootechnical measures at a complex for organizing year-round acquisition and reproduction of the herd, growing and keeping, feeding and caring for animals on the basis of integrated mechanization, which most fully meets the biological characteristics and economics of the farm.

The use of flow-rhythmic technology in specialized pig-breeding enterprises makes it possible to form groups of queens that are uniform in terms of farrowing times throughout the year. Production flow allows you to produce products rhythmically, at regular intervals, in batches of a certain size and quality, both for a set period and for the whole year

Thus, the organization of a continuous pork production system involves:

Increasing the efficiency of using production facilities and mechanization equipment through the specialization of individual sections of the enterprise at certain stages of pork production;

Create the most favorable feeding and housing conditions for various sex and age groups of animals, in accordance with needs and ensure the fullest realization of genetic potential;

Concentrate material resources and the attention of specialists in the most critical areas of production;

Eliminate seasonality in production;

Increase labor productivity based on the specialization of workers and increasing the level of mechanization and automation of production processes.

Literature

– Vasilchenko S.S. Pig breeding workshop. – Mn.: Bestprint, 2003. – 224 p.

– Zalygin A.G. Mechanization of reconstructed pig farms and complexes. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. – 254 p.

– Kabanov V.D. Pig farming. – M.: Kolos, 2001.- 430 p.

– Medvedsky V.A. Animal hygiene. – Mn.: Adukatsiya i vyakhavanne, 2003. – 601 p.

– Plyashchenko S.I. Pork production technology in the Republic of Belarus. – Mn.: rotaprint BGATU, 2001. – 97 p.

– Stepanov V.I. Pig breeding and pork production technology. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991. - 335 p.

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Depending on the size of the farms and the volume of production, different technological reproduction schemes can be used, differing in the length of the period between the cycles of formation of production groups. In this case, the following provisions are taken into account, which form the basis of continuous production:

equal intervals of time (rhythms) through which production groups of pigs are formed, the production of young animals and the sale of commercial pigs;

unification of premises in size with precise specialization of their use for keeping certain groups of pigs;

equipping the premises with modern technological equipment that ensures the creation of optimal conditions for keeping pigs of each age group and increasing labor productivity; unit organization of labor;

Creation normal conditions labor for service personnel;

use of premises on an “empty-occupied” principle in order to simplify sanitary, preventive and repair work.

The rhythm of reproduction (reproduction) is the period of time during which a group of suckling queens is formed. This group - its number and total multiple births - determines the volume of production at each subsequent stage and at the same time the size of the group of inseminated queens, which depends on the achieved percentage of fertilization. In turn, the size of the group of queens that need to be inseminated during one rhythm determines both the size of the reserve group of gilts and the required number of boars.

The reproduction cycle on small-sized farms is 182 days, of which 114 days are the gestation period, 60 days are the suckling period and 8 days are the period necessary for the queens to come into heat and inseminate them after weaning the piglets. When dividing a herd of queens into three groups, a conveyor belt appears. Every 60-61st day a group of queens is mated. The gestation period (114 days) and the period when the queens come into heat after weaning the piglets (4-8 days) are 120-122 days, so the herd of pregnant queens will constantly consist of two production groups. Every two months, a group of queens will be sent to farrow, from which groups of young stock will then be produced. The period for raising piglets from weaning to fattening is also two months. Therefore, the farm will always have one group of suckling queens with suckling piglets and one group of weanlings. Every two months a group of young animals will be handed over for fattening. The duration of fattening is four months, and while the animals of the first group reach marketable weight, another group will be fed in two months, i.e., there will always be two groups of fattening young animals on the farm - at the age of five-six months and seven-eight months . Thus, six rounds of farrowing will be carried out on the farm annually and six groups of commercial pigs will be sold for meat.

Therefore, on the farm there should always be the following age and sex groups of pigs: boars, single uteruses, first half gestation, second half gestation uterus, suckling ewes with suckling piglets, a group of weaned piglets, two groups of young animals for fattening. In addition to this livestock, the farm must have replacement boars and gilts. With this technological reproduction scheme, the following number of production facilities is required (3).

The optimal weaning period for piglets can be considered 35-42 days, since by this age the piglets are quite well prepared to exist without a uterus, whose milk production potential has been used by 80%.

To organize a flow (conveyor) production technology, it is necessary to have production facilities with a precise specialization of their use for keeping each group of pigs. So, in the premises of site No. 1 they contain only single and convulsive queens; plot No. 2 - lactating queens with piglets; plot No. 3 - weaned piglets and plot No. 4 - young animals for fattening.

Weekly certain groups of pigs are formed, which have exactly set size, they are kept in specialized sections (premises) for a strictly defined time, after which they are transferred to another workshop or sold. After thorough cleaning, repair of equipment and disinfection, a new production group of pigs formed during the current week (rhythm) enters the vacated section (room). The total number of specialized premises should ensure the uninterrupted movement of animals from one workshop to another, thereby maintaining the conveyor rhythm of production.

The duration of the reproduction cycle of a group of queens is calculated from the day on which the sand queen in the group is inseminated.

Consequently, with a seven-day rhythm, the entire broodstock should be divided into 26 groups (more precisely, 178:7 = 25.4 groups), which will ensure the continuity of the arrival of queens for farrowing and the production of young animals throughout the year. The number of queens in groups depends on the volume of the farm's production program and will be different in different periods of gestation and the suckling period.

The group of queens as a production unit is completed and maintained in a constant composition from the moment of insemination until the weaning of the piglets. The capacity of pig barns must correspond to the number of queens in a group during the suckling period, 19 heads in a farm with an annual production volume of 950 tons of pork. Taking into account the fact that some of the queens will produce small litters during farrowing, which are not economically profitable to maintain, and some queens for some reason will be unsuitable for feeding piglets that will be placed on the free teats of other suckling queens, and also taking into account the fact that To ensure that some of the pens in the pig barns are not empty, the number of queens in the group at the time of farrowing should be greater and amount to 24 heads. In addition, the freeness of queens after the first insemination is assumed to be 25%, so the total number of queens making up the production group and subject to insemination within every seven days should be 32.

However, as practice shows, idleness varies widely (from 10 to 30%) and depends on the level of organization of mating and the season of the year. Therefore, in farms in which flow technology is taken as a basis, the number of queens to be mated weekly should be established, depending on the level of their fertility achieved in a given farm and the season of the year. For example, on a farm with a production volume of 950 tons of pork per year, the group that is formed from inseminated queens, with a fertility rate of 80%, should consist of 30 heads. During the first four weeks after insemination, on average, six queens will come back into heat and will be inseminated again and transferred to the group of queens that occur in the current week. The group will be reduced to 24 heads. In this composition, it is stored for three last months pregnancy until farrowing. During farrowing, the nests of five queens will be dismantled, and their piglets will be transferred to other queens. There will be 19 suckling queens in the room (section) with a litter of at least 10 piglets each.

Every seven days, on a certain day of the week, a group of heavily pregnant queens is transferred from workshop No. 1 to workshop No. 2. Seven days before the expected farrowing, they are placed in individual pens of the pigsty-mother barn, designed for farrowing and raising piglets during the suckling period.

Calculations show that when queens are inseminated during the first three days of the week, farrowing mainly occurs in the middle of the week, i.e. after 16 weeks and 2 days (114:7). However, practical observations indicate that the duration of the gestation period, especially in first parities, varies significantly and a certain number of queens can farrow 5-12 days earlier or later. This must be taken into account when determining the time for transferring queens to farrowing. Over the next seven days, the second room (section) is filled with heavily pregnant queens, etc. By the end of the seventh week, after the first group of queens has been transferred to farrowing, the piglets in the first room (section) reach the age of 42 days, they are weaned* from the queens and left in breeding pens for another 14 days and then at the age of 56 days they are transferred to the premises of workshop No. 3 for cultivation. For the next seven days, the section intended for farrowing remains empty, and repairs and disinfection are carried out in it. The section is being prepared to receive a new group of severely ill patients; dew queens.

As a result, to farrow one group of queens and raise piglets under the queens, the room (section) must be occupied for 70 days, and to implement the conveyor, the farm must have ten rooms (sections) for keeping suckling queens (70:7).

In workshop No. 3. The rearing period will last 63 days and the young will reach a weight of 32-34 kg at around 119 days of age. To ensure production flow, the workshop must have a certain number of premises. It is calculated as follows: the number of days that weaned piglets stay in the rearing room is divided by seven (the duration of the production cycle on the farm) and one is added to the resulting figure, i.e. one room required for sanitary and preventive measures and repair work before placement production group of weaned piglets 1(119-56) :7+1 = 10].

The capacity of each section (room) must correspond to the number of piglets in the weaning production group. For a farm with an annual production volume of 950 tons of pork, it will be 170 machine places. As a result, every seven days, taking into account the loss of piglets during the growing period (10 heads), a group of young animals of 160 heads weighing about 32 kg enters the fattening premises.

The length of time animals stay in fattening depends on the average daily weight gain and the weight of fattened young animals when sold to meat processing industry enterprises. When receiving 500 g of gain during the entire fattening to an average weight of 115 kg, the young animals in workshop No. 4 should remain for 166 days [(115-32):0.5], or 24 seven-day periods (166:7). But with continuous production, the fattening workshop should have 26 sections, each of which should accommodate 160 heads. One section remains free every week and is prepared to receive a new batch of young animals, and the second section is for reserve and extension of the fattening period in case of failure to fulfill the technological task for obtaining weight gain.

In workshop No. 3 for growing and in workshop No. 4 for fattening young animals, which have 10 and 26 sections, respectively, the flow will be maintained if the growth rate of young animals is strictly observed. With a decrease in the average daily weight gain, young animals reach the planned weight over a longer period. For example, if the average daily weight gain during fattening is 450 g, then to produce animals weighing 115 kg, 26 seven-day periods will be required [(115-32) : 0.45: 7] and two sections are required for disinfection and reserve, a total of 28 sections.

The most important condition for ensuring the flow of pig production is proper organization insemination of queens, which determines the normal course of the entire production process.

The entire technological process in the workshop of single and pregnant queens (workshop Ns 1) is built on the principle of two lines. The first of them is designed to prepare single queens for mating, carry out their insemination and identify animals that are returning to heat - a technological filter. The uterus stays in the premises of this line for 1-3 weeks before insemination (during this time they come into heat after the piglets are weaned and are inseminated) and 35 days after insemination - the so-called critical period of gestation. Every seven days on an industrial farm with a production volume of 950 tons of pork per year, 32 queens should be born, of which:

17 queens after weaning piglets from workshop No. 2, the rejection of queens immediately after weaning piglets is 20%;

two queens transferred to the single group from workshop No. 2 immediately after farrowing, the piglets from which were transferred to other queens;

eight queens that came into heat again during the critical period of gestation;

five gilts (missing number) from the reserve group of replacement gilts prepared for mating.

Queens and replacement gilts that come into heat are inseminated twice and transferred to individual or small-group pens intended for the production group of queens inseminated in the current week. The group receives a serial number during mating, and it remains with it until the piglets are weaned. In total, 52 production groups are formed during the year according to the number of weeks in the year (365:7 = 52).

Any queen that comes into heat after the second insemination, i.e., has been idle for two astral cycles, is discarded and replaced with a repair one.

The missing number of queens to complete the production group at the time of insemination is filled with replacement gilts from the reserve group, prepared for mating. The number of replacement gilts in the reserve group is calculated so as to satisfy the weekly need for them to repair the broodstock and to be able to replace ewes culled unscheduled. For a farm with an annual production of 950 tons of pork, five replacement gilts are required weekly and three gilts must be in reserve in case of unscheduled replacement of queens that do not regularly come into heat.

Planning for continuous pork production is inextricably linked with the development technological map as the basis of continuous production (see p. 24), Continuity of production necessitates a specific structure of the pig herd, which, in turn, is associated with the need to provide production space, meet the need for feed and replacement young animals.

It is known that more or less intensive use of broodstock and capital buildings is closely related to the organizational system of reproduction. The traditional technology of reproductive pig farming involves the production of piglets during the most climatically favorable seasons of the year. Farrowing of the main queens takes place in two rounds. The first of them is in December-January and the second in July-August. Farrowing of test and one-time queens takes place from March to June, mainly in lightweight facilities and summer camps. The accepted structure of the broodstock, when there are 0.8-1.5 test and one-time queens per main queen, and the above-mentioned farrowing dates lead to a pronounced seasonality in the production of piglets.

The main transfer of young animals for fattening occurs in the third and fourth quarters of the year, which causes congestion in the premises at the end and beginning of the year. This is the cause of certain contradictions in economic and economic relations between the reproductive and fattening industries. As a rule, on reproductive farms, specialized buildings are empty or used for other purposes during spring and summer, and on fattening farms during the second and partially third quarters - due to insufficient supply of young animals.

With seasonal technology, the same premises are used to keep pigs of different age groups and it is impossible to use specialized technological equipment. In addition, when receiving a significant number of piglets in summer camps in the spring and summer, additional labor is required, which leads to staff turnover. Labor productivity in these conditions is very low due to insufficient mechanization of production processes.

The success of the introduction of flow technology depends on the constancy of the volume of production and sales of commercial pigs throughout the entire period of operation of the enterprise, since with an increase in production volume there is a violation of the technological relationship between the availability of livestock on the farm and the machine-places for its placement.

Depending on the volume of pork production on a pig farm, different technological reproduction schemes can be used, differing in the length of the period between the cycles of forming groups of pigs and organizational features use of production space.

Nevertheless, flow technology with a seven-day cycle has a number of advantages compared to other rhythms:

a seven-day cycle can be applied on farms with breeding stock starting from 26 heads;

labor and technological processes can be differentiated for each day of the weekly working period, taking into account the fact that highest performance person falls on the second, third and fourth days of work, decreasing to a minimum on Saturday and Sunday;

synchronizing the arrival of a group of queens into heat by weaning piglets on Thursday makes it possible to reduce the labor intensity of work on Saturdays and Sundays and streamline the daily, weekly, monthly and annual work and rest schedules.

The master plan of a farm with flow technology is developed taking into account pavilion development. The premises are connected to each other by galleries. By technological features and in order to comply with sanitary veterinary rules The farm is divided into two workshops - reproduction and fattening.

The reproductive workshop includes the following areas: reproduction, there are rooms for boars - one section, single dams and replacement gilts intended for mating - four sections, uteruses of the first and second periods of gestation - eighteen sections;

receiving and raising piglets until weaning - ten sections;

rearing of piglets - ten sections; The fattening shop consists of 26 sections.

In addition to two production workshops with a sanitary break, service, utility and auxiliary structures are located on the farm territory: an administrative office building with a sanitary inspection room, a feed shop, a sanitary slaughterhouse with a veterinary center, a ramp for loading animals onto vehicles, a transformer substation and a workshop for repair and maintenance of equipment and mechanisms. Garage for agricultural machinery and Vehicle, a quarantine room for a month's aging of animals brought to the complex and warehouses for storing feed should be located outside the complex.

The organization of production is based on technological schemes for reproduction and fattening, which take into account biological features pigs of each age and sex group and ensure sufficiently high productivity of pigs, intensive use of premises, equipment, mechanization and labor, Technology system provides uniformity, rhythm and a constant level of pig production in large, uniform batches.

The effectiveness of continuous reproduction depends on the following conditions: "

the formation of the queens of each group in a certain short (seven days) period of time, and the insemination of the queens of each subsequent group must follow without a pause;

availability a certain amount specialized premises that provide housing for animals in accordance with technological design standards (ONTP-77) at each stage of the technological process and are divided into sections with the calculation of their operation on the “empty-occupied” principle. The section is occupied new group pigs after freeing them from animals that were kept there for a certain physiological period and disinfection.

The flow technology of pig breeding is organized in such a way as to ensure constant and continuous production of pork, regardless of the time of year. Its implementation is possible on large livestock complexes with a sufficient amount of space, because each age and sex group is maintained on its own site and has its own characteristics.

Modern pig farming technology includes three types of continuous production technology: one-, two- and three-stage. As the name suggests, during the rearing process, the piglet is moved to a new facility one, two or three times. As a rule, one- and two-stage technology is used on small and medium-sized farms, and three-stage technology is used on large specialized pig farms.

The technology of industrial pig farming, based on a three-stage system, is considered the most advanced. The use of this technology involves dividing animals by sex and age into various technological groups, for the maintenance of each of which separate premises, special feeding schemes, personnel and equipment assigned to the group are provided.

This division makes it possible to avoid crossing streams of animals of different ages and to minimize contact between personnel caring for different groups. All this reduces the likelihood of infection transmission, reduces the level of animal stress, and allows you to optimize the feeding regime and diet. This pig farming technology includes the creation of the following groups (workshops): single and pregnant sows, farrowing and weaning department, rearing and fattening group (I and II periods) .

The design and construction of a livestock building is carried out as a single building in which all technological groups would be located according to the principles of their movement “from beginning to end”, cross-flows of both animals and feed would be absent or minimized. At the 1st section, artificial insemination of sows takes place, which, approximately 2 weeks before farrowing, are transferred to the 2nd workshop, where farrowing occurs.

After the end of the milking period, the piglets are weaned and transferred to the 3rd workshop, and the sows are returned back to the 1st workshop. Next comes the growing period, and after that - fattening (5th and 6th sections). The time for keeping animals at each site depends on the technology adopted at the complex. Important feature Such a system is to use the “empty-occupied” principle, i.e. filling of each section is carried out simultaneously.

Industrial pig farming technology allows you to organize the pork production process according to the type of functioning industrial enterprise completed cycle. All stages from captive work and the appearance of piglets to slaughter and meat processing are carried out in one complex.

The flow-line pork production system allows you to minimize the costs of maintenance, feeding, and treatment. It allows you to achieve from the animal the full realization of its genetic potential, and, consequently, to obtain maximum profit.