Definition of the industry, its structure

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of the entire industry, its “core”. The products of mechanical engineering enterprises play a decisive role in the implementation of scientific and technological progress in all areas of the economy. IN THE USA specific gravity mechanical engineering in the industrial structure is from 40 to 50%.

Mechanical engineering is the largest complex industry that determines the level of scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy, since it provides all industries with machines, equipment, instruments, and the population with consumer goods. Also includes metalworking, repair of machinery and equipment. It is especially characterized by deepening the specialization of production and expanding its scale. To the listed divisions of mechanical engineering, one should add “small” metallurgy - the production of steel and rolled products, as in foundries machine-building enterprises, and at individual specialized enterprises for the production of castings, forgings, stampings, and welded structures for mechanical engineering. In the specified industry structure, the most complex is mechanical engineering, which includes such important sub-sectors as:

Mechanical engineering for intersectoral industries (electronic and radio industries, instrument making, machine tool and tool manufacturing, bearing industry, etc.);

Production of equipment for industries National economy(construction and road engineering, transport, tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.);

Production of equipment for industries (power engineering, metallurgical, mining and mining engineering, chemical engineering, production of technological equipment for textile industry and etc.);

For non-production sectors (municipal engineering, manufacturing household appliances and cars, military equipment, etc.).

In addition to industry classification, mechanical engineering can be divided into workpieces by stages of the technological process; machining and assembly. Based on metal consumption, as well as labor and energy intensity, it is customary to distinguish heavy, general and medium engineering.

Heavy engineering is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy intensity. It includes the production of metal-intensive and large-sized products. General mechanical engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal and energy, and low labor intensity. This is mainly the production of equipment for certain industries. General and secondary mechanical engineering are quite similar and do not have clearly defined patterns in geography.

Chronological classification of mechanical engineering industries

In mechanical engineering there is a chronological classification.

The newest industries that emerged in the second half of the 20th century are highlighted. First of all, these are industries of the highest levels of mechanical engineering: electronics, radio engineering, robotics, rocket and space industry, etc. New industries that arose in the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries: aircraft and motor transport equipment, locomotive and diesel locomotive construction, manufacturing equipment for numerous sectors of the national economy and industry, etc.

To the old industries that arose in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries. refers to production metal products for primary sectors of the economy - agriculture, forestry, and mining. New forms of cooperation between countries are acquiring great importance in our time.

The importance of the mechanical engineering complex can hardly be overestimated. Its most important task is to implement the achievements of scientific and technological progress, ensure comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, and supply national economic sectors new technology, population satisfaction with modern consumer goods.

Industry raw materials

The main structural material in mechanical engineering is ferrous metal and, therefore, the main supplier of raw materials is ferrous metallurgy. At the same time, in modern mechanical engineering, ferrous metals are increasingly being replaced by non-ferrous ones, primarily by light ones (aluminum), as well as by composites and plastics. However, in mechanical engineering, which is the most complex industry that determines the level of development of scientific and technological progress, everything is not as clear as in other industries. Here, the main role is played by labor-intensive, knowledge-intensive, non-material-intensive industries (with the exception of a number of sub-sectors of heavy engineering, production of metal products and structures, blanks, etc.). Therefore, first of all, we should talk about the main resource - a sufficiently large number of highly qualified labor. Consumers, who are not only the population, but also other enterprises and even industries, are also of great importance. The following problems directly relate to mechanical engineering: reducing metal consumption by improving its quality and reducing the weight of products, reducing waste and losses of metal during its processing - due to the production of a larger share of rolled products.

Industry placement

The location of mechanical engineering in general is determined by socio-economic factors and, above all, by the presence of a sufficiently large number of qualified labor resources, as well as consumers finished products. A characteristic feature of mechanical engineering that influences location is the high development of specialization and cooperation. Specialization facilitates the organization of mass production, promotes more rational use equipment, increasing labor productivity. One of the most characteristic in terms of the widespread development of specialization and cooperation of enterprises in mechanical engineering is the automotive industry.

The location of mechanical engineering in its main features coincides with the location of cities and agglomerations. This is even more true of the three US metropolitan areas, which actually form the country's three main engineering regions.

The first metropolis is Boswash. It consists of the interchanging agglomerations of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington (hence its name) and some others, with a total area of ​​170 thousand square meters. km. This country's "main street" has a population of about 50 million people and produces about half of the United States' industrial output. Another megalopolis, Chipitts (Chicago-Pittsburgh), was formed in the USA on the southern coast of the Great Lakes as a result of the merger of 35 agglomerations. Its area is 160 thousand square meters. km, population - approximately 35 million inhabitants. The youngest metropolis in the west of the country, San San, stretches from San Francisco through the chain of centers of the Great California Valley to Los Angeles and further to San Diego.

But despite the very wide variety of enterprises, individual states stand out for their narrow specialization.

Heavy engineering is a material-intensive industry with high metal consumption, electrical intensity and low labor intensity. Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, mining, large-energy, lifting and transport equipment, forging and pressing machines, heavy machine tools, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and cars.

Costs for raw materials and materials range from 40 to 85%;

transport costs - from 15 to 25%;

for electricity -- 8--15%;

on wages -- 8--15%;

Heavy engineering centers were formed in the Urals (Ekaterinburg - Uralmash plant, Nizhny Tagil, Orsk) and in Siberia (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk).

Mining and ore production equipment in Siberia is represented by enterprises in Prokopyevsk, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk. One of the country's largest factories for the production of heavy excavators, which are widely used in the development of brown coal deposits in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, was built in Krasnoyarsk.

Power engineering, represented by the production of powerful steam turbines and generators, hydraulic turbines and steam boilers. It is located mainly in large centers of developed mechanical engineering with the presence of highly qualified personnel. The largest centers for the production of turbines for hydroelectric power plants are the St. Petersburg Metal Plant and the Elektrosila plant and the Taganrog Krasny Kotelshchik plant, which produces half of all steam boilers in the country.

Production of heavy machine tools and forging equipment. As a rule, such machines are produced in small series according to orders from machine-building enterprises in Russia and foreign countries.

The centers of mechanical engineering are Kolomna (Moscow region), Voronezh, Novosibirsk.

Separate branches of transport engineering are also close to the areas of consumption: shipbuilding, production of diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, and carriages.

Shipbuilding gravitates towards sea and river ports. The main centers of maritime shipbuilding, specializing in the production of passenger, cargo-and-passenger and liquid tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, scientific vessels, were formed on the coast of the Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg, Vyborg). On the White Sea, the main shipbuilding center is Arkhangelsk, on the Barents Sea - Murmansk.

River shipbuilding is represented by shipyards on the largest river highways: the Volga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur. One of the largest river shipbuilding centers is Nizhny Novgorod, where Krasnoye Sormovo JSC produces vessels of various classes: modern passenger liners, river-sea type motor ships, hydrofoils, sea railway ferries.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of heavy engineering. It developed where the country's railway network began to take shape. Passenger diesel locomotives are produced in Kolomna (Moscow region), electric locomotives - in Novocherkassk, shunting diesel locomotives - in Murom (Vladimir region) and Lyudinovo ( Kaluga region). The production of commuter electric trains has been established in Demikhov, which made it possible to abandon their purchases abroad.

To produce cars, you need not only metal, but also wood raw materials. Taking these factors into account, car manufacturing has developed in Nizhny Tagil, where cars with increased load capacity are produced, as well as in Kaliningrad and Novoaltaisk.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of all industry. The products of mechanical engineering enterprises play a decisive role in the implementation of scientific and technological progress in all areas of the economy. The machine-building complex accounts for almost 30% of the total industrial output. In our country this industry is underdeveloped. In Japan, Germany, and the USA, the share of mechanical engineering in the industrial structure ranges from 40% to 50%.

In terms of exports, mechanical engineering ranks second after the fuel and energy complex. This industry accounts for 12% of Russia's exports. If we take Japan and Germany, then their exports are: Japan – 60%, Germany – 45%. The machine-building complex ranks first in gross output, second in fixed assets (25%) and first in industrial personnel (42 %).

It ensures scientific and technological progress and the restructuring of the economy of the entire country, therefore its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. Based on their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. Industries ensuring the development of the scientific and technological revolution throughout the national economy – These are instrument engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. Industries ensuring the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering – This is the machine tool and tool industry.

3. Industries ensuring the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy – This includes road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive industry, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aviation, household machines. The nature of products in the old branches of mechanical engineering has changed radically.

Modern mechanical engineering is represented by mechanical engineering and metalworking itself, which includes several dozen industries and sub-sectors. The most complex structure of mechanical engineering is. It includes such important industries as power engineering, electrical engineering, machine tool and tool industries, instrument making, a number of individual industries producing equipment for the mining and manufacturing industries, construction, transport engineering, automotive industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.

The range of mechanical engineering products is extremely large, which not only determines the deep differentiation of its industries, but also has a strong impact on the location of production individual species products. Moreover, even with one intended purpose of manufactured products, the dimensions, composition, technological processes, shape public organization production at enterprises in such industries is very different.

In general, mechanical engineering belongs to the industries of the so-called “free placement”, since it is less influenced than any other industry by factors such as the natural environment, the availability of mineral resources, water, etc. At the same time, the location of mechanical engineering enterprises is strongly influenced by a number of economic factors, especially the concentration of production, its specialization, cooperation, the labor intensity of certain types of products, the convenience of transport and economic relations that arise in the process of cooperation of machine-building enterprises.

The specialization of mechanical engineering has reached a very high development. Subject specialization, technological specialization, and part specialization are widespread in the industry. Specialization in mechanical engineering is determined by the profile of mechanical engineering enterprises and the nature of the products produced – mass, large-scale, small-scale, individual. The release of mass products reduces the possibility of creating the entire technological process at enterprises and contributes to the development of technological specialization. However, the production of particularly complex small-scale and individual products is often possible only on the basis of detail and technological specialization.

The development of all types of specialization in mechanical engineering has led to exceptionally wide cooperation both between its enterprises and with factories in other industries supplying structural materials, plastic products, glass, etc. At the same time, they specialize in the production of not only mass products, but also small-scale and even individual

Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. Currently, mechanical engineering in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which includes over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important thing is the presence of public demand for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity.

The mechanical engineering industries involved in the production of products such as metallurgical, energy, and mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of this type of product usually try to be located as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very highly qualified labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, it is sufficient a large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate towards areas of the country where the population concentration is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are located far from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

The domestic mechanical engineering industry is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, especially in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal ones, according to the principle “ subsistence farming", with a full set of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the industrial, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering must undergo dramatic changes, the main directions of which should be improving product quality, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation of production, reducing irrational transport and other costs.

For the course "Introduction to
speciality"
On the topic “Characteristics of mechanical engineering”

Completed by a student

Introduction

Mechanical engineering is part of the industry called “Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking”. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various types of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. Currently, mechanical engineering in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which includes over 350 sub-sectors and industries.
Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durable (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-80s, in the total volume of mechanical engineering production, means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic mechanical engineering industry was not oriented towards the needs of the mass consumer.
This abstract will reflect not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors for the location of its industries and sub-sectors. But the current state of the complex, prospects and options for exiting the difficult economic situation that has arisen today are also characterized.

1 The importance of the industry in the national economic system

The machine-building complex is a collection of industries that produce a variety of machines. He is the leader among inter-industry complexes. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, accounting for almost 20% of the products produced and everyone working in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprise sizes than industry as a whole (the average enterprise size in the industry is about 1,700 workers, compared to less than 850 for industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products; the structural and technological complexity of mechanical engineering products requires a diverse and qualified workforce.
Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (18%).
Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life, and transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and production of electronic computer equipment. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore the main economic purpose mechanical engineering products - to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level. 1
The industry structure and features of the location of the mechanical engineering complex of the Russian Federation are as follows:
a) Mechanical engineering location factors
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important thing is the presence of public demand for products, qualified labor resources, in-house production or the ability to supply construction materials and electricity.
Science intensity It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most complex modern equipment (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.
Metal intensity The mechanical engineering industries involved in the production of products such as metallurgical, energy, and mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of this type of product usually try to be located as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.
Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate to areas of the country where the population concentration is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and technical personnel. The following sectors of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).
The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are located far from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities (for example, FSUE Kumertau Aviation Enterprise).

b) Features of the industry structure and geography of the complex

2 Current state of the industry in Russia

This is one of the depressed sectors of Russian industry. The decline in production here began earlier, the slowdown in the rate of decline came later, and the decline in the industry was noticeably deeper than the industry average. Out of several dozen items, we were able to find only two types of industry products, the production of which in 1999 was higher than in 1994 - passenger cars and personal computers. For the vast majority of other types of products, production decreased by two or more times. For grain harvesters, for example, 25 times, for household tape recorders – 100.
Throughout the period under review, production declined annually in approximately 80% of mechanical engineering and metalworking products. The exceptions were 1996 - the year in which a drop in production was observed for almost all types, and 1999, when production decreased “only” for 63% of types of products
.
In 2000, industry production growth occurred in all regions with mechanical engineering specialization. Machine-building enterprises located in the regions of the European part of the country are developing more dynamically, while the eastern regions are noticeably lagging behind in increasing production.
In 2001, production growth in the Central region was 41% higher than in 1998, this is due to the production of complete electric trains in the Moscow region and the implementation of a project in Moscow for the production of Renault Megane cars.
The growth of mechanical engineering production in Western Siberia is based on measures to implement a large federal program for the production of equipment for the oil and gas industry, as well as the possible inclusion of defense enterprises in this region in programs and projects for the development of high-tech industries.
There were no noticeable dynamic shifts in the mechanical engineering of Eastern Siberia, however, some growth was provided by heavy, agricultural and transport engineering enterprises.
As a result of the implementation of measures to reform and restructure enterprises, the industrial structure of mechanical engineering has changed somewhat.
In total industrial production The share of products from the automotive industry, heavy, energy, transport, tractor, agricultural and road construction machinery increased and the share of instrument making, electrical engineering, machine tool and tool industries decreased.
Russia's achievements as one of the world's leading aviation powers are well known. The types of the first Russian aircraft created at the dawn of aircraft construction were distinguished by the originality of their technical solutions and the fruitfulness of the design search for answers to the challenges of the early twentieth century. In the middle of the century, Soviet aviation certainly met the requirements of the times of severe military trials; a powerful industrial base was created, based on the unity of fundamental aviation science, a network of design bureaus, serial factories - manufacturers of high-class combat aircraft. Modern domestic aviation research and design schools have a high rating in international business circles and organizations, which creates favorable preconditions for the integration of the aviation industry into the global aerospace community. At the same time, significant efforts will be required from the aviation industry to maintain its status as one of the main manufacturers of aviation equipment and overcome the difficulties associated with the unprecedented scale of order reductions by traditional customers of the main serial products and the deep crisis of effective demand for civil aircraft and helicopters of the new generation.
The aviation industrial complex is experiencing problems common to the entire industrial complex:

Acute lack of financial resources,
Non-reimbursement of costs for work in progress, which have acquired a chronological nature of adjustments to the state defense order,
Exceeding the accumulated debt of ordering ministries in the annual amount of financing of enterprises,
weakening of human resources, etc.

Test on the economics of mechanical engineering

Topic: “Industry Definition”

Introduction

Mechanical engineering as an industry has existed for more than two hundred years. In terms of the number of employees and the value of output, it ranks first among all sectors of world industry. The level of development of mechanical engineering is one of important indicators level of development of the country. Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry in the world, provides machinery and equipment to all sectors of the economy, and produces a variety of consumer goods.

Mechanical products are the third item of Russian exports (after fuel and energy goods and metals).

In conditions market economy The main factor in increasing the efficiency of the national economy is no longer individual achievements of science and technology, but the high scientific and technological level of all production. This level is determined primarily by the state of mechanical engineering as an industry that meets the needs for technological equipment, which must be updated continuously.

Mechanical engineering is a basic branch of the economy that determines the development of such complexes as fuel and energy, transport, construction, chemical and petrochemical and a number of others. The most important specific indicators of the country’s gross domestic product (material intensity, energy intensity) and, as a consequence, the competitiveness of manufactured products depend on the level of development of mechanical engineering. Modern level mechanical engineering in Russia, its scientific, technical and production bases do not currently meet the increasing requirements of economic and social development countries.

The development of mechanical engineering directly depends on the quality of economic education of managers and engineering and technical workers of industry enterprises.

1. Industry concept. Mechanical engineering industry

The national economy of the country includes various areas, each of which makes its own contribution to the development of the country. The main feature of dividing the national economy into various spheres is participation in the creation of the total social product. Based on this criterion, the spheres of the national economy can be divided into two groups: material production and non-production sphere. In turn, these areas are divided into industries.

Industry differentiation - the emergence of more and more new industries is constant process, due to development social division labor.

There are three forms of social division of labor:

1. The general division of labor is expressed in the division social production to large areas of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, etc.);

2. The private division of labor manifests itself in the formation of various independent branches within industry, Agriculture and other branches of material production;

3. The unit division of labor finds its expression in the division of labor directly at the enterprise.

All forms of social division of labor are interconnected.

Industry consists of many industries and industries that are interconnected. The main features that distinguish one industry from another are: the economic purpose of the products produced, the nature of the materials consumed, technical base production and technological process, professional staff frames. Individual productions also differ according to these same characteristics.

Industry is a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions) characterized by special conditions production in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a general (specific) function in the national economy.

Material production includes:

· Industry;

· Agriculture and forestry;

· Freight transport;

· Communications (serving material production);

· Construction;

· Trade;

· Catering;

· Information and computing services, etc.

The non-production sphere includes:

· Department of Housing and Utilities;

· Passenger transport;

· Communications (serving non-production organizations and the population);

· Healthcare;

· Physical Culture and social security;

· Public education;

· Culture and art;

· Science and scientific services;

· Lending and insurance;

· Activities of the apparatus of governing bodies.

The mechanical engineering industry is part of the mechanical engineering complex. Mechanical engineering complex includes 12 large industries and approximately 100 specialized industries, sub-sectors and productions. The mechanical engineering complex is connected with all industries, since the products of this complex are used in them as means of production.

2. Classification of mechanical engineering branches, dividing them into groups

Complex industries include:

· Heavy, energy and transport engineering;

· Chemical and petroleum engineering;

· Machine tool and tool industry;

· Instrument making;

· Automotive industry;

· Transport and agricultural engineering;

· Road construction and municipal engineering;

· Mechanical engineering for light and food industries and household appliances;

· Aviation industry;

· Shipbuilding industry;

· Communications industry.

Depending on what market the products manufactured by enterprises of the mechanical engineering complex are aimed at, they can be combined into the following groups:

1. A group of industries of investment engineering (heavy, energy, transport, chemical, oil, road construction engineering), the development of which is determined by the investment activity of the fuel and energy complex, construction and transport complexes;

2. A group of enterprises in the tractor and agricultural mechanical engineering, mechanical engineering for the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex and light industry enterprises, depending on the solvency of agricultural producers and processors of agricultural products, and also partly on the demand of the population;

3. Electrical engineering, instrument making. Machine tool industry is a group of knowledge-intensive industries, the so-called components, developing following the needs of all other industries;

4. Automotive industry, the production of which is focused on the demand of end consumers (production passenger cars), as well as the needs of enterprises, firms and executive authorities (production of trucks and buses).

Mechanical engineering industries can also be grouped based on the territorial affiliation of sales markets:

1. Import substitution industries. This group includes such groups as the automotive industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, transport engineering, and road construction engineering. The development of industries in this group is determined by the infrastructural factor of the economy and the demand for their products in the domestic market;

2. Export-oriented industries. This group includes power engineering, electrical engineering, instrument making for the production of various elements automated systems control (including multifunctional production complexes based on microprocessor control), the machine tool industry for the production of heavy metal-cutting machines and presses, as well as aircraft and shipbuilding. They have scientific and technical potential that allows them to either produce competitive products or create them in a relatively short time.

Conditional groupings of mechanical engineering industries according to various criteria are used to develop directions for improving the industrial structure of mechanical engineering in accordance with the goals set and based on analysis of pre-grouped industries.

3. Factors determining changes in the sectoral structure of the industry

The following groups of factors determining changes in the sectoral structure of the industry can be distinguished:

1. Scientific and technical progress– the development of science and technology contributes to the development of new industries, the separation of new sub-sectors from existing industries, or the liquidation of enterprises or industries that do not meet the requirements of the time;

2. The pace of development of sectors of the national economy that consume mechanical engineering products - the influence of this factor is comparable to the multiplier effect; the acceleration or deceleration of the development of industries that consume the products of mechanical engineering enterprises determines the development of the corresponding branches of mechanical engineering;

3. Growth in the material well-being and cultural level of the population - changes in the composition of the needs of the population directly determine the development of industries that produce products capable of satisfying these needs.

The constant change in the industrial structure of mechanical engineering makes it necessary to systematically monitor it in order to identify the compliance of the existing structure of industries with the needs of the national economy.

4. Indicators for analyzing the sectoral structure of industry

To analyze the sectoral structure of industry, the following indicators are usually used:

1. The share of a particular industry in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;

2. The share of progressive industries in the total volume of industrial production and its change in dynamics;