Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in the world economy. Development of the machine-building complex of Russia Prospects for the development of the machine-building industry in the world

Kemerovo State University

Department of General and Regional Economics

Course work

In the discipline "Placement of the productive forces of Russia

and industries National economy»

Development and placement machine-building complex in Russia

Scientific adviser:

The course work was completed by a student of the 1st year

Kemerovo 2000

Introduction ................................................ ................................................. ........... 3

1. The composition and importance of mechanical engineering in the national economy of Russia ............... 4

1.1. The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy 4

1.2. Composition and intersectoral relations ............................................... ................. 6

1.3. Comparative characteristics sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world.................................................................. .............. 9

2.Features of the development and location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation 12

2.1. Peculiarities of location of Russian machine-building industry....................................... 12

2.2. Heavy engineering ............................................................... ..................... 15

2.3. General engineering .................................................................. ........................ 18

2.4. Medium engineering .............................................................. ...................... 19

2.5. Place of Russia in the world production of engineering products 25

3.Problems and prospects for the development and location of mechanical engineering in our country.................................................................. ................................................. ......................... 31

CONCLUSION................................................. ................................................... 37

List of sources used: .............................................................. ................ 39

The machine-building complex consists of mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, engineering products are consumed by all branches of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex, this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; engineering for light and Food Industry etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering also produces commodities, mostly durables. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the location factors of its industries and industries, as well as to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for getting out of the current difficult economic situation.

Taking into account the peculiarities of this topic and the range of issues raised, the first and second chapters will cover theoretical issues: the role and significance, the specifics of placement, the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex, and in the third, the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, and practical prerequisites for getting out of it .

1.1. The machine-building complex is the basis of scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy

The machine-building complex is the leading one among intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

1. The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 25% of the cost of manufactured products and almost 35% of all employees in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the cost of fixed industrial and production assets. In our country, this complex is underdeveloped. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost industrial production and 25-35% employed in industry, much less in developing countries.

Compared with industry as a whole, machine building and metalworking are characterized by larger size of enterprises (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 people in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products. The complex products of mechanical engineering require a diverse and highly skilled workforce.

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial and production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.

2. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. The sectors that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in the entire national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.

3. Industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aviation, household machines. The nature of products in the old branches of engineering has changed radically.

Main economic purpose engineering products - to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all branches of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

1.2. Composition and intersectoral relations

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this industry that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number of industries and industries. The enterprises of the industry are closely connected with each other, as well as with enterprises of other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a major consumer of metal, has extensive ties, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial convergence of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely connected with non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical industry and many other industries. Mechanical engineering products are consumed by all, without exception, branches of the national economy.

At present, the structure of mechanical engineering includes 19 independent industries, which include over 100 specialized sub-sectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc.

heavy engineering. The plants of this industry are distinguished by a large consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. Industry enterprises produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and individual types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).

The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of production value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large-scale steel and rolled products production. The sub-sector produces equipment for sinter plants, blast and electric furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding.

Profile of mining engineering plants - machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and beneficiation of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and industry building materials, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce tunneling and clearing combines, rotary and walking excavators.

The products of hoisting and transport engineering are of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half - manual labor. The sub-sector manufactures overhead electric cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, equipment for the complex mechanization of warehouses.

Diesel locomotive building, car building and track engineering provide rail transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.

This sub-sector also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal, etc.).

Turbine industry supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for power generation. The plants of the sub-sector produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.

Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.

Electrical industry. The industry produces products of more than 100 thousand items, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds in aggregate all sub-sectors of heavy engineering. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production is: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly skilled workforce and research personnel. The industry's factories specialize in the installation and adjustment of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, and office equipment. This knowledge-intensive product is the main element of control automation systems technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering work, information systems.

Mechanical engineering for light and food industry. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitwear, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main placement factor is proximity to the consumer.

Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.

The rocket and space industry produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and habitable ships, and reusable ships of the Buran type, which combines high technologies with a wide intersectoral complexity of production.

Automotive industry. In terms of production volume, as well as in terms of the value of fixed assets, it is largest industry engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in retail.

Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment. The industry produces various types of combine harvesters: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, caterpillar row-crop, etc.

shipbuilding industry. Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters consumed by them, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern vessels determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the existence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.

1.3. Comparative characteristics of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world

The location of the industries of the countries of the world has developed under the influence of a large number of reasons, the main of which is the labor factor. Orientation to work determines the main shifts in the location of the industry: it has moved to areas with "cheap" labor. After the war, mechanical engineering developed especially rapidly in Japan, Italy, later in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and also in some countries of the “new industrialization”.

The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. Scientific and technical progress defines structural shifts in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by the scientific and technological revolution predetermined the growth of the share of labor in the cost of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor has become preferable in comparison with countries with resources.

Thirdly, there is a systematic complication of machine-building production, which predetermined the division of countries into producers of mass products and manufacturers of highly qualified science-intensive products, as well as the emergence of a trend of "transfer" of mass, but not requiring skilled labor, production to "new" countries and the preservation of highly skilled industries in old ones. countries, "monopolists" of scientific and technological progress.

All of the above processes are superimposed by a tendency to increase specialization and cooperation in the mechanical engineering of individual countries and the whole world. This trend is primarily due to the benefits of increasing the scale of production. In this regard, it can be argued that the practice of TNCs creating a production and cooperation network designed for the markets of entire continents has certain technical and economic grounds.

It is very difficult to determine the level of development of mechanical engineering in different countries. However, according to the sum of characteristics, the following groups of countries can be distinguished:

1. Countries with a complete range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.

2. Countries with minor gaps in the structure of engineering - England.

3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.

4. Countries forced to import part of the engineering products from abroad.

5. Countries with an uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: exports of machinery cover less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).

This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and determining the role of individual regions in the placement of world engineering.

The region "North America" (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of the world's engineering production.

This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly sophisticated products, heavy engineering products and high technology industries.

The region "Western Europe" accounts for 25 to 30% of the world's engineering products.

The third region is "East and Southeast Asia" (about 20% of engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.

In Brazil, the fourth region of the world engineering industry is being formed.

In recent years, countries with cheap labor have been in a better position than countries with raw materials.

The second most important factor was scientific and technical progress. Machine-building production is becoming more complicated, therefore, producing countries mass production, manufacturers of complex science-intensive products, specialization and cross-country cooperation are developing.

A feature of mechanical engineering in developed countries, compared with developing countries, is the most complete structure of machine-building production and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence the high export and a large share of engineering products in the total value of exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).

General engineering is far from homogeneous in developed and developing countries. The first group of countries is dominated by machine tool building, heavy engineering, equipment manufacturing, while the other group is dominated by agricultural engineering. The leaders of the machine tool industry are Germany, USA, Italy, Japan, Sweden. The entire group of developing countries accounts for only 6% of machine tool production.

In the electrical industry, the electronic industry quickly advanced. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.

The first is the lot of economically developed countries, the second (requiring a large number of cheap labor) has become common for developing countries. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius export household appliances even to developed countries.

In the mechanical engineering itself, the process of internationalization of production has been developing in recent years. This process is carried out mainly between industrialized countries, where about 9/10 of the machine-building capacities and more than 9/10 of the R&D volume are concentrated. In engineering, flexible automated production and automated design systems are being introduced. In the production of equipment for these systems, the main role belongs to Japan and the United States.

The structure of transport engineering has also changed. Shipbuilding and the automobile industry developed intensively. Moreover, the relocation of shipbuilding and the production of rolling stock to developing countries is noticeable.

Locomotives are produced by India, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye. Mexico, Egypt, Iran, Thailand stand out among the production of wagons.

Significant changes have also taken place in the automotive industry. Japan came out on top, overtaking the United States, followed by France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Production of trucks is concentrated in the USA, Japan, CIS countries, Russia and Canada. Auto assembly, in addition to Brazil and the Republic of Korea, has spread throughout the world in recent years. The automotive industry in China is growing significantly, stimulated by the development of car assembly in “free economic zones”.

Basically, the role of individual regions of the world in the location of machine building is as follows: the countries of North America account for more than 30% of the world machine-building production, the countries Western Europe- 25-30%, to the countries of East and Southeast Asia - 20%.

By the most important indicator, reflecting the scale of development of the industry, the cost of engineering products among developed countries, the United States, Japan and Germany are in the lead. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the mechanical engineering of the world is about 90%.

In the CIS countries, the machine-building complex accounts for 30% of the cost of industrial products. These countries occupy an intermediate position between the economically developed and developing countries of the world.

In general, the bulk of the output of engineering products is still concentrated in developed countries. The shift of engineering to countries with cheap labor was due to the energy crisis. Despite this, the share of developing countries (especially the countries of "new industrialization") in the production of engineering products continues to be insignificant, and there is no need to talk about fundamental changes in the world engineering industry.

2.1. Features of the placement of mechanical engineering in Russia

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the existence of a public need for products, skilled labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity. And although, in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the “free placement” industries, since it is less influenced by such factors as the natural environment, the presence of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, a number of other factors have a strong influence on the location of engineering enterprises. These include:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without widespread adoption scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Orientation to the scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.

Metal content: Mechanical engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity: From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

Consumer proximity: The products of some branches of engineering, such as: the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are not economically feasible to transport over long distances due to their large size and high cost of transportation. Therefore, enterprises in many branches of engineering are located in areas where end products are consumed.

As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering can be taken out military-strategic aspect. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

Table 1.

Grouping of engineering industries by location factors:

Source:

Economic and social geography; reference materials.

Dronov V.P., Makasovsky V.P.

The machine-building complex annually produces 30,000 types of various machines and 130,000 parts. Its products are needed almost everywhere; for mechanical engineering is characterized by the ubiquity of consumption. Therefore, mechanical engineering is developed in all economic regions of Russia, although its role in the economy of the regions is not the same.

Table 2.

Consequently, 87.5% of machine-building products are produced by the Western economic zone and only 12.5% are produced by the Eastern economic zone. In the Eastern zone, mechanical engineering does not work for local needs, but for the European zone (79% of products are exported to European regions, and 67% of products come from European regions).

Depending on the features of placement in mechanical engineering, several groups of industries can be conditionally distinguished, including:

1. Heavy engineering (67% of production).

2. General engineering (18% of production).

3. Medium engineering (15% of production).

2.2. heavy engineering

The group of heavy engineering industries is characterized by high metal consumption, relatively low labor intensity and energy use. Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and press-forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. Features of the production of heavy engineering products are casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises of a complete production cycle, which independently carry out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and plants that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections that arrive in the order of cooperative connections. The industry also includes highly specialized plants. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the marketable output of the industry, the cost of raw materials and materials here range from 40 to 85%, wage costs 8-15%, transport costs from 15 to 25%, electricity costs 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to consumption areas. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest - in Western Siberia and the Far East. The main areas and centers of heavy engineering include:

- Central(Electrostal).

- Ural economic region(factory "Uralmash" in Yekaterinburg.)

- Siberia(production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)

- Northwest: St. Petersburg is a historically established center of heavy engineering (the Electrosila plant, which produces turbogenerators)

New centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the plant "Avtommash" in Volgodonsk.

The production of metallurgical equipment has taken shape both in large areas of metal production and outside these areas. The enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture certain types equipment for the extraction of ore, its preparation, blast furnace, steelmaking, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.

The production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, equipment for blast and electrothermal furnaces (Yekaterinburg, Orsk) is concentrated at the factories of the Urals.

Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central District (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran). Casting machines - Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), etc.

The production of large power equipment arose and developed mainly outside the metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants provide the North-Western (St. Petersburg), Ural (Yekaterinburg) and West Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-intensive, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these regions and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear power has forced the transition to the production of complex equipment at existing plants. Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.

High-performance boilers, producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour, are produced in the Central Region (Podolsk), Central Chernozemny (Belgorod), North Caucasus (Taganrog), West Siberian (Barnaul).

The production of heavy machine tools and forging and pressing equipment is mainly located outside the metallurgical bases. They are produced in small batches and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises of this industry are located in the West Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh), Volga (Yekaterinburg), etc.

The production of mining equipment has developed in the main coal regions of the country, West Siberian (Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo); Ural (Yekaterinburg, Kopeysk); East Siberian (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk). Often, such a location of enterprises for the manufacture of mining equipment is associated with taking into account the local characteristics of the extraction of coal, ore and other minerals.

Outside the metallurgical bases, most enterprises of the shipbuilding industry are also located, despite their consumption of a large number of metal profiles that are inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of ships for a specific purpose, with different types of marine engines. The complexity of modern vessels determines the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous allied enterprises are extremely well developed, supplying not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many shipyards are located in sheltered mouths of large rivers (Neva, Amur), or harbors protected from the sea. The largest area of maritime shipbuilding has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tankers, nuclear-powered icebreakers, river vessels. There are shipyards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. Marine shipyards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Astrakhan, Vladivostok. Shipyards are located in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals that connected the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to move on to the construction of "river-sea" ships not only in the lower reaches of the rivers, but also in the middle and upper ones. These river shipyards also build lake-type ships and small sea-type ships. The favorable geographical position of such river shipyards relative to related enterprises in the central regions makes the construction of ships on them very effective.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering, relatively strongly developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of inefficient steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric locomotives and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of wagons, and the creation of new types of wagons for the transport of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of structural materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, installations for heating special tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production has sharply increased in the Central District (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga); in the city of Saint Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauges are mainly supplied by enterprises in the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Urals); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

2.3. General mechanical engineering

The group of branches of general engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, and low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for oil refining, chemical, paper, timber, construction industries, road and simple agricultural machines. Dominated by specialized enterprises associated with the manufacture of blanks and the assembly of structures, units and parts supplied in cooperation. A number of enterprises producing equipment for industries with chemical technology need special types of steel, non-ferrous metals and plastics. General engineering enterprises are among the most numerous in the industry and are located in many regions of the country. General engineering produces 25% of the industry's marketable output. The cost of wages for the cost of production here is from 12 to 33%, the cost of raw materials and materials in this group is not very large - from 4 to 8%, the cost of electricity is 3 - 5%.

Agricultural engineering has numerous and large enterprises for the production of various agricultural implements for tillage, sowing crops, and harvesting. Agricultural engineering gravitates towards areas of consumption, given the profile of agricultural production:

Production of grain combines - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk);

Production of potato harvesters - in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), flax harvesters (Bezhetsk), forage harvesters (Lyubertsy). Various agricultural machinery and equipment are produced by factories located in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.

Equipment for enterprises with chemical processing of raw materials (oil refining, chemical, paper) is produced in Penza, Tuymazy, Kurgan, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Petrozavodsk.

2.4. Secondary engineering

Medium mechanical engineering combines enterprises with low metal consumption, but increased energy intensity and labor intensity. The main technological processes in medium-sized engineering are the machining of parts, their assembly on conveyors into units, assemblies and finished machines. This industry consumes a large variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, rubber, and glass. Enterprises of medium machine building are the most numerous, highly specialized, and have extensive cooperative ties. Their products are mass and large-scale, it includes the production of cars and aircraft, tractors, combines, engines for them, medium and small metal-cutting machines and forging machines, pumps and compressors, machines and various technological equipment for the light, food, and printing industries.

The automotive industry is the leading branch of engineering in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade turnover, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for the products of the entire industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the share of the industry in the total volume of engineering products is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automotive industry in the gross domestic product of the US and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

Picture 1.

Share of GDP and automotive products in world production:

In the export of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars by value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for the rise of all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide rise in manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries, including the USA, the leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have almost reached their car saturation limit (USA 740 cars per 1,000 inhabitants). In Russia, the achievement in 5 years of the level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants can be considered the most important socio-economic task.

Currently, up to 1 million people are employed in the automotive industry in Russia, and the share of the automotive industry in the engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is quite high rate the economic situation of the industry. Due to excises, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, automobile plants are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have created numerous branches. Thus, ZIL JSC, in addition to four factories in Moscow, has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

Automobile motors are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized plants. Most of these factories are located outside the centers of the automotive industry. They supply their products in cooperation with several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the economy. It includes more than a dozen factories located in most economic regions of the country. Each of the plants specializes in the production of certain standard sizes of bearings and supplies them to various enterprises of the country.

Automotive enterprises are located in various regions of the country, however, the vast majority of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas for the automotive industry are: central, Volga-Vyatsky, Volga. The role of the Moscow region is especially great, where ZIL, the Likinsky bus plant, plants for the production of bearings and components are located.

- Passenger cars of the highest and middle class produce in the Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; subcompact- in the Volga region (Tolyatti), minicars- in Serpukhov.

- Medium duty trucks - produce factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

- -Small tonnage and heavy vehicles produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

Network created bus factories in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

In Engels operates trolleybus factory.

Specialized enterprises for motor production are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

The Russian tractor industry is one of the largest in the world. According to the features of placement, it resembles a car. Various types of tractors are produced not only for Agriculture but also for industry. The range of produced tractors in terms of power has sharply increased: from small garden tractors of several horsepower to powerful machines of several hundred horsepower. With the increase in the number of tractors for processing crops, the share of caterpillar tractors, which are used mainly for plowing, harvesting in agriculture and for industrial needs, has sharply decreased. This determines the specialization of enterprises and regions in the production of individual brands of tractors (by purpose, power, design). The changes that have taken place in the types of tractors produced, the improvement of their design, have increased the dependence of tractor plants on allied enterprises (foundries, rubber, electrical equipment, etc.). The most complex product of agricultural engineering enterprises is the production of combines. In combine construction, cooperative ties with allied enterprises have acquired great importance. 225 factories are involved in the production of the Niva combine.

Major changes have taken place in the location of the tractor industry in recent years. Having arisen in the main agricultural regions of the country (Volga-Volgograd, in the Urals-Chelyabinsk) to provide these regions with arable machines, the tractor industry was located near metallurgical bases. Tractors are intended not only for agricultural work, but also for industrial needs (on their basis, earth-moving machines - bulldozers, scrapers, etc.) are produced. Tractors and skidders are produced for other industries. For the needs of agriculture, the production of special types and modifications of tractors (except for tilled tractors, for gardening, for working on steep slopes, on moist soils, in sugar beet fields), intended for use in different regions of the country, has been launched. This led to the specialization of tractor factories and a wide inter-regional exchange of manufactured products. Therefore, in subsequent years, new tractor factories sprang up both in the central industrial regions and in other European regions.

Tractor plants are located in St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Rubtsovsk. For the timber industry, the production of skidders was created in Petrozavodsk, industrial - in Cheboksary.

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, as well as at the Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk plants, potato harvesters in Ryazan, flax harvesters in Bezhetsk (Tver region). Wheeled row-crop tractors are produced by factories in Vladimir and Lipetsk; caterpillar tilled - in Volgograd, Vladimir; industrial - in Barnaul, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Cheboksary.

machine tool industry- the technical base of all mechanical engineering. Metal consumption in it, as a rule, is small, most of the blanks and parts are produced at the enterprises themselves, cooperation with other plants is most often reduced to the supply of engines, molded products, and electrical equipment. Their placement is greatly influenced by the labor intensity of products, the availability of qualified workers, engineering and technical personnel and designers. Industry enterprises are equipped with sophisticated equipment. An increase in the production of more modern machine tools - semi-automatic and automatic, milling, grinding, modular, precision, machine tools with program control, machine lines and, finally, automated workshops and factories - has strengthened the role of large scientific and design centers in the location of machine tool building. The role of cooperative links has increased (unification of standard units in different types of machine tools, special electrical equipment, etc.). The narrow specialization of machine-tool enterprises predetermined the wide development of interregional ties: each of them provides most of the country's regions with its products.

At present, there are machine tool enterprises in many cities of the Central region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals, and Western Siberia. The leading regions for the production of metal-cutting machine tools included Ural (30%), Central (28%), Volga (13%).

major centers machine tool industries are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk.

Instrumentation concentrated in the Central region (Moscow), and also developed in the North-West (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region) and the North Caucasian regions. The production of electronic equipment is concentrated in Moscow, Orel, Zelenograd, Smolensk, Penza.

Enterprises radio engineering industry, specializing in the production of radio receivers and televisions, were created in the Central (Moscow, Alexandrov), North-Western (St. Petersburg), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh) regions.

The most typical placement features for medium machine building are very clearly seen in the placement aviation industry. In this most complex branch of modern mechanical engineering, enterprises of almost all branches of heavy industry cooperate, and especially mechanical engineering itself, supplying a variety of structural materials from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical materials, electrical, electronic and radio engineering equipment. Aviation industry enterprises are distinguished by an exceptionally high level of classification of engineering and technical personnel and workers. This led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers, where, in addition to experienced personnel, there are research institutes and design bureaus in production. In such large industrial centers, as a rule, there are allied enterprises. Aircraft factories in individual cities specialize in the production of certain types of aircraft.

Modern passenger aircraft of international class are produced: in Moscow - Il-96-300, Il-114, Yak-42M; Smolensk - Yak-42; Voronezh - Il-86, Il-96-300; Kazan-IL-62; Ulyanovsk - Tu-204, An-124; Samara - Tu-154, An70; Saratov - Yak-42, Omsk - An-74; Novosibirsk - An-38. Helicopters are produced in Moscow and Kazan. Rocket and space industry(Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara, Primorsk, etc.) produces various types of orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites and orbital stations, and reusable spacecraft of the Buran type, combining the most modern, high technologies with a wide cross-industry complexity production. Our aerospace industry is one of the most advanced in the world.

Production of low-current equipment, precision machines , tools associated with stamping and precision casting of blanks, precision machining of parts, assembly of parts, assemblies and assemblies. The mass-flow organization of production prevails, in which highly qualified personnel are employed, and a large number of labor forces are used. Industry enterprises consume a relatively small amount of materials, but a wide range (ferrous, non-ferrous, noble, rare metals, various types of glass, plastics, etc.). The complexity and accuracy of the manufactured products makes very high demands on the culture of production, equipment equipment. Many enterprises in the industry (especially low-voltage - electrical, electronic and other equipment) are mainly engaged in the installation and assembly of parts and assemblies coming in the order of cooperation. Enterprises of this industry are located in areas with developed mechanical engineering, where there are research and development centers (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

One of the main tasks of the development of the machine-building complex is the radical reconstruction and accelerated growth of such industries as machine tool building, instrument making, and the electrical and electronic industries. Importance is given to the preservation of scientific and technical potential, the development and implementation of new technologies, the restoration of production in the engineering industries capable of producing competitive products. In order to successfully solve the tasks set, it is necessary to revive investment activity and state support for enterprises that focus on the production of high-tech products.

2.5. The place of Russia in the world production of engineering products

In terms of exports, mechanical engineering ranks second after the fuel and energy complex. This industry provides 15% of Russia's exports. But if we take Japan and Germany, then the export of their engineering is:

Table 3

Manufacture of engineering products in selected countries of the world

(early 90s).

Source: State Statistics Committee website www.gks.ru

At present, the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation is in a deep crisis, which could not but affect the export potential of the industry. The general decline in the export opportunities of mechanical engineering is caused by both external and internal factors. The former include the destruction of subject specialization within the framework of the former USSR, as well as a change in the ratio of producer prices for products from the raw materials and manufacturing industries.

Internal factors include low, compared with foreign counterparts, competitiveness of products, as well as unwillingness to be active in the field of market monitoring, marketing and maintenance of equipment in the field of operation.

At the same time, the range of mechanical engineering includes competitive types of equipment and machinery that are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets. Russia's exports are dominated by products of the defense industry and heavy energy and transport engineering.

Russian weapons have excellent combat qualities, low cost, and large stocks of surplus weapons allow Russia to deliver in record time. But despite this, the potential for Russian arms exports is limited. First of all, because the arms trade and military equipment is very much influenced by foreign policy factors that negate the technical and other advantages of Russian weapons.

Despite the completion of the rearmament of the armies of the countries of the Near and Middle East, this region will remain the largest buyer of weapons until the end of the century. Orders from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the UAE naturally went to the United States, Great Britain and France, which ensure the safety of local regimes

Arms sales to Iran are being held back by US pressure on Russia. The threshold level of Russian deliveries to Tehran, which may be followed by complications, is limited to $350-400 million for "non-destabilizing" weapons systems. In the event of an attempt to supply Iran with tactical missiles, MiG-29 fighters of the latest modifications or modern systems air defense complications in Russian-American relations will follow immediately.

Russia has the ability to supply weapons to Syria, Algeria and Egypt, but the import potential of these countries is far from the capacious markets of Arabian importers.

More favorable prospects for increasing Russian arms exports to India and China. Russia annually exports $0.6-1 billion to each of them.

The European market is also limited. The former socialist countries are guided by the purchase of Western weapons, although economic reality forces them to maintain ties with Russia. In 1997, at least three European countries appeared in the top ten buyers of Russian weapons - Finland, Cyprus and Hungary. In total, they received weapons worth $300-350 million, but supplies to Finland and Hungary were to pay off the debt. In recent years, there has been a dynamic growth in military purchases by Latin American countries. However, due to US opposition, Russia, at best, can bring the average annual volume of exports to this region to $300 million.

The export of heavy engineering is mainly due to power and metallurgical equipment. Activities to expand the geography and range of exports are carried out through working groups with many foreign countries: Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary, Cuba, China, Vietnam and many others. Mining equipment, railway locomotives, diesel engines are competitive in heavy, power and transport engineering, and the main power equipment for thermal and hydroelectric stations corresponds to the best world standards in terms of technical indicators.

In the machine tool industry, models of machines, equipment and tools are distinguished that meet the main criteria for competitiveness and can serve as a basis for expanding export deliveries to the world market and purchases in the domestic market. These include the left-hand turning module of the Alapaevsk plant, the drilling and milling machine of the Kuibyshev SPO, some high-complexity machines of the Klin machine-tool plant, the machining center of the Kolomna heavy machine tool plant, and diamond powder produced by Tomal JSC MPO diamond tools.

Of the manufactured road construction equipment, the following are competitive: the DS-181 asphalt paver and the road roller of Raskat JSC, the truck-mounted crane of Avtokran JSC, the walking excavator of Uralmash JSC, and the hydraulic equipment of Pnevmostroymashina JSC.

Certain types of chemical and oil engineering products are of a high technical level, competitive and not inferior to foreign analogues. These are large-capacity installations for the production of liquid and gaseous cryogenic products, capacitive equipment for the storage and transportation of liquid cryogenic products manufactured by Cryogenmash JSC, as well as products of Geliimash JSC. Over 50% of this equipment is exported.

The drilling rigs of JSC Uralmash, subway cars of JSC Metrovagonmash, the loading mine machine of the Krasnogorsk Machine-Building Plant, the main passenger diesel locomotive and diesel engines of the holding company Kolominsky Plant are competitive and do not concede to the world level.

Export of tractors is 20% of their production. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new markets to expand the sales of agricultural machines that correspond in their parameters to the world level. Among them are tractors of the Vladimirovsky, Lipetsk, Altai Tractor Plants, grain harvesters of the Krasnoyarsk Combine Plant, Don 1200 and Don 1500 of the Rostselmash Production Association, Volgar 5 feed chopper of the Syzranselmash plant, rake-tedders of the Sol- Iletskmash.

A number of products of the electrical industry and instrumentation in terms of technical level and basic parameters are also not inferior to analogues of foreign companies. These are turbo and hydro generators, transformers, large electrical machines, electric motors, cables. But the expansion of export deliveries of electrical and instrument-making products is held back due to the high saturation of foreign markets with it.

Machine-building enterprises individually are not able to ensure the comprehensive competitiveness of their products. Since the concept of the competitiveness of any product, and even more expensive and serving for a long period, includes not only prices and basic specifications, but also many other parameters. A comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of technology involves taking into account:

Product quality indicators - technical level, reliability, adaptation to local conditions, level of service, maintainability, ergonomic characteristics, design, as well as the image of the manufacturer and seller. Often enterprises are not able to satisfy the totality of such requirements;

Price indicators - the price, the possibility of acquiring on credit, the availability of discounts, state support for the production of expensive science-intensive products with a long payback period. Here we have to take into account that a Western manufacturer is often credited by its banks under the guarantees of Russian government structures. With an acute shortage of working capital and high taxes, our enterprises do not have such an opportunity;

Sales indicators - the presence of a dealer network and representative offices, market coverage. Such functions are available only to efficient industries;

Most enterprises cannot provide a set of necessary characteristics for the competitiveness of their products. But this is often not required, since in a market economy a large part of these characteristics is achieved by large strategic intermediaries. They are recognized to occupy the niche that was previously occupied by the state system of logistics. Therefore, the formation and support of such intermediaries can be considered one of the main elements of state policy in the field of increasing the competitiveness of engineering enterprises.

In 1996, imports exceeded exports by 177.3%. Moreover, the excess is observed both with the CIS countries (106.6) and with far abroad countries (210.7%). But on the whole, in 1996, there was a trend towards a decrease in the share of imports. This trend continued in 1997, and therefore positive shifts in the development of domestic engineering are possible. This is also confirmed by the indicators of the share of imports in the volume of sales for Russian market some of the most important types of engineering products.

MFEC specialists state that the commodity structure of the Russian Federation's foreign trade at the beginning of 1998 did not change. fundamental changes. Exports were dominated by fuel and energy products, which accounted for more than 50% of all deliveries, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metals (17%); V import - products mechanical engineering(35.3%), food and consumer goods.

Figure 2.

Foreign economic turnover of engineering products

for 1991-1999 (million dollars)

Figure 3

Sources:

1. USA: economy, politics, ideology., 1998, No. 2, No. 9.

In industrialized countries, where crises and declines in production are repeated periodically, changes in the current situation affect the production of the latest high-tech products the least of all, which creates certain impulses for overcoming crisis situations. Russian engineering in Lately a diametrically opposite trend is inherent - an outstripping decline in the production of the most progressive technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

The collapse of the unified machine-building complex of the USSR into separate republican blocks sharply exacerbated the problems of machine-building in Russia, since at the same time foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which have been debugged for decades and due to which a certain balance has developed in saturating the sectors of the national economy of Russia with modern technology. The structure of the final products of the domestic engineering industry at the turn of the last decades was characterized by "heaviness" and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high, while the output of consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-manufacturing sector lagged behind sharply. In the first half of the 1980s, the growth in the production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 1990s.

The decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the mechanical engineering industry to adapt to the conditions for using its products, increasing the output of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of science-intensive products, the further curtailment of machine-building production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the elimination of the basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials, which have export potential).

The sharp decline in production at the beginning of the 1990s had less effect on the production of durable goods, the share of which was above average - mainly the car industry and the production of household appliances, with the most rapid growth in prices for them and high profitability of production. Thus, the main feature of the ongoing changes was the focus on the production of relatively prestigious products while the conditions for the production of many others worsened, which was largely due to the patronizing customs policy of the state, for example, in relation to the automotive industry. Therefore, the relative well-being of some enterprises in this industry is temporary and in the context of a constant increase in production costs and growing competition from foreign manufacturers, a recession and periodic stoppages of production are inevitable. The position of mechanical engineering was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 enterprises, each produces more than 75% of products of a certain type, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

A distinctive feature of the recession was the relative stability of the development of industries and sub-sectors that manufacture mobile equipment, while output fell in industries that produce technological equipment. The reason lies in the higher liquidity of mobile equipment in relation to equipment that requires installation, the output of which began to exceed effective demand as a result of the overaccumulation of the fleet of this equipment from the consumer. This gave rise to serious financial and production problems, which led to the shutdown of a number of major enterprises. The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume of capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering has especially decreased.

Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries has decreased, while the share of the automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs for energy carriers, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, rail transportation, and the prolongation of protectionist customs measures. The structure of the release itself should also undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time. But the necessity, and most importantly, the success, of a comprehensive restructuring has been proven by the experience of GAZ JSC. The timely restructuring of production with the organization of the production of cars with a carrying capacity of one and a half tons and cars with diesel engines made it possible to increase production volumes. For example, for 10 months of 1997 the growth rate was 122.4% against the corresponding period of the previous year.

In the machine-tool industry of Russia today, production is more and more oriented towards effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and economic entities do not compensate for this reduction (especially for complex science-intensive products), preferring cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails the loss of orders, painful for the machine tool industry. The decline in the production of science-intensive types of equipment is here at a faster pace. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific and design and technological organizations. In fact, there was a threat of Russia losing its own machine tool industry. The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry in order to survive has become a mass practice. So, JSC "LSPO im. Sverdlov" (St. Petersburg) engaged in machine tools for processing logs, equipment for the coal industry; in addition, it produces a large amount of furniture fittings. Some revival of production in mechanical engineering had practically no effect on the increase in demand for technological equipment, since its fleet is currently used by less than half. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the loading of existing equipment will initially increase, capital will accumulate, and only then may the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, appear. Weak private and foreign investment, little non-public sector demand for technological equipment makes it necessary to implement state support enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution. Thus, the funds allocated for this purpose made it possible to create production capacity for the production of linear rolling bearings under the license of the company "TNK" (Japan) at JSC "Lipetsk Machine Tool Plant". These units are the basis of Russian precision machine tool building, until now they were mainly imported from far abroad. The developed capacities for the production of synthetic diamonds at JSC Tomal make it possible to completely switch to the production of diamond tools based on Russian raw materials instead of importing them from Ukraine and Armenia, as well as to form an export potential in the amount of $10 million a year. These examples show the high efficiency of state support for priority areas of development of the machine tool industry.

A certain tendency towards stabilization has been outlined in the electrical industry and instrument making. In 1998, the production of electric motors, a number of cable products (power, city telephones) was increased. In order to expand sales markets and search for new consumers, electrical and instrument-making plants have begun to develop and manufacture products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (for example, explosion-proof electric motors, large electrical machines, cable products). This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, in which it is beneficial for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises. As part of the federal innovation program to create technical means for mandatory cash accounting, additional capacities were introduced to produce 300,000 cash registers. An increase in their output contributes to an increase in tax revenues to the Russian budget, streamlining control over money circulation in the sphere of trade. Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural producers, the production of agricultural machinery has declined sharply, most factories use their production capacity by 10-15%. In the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably reduced. In the context of a strong contraction in demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to take measures to accelerate the process of adapting enterprises to the market (structural restructuring of production, expanding the market for exporting equipment, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, barter transactions and offsets will be carried out at the enterprises of the industry, bills and state treasury bills will be used more widely. A particularly promising form of normalization of sales is the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease - leasing. At present, there is a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of heavy engineering products, and for others - an increase in output. This applies to the production of equipment for ferrous metallurgy and the mining industry: machines for continuous casting and sinter production, drilling rigs for the needs of the mining industry. Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.

The situation in power engineering has stabilized due to some increase in the production of steam turbines, due to export deliveries of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and Eastern Europe. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized at the 1995 level. At the same time, there has been a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for the plants of this sub-sector to enter into competition in the world market.

In the wagon building sub-sector, production volumes are determined by the financial capabilities of the main customer - the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. It is no secret that they are limited and do not allow a significant increase in the production of rolling stock, which is so necessary for Russian railways. As a result, the production of freight cars increased slightly. A change in the structure of the release is expected passenger cars. Thus, Tverskoy Wagon-Zavod JSC is increasing the production of passenger compartment cars that meet modern requirements for comfort and traffic safety. This creates the possibility to stop their import from Germany. The share of compartment cars in the total output of locomotive-hauled cars increased in 1996 by 39 percent. JSC "Demikhovskiy mashzavod" organized the production of electric train cars instead of those purchased in Latvia. Introduced on this enterprise capacities for the production of up to 500 cars per year allow the production of fully complete trains.

In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road equipment. Moreover, in the construction complex there is a fleet of construction equipment that was formed before 1995, which is now loaded by no more than half. However, the parameters for updating products have deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the industry is not adapting to new operating conditions due to changes in product quality. Over the past 3 years, the intensity of renewal has fallen by 40%, and the share of equipment being mastered for the first time has fallen by 2 times. The enterprises of this industry are able to replicate outdated equipment and technologies.

Summing up all of the above, it can be definitely stated that the state of development of the Russian machine-building complex is determined not just by demand, but by investment restrictions. It is they who hinder the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products, and, consequently, increasing their competitiveness. Finally, it is necessary to give a generalized idea of the complex socio-economic situation that has developed in industry in recent years. It is due to the fact that the wave of non-payments, which has been growing in the last 2 years, has increased the share of unprofitable enterprises. The number of unemployed in this complex increased to a greater extent than in industry as a whole. The official statistics of recent years show that hidden unemployment (employment with part-time work or a week) in industry as a whole has decreased. A survey conducted at the end of last year by the St. Petersburg center "Trud-monitoring" showed that the proportion of workers in the engineering industry who are employed part-time or sent on vacation at the initiative of the administration has increased. Among those employed in machine-building enterprises, the need for secondary employment is growing. This was stated by 86.9% of the surveyed workers, and 84.6% said that they regularly have a month or more delay in paying wages.

All this causes the outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Urals, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region). It is necessary to take measures now to correct the chosen market course. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tensions will increase, which will create a threat to further building a socially oriented market economy in Russia.

The purpose of this work was to study the problems and prospects for the development of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation. The following questions were considered during the study:

· Structure and value of a machine-building complex;

· Intra- and intersectoral relations;

· Characteristics of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering in developed and developing countries of the world;

· Peculiarities of development and placement of enterprises of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation;

· Articles of export engineering;

· Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia.

The analysis carried out allows us to say that:

1. Mechanical engineering is the basic branch of the national economy of the country. On its basis, the technical re-equipment of the entire industry of the country is carried out.

2. The machine-building complex has close intra- and intersectoral ties with most sectors of the country's national economy, especially with ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the timber and chemical industries. It should be noted that with the collapse of the USSR, intersectoral and cooperative ties were disrupted.

3. There are significant differences in the structure of developed and developing countries. Russia, together with the USA, Germany and Japan, is included in the group of countries with a complete range of products.

4. Mechanical engineering belongs to the sectors of "free placement", but at the same time, the location of enterprises is influenced by a number of factors: science intensity, metal intensity, labor intensity, proximity to the consumer.

5. Currently, the structure of engineering exports is dominated by products of the military-industrial complex and heavy engineering, which hinders the development of the engineering complex as a whole.

6. The Russian engineering industry is currently characterized by a decrease in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, which is of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

Summing up the study, we can conclude that the machine-building complex, which is of great importance for the further development of the Russian economy, is in a systemic crisis due to the collapse of the USSR and a change in the structure of the national economic complex of Russia. Carrying out a radical reform of the engineering industry will allow Russia to enter the world market with high-tech products and take an advantageous position on it. This will serve as a basis for stabilizing the economy and boosting Russian industry as a whole.

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State and development of mechanical engineering in Russia

Introduction

The machine-building complex is made up of mechanical engineering and metalworking, uniting several dozen industries and sub-sectors. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and instruments, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. At present, the engineering industry in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durables (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-80s, in the total volume of engineering products, the means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic engineering industry was not focused on the needs of the mass consumer.

The development of Russian industry at the present stage is characterized by an increase in production capacities, an increase in the number of entities involved in machine-building activities, and a complication of the structure of industrial cooperation and sales. The consequence of this is new requirements for structural modernization, which ensures an increase in the efficiency of managerial decision-making, which is especially important in the context of overcoming the global economic crisis and Russia's accession to the WTO. The development of organizational, economic and information management mechanisms must be carried out taking into account these requirements and at the same time be based on the paradigm of the formation of an integrated production and marketing system, as a mechanism aimed at organizing the needs for products in the Russian industry and production and economic relations. The solution of these problems requires, in turn, a revision of the main characteristics of organizational and economic processes and systems of production cooperation and marketing in the modern structure of production, technological cooperation and marketing of participants in production and marketing processes under operating conditions, both existing machine-building enterprises and new construction.

aim this study is to show not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors of location of its industries and sub-sectors, but also to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for overcoming the current difficult economic situation.

Taking into account the specifics of this topic and the range of issues raised, the structure of the study makes it possible to consistently highlight the following issues, highlight the significance of the industry and its structure, identify the territorial structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation, and identify problems and prospects for the development of machine-building in Russia.

The object of the study is the enterprises of the machine-building complex of Russia.

The subject of the study is the economic relations that develop in the process of modernization of machine-building enterprises.

1. Mechanical engineering and its territorial structure

.1 Significance of the industry and its structure

The machine-building complex is an integral part of the unified national economic complex of the country. This is primarily due to the fact that mechanical engineering:

Creates machinery and equipment used in other industries and thereby creates conditions for the development of all other industries;

It is the largest consumer of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products, as well as a number of other industries;

Provides employment for a fairly large share of the labor force;

Acts as a district-forming factor;

It is a reflection of the degree of development of productive forces in the region;

Gives a significant impetus to the development of progressive technologies.

That is, we can say that the economy of the whole country directly depends on the state of this industrial complex.

The machine-building complex refers to complex, diversified complexes, including the components shown in Figure 1.1.

Rice. 1.1. The structure of the machine-building complex

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of industry. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, engineering products are consumed by all branches of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment.

The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 25% of the cost of manufactured products and almost 35% of all employees in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the cost of fixed industrial and production assets. In our country, this complex is underdeveloped. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the cost of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry, in developing countries it is much less.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex, this industry includes both independent industries, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution throughout the national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical engineering and power engineering.

The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine tool industry and the tool industry.

The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged related to the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear energy, jet aircraft, and household appliances. The nature of products in the old branches of engineering has changed radically.

The main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all branches of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

The machine-building complex is the most important complex that plays a huge role in the production process, is interconnected with many sectors of the country's economy, has its own sectoral structure, specialization within it, and distinctive features. Gamma factors influence its development and placement. The development and placement of its branches is based on the same principles as all branches of a single national complex. The principles of development and placement are refracted in general and specific factors influencing the development and placement of branches of the machine-building complex:

Natural conditions, geography of natural and raw materials.

Volumes of capital investments, sources of financing.

Specialization and level of development of farms in economic regions.

The basic level of development of science and technology.

Communication routes and transport network.

Labor resources, their composition, skill level.

Forms of organization of production

The scale, structure and geography of product consumption.

Transportability of raw materials and finished products.

Ecological situation in the region.

The most important is the existence of a public need for products, skilled labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity. And although, in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the “free placement” industries, since it is less influenced by such factors as the natural environment, the presence of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, a number of other factors have a strong influence on the location of engineering enterprises. These include:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Orientation to the scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the placement of machine-building enterprises.

Metal consumption: Mechanical engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity: From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high labor qualifications. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

Proximity of the consumer: The products of some engineering industries, such as: the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are not economically feasible to transport over long distances due to their large size and high transportation costs. Therefore, enterprises in many branches of engineering are located in areas where end products are consumed.

As a separate factor in the geographical location of mechanical engineering, the military-strategic aspect can be taken out. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

Under the sectoral structure is understood the quantitative ratio between the branches and industries that are part of the mechanical engineering. Its formation occurs under the influence of economic, organizational and technical factors:

The level of development of science and technology in the country;

The pace of development of sectors of the national economy;

Material and cultural level of the population of the country;

The place of the country in the system of the international division of labor;

Level of specialization and cooperation.

Table 1.1. The degree of influence of specific factors on the location of mechanical engineering

Branches of industry and production				Areas of product consumption
	commodity	Fuel and energy	labor
mechanical engineering : Heavy locomotive industry Shipbuilding Automotive industry Instrumentation industry Agricultural machine building	Decisive Strong None None Weak None None	Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent	Weak Weak Weak Decisive Strong Decisive Weak	Weak Absent Decisive Absent Strong Absent Decisive

The most important features in the machine-building industry that affect the location of enterprises across the country are also formed under the influence of the following principles and factors:

Diversity and complexity of products, technological processes;

Widespread integration structures, both within the country and in relation to foreign countries;

The possibility of using metal waste from machine-building plants in areas of developed mechanical engineering (secondary use)

The need for a certain level of production culture, the availability of laboratories, research institutes, the exchange of experience between enterprises;

Procurement enterprises gravitate towards sources of raw materials; assembly to the consumer; mechanical - to a complex of factors;

Less influence of the natural environment, the presence of water, etc.;

Widespread use of various forms of specialization;

More effective specialization and cooperation of enterprises within the region.

1.2 Territorial structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation

Enterprises of this industry are widespread in Russia everywhere. But in some areas, mechanical engineering is of primary importance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to satisfying the internal needs for the industry's products. Sometimes it only complements the profile of those industrial complexes, the creation of which is due to the use of natural resources, for example, in Eastern Siberia.

Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and press-forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. Features of the production of heavy engineering products are casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises of a complete production cycle, which independently carry out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and plants that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections that arrive in the order of cooperative connections. The industry also includes highly specialized plants. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the industry's marketable products; the cost of raw materials and materials here ranges from 40 to 85%, wage costs 8-15%, transport costs from 15 to 25%, electricity costs 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to consumption areas. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest - in Western Siberia and the Far East. The main areas and centers of heavy engineering include:

Central (Electrostal).

Ural economic region (Uralmash plant in Yekaterinburg.)

Siberia (production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)

Severo-Zapadny: St. Petersburg is a historically established center of heavy engineering (the Elektrosila plant, which produces turbogenerators)

· new centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the plant "Avtommash" in the city of Volgodonsk.

The production of metallurgical equipment has taken shape both in large areas of metal production and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for ore mining, its preparation, blast furnace, steelmaking, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.

The production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, equipment for blast and electrothermal furnaces (Yekaterinburg, Orsk) is concentrated at the factories of the Urals.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals that connected the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to move on to the construction of river-sea vessels not only in the lower reaches of the rivers, but also in the middle and upper ones. These river shipyards also build lake-type ships and small sea-type ships. The favorable geographical position of such river shipyards relative to related enterprises in the central regions makes the construction of ships on them very effective.

The concentration of locomotive production has sharply increased in the Central District (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga); in the city of Saint Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for broad and narrow gauges are mainly supplied by enterprises in the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Urals); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

General mechanical engineering

The group of branches of general engineering is characterized by average consumption rates of metal, energy, and low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for the oil refining, chemical, paper, timber, construction industries, road and simple agricultural machines. Dominated by specialized enterprises associated with the manufacture of blanks and the assembly of structures, units and parts supplied in cooperation. A number of enterprises producing equipment for industries with chemical technology need special types of steel, non-ferrous metals and plastics. General engineering enterprises are among the most numerous in the industry and are located in many regions of the country. General engineering produces 25% of the industry's marketable output. The cost of wages for the cost of production here is from 12 to 33%, the cost of raw materials and materials in this group is not very large - from 4 to 8%, the cost of electricity is 3 - 5%.

· production of grain combines - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk);

· production of potato harvesters - in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), flax harvesters (Bezhetsk), forage harvesters (Lyubertsy). Various agricultural machinery and equipment are produced by factories located in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.

Equipment for enterprises with chemical processing of raw materials (oil refining, chemical, paper) is produced in Penza, Tuymazy, Kurgan, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Petrozavodsk.

Currently, up to 1 million people are employed in the automotive industry in Russia, and the share of the automotive industry in the engineering industry of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation in the industry. Due to excises, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, automobile plants are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, a car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of mass of a produced car, income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

· Cars of the highest and middle class are produced in the Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Tolyatti), minicars - in Serpukhov.

· Trucks of medium tonnage - produced by plants in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volga-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

- Cars of small tonnage and heavy trucks are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volga-Vyatka (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

The Russian tractor industry is one of the largest in the world. According to the features of placement, it resembles a car. Various types of tractors are produced not only for agriculture, but also for industry. The range of produced tractors in terms of power has sharply increased: from small garden tractors of several horsepower to powerful machines of several hundred horsepower. With the increase in the number of tractors for processing crops, the share of caterpillar tractors, which are used mainly for plowing, harvesting in agriculture and for industrial needs, has sharply decreased. This determines the specialization of enterprises and regions in the production of individual brands of tractors (by purpose, power, design). The changes that have taken place in the types of tractors produced, the improvement of their design, have increased the dependence of tractor plants on allied enterprises (foundries, rubber, electrical equipment, etc.). The most complex product of agricultural engineering enterprises is the production of combines. In combine construction, cooperative ties with allied enterprises have acquired great importance. 225 factories are involved in the production of the Niva combine.

Major changes have taken place in the location of the tractor industry in recent years. Originating in the main agricultural regions of the country (the Volga region - Volgograd, in the Urals - Chelyabinsk) to provide these regions with arable machines, the tractor industry was located near metallurgical bases. Tractors are intended not only for agricultural work, but also for industrial needs (on their basis, earth-moving machines are produced - bulldozers, scrapers, etc.) Tractors and skidders are produced for other industries. For the needs of agriculture, the production of special types and modifications of tractors has been launched (except for row-crop tractors - for gardening, for working on steep slopes, on moist soils, in sugar beet fields), intended for use in different regions of the country. This led to the specialization of tractor factories and a wide inter-regional exchange of manufactured products. Therefore, in subsequent years, new tractor factories sprang up both in the central industrial regions and in other European regions.

The machine-tool industry is the technical base of all mechanical engineering. Metal consumption in it, as a rule, is small, most of the blanks and parts are produced at the enterprises themselves, cooperation with other plants is most often reduced to the supply of engines, molded products, and electrical equipment. Their placement is greatly influenced by the labor intensity of products, the availability of qualified workers, engineering and technical personnel and designers. Industry enterprises are equipped with sophisticated equipment. An increase in the production of more modern machine tools - semi-automatic and automatic, milling, grinding, modular, precision, machine tools with program control, machine lines and, finally, automated workshops and factories - has strengthened the role of large scientific and design centers in the location of machine tool building. The role of cooperative links has increased (unification of standard units in different types of machine tools, special electrical equipment, etc.). The narrow specialization of machine-tool enterprises predetermined the wide development of interregional ties: each of them provides most of the country's regions with its products.

Enterprises of the radio engineering industry, specializing in the production of radio receivers and television sets, have been established in the Central (Moscow, Alexandrov), North-Western (St. Petersburg), Central Chernozemny (Voronezh) regions.

2. Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia

2.1 Trends and problems in the development of the machine-building complex

As a result of economic reforms, the main production and marketing facilities began to belong to different owners. The state, represented by its ministries and departments, has practically lost control over enterprises, as a result of which the industries began to lose stability, since the previously existing direct levers government controlled have ceased to function.

The main problems of the Russian machine-building complex:

high depreciation of fixed production assets;

the difficulty of entering foreign markets;

lack of resources for innovative development

high cost of financing construction projects and modernization of facilities for companies that order equipment.

The scale of disposal of engineering products for the example of coal-fired boilers and steam turbines is shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2.

Rice. 2.1 - Scale of disposal of engineering products (coal-fired boilers)

Rice. 2.2 - Scale of disposal of engineering products (coal-fired boilers)

In connection with the growth in the machine-building complex, conditions were created and at the same time there was a need for qualitatively new management structures in the post-crisis period. The development of industrial enterprises required the improvement of management forms based on the formation of self-organized, self-regulating structures for organizing counteraction to crisis factors through a distributed structure of industrial enterprises.

Self-regulation in this case is seen as a way to preserve sectoral governance. Self-regulation can be carried out through the further development of the coordinating activities of industry unions, associations, clusters, both in existing forms and in new forms of self-regulatory organizations.

A systematic functional-structural methodological approach to the consideration and research of the processes of development of Russian industry from the standpoint of the need to ensure the integration of dispersed enterprises within the framework of an industry self-regulatory organization is proposed. The proposed approach provides for the formation of organizational and managerial structural formations in the form of clusters, both with the participation of Russian enterprises and foreign companies.

Suitable under the circumstances general approach to the state tasks of managing the development of industrial enterprises, based on the formation of organizational forms of management based on the principles of self-organization and self-regulation, taking into account the realities of the loss by state ministries and departments of levers for managing enterprises of non-state ownership.

The policy of self-regulation is to a large extent the policy of the enterprises and organizations of a particular industry. The core of this policy should be activities aimed at the institutional support of the aggregate sectoral interests of companies in the field of entrepreneurial activity. The role of federal ministries and departments in this case should be to create such general institutional conditions that would not exclude, but, on the contrary, contribute to the effective development of a corporate initiative in the field of institution building on the principles of self-regulation, taking into account state priorities (Fig. 2.3).

The traditional structure of an industrial cluster, which has a territorial character, does not take into account all the needs of interconnected production, marketing and similar structures.

2.2 Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia

In industrialized countries, where crises and declines in production are repeated periodically, changes in the current situation affect the production of the latest high-tech products the least of all, which creates certain impulses for overcoming crisis situations. The mechanical engineering industry in Russia has recently been characterized by a diametrically opposite trend - an outstripping decline in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

The structure of the final products of the domestic engineering industry at the turn of the last decades was characterized by "heaviness" and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high, while the output of consumer goods and especially equipment for the non-manufacturing sector lagged behind sharply. In the first half of the 1980s, the growth in the production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half a decline began, which turned into a landslide in the early 1990s.

The state of machine building was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and the monopoly of production. Among 2/3 enterprises, each produces more than 75% of products of a certain type, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume of capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering has especially decreased, and the demand for investment engineering products has decreased by 3-4 times. Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries has decreased, while the share of the automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs for energy carriers, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, rail transportation, and the prolongation of protectionist customs measures. Despite all the positive aspects of this process, the automotive industry needs to be restructured, which will require mainly centralized capital investments, since decentralized funds are extremely insufficient. The structure of the release itself should also undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time.

In the machine-tool industry of Russia today, production is more and more oriented towards effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and business entities do not compensate for this reduction, preferring cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails the loss of orders, which is painful for the machine tool industry. The decline in the production of science-intensive types of equipment is here at a faster pace. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific and design and technological organizations. In fact, there was a threat of Russia losing its own machine tool industry. The development of non-core products for the machine tool industry in order to survive has become a mass practice. Some revival of production in mechanical engineering had practically no effect on the increase in demand for technological equipment, since its fleet is currently used by less than half. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the loading of existing equipment will initially increase, capital will accumulate, and only then may the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, appear.

Weak private and foreign investment, inactive demand of the non-state sector for technological equipment makes it necessary to provide state support to enterprises in this industry. This is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution.

A certain tendency towards stabilization has already been outlined in the electrical industry and instrument making. In 1995, the production of electric motors was increased (by 14%), a number of cable products (power, city telephones). In order to expand sales markets and search for new consumers, electrical and instrument-making plants began to develop and manufacture products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (. This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, in which it is beneficial for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises.

Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural producers, the production of agricultural machinery has declined sharply, most factories use their production capacity by 10-15%. In the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably reduced.

In the context of a strong contraction in demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to take measures to accelerate the process of adapting enterprises to the market (structural restructuring of production, expanding the market for exporting equipment, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments, barter transactions and offsets will be carried out at the enterprises of the industry, bills and state treasury bills will be used more widely. A particularly promising form of normalization of sales is the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease - leasing.

There has been a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of heavy engineering products, and for others - an increase in output. This applies to the production of equipment for the ferrous metallurgy and mining industry: machines for continuous casting and sinter production Enterprises have become more active in finding solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.

The situation in power engineering has stabilized due to some increase in the production of steam turbines, due to export deliveries of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and Eastern Europe. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized, while there is a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under licenses from foreign companies, which makes it possible for the plants of this sub-sector to enter into competition in the world market.

A particularly difficult situation has developed in the defense complex, where the number of production personnel is declining even faster than in the engineering industry as a whole. Employment fell most noticeably in the electronics industry and in the production of special communications equipment. All this causes the outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Urals, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region).

It is extremely necessary to take measures now to correct the chosen market course. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic moods and social tensions will increase, which will create a threat to further building a socially oriented market economy in Russia.

mechanical engineering investment defense industry

Conclusion

The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for at least minimal support for the technological level in the machine-building complex, determine the priorities of the structural investment policy in machine building. It is required to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in the basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy.

As a result, the most backward branches of engineering with an undeveloped structure of production will be revived. In the context of a decline in production in the engineering industries, it is advisable to limit the purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are produced or can be produced in Russia. This will make it possible to increase the utilization of production capacities and, in connection with the supply of a number of types of component parts and equipment, may restore broken production and cooperation ties with neighboring countries and the former CMEA countries.

At the same time, state support is needed for those sub-sectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus. To implement the structural and investment policy of the country, it is necessary to concentrate significant funds on priority areas.

One of the additional sources of capital investment in domestic engineering is private investment. However, the main burden of maintaining the viability of machine building for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.

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The development of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation should be based on new basic resource-saving technologies that ensure the production of competitive products, the revival of investment activity, and state support for high-tech industries. Without this, it will not be possible to achieve technological support for the development of the economy, the participation of the country as a full partner in the international division of labor.

These areas, of course, include nanotechnology and resource-saving technologies. They require little energy, materials, do not need extensive production and storage facilities. On the other hand, their development requires a high level of training of scientists, engineers and technicians, as well as a special organization of production.

Abroad, work in this area has been rapidly developing in recent years in the framework of a number of priority programs governments of Japan, USA, Germany, France, China and other countries.

In Russia, the target budget financing work in the field of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies has been carried out since the beginning of the 90s of the last century within the framework of several programs. State support for these works, although incommensurable in scale with their funding in other countries, contributed to the development of this promising direction, allowed to maintain the scientific potential, a fairly high level of research and leading positions in some areas of nanoscience.

Nanotechnology has specific industrial applications. Today, the market offers a large range of commercially produced nanomaterials: metallic, hydroxide, oxide, and composite powders, which are already widely used in many sectors of industry and construction. Nanopowders have properties that differ from those of metals, oxides, etc., from whose atoms and molecules they are made.

At the heart of the scientific and technological "breakthrough at the nanolevel", forced by industrialized countries, is the use of new, previously unknown properties and functionality of material systems in the transition to nanoscales, determined by the features of the processes of transfer and distribution of charges, energy, mass and information during nanostructuring. Many of the radically different properties of nanomaterials in relation to the bulk of the same chemical composition are due to the effects of a multiple increase in the fraction of the surface of nanograins and nanoclusters (up to hundreds of square meters per gram). Associated with this are new properties of many structural and inorganic nanomaterials. Moreover, a significant number of such properties have not yet been fully explored.

The complexity of the transition of mechanical engineering to an innovative development path lies in the fact that in the implementation of the strategic goals of the country's entry into a post-industrial society, it is necessary to solve two tasks simultaneously in a historically short time: the modernization of mechanical engineering itself and the technical re-equipment of other sectors of the economy.

Unfortunately, we have to state that in the current state of the Russian engineering enterprises can produce competitive products only for relatively narrow market segments. According to experts, a small number of Russian machine-building companies can compete in the corresponding segments on the world market.

It is necessary to be aware that our potential competitors are without any doubt moving towards the creation of a post-industrial society, in the full sense of the word, concentrating colossal resources in high-tech areas for this. We are far behind on this issue. We need to overcome the gap from the world level, while the formation and dissemination of the most effective innovative technologies of tomorrow. Russia will have to put into practice a large-scale economic maneuver in order to quickly develop an industry to a high-tech level, which is currently in a state that is 20-30 years behind developed countries. It is obvious that for this it is necessary to ensure the outstripping pace of development.

Nevertheless, despite all the problems and difficulties in Russia, there are all the necessary conditions for the advanced development of mechanical engineering. These are, first of all, our own energy and raw materials base, a developed communication network, scientific, intellectual, personnel, production and other potentials. But, most importantly, this is the development of nanotechnologies, highly efficient resource-saving technologies, systems artificial intelligence, global information networks, integrated high-speed transport systems.

In mechanical engineering, the use of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials will make it possible to increase the resource of cutting and processing tools with the help of special coatings and emulsions, to introduce nanotechnological developments in the modernization of the fleet of high-precision and precision machine tools. The measurement and positioning methods created using nanotechnology will provide adaptive control of the cutting tool based on optical measurements of the machined surface of the part and the machining surface of the tool directly during the technological process. For example, these solutions will make it possible to reduce the machining error from 40 µm to hundreds of nanometers at a cost of such a domestic machine of about $12,000 and no more than $3,000 for modernization. At the same time, at least 1 million actively used metal-cutting machine tools out of approximately 2.5 million machine tools that are on the balance sheet of Russian enterprises need modernization.

In the engine building and automotive industry - through the use of nanomaterials, more precise processing and restoration of surfaces, it is possible to achieve a significant (up to 1.5-4 times) increase in the service life of vehicles, as well as a threefold reduction in operating costs (including fuel consumption), improve the aggregate technical indicators(reduction of noise, harmful emissions), which allows us to compete more successfully both in the domestic and foreign markets.

Using the possibilities of nanotechnologies can in the near future bring a sharp increase in the cost of the gross domestic product and a significant economic effect in the machine-building complex. Thus, they fundamentally change the engineering industry as a whole, determining the vector of post-industrial development in the coming decades.

It is known that the complete satisfaction of all the requirements for machine-building production is an absolutely impossible task, therefore, one always has to make a compromise, indicating the main requirements and providing the quality criteria corresponding to them. Therefore, we note only the basic requirements for parts and machines when using resource-saving technologies for their manufacture.

MANUFACTURABILITY - the manufacture of a product with minimal labor, time and money in full compliance with its purpose. Manufacturability of parts is ensured by: the shape of their simplest surfaces (cylindrical, conical, etc.), convenient for processing by mechanical and physical methods; the use of materials suitable for non-waste processing (pressure, casting, welding, etc.) and resource-saving technology; standard system of tolerances and landings and other means and methods.

ECONOMY - the minimum cost of production and operation. The cost-effectiveness of parts and assemblies is achieved by optimizing their shape and dimensions from the condition of a minimum of material consumption, energy consumption and labor intensity of production, due to the maximum efficiency in operation with high reliability; high specialization of production, etc. When evaluating the profitability, the costs of design, manufacture, operation and repair are taken into account.

RELIABILITY - the property of an object to maintain the ability to perform specified functions over time (GOST 27.002-83).

Aesthetics - the perfection and beauty of the external forms of parts, assemblies and machines significantly affect the attitude towards it from the side service personnel. The design of units and parts that define the external outlines of the machine must be beautiful and meet the requirements of artistic design (design). The forms of external parts are developed with the participation of designers to create an attractive appearance. Specially selected colors for painting.

Reducing the mass of parts - in aircraft construction and some other industries, the fulfillment of this requirement is one of the main design and calculation tasks of resource saving.

The use of non-scarce and cheap materials - this condition must be subject special attention in all cases when designing machine parts. It is necessary to save non-ferrous metals and alloys based on them.

Ease of use - when designing, it is necessary to strive so that individual components and parts can be removed or replaced without disturbing the connection of adjacent components. All lubrication devices must work flawlessly, and seals must not leak oil. Moving parts that are not enclosed in the body of the machine must be guarded for the safety of the operating personnel.

The following indicators are of great economic importance in the implementation of resource-saving technologies in the machine-building complex:

1) the possibility of mass production of standard parts, which reduces their cost;

2) the possibility of using standard cutting and measuring tools;

3) ease of replacement of failed parts during repair;

4) saving labor in the design;

5) improving the quality of the design.

In the process of economic activity, the resources of the enterprise occupy one of the central places, therefore the issue of resource saving and determining the optimal ratio of resources in the enterprise is very relevant at the present time. The financial policy in the field of resources is aimed at influencing the long-term state of the enterprise, and also determines its current state. It dictates the trends of economic development, the prospective level of scientific and technological progress, the state of the production capacities of the enterprise.

Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, which allows you to connect and combine existing resources in a new way in the interests of increasing the production of high-quality end products at the lowest cost.

In a broad sense, at any level - from the firm to the national economy - under scientific and technological progress involves the creation and implementation new technology, technology, materials, the use of new types of energy, as well as the emergence of previously unknown methods of organizing and managing production.

The introduction of new equipment and technology is a very complex and controversial process. It is generally accepted that the improvement of technical means reduces labor costs, the share of labor in the cost of a unit of output. However, at present, technical progress is "rising in price", as it requires the creation and use of more and more expensive machine tools, lines, robots, computer control facilities; increased spending on environmental protection. All this reflects on the increase in the share of costs for depreciation and maintenance of the fixed assets used in the cost of production.

Nevertheless, the competitiveness of a firm or enterprise, their ability to stay on the market for goods and services depends, first of all, on the susceptibility of manufacturers of goods to new equipment and technology, which makes it possible to ensure the production and sale of high-quality goods with the most efficient use of material resources.

Therefore, when choosing options for equipment and technology, a firm or enterprise must clearly understand what tasks - strategic or tactical - are intended for the acquired and implemented equipment.

The role of science in the development of modern industrial production is growing so much that it is increasingly considered a productive force. This happens when science separates itself into an independent sphere of activity with a special professional composition of workers, with its own specific material and technical base and end products.

The scientific and production potential of its national firms and enterprises, their ability to ensure a high level and pace of scientific and technical progress, their "survivability" in a competitive environment largely depend on the scientific and technical potential of a country. The scientific and technical potential of the country is created both by the efforts of national scientific and technical organizations, and by using world achievements in science and technology.

Basic concepts of resources, resource-saving technologies

Resources- these are natural or man-made values that are designed to meet production and non-production needs.

resource saving- a set of measures for the thrifty and efficient use of the facts of production (capital, land, labor). Provided through the use of resource-saving and energy-saving technologies; reducing the capital intensity and material consumption of products; increase in labor productivity; reducing the cost of living and materialized labor; improving product quality; rational use of labor of managers and marketers; using the benefits of the international division of labor, etc. Promotes the growth of the efficiency of the economy, increasing its competitiveness.

Resource-saving technologies- technologies that ensure the production of products with the lowest possible consumption of fuel and other energy sources, as well as raw materials, materials, air, water and other resources for technological purposes.

Resource-saving technologies include the use of secondary resources, waste disposal, as well as energy recovery, a closed water supply system, etc. Allow you to save Natural resources and avoid environmental pollution.

General methods for the development of resource-saving technological processes of machine-building industries. Ways of development and approaches to the creation of resource-saving and low-waste industries

The problem of resource saving is important for mechanical engineering, since the cost of metal, in the structure of the cost of a product, reaches 60 ... 80%.

The main sources of resource saving in mechanical engineering include:

Reducing the specific gravity of the product;

Increasing the utilization rate of materials;

Increased product life.

Therefore, the main emphasis in the development of resource-saving technologies is placed on blank production and hardening technologies, as well as on the processing and shaping methods used. Let's consider some of them (examples).

1. Cold stamping of parts from sheet metal with anisotropy of mechanical properties: this technology can be applied to the manufacture of shock absorber cylinders, clutch cylinder bodies, gas cylinders, hydraulic pump cylinders, etc. and provides for a combined hood, characterized by a simultaneous change in the diameter of the drawn billet and wall thickness.

This technology allows:

Increase the service life of products by 2-3 times;

Reduce the metal consumption of products by 1.3-1.5 times;

Reduce the labor intensity of production by 3-5 times.

This is an example of increasing the resource-saving indicators of metal forming production.

2. A method for dimensional grinding of hard-to-machine products with a complex curvilinear surface to increase the efficiency of grinding parts such as turbine blades, camshafts, etc., made from hard-to-machine materials: the development is based on the idea of reducing the energy-power parameters of chip formation by providing conditions for the most complete adsorption interaction of juvenile sections of the surface of the cutting zone with components of the lubricating-cooling technological medium (LUTS), which contributes to the reduction of plastic deformation energy, the formation of a new surface and a significant reduction in adhesion phenomena by improving the kinematics of the shaping process.

The advantage of this method over other analogous methods is that it is carried out group processing of products that are installed on a special device that provides portable movement of parts along a circular path around a common axis with adjustable rotation around planetary axes of rotation. The speed of circular rotation is determined from a functional relationship that links the geometric and physical parameters of the abrasive wheel and the workpiece, and allows you to provide its rational value for the complex manifestation of the adsorption effect.

Reducing the specific power of grinding by 1.5-2.5 times and the almost complete elimination of dependence on the value of the infeed feed used;

Reducing the specific consumption of abrasive by an order of magnitude;

Reduced clogging of the abrasive wheel when processing highly plastic and viscous materials;

Saving energy for processing one blade by 5-8 kWh, which, with the production of 50,000 blades per year, will save ~ 525.2 MWh;

Reduced consumption of COTS by an order of magnitude;

5-15% increase in the strength of the surface layer due to the formation of compressive stresses.

3. The method of face planetary grinding to increase the efficiency of grinding flat surfaces of parts made from hard-to-cut materials: the method is based on the idea of reducing the energy-power parameters of chip formation by providing conditions for the most complete adsorption interaction of juvenile sections of the surface of the cutting zone with the components of the LC, which helps to reduce energy plastic deformation.

The advantage of this method over other analogous methods is that the method involves the use of a special multi-spindle planetary grinding tool, which is installed on the spindle of the grinding head instead of the abrasive wheel. As a cutting tool, standard cup-type abrasive wheels of medium structures are used, which are rigidly fixed on inclined planetary spindles and receive portable movement around the axis of the machine spindle and rotation around the planetary axes with a predetermined speed ratio, which provides a comprehensive manifestation of the adsorption effect.

The application of the proposed method provides the following economic effect from energy and resource saving:

Reducing the specific energy consumption by 2-4 times;

Reducing the need for coolant consumption by 5-10 times;

High quality of processing when using fine-grained abrasive circles on any basis.

4. New methods for hardening parts based on the combined use of electroplasma-chemical and deformation technologies.

One of such methods is the method of combined hardening by electrical discharge synthesis (EES) of coatings and surface plastic deformation (SPD). The essence of the EES method consists in applying a special exothermic mixture of five metal and non-metal powders with organic binders to the part, followed by spark treatment with a pulsed current.

EES coating is used to harden kinematic friction pairs with a limited amount of lubricant, for cutting tools, molds, dies, parts operating under abrasive wear conditions (details of the engine gas distribution mechanism, steering, ball bearings, etc.).

This method of hardening parts is highly effective, because. allows to provide hardening of the metal surface and create conditions for durable operation of parts under various operating modes, which brings a great economic effect (it does not take a long time to change one worn product for another, new one)

5. Hardening of aluminum parts by microarc oxidation (MAO) of the surface layer in the pulsed current mode.

The essence of the technology lies in the fact that an aluminum coating is applied to a steel part by flame spraying, which is then processed by turning and converted into aluminum oxide by the MAO method. Scope of technology - details, affected high temperatures, erosion and abrasive wear.

6. Assembly using adhesives and adhesive materials. Such technologies can reduce the cost and complexity of assembly, improve the quality of products.

7. Treatment with a supersonic liquid jet. This technology, which is hydrocutting with a cutting width of 0.1…0.8 mm, makes it possible to reduce material waste into chips compared to traditional cutting by 15-20 times.

The processing conditions in this case do not have any negative effects on the processed material and its physical and mechanical properties. The processing process can be fully automated.

These are just some examples of the development and application of resource-saving technologies, the economic effect of which can bring manufacturing enterprises to a new level of innovative development.

Machine-building complex - a set of industries that produce a variety of machines and mechanisms. The machine-building complex includes more than 70. This is, first of all, electrical engineering and instrument making, machine tool building and tool industry, and construction and road engineering.

Engineering production has a number of features that affect its location.

First, specialization (concentration of an enterprise on the production of one or several types of products) and cooperation (a form of organization of production in which several enterprises participate in the production of finished products) are widely developed. For example, an automobile plant produces one type of product - cars, and receives parts and components from other enterprises, the number of which can be significant. Therefore, many are located in areas where the network is well developed - Central,. Thus, the transport factor is the most important for the placement of mechanical engineering.

Enterprises of the most progressive and complex industries (electronics, radio engineering) are guided by the science-intensive factor and are located where there is a developed scientific base(Moscow, Novosibirsk, etc.).

The military-strategic factor determines the location of enterprises producing defense products. They are remote from the borders, many are located in the so-called "closed" cities (Sarov, Novouralsk, Snezhinsk, etc.), or located near military bases.

The production of many types of machines requires a lot of human labor, highly qualified workers. Especially labor-intensive - instrument making, machine tool building. They tend to areas with a high concentration of population - Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan.

Metal consumption determines the location of heavy engineering enterprises, whose products require a lot of metal (production of power, metallurgical equipment). Such enterprises are guided either by a large metallurgical base, for example - -, Siberia - Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk. Or for imported raw materials, for example - St. Petersburg.

Many types of machines are needed everywhere, and some (for example, flax harvesters, tractors for timber removal) are needed only in certain regions. At the same time, such machines are difficult, which means that it is more profitable to produce them where there is a need for them - the consumer factor.

Mechanical engineering is developed in all regions of the country, but its specialization is different.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of material production; it provides other branches with machines and mechanisms, thereby ensuring progress in the country's economy as a whole.

But at the moment, Russian engineering is in a state of crisis, developing at a low pace, it cannot ensure the progress of other industries. There is a lag in the civilian sector of mechanical engineering, low rates of equipment renewal, and it is impossible to create competitive equipment using outdated equipment.

Promising areas in is - the development of science-intensive industries, the production of high-quality consumer goods, demonopolization and the establishment of new economic relationships.

Introduction
1 The importance of the industry in the system of the national economy
2 Current state industries in Russia
3 Prospects for the development of the industry
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications

Introduction

Mechanical engineering is part of the industry called "Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking". Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and instruments, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, repair of machinery and equipment. At present, Russian mechanical engineering consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

In this control work will reflect not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors of location of its industries and sub-sectors. But the current state of the complex, prospects and options for getting out of the difficult economic situation that has arisen today are also characterized.

Taking into account the specifics of this topic, the structure of the study makes it possible to sequentially highlight in the first chapter the theoretical issues (role and significance, location specifics, sectoral structure) of the machine-building complex, in the second - the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, in particular in the aviation industry, in the third the chapter will highlight the prospects for the development of the industry of mechanical engineering and metalworking (on the example of the aviation complex)

1 The importance of the industry in the system of the national economy

The machine-building complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of machines. It is the leader among interbranch complexes. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 20% of manufactured products and all those working in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprises than industry as a whole (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 people in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), greater capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of products; the constructive and technological complexity of engineering products requires a diverse and skilled workforce

Among all industries, mechanical engineering ranks first in terms of its share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial and production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial and production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (18%)

Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, at home, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially such priority sectors as machine tool building, the electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Mechanical engineering, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all branches of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

The sectoral structure and features of the location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation are as follows:

a) Factors of location of engineering

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the existence of a public need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying structural materials and electricity.

Science intensity It is difficult to imagine modern engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises

Metal consumption Mechanical engineering industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals

Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high qualifications of labor. The production of machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of engineering industries gravitate towards regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk)

Table 1. Grouping of engineering industries by location factors

Placement factor

The share of industries located taking into account this factor in the production of the complex, %

Gravitation towards:

areas with a developed scientific base

areas of concentration of labor resources

product consumption areas

metallurgical bases

b) Features of the sectoral structure and geography of the complex

During the years of Soviet power, the largest machine-building enterprises were created in various regions of the former USSR, producing almost all the necessary technological equipment for all branches of the national economy. But the domestic engineering industry is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, moreover, mainly in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal, according to the principle of "subsistence economy", with a full range of procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the sectoral, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering should undergo fundamental changes, the main directions of which should be improving product quality, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation in production, reducing irrational transport and other costs.

Heavy engineering. The plants of this industry are distinguished by a large consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of the metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises producing parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), and universal ones, producing in serial or individual execution of different types of equipment (Uralmash, St. Petersburg Metal Plant, etc.)

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical engineering, mining, hoisting and transport engineering, diesel locomotive building and track engineering, car building, diesel engine building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear engineering, printing engineering. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European part, the rest - in Western Siberia and the Far East

Production metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of product value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large-scale production of steel and rolled products. Ural enterprises manufacture equipment for sinter plants, blast furnaces and electric melting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

Factory Profile mining engineering- machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and enrichment of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and building materials industry, transport construction. They are, as a rule, located in areas of consumption - in the Urals and Siberia, etc. Domestic mechanical engineering has priority in the development and wide industrial development of tunneling and shearing machines, rotary and walking excavators. These products are manufactured in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (Uralmash), Shakhty, Kiselevsk and Perm

Products of lifting and transport engineering is of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy. people, and more than half - manual labor. Overhead electric cranes are produced in the Central region (Uzlovsky plant), in the Far East (Bureisk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volga-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions

Diesel locomotive building, car building and track engineering provides rail transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc. ) and in the Urals. Freight car building is concentrated in Western Siberia (Novoaltaisk), in Eastern Siberia (Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by Tver, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal and other machines are still produced in insufficient quantity and assortment, their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk

Turbo building, supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry, is represented primarily by the production associations St. Petersburg Metal Plant, St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant, Yekaterinburg Turbomotor Plant, Dalenergomash (Khabarovsk). The plants of the sub-sector produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The main factors of placement are the availability of qualified personnel and scientific and construction organizations

Nuclear engineering form the factories of the head production associations Izhorsky Zavod (St. Petersburg) and Atommash (Volgodonsk). Factories specialize in the production of pressure vessel reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants

Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk

The location of enterprises in the electrical industry is due to various factors, where the availability of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers play an important role. At present, the main regions of electrical engineering are the Central, North-Western and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the Moscow Electrozavod named after V.V. Kuibyshev, St. Petersburg "Electrosila", Yekaterinburg "Uralelektroapparat" and Novosibirsk transformer plant

Machine tool industry includes the production of machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. Plants of the machine-tool industry are located in the main machine-building regions. The average size of enterprises is relatively small. The major centers of the machine-tool industry are Moscow (the plant of lathes and robotic complexes “Red Proletarian”), St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, etc.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are characterized by low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly skilled workforce and research personnel. Therefore, the main part of the production potential is concentrated in large and large cities. For example, in Moscow and the Moscow region there are dozens of research and production and production associations specializing in the production, installation and adjustment of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, office equipment

In the structure of mechanical engineering, the share of instrument-making products is about 12%. This science-intensive product is the main element of automation systems for the management of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering work, information systems, etc. In instrument making, more than 80% of products are produced by large enterprises (the number of employees is from 1 to 10 thousand people). Among the largest enterprises - JSC "Second Moscow Watch Factory", Penza Watch Factory

Mechanical engineering for light and food industry . This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitwear, clothing, footwear, leather, fur industries, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main placement factor is proximity to the consumer, so the vast majority of factories and more than 90% of the output of marketable products are located in the European zone (mainly Central, Volgo-Vyatsky, North-Western and Volga regions)

Aviation industry . In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel, which led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers. Modern passenger and cargo aircraft are produced in Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Novosibirsk. Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Ulan-Ude, Kumertau

Rocket and space industry (Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.) produces orbital spacecraft, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and inhabited ships, and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technology with a wide inter-industry complexity of production. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the rocket and space complex of the former USSR

Automotive industry . In terms of production volume, as well as the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in retail. Over 80% of transported goods are accounted for by road transport

The vast majority of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia with a high concentration of transportation and the presence of large transport hubs. The level of production concentration is high in the industry. More than 1/2 of marketable products, fixed production assets and personnel are accounted for by enterprises with more than 10 thousand employees, accounting for only 11% of the total. This group includes AMO ZIL and JSC Moskvich (Moscow), JSC GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod), JSC VAZ (Togliatti), JSC KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). The main areas of placement are Central (more than 1/5 of gross output), Volga, Volga-Vyatsky and Ural regions

Agricultural and tractor engineering . The main capacities of agricultural and tractor engineering are located mainly in the North Caucasian, Volga, West Siberian, Urals, Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka regions. This corresponds to the location and specialization of agriculture. In agricultural engineering, subject and detail specialization is carried out; significantly fewer plants are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, at the Krasnoyarsk and Taganrog plants, potato harvesters - in Ryazan, flax harvesters - in Bezhetsk. Various types of tractors are produced in Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, Barnaul, Bryansk and Cheboksary

shipbuilding industry . Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters consumed by them, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the existence of cooperative ties with related enterprises. Shipbuilding starts on land and ends afloat, which is why many shipyards are located at the mouths of large rivers or in sheltered harbors.

The largest maritime shipbuilding area has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories (Severnaya Verf, Baltiysky, Admiralteisky, Kanonersky, Nevsky). There are shipbuilding and ship repair yards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. In the Far East, ship repair centers are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), the Ob, the Yenisei. The favorable geographical position of such plants makes the construction of ships at such enterprises very effective.

If we consider the regional aspect of the location of engineering industries, then the leading position among the engineering regions not only in Russia, but also in the CIS will be occupied by the Central Economic Region. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of the machine-building products for light industry. Almost 80% of products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence of highly qualified personnel, research and design organizations. Moscow plays an important role in the structure of production. Here are the former flagships of the domestic automotive industry JSC "Moskvich" and AMO "ZIL" and great amount“mailboxes” and conversion industries created on their basis. Moscow is also home to such large machine-building giants as AO Dynamo, Zavod im. Ilyich, several ball-bearing plants. The branches of machine-building specialization of the Central Economic Region are automotive, locomotive, car building, river shipbuilding, tractor, agricultural, precision engineering

The North-Western Economic Region is part of the Central Region of Russia. The main share of engineering products falls on St. Petersburg, where energy, radio engineering, optical and mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, car building, and machine tool building are concentrated. Kaliningrad is an important center of marine shipbuilding.

The second major region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Urals-Volga region. In terms of output, the region is second only to the Center. The enterprises of the Urals produce 24.6% of all machine tools, 24.4% of press-forging and 17% of mining equipment. Large centers are the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Tolyatti, Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhny Novgorod. It should also be emphasized that the most important enterprises of the defense industry are concentrated in the Volga-Vyatka economic region (Republic of Udmurtia). In particular, the Izhevsk Arms Plant is located in the capital of the republic, producing the entire range of light and medium-sized small arms.

In the direction from west to east, there is a noticeable increase in the cost of capital construction, labor, transportation of raw materials and finished products. If we take as 100% the costs of creating machine-building production in the central region, then the costs in Siberia will increase by 7-12%, and in the Far East - by 12-15%. The corresponding increase in the cost of production will be 13-25%, depending on the specifics of production. Therefore, near sources of raw materials and energy, it is advisable to place material and energy-intensive production of energy, lifting and transport, car-building and mining equipment. Similar enterprises are concentrated in Altai, in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The presence of highly qualified personnel in Novosibirsk and Omsk made it possible to create high-tech enterprises of electrical and radio engineering engineering

2 The current state of the industry in Russia

This is one of the depressing industries Russian industry. The reduction in production here began earlier, the slowdown in the rate of decline came later, and the decline in the industry was noticeably deeper than the average for the industry. Out of dozens of positions, only two types of industry products were found, the production of which in 1999 was higher than in 1994 - cars and personal computers. For the vast majority of other types of products, production fell by two or more times. For grain harvesters, for example, 25 times, for household tape recorders - 100 times

Throughout the entire period under review, production decreased annually by approximately 80% of the types of engineering and metalworking products. The exceptions were 1996, a year in which a drop in production was observed for almost all types of products, and 1999, when production decreased "only" for 63% of products.

It is almost impossible to single out any groups in engineering products for which production declined above or below the average: the production of both means of production and consumer goods fell rapidly. Nevertheless, enterprises producing equipment for depressive industries turned out to be in a relatively worse position: coal and light industries, equipment for the countryside, the needs of mechanical engineering itself (primarily manufacturers of metalworking equipment)

The situation is somewhat better with the production of products oriented either to meet social needs, the demand for which is declining last (thus, a landslide reduction in production in power engineering was avoided, the level of bus production is stable), or to the solvent demand of the population. Thus, in 1999 there was a tendency to increase the production of refrigerators and freezers, color televisions. However, a deeper acquaintance with the statistics, in particular the production of household appliances, shows that there is a sharp differentiation of manufacturers of the same types of products in terms of their ability to adapt to new conditions. So, for example, the production of color TV sets in 1999 in the Novosibirsk region decreased by 7.7 times, while in the Russian Federation as a whole it increased by 2.4 times.

In 2000, the growth of the industry's production took place in all regions with a machine-building specialization. Machine-building enterprises located in the regions of the European part of the country are developing more dynamically, while the eastern regions are noticeably behind in increasing production.

In 2001, the growth in production in the Central District was 41% higher than in 1998, this is due to the production of complete electric trains in the Moscow Region and the implementation of the project in Moscow for the production of Renault Megane cars

The growth of engineering production in Western Siberia is based on measures to implement a major federal program for the production of equipment for the oil and gas industry, as well as the possible inclusion of defense enterprises in this region in programs and projects for the development of high-tech industries

There were no noticeable dynamic shifts in the mechanical engineering of Eastern Siberia, however, some growth was provided by enterprises of heavy, agricultural and transport engineering

The diagram "Territorial structure of engineering production in 2001" shows the volume of growth in the engineering industry by region (see Appendix)

As a result of the implementation of measures to reform and restructure enterprises, the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering has somewhat changed.

In the total volume of industrial production, the share of products of the automotive industry, heavy, energy, transport, tractor, agricultural and road construction machinery has increased, and the share of instrument making, electrical, machine tool and tool industries has decreased

I would like to dwell on the aviation industry in more detail, since this sub-sector is closer to me (I work at the Kumertau Aviation Industrial Enterprise)

Russia's achievements as one of the world's leading aviation powers are well known. Created at the dawn of aircraft construction, the types of the first Russian aircraft were distinguished by the originality of technical solutions, the fruitfulness of the design search for answers to the challenges of the early twentieth century. In the middle of the century, Soviet aviation certainly met the requirements of the time of severe military trials, a powerful industrial base was created, based on the unity of fundamental aviation science, a network of design bureaus, serial factories - manufacturers of high-class combat aircraft. Modern domestic aviation scientific and design schools have a high rating in international business circles and organizations, which creates favorable conditions for the integration of the aviation industry into the global aerospace community. At the same time, significant efforts will be required from the aviation industry to maintain its status as one of the main manufacturers of aviation equipment and overcome the difficulties associated with the unprecedented size of order cuts by traditional customers of the main serial products and the deep crisis of effective demand for civil aircraft and helicopters of the new generation.

The aviation industrial complex is experiencing common problems for the entire industrial complex:

Severe lack of funds

Non-reimbursement of costs for work in progress, which has acquired the chronological nature of the adjustment of the state defense order,

Excess of the accumulated debt of the ordering ministries of the annual amounts of financing of enterprises,

weakening of human resources, etc.

At the same time, an objective analysis and forecasts of the development of the global military aviation market, made by reputable international analytical centers, testify to the intensification of competition between the leading manufacturing countries of military aviation equipment - the USA, Russia, Great Britain and France, moreover, in terms of production and sales on the world market. fighters, attack and jet training aircraft until 2007, Russian firms Sukhoi, Mikoyan and Yakovlev effectively compete with Boeing, Dasso

According to the US and Western European defense departments, Russia has maintained a high level of critical technologies in the military aircraft industry, which is a basic prerequisite for maintaining the competitiveness of the domestic industry in the aircraft industry in general.

The domestic aviation industry, despite the difficult financial situation in the economy of the entire national economic complex, managed to maintain its leading position and high scientific and technological potential with a minimum level of state support. It is the largest among the defense industries in terms of such indicators as the number of highly qualified personnel, the cost of fixed assets of enterprises, the volume of production and sales of products (about 40% of the total output of the military-industrial complex)

In 2000, with a decline in production of 5.2% in the industry as a whole, the volume of goods and services of the aviation industry increased by 8.1% compared to 1999. Positive trends in the aviation industry continued in the first half of 2001: the largest increase in the output of goods and services among the defense industries was achieved in the aviation industry by 40%, while the average growth for all industries was about 10%

These data testify to the viability of the aircraft industry, the possibility of economic recovery and, ultimately, the preservation of Russia's status as the world's leading aviation power.

In the aviation industry, which traditionally included the sub-sectors of the production of light aircraft, heavy aircraft and helicopters, special equipment (aircraft weapons systems), aggregate, engine and instrument making, the most real organizational, financial and economic gaps arose with the liquidation of the sectoral ministries and still not completely overcome between the three main sectors - research, design and production. At the same time, the world practice of creating technically complex and highly capital-intensive aviation complexes has led to the need to use the so-called commercial approach not only in relation to the tasks of creating civil aircraft, but also in creating combat aviation systems. The main requirement of this approach is the existence of a single legal entity with full responsibility for design, development, certification, production and after-sales service.

In order to overcome the disunity between design organizations and serial plants, the Ministry of Economy developed, and the Government of the Russian Federation approved in 1998 by its special resolution, the "Concept for the Restructuring of the Domestic Aircraft Industry Complex", the main idea of which was to, on the basis of coordinated actions of federal and regional state bodies management, the aircraft manufacturing enterprises themselves to create the necessary conditions for merging existing enterprises into large corporate structures. Currently, the programs for the creation of four main independent corporations - Ilyushin, Tupolev, Sukhoi and Mikoyan are under implementation.

Among the holding companies and corporations of the second level, it should be noted OJSC Aviapriborholding, Aerospace Equipment Corporation, Technocomplex Corporation, financial and industrial group Dvigateli NK

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the further development of integrated complexes", the formation of the Ilyushin Interstate Aircraft Corporation, which includes OAO AK im. S.V. Ilyushin, VASO, Tashkent Aviation Software

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 1999 N720 was issued on the integration, under the patronage of the state, into the Tupolev company of two main enterprises that create the intellectual and material property of this brand of aircraft ANTK im. A. N. Tupolev and JSC Aviastar. When implementing the resolution, not only contradictions and disunity between the developer and manufacturer are overcome, but control is restored on the part of the state over the activities of the largest in Russia Ulyanovsk aviation industrial complex (currently, the state's share in JSC Aviastar is only 6.69%), as well as state control is being strengthened over the development of strategic aviation systems carried out by the ASTC team. A.N. Tupolev

In the aircraft industry, the most advanced work is on the implementation of integrated structures in the defense industry, provided for by the Federal Target Program (“Restructuring and Conversion of the Defense Industry for 2001-2005” (for example, in the aircraft and helicopter industry, the integration of six companies created at the first stage into two or three) ; transformation of the created structures into intersectoral ones, transformation of sectoral management bodies into forms adequate to the new structure of the industry

More details about the prospects for the development of the aviation complex will be covered in the next chapter.

3 Prospects for the development of the industry

Now it is obvious to everyone that Russia is in a severe crisis. It is impossible to get out of it without giving, first of all, a realistic assessment and without revealing the reasons for the country's stay in a permanent reproductive collapse.

As many economists rightly point out, the Russian government all these years, despite the facts, carefully avoided the concept of “crisis”, constantly talking about “stabilization” and “signs of growth”. Preferring to talk about “stabilization”, the Government of the Russian Federation recognized the crisis only in certain areas: “non-payment crisis”, “budget crisis”, “financial crisis”, etc.

Without considering the crisis comprehensively, the government underestimated the situation, did not conduct an in-depth analysis that would allow us to fully understand the causes of the crisis and further develop a system of interrelated comprehensive measures to overcome the economic impasse

For quite a long time, the analysis of the state of affairs in the Russian economy was usually associated with an assessment of finance, money circulation, and securities markets. And this is determined by the growing role of the financial environment in the functioning economic relations both domestically and globally. A series of financial crises that have erupted recently in various regions of the world have sharply contributed to the increase in general interest in the financial environment. In this regard, there is a significant shift in the initial data of the analysis of economic life. Somewhere the real sector of the economy no longer seems to be ahead of the curve, and a deceptive impression is formed that only the power and development of the financial sector make states and their peoples rich and prosperous.

However, industry is the backbone of any economy.

The medium-term development strategy for this industry provides for the introduction of the latest foreign technologies with the possibility of importing equipment, the gradual accumulation of experience in its production at its own facilities, and then the development of domestic priority technologies. At the same time, Russian mechanical engineering, under favorable market conditions, will develop in the following directions:

1) production of modernized machines and equipment for enterprises with obsolete, but still functioning production lines;

2) production (including assembly) of science-intensive products on imported equipment with the involvement of various forms of foreign capital;

3) participation in projects involving the production of technologically complex components for equipment manufactured by foreign companies abroad (inclusion of Russian technologies in the international system of technological cooperation);

4) targeted development of individual production facilities for the production of equipment for high technologies, both on imported and on our own technological base

However, only a part of the capacities of the existing machine-building complex, which is mainly concentrated in the regions of the European part of the country, including the Urals (92% of the total industry production in 2002), can ensure the solution of the above programs. Thus, in the medium term, the priority in the development of mechanical engineering will remain with the old industrial regions of the west and the center of the European part of Russia

The positive dynamics of domestic market demand for machinery and equipment that emerged in 1999 will continue in the coming years. At the same time, such an increase in exports of certain types of engineering products should be expected. Imports of a certain part of machinery and equipment, due to the limited potential for import substitution of domestic engineering, will remain at the achieved level. A significant structural shift in the volume of product sales on the domestic market as a result of the import substitution factor is expected for passenger cars. On the world market of machinery and equipment, Russia acts as a supplier of a narrow range of specialized products, primarily military equipment and certain types of power equipment. Development of Russian exports of machinery and equipment in the forecast period up to 2005. can occur with the strengthening of integration trends and the recovery of the economy of the CIS countries. At the same time, we should expect an increase in the export of Russian heavy and general engineering products to expand the export of engineering products to developing countries, the establishment of cooperation within the framework of technical assistance is of particular importance. The potential of Russian arms and military equipment exports remains very significant. The successful promotion of this commodity group to the world market will be achieved by effective political and economic support from the state. The implementation of domestic scientific and technical projects for organizing the production of science-intensive engineering products can contribute to a significant increase in exports, the income from which can serve as a fairly significant source of investment in the industry

One of the most important and real sources of attracting investments in industrial sectors in modern conditions is international cooperation, and the aviation industry provides up to 2/3 of the volume of exports of defense industries, both in the line of civilian products and in the line of aviation weapons and military equipment

The trends of globalization and internationalization, which have noticeably intensified after the collapse of the former geopolitical system, have touched, first of all, the expensive market of high-tech aviation products

In the short term, the competitive environment of this market will be driven by trends such as the sale of older aircraft and helicopters and their modifications to third world countries, the development of new projects as a result of the joint efforts of several firms from several countries to reduce risks

There is also a trend when, supporting the desire of Western aircraft manufacturers to hinder Russia's access to world technologies and undermine the competitiveness of Russian exports, the governments of these countries allow the export of military aviation equipment to previously closed regions for export (deliveries to Taiwan, to Latin America). In this regard, as well as other circumstances (significant monopolization in the civil aviation markets, economic difficulties and the consequent limited opportunities for export crediting, the requirements of most countries - potential importers for the certification of domestic civil aviation equipment for compliance with American or Western European requirements), it is necessary to intensify the state regulation in the field of export-import operations with aviation equipment, elimination of unproductive competition between domestic aircraft manufacturers and intermediary trading companies, providing greater political state support for the promotion of domestic equipment to world markets and balanced measures to protect the interests of a domestic manufacturer in the domestic market

The aviation industry of Russia is capable and should become one of the main "locomotives" for the revival of our economy, become a point of growth. However, this requires the implementation of a balanced and consistent industrial policy, to the extent of flexibly adapted to changing external conditions, but not losing the main goal - the preservation and development of a high-tech industry to ensure defense sufficiency, safe operation of aviation equipment, and effective competition in an open aviation community. . Stabilization and development of the enterprises of the Russian aviation industry is possible with the implementation of a set of necessary, well-thought-out and specific measures that affect both the issues of state support for the aircraft industry, and issues that are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Air Transport Service of Russia, the IAC and the Ministry of Trade of Russia

In order to provide state support to the Russian aviation industry and stimulate sales of domestic aviation equipment, the Ministry of Economy of Russia, at the suggestion of the leading institutes of the aviation industry, leading design bureaus specializing in the creation of civil and military aviation equipment, developed and submitted to the Government a package of legislative and other regulatory and legal documents providing:

Series introduction tax incentives for Russian leasing companies and banks that finance the purchase of domestic aircraft (exemption from tax on road users, partial exemption from income tax, etc.);

Reducing the amount of state duty for registration of aircraft pledge agreements;

VAT exemption for imported foreign-made components for domestic aircraft, provided that the imported components do not have Russian analogues;

Exemption from payment customs duties previously exported domestic aircraft and imported back by Russian airlines under the terms of temporary import;

Increase to 85% of the limit of state guarantees for domestic aircraft leasing projects

The adoption of these documents will ensure effective state support for the aviation industry, as well as for specialized leasing companies, as it contains deeply thought-out and professionally prepared economic measures to support the system for the development, production and supply of aviation equipment.

Conclusion

The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for minimal technological level support in the machine-building complex, determine the priorities of the structural investment policy in machine building. It is required to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in the basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy. As a result, it will be possible to revive the most backward branches of engineering with an undeveloped structure of production.

In the context of a decline in production in the engineering industries, it is advisable to limit the purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are produced or can be produced in Russia. This will make it possible to increase the utilization of production capacities and, in connection with the supply of a number of types of component parts and equipment, may restore broken production and cooperation ties with neighboring countries and the former CMEA countries. At the same time, state support is needed for those sub-sectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus.

To implement the structural and investment policy of the country, it is necessary to concentrate significant funds on priority areas. But the volume of capital investments formed at the expense of enterprises' own funds is currently limited as a result of rising prices for investment resources and because of the catastrophic financial situation of the enterprises themselves. One of the additional sources of capital investment in domestic engineering is private investment. However, the possibility of attracting private investment is limited by the narrowness of areas for investment. According to some estimates, the investment attractiveness of engineering is generally low, while the rating of industries with an export-raw material orientation is at a high level. At the same time, a large-scale attraction of funds from private (domestic and foreign) investors in such sub-sectors as agricultural engineering and engineering for processing agricultural products is unlikely in the near future.

Therefore, the main burden of maintaining the viability of mechanical engineering for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.

List of used literature

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"The placement of productive forces." V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov, A.T. Khrushchev, M. 1996

“Economic and social geography”, reference materials. V.P. Dronov, V.P. Maksakovskiy, V.Ya. Rom, M. 1997

“Economics of the engineering industry: a textbook for university students studying in the specialty “Economics and organization of the engineering industry.” M.I. Orlova, L.M. Lukashevich, ed. G.A. Krayukhina, M. 1995

"Regional Economics", edited by prof. T.G. Morozova, M. 1999

“The situation in the machine-building complex of Russia.” “BIKI” No. 55-56, 05/16/2001, pp. 3-5

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“Innovation sphere: state and prospects.” Ionov M., “The Economist” No. 10, 1999, pp. 37-46

"Air traffic - reliable management." V. Egorov. "Aviapanorama" No. 1 2001, pp. 15-17

"4th Forum of the Russian Helicopter Society". E. Ruzhitsky. "Helicopter" No. 6, 2000, pp. 27-31

"The crisis is over." EXPANSION.2000. "Technomir" No. 3-4, 2000, pp. 10-14

"Radical Change of Course". "Air Transport Review" ed. A. Komarova, №7-8, 2001, p.6

“Social and labor problems Russian economy in 2000.” E. Anonosekov. “Russian Economic Journal.” No. 10, 2001, pp. 31-40

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Federal reference book: "Budget, finance, taxes, economics, trade, social sphere, science, defense, security, legality, law and order", M .: "Rodina-Pro" 2002, issue 6