international trade- this is the sphere of commodity-money relations, which is a set of foreign trade all countries of the world. Subjectsinternational trade All states of the world, transnational corporations and regional integration groups are speaking out. Objects international trade are the products of human labor - goods and services.

Considering that the objects of international trade are goods and services, there are two areas of trade: international trade in goods and international trade in services. International trade in goods- this is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries, arising on the basis of the international division of labor and expressing their mutual economic dependence. International tradethe exchange of a country with other countries, including paid exports and imports of goods and services. The term "foreign trade" is applicable only to a single country. Foreign trade turnover – the sum of the value of exports and imports of a country. Foreign trade value calculated for a certain period of time in current prices of the relevant years using current exchange rates. Physical volume of foreign trade is calculated in constant prices and allows making the necessary comparisons and determining its real dynamics. World trade turnover calculated by summing only the export volumes of all countries, traditionally expressed in US dollars. The cost of world imports is always higher than the cost of exports by the sum of the cost of freight and insurance. Accounting for countries between which foreign trade is carried out is carried out using the “production – consumption” method. In accordance with this method, imports are reflected by the country of production, and exports by the country of consumption of the goods.

Commodity structure world trade represents the ratio of product groups in world exports. Geographical structure– distribution of trade flows between individual countries and their groups, distinguished either by territorial or organizational basis. Organizational geographical structure - data on international trade between countries belonging to individual integration and other trade and political groupings, or allocated to a certain group according to certain criteria. International trade consists of two counter flows of goods - exports and imports and is characterized by a trade balance and trade turnover. Trade balancedifference in value volumes of exports and imports. Trade turnoversum of value volumes of exports and imports. Main forms international trade in goods are exports and imports.

Depending on the origin of the goods export has the following types:

1) export of goods manufactured (produced and processed) in a given country; 2) export of raw materials and semi-finished products for processing abroad under customs control with subsequent return; 3) re-export - export of goods previously imported from abroad, including goods sold at international auctions, commodity exchanges, etc.; 4) temporary export abroad of national goods (to exhibitions, fairs, etc.) with the subsequent return or export of previously imported foreign goods (to auctions, exhibitions, fairs, etc.). d.); 5) export of products through direct production links, as well as deliveries within TNCs.

Classification import on the same basis includes the following types:

1) import from abroad of goods, technologies for sale in the importer’s domestic market, as well as paid receipt of industrial consumer services from a foreign counterparty;

2) re-import – return import from abroad of national goods previously imported there;

3) import of raw materials, semi-finished products, components, parts for processing in a given country and subsequent export abroad;

4) temporary importation goods for international exhibitions, fairs, auctions;

5) import of products through direct production links and within the framework of TNCs.

Indicators reflecting a country's participation in international trade are export and import quotas. Export quota is calculated as the ratio of exports of goods and services to GDP and shows what share of all products produced in the country is sold on the world market. Import quota is calculated as the ratio of imports to the volume of domestic consumption of the country, which includes the totality of national production and import stocks, and shows what is the share of imported goods and services in domestic consumption. To measure the level of development of foreign economic relations of a given country, the indicator is used foreign trade quota, which is the ratio of the value of a country's foreign trade turnover to the volume of its gross domestic product.

On steady growth international trade is influenced by the following factors:

1) Scientific and technological revolution, which led to changes in the international division of labor, the deepening of international production and scientific and technical cooperation, the creation of new industries, technologies and goods, the rapid growth of sales of progressive high-tech products, primarily office and telecommunication equipment, incorporating the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, accelerated renewal of fixed capital;

2) development of processes of trade and economic integration, eliminating regional barriers, forming free trade zones, common markets, etc.;

3) active activity of TNCs in the world market, involving new countries, regions, and goods in international trade;

4) the process of liberalization of international trade through the activities of the WTO and other international organizations;

5) gaining political independence by former colonial countries and separating from among them new industrial countries focused on the production of goods for foreign markets.

These factors determine modern trends in the development of international trade, in particular, its dynamics and structure.

TOPIC 2. INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The place of international trade in the IEO. The world market of goods and services and features of its development in modern conditions. Indicators of the scale, structure, dynamics and performance of international trade. The evolution of theories of international trade.

Types of international trade. Trade in goods and services. Traditional trade, trade in products within cooperation, counter trade. Trade in scientific and technical products and services.

Methods of international trade. Trade directly and through intermediaries. Exchange trading, international auctions and tenders.

Pricing in international trade. Tariff and non-tariff regulation of international trade economic relations. World Trade Organization (WTO). Ukraine on the world market of goods and services.

The essence of international trade and its role in the system of world economic relations

Foreign trade (ET) is an important and historically first form of international economic relations. It represents the exchange of goods and services between state-registered national economies. This is the trade of one country with other countries of the world. It consists of import (import) and export (export) of goods. In total foreign trade different countries forms international trade.

International trade in services

All areas of international cooperation require developed services, which is a continuation and development of modern production.

The main difference between trade in services and trade in goods is that services do not accumulate. The volume of the services market accounts for approximately 25% of world commodity circulation, and the growth rate of this sector of the world economy significantly exceeds the growth rate of world commodity circulation. Also, trade in services affects employment in the national economy to a much greater extent than the goods market.

The specific features of international trade in services can be defined as follows:

 the place of production and consumption of services coincides - the export of services necessarily presupposes their production abroad;

 close connection between the services market and the market for goods, capital and labor;

 the degree of concentration in the modern services market is much greater than in the goods market;

 the national service sector is more strongly protected;

 a number of services are practically not included in international turnover.

The international services market consists of: freight services; others transport services; tourism; other services that provide state organizations(banking, insurance, stock exchange, intermediary, technology export, etc.); other services by the private sector.

Tourism and transport services play a major role in international trade in services.

Assessing a country's development is often reduced to assessing the profitability of the service sector. There are countries in which the service sector accounts for up to 60% of GDP and higher. For example, in the USA - 67%, in France - 63%, in Japan - 56%, in England - 56.5%, in Germany - 58%, in Italy - 56%. The financial and credit sector is leading for all developed countries. The movement of capital and its services always comes first. According to this indicator, three centers are distinguished: the USA, Japan, Western Europe.

International Trade Indicators

International trade is characterized by a large number of indicators that can be systematized according to the following criteria:

a) volume indicators;

b) structure indicators;

c) dynamics indicators;

d) outcome indicators.

Rice. 2.1. Show
international trade agents

MT volume indicators:

1) export is the sale and export of goods and services abroad. Exports include:

Goods produced, grown or mined in the country;

Goods previously imported from abroad were processed, as well as goods whose processing was carried out under customs control.

Re-export- sale and export from the country of goods previously imported into its territory that have not been processed.

2) import- import of goods and services into the country.

Imports include:

Goods of foreign origin from the producing country or intermediary country;

Goods for further processing under customs control.

Re-import- import of goods previously exported abroad that have not been processed, i.e. these export operations did not take place. This includes the buyer returning defective goods, returning goods that were not sold through an auction, returning goods that were not sold through consignment warehouses. The main feature of re-import operations is that domestic goods cross customs twice: upon import and export. Goods returned from exhibitions and fairs are not re-imported.

Exports and imports are calculated by each country in physical and monetary terms. Cost figures are calculated in national currency and converted to US dollars for international comparison. A small group of countries, especially those with high inflation, calculate destination exports and imports in US dollars.

3) foreign trade turnover- the sum of the values ​​of a country's exports and imports over a certain period of time

WTO = E + I

4) physical volume of trade- assessment of exports or imports at constant prices of one period (usually a year);

5) general(general) trade- definition of foreign trade turnover accepted in foreign trade statistics with the inclusion of transit goods;

6) special trade- net foreign trade turnover, that is, products imported into or exported from the country

ST = WTO - re-export - re-import

Structure indicators :

1) product structure- these are indicators of the distribution of exports and imports by main commodity items;

2) geographical structure- distribution of goods flow by country, group of countries and regions of the world;

3) institutional trading- distribution of trade by subjects and methods of commodity exchange;

4) species structure- distribution of trade by type of commodity exchange.

Dynamics indicators:

1) Growth rate:

Tr = Y2/ Y1 x 100%, where Y1 is the initial level of the value, Y2 is the final level.

2) Growth rate:

T pr. = Tr.o./Tr.b. x 100%, where Tr.o. is the growth rate of the indicator for the reporting period, Tr.b. is the growth rate of the indicator for the base period.

Outcome indicators:

1) trade balance- this is the difference between the value of exports and imports of goods of a particular country;

2) service balance- is the difference between the cost of services that a country provides and the cost of services that it imports;

3) balance of non-commercial transactions- this is the difference between income from investments, remittances, deposits, movement Money by inheritance, upon decision family problems. For each of these areas of cash flow, a balance sheet is drawn up;

4) current account balance- this is the sum of the balance of trade, balance of services, non-commercial transactions;

5) index "terms of trade"- ratio of average export price index specific product, countries as a whole, groups of countries, index of average import prices for a certain period of time.

WITH early XIX V. before 1914, the volume of world trade increased almost a hundredfold.

Since the second half of the 20th century, when international exchange, as defined by M. Pebro, takes on an “explosive character,” world trade has been developing at a high pace. The WTO states that in recent decades the volume of world trade has been growing much faster than all world production. So, for 1950-2000. world trade increased 20 times, and production - 6 times. In 1999, total exports accounted for 26.4% of world production, compared with 8% in 1950. During the period 1950-1998. world exports increased 16 times. According to Western experts, the period between 1950 and 1970 can be characterized as a “golden age” in the development of international trade. In the 70s, world exports fell to 5%, falling further in the 80s. In the late 80s he showed a noticeable revival. Since the second half of the 20th century, uneven dynamics of foreign trade have become evident. In the 90s Western Europe- the main center of international trade. Its exports were almost 4 times higher than US exports. By the end of the 80s, Japan began to become a leader in terms of competitiveness. During the same period, the “new industrial countries” of Asia - Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan - joined it. However, by the mid-90s, the United States again took a leading position in the world in terms of competitiveness. Exports of goods and services in the world in 2007, according to the WTO, amounted to 16 trillion US dollars. The share of the goods group is 80%, and services 20% of the total trade volume in the world. The annual turnover of trade in goods and raw materials by 2012 is about $20 trillion. According to the UNCTAD report (2013), the growth rate of world trade in goods and services after quick recovery in 2010 fell again to 5% in 2011 and to less than 2% in 2012.

At the present stage, international trade plays an important role in the economic development of countries, regions, and the entire world community:

• foreign trade has become a powerful factor economic growth;
• countries' dependence on international trade has increased significantly.

Main factors influencing the growth of international trade:

• development of the international division of labor and internationalization of production;
• NTR;
• activities of transnational corporations.

26. Commodity and geographical structure of world trade.

International trade (IT) is the sphere of commodity-money relations, which represents the totality of foreign trade of all countries of the world.

Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between state-registered national economies. The term "foreign trade" is applicable only to a single country.

International or foreign trade is characterized by three important characteristics: total volume (trade turnover), product and geographical structure.

The total volume of international trade (trade turnover) is divided into value and physical volume. The value volume, which is calculated for a certain period of time in current prices of the corresponding years using current exchange rates. There are nominal and real value volumes of international trade. Nominal - usually expressed in US dollars at current prices and is therefore highly dependent on the movement of the exchange rate between the dollar and other currencies. Real - represents nominal volume converted into constant prices using a deflator.

Physical volume is calculated in constant prices and allows making the necessary comparisons and determining the real dynamics of international trade.

These figures are calculated by all countries in their national currencies and converted to US dollars for international comparison purposes.

The product structure is the ratio product groups in global exports (there are more than 20 million types of manufactured products for industrial and consumer purposes, a huge number of intermediate products and more than 600 types of services)

Geographic structure represents the distribution of trade flows between individual countries and their groups, distinguished either by territorial or organizational characteristics.

Territorial geographic structure is data on international trade of countries belonging to one part of the world or to one group.

Since the second half of the 20th century, the uneven dynamics of foreign trade has noticeably manifested itself, this has affected the balance of power between countries in the world market (industrial the developed countries- 70-75% of international trade, developing - 20%, former socialist countries - 10%).

Geographical configuration of international trade (less than 70% of exports):

Industrialized countries - less than 70% of exports, 75% of imports (USA, EU, Japan less than 60% of exports and imports; G7 50% of world trade turnover).

Top ten world exporters: China, USA, Germany, Japan, France, UK, Italy, Canada, Netherlands, India.

Three-quarters of industrialized countries' exports go to other developed countries. At the same time, 4/5 of exports are non-food products. Since the exports of industrialized countries are dominated by sophisticated technology, most developing countries are of comparatively less interest to them as markets for such products. Complex technology It is often not needed by developing countries because it does not fit into the existing production cycle. Sometimes they simply cannot afford it.

Exporters from Asia are strengthening their position on the world market mainly at the expense of Western European countries. This happens both in traditional markets for developing countries (textiles, goods mass demand), and in markets for complex products, including means of production.

The organizational geographical structure is data on international trade between countries belonging to individual integration and other trade and political groupings, or allocated to a certain group according to certain criteria (for example, OPEC oil exporting countries).

The subjects of international trade are: countries of the world; TNC; regional integration groups.

Objects of international trade can be products of human labor - goods and services.

Depending on the object of international trade, there are two forms:

1. International trade in goods (ITT) is a form of communication between commodity producers of different countries, arising on the basis of the international division of labor and expressing their mutual economic dependence;

2. International trade in services (ITS) is a specific form of world economic relations for the exchange of services between sellers and buyers of different countries.

International trade in goods is the first and most developed form of international economic relations. Its stable and sustainable growth was influenced by the following factors:

Development of MRI and internationalization of production;

Scientific and technological revolution, promoting the renewal of fixed capital, the creation of new sectors of the economy, accelerating the reconstruction of old ones;

Active activity of TNCs in the global market;

Liberalization of international trade through activities carried out by GATT/WTO;

Development of trade and economic integration processes: elimination of regional barriers, formation of common markets, free trade zones.

Factors operating in the sphere of production have a decisive influence on the development of international trade: structural changes and cyclical fluctuations of the world economy. The growth of the export quota, indicating the increasing involvement of countries in world economy, because The export quota shows what share of all manufactured products is sold on the world market. In some countries this figure exceeds the global one (17%) - for example, Germany, France, Great Britain. In conditions of increasing internationalization of economic life, there is a tendency towards an increase in import quotas, which indicates the growing influence on national economies of processes occurring in the world market.

Significant changes in the geographical structure of international trade under the influence of economic and political changes in the world in the 90s. The leading role still belongs to industrialized countries.

Within the group of developing countries there is also a pronounced unevenness in the degree of participation in international trade in goods. The share of international trade in goods from the countries of the Middle East is decreasing, which is explained by the instability of oil prices and the aggravation of contradictions between OPEC countries. The foreign trade situation of many African countries included in the group of least developed countries is unstable. South Africa provides 1/3 of African exports. The situation in countries is also not stable enough Latin America, because Their raw material export orientation remains the same (2/3 of their export income comes from raw materials). Promotion specific gravity Asian countries in international trade were ensured by high economic growth rates (an average of 6% per year) and the reorientation of its exports to finished products (2/3 of the value of exports). Thus, the increase in the overall share of developing countries in international trade in goods is ensured by the NIS of Southeast Asia and China.

Expanding trade within developing countries, which is now growing faster than between industrialized countries. Trade turnover is increasing between developing countries and industrialized countries, as well as between industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition. The countries of Southeast Asia have become the largest trading partners of the USA, Japan, and Western Europe. EU countries increase trade turnover with Eastern European countries

international trade market

International (world) trade is the process of buying and selling goods and services between buyers, sellers and intermediaries in different countries. Quite often, international trade refers only to trade in goods.

International trade is one of the most developed and traditional forms of international economic relations. There is intense competition in the field of international trade, since the economic interests of almost all the main subjects of the world economy collide here. International trade consists of two opposite flows - exports and imports. The nominal volume of international trade as a whole has a general upward trend. As prices in international trade rise, the value of trade grows faster than its physical volume.

Simultaneously with the growth in the scale of international trade, its structure is changing - geographical shifts (changes in the relationships between countries and groups of countries) and shifts in the commodity structure.

In modern conditions successful development The national economy is impossible without its participation in international exchange; even the most developed country is not able to effectively produce and fully meet its needs only with domestic products. World Trade is the main form foreign economic relations For most countries, its dynamics are faster than the growth of world production, which indicates the increasing internationalization of the world economy. During the period from 1950 to 2000, the volume of world GDP increased by 6.2 times, and world merchandise exports by 11.7 times. In 2002, world trade volume was 11.8 trillion. dollars, including exports - 5.8, imports -6.0 trillion. dollars. It should be noted that in value terms the volume of world trade is three times less than world GDP.

Global trade is characterized by uneven dynamics, with periods of growth followed by years of stagnation and then decline. In the early 90s. After moderate growth and stagnation, the volume of world trade began to grow at a fairly high rate since 1994. As a result of the Asian financial crisis, it fell by 3% in 1998 and then rose by 7% in 1999. In 2000, the increase in world trade in value terms was 12.5% ​​- this is the most high rate since the beginning of the 70s.

Let us consider the commodity and geographical structure of world trade.

Significant changes have occurred in the structure of world trade: the share of finished goods has increased and the share of food and raw materials, except fuel, has decreased. If in the 1950s the share of raw materials and fuels was approximately equal to the share of finished goods, then by the beginning of the new century the share of raw materials, food and fuel had fallen to 30%, of which? 25% comes from fuel and 5% from raw materials. At the same time, the share of finished products increased from 50% to 70%.

Quantitative characteristics of the structure of world trade are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Structure of world trade in goods

The decrease in the share of raw materials in international trade is explained by three main reasons: the expansion of the production of synthetic materials based on the development of the chemical industry, the greater use of domestic raw materials and the transition to resource-saving technologies. At the same time, trade in mineral fuels - oil, natural gas as a consequence of the development of the chemical industry and changes in the structure of the fuel and energy balance

If earlier international trade was dominated by raw materials and final products, then in modern conditions the exchange of semi-finished products, intermediate forms of products, and individual parts of the final product is becoming important. The emergence of a powerful production apparatus of TNCs abroad and the establishment of stable cooperation ties between individual international links in technological chains have led to the fact that about 1/3 of all imports and up to 3/5 of trade in machinery and equipment are intermediate products.

The reason for this phenomenon can be called the growth of specialization in conditions scientific and technological revolution. Monopolies strive to reduce unit production costs by increasing the minimum and optimal size of enterprises, achieving savings in large-scale serial production with the widespread use of exports, since the volume of the domestic market does not allow for a significant increase in production. According to research, with a doubling serial production, unit costs are reduced by 8-10%.

In the structure of world exports, machinery and equipment account for more than 30%. Imports of industrial equipment are constantly increasing, including complete ones for the construction of turnkey enterprises, electrical and electronic equipment, cars, household appliances. A fast-growing sector is trade in knowledge-intensive goods: computers, communications equipment, complex electronic devices and others. At the beginning of the 21st century. office and telecommunications equipment accounted for 15% of global trade.

The exchange of chemical products today accounts for more than 10% of world exports. A specific feature of this market is that the main exporting countries: the USA, Germany, France are at the same time the largest importers. This indicates a deep division of labor between the leading countries in the chemical industry. The main products in this market are: petrochemical products, artificial materials, pharmaceutical products, mineral fertilizers, varnishes, paints, etc.

The activities of TNCs make significant adjustments to the commodity and geographical structure of world trade. Accommodation subsidiaries and branches in different countries, taking into account their competitive advantages(cheap raw materials, inexpensive work force, favorable geographical location), allows them to conduct international exchange not only of final products, but also of individual components, parts and semi-finished products. According to various estimates, their intra-company trade accounts for 40 to 60% of world exports.

The activities of TNCs had a significant impact on changes in the structure of commodity exports of developing countries. The creation of subsidiaries of corporations contributed to the development of national industry and increased exports of industrial products. Trade flows from newly industrialized countries (NICs) grew rapidly. In 2000, Hong Kong (part of the People's Republic of China), Taiwan, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia together accounted for more than 10% of world exports. The share of machinery and equipment in Taiwan's exports was 93%, the Republic of Korea and Hong Kong - 92%.

OPEC member countries occupy a special position in the group of developing countries. In the mid-70s, due to rising oil prices, they accounted for more than half of all exports of developing countries. Today, their share in world trade has decreased, but they provide 65% of the world's oil exports. With the exception of NIS and oil exporters, the structure of exports of developing countries is dominated by components for industry, industrial raw materials, light industry, some types of food

In the exports of industrialized countries, the share of high-tech products is growing, which in the USA, Switzerland and Japan amounts to over 20%, in Germany and France - about 15%. Trade in microelectronics products is growing especially rapidly. China has recently begun to lead in this position, where the annual increase in exports of such products amounted to 29.7% in 2005. The export and import of services, the so-called, play an important role in trade. "invisible exports". If in 1970 the volume of world exports of services amounted to 80 billion dollars, then in 2004-2005. - about 1.5 trillion. dollars, i.e. more than 20% of the cost of goods sold. Services account for more than 40% of US exports and 46% of UK exports

With a decrease in the export of some traditional services (for example, transport), the export of services related to the use of scientific and technological achievements, with the introduction of computer technology, consulting, trade intermediary and technical services, know-how, communication services, and banking services is rapidly developing. , insurance agencies, etc. .

An analysis of trade directions reveals that mutual trade between industrialized countries, which account for almost 60% of world exports, is growing at a faster pace. In turn, developing countries export about 70% of their export goods(of which China - 34%). As for trade participants, the tendency to oust medium and small exporters and importers from the world market is intensifying. Foreign trade relations are concentrated within the framework of monopolistic associations. Already in the 80s, American exports related to the activities of TNCs accounted for 84% of all US exports and 60% of imports. A similar picture is observed in other countries.

Characteristic feature recent years is the barterization of foreign economic transactions - the growth of countertrade. Such “counter” transactions account for 20% to 30% of all world trade.

The geographical distribution of world trade in recent decades has been characterized by the predominance of leading countries with a gradual decrease in their share. In 2000, the USA accounted for 11.9% of world exports, Germany - 7.8%, Japan - 6.1%, France - 4.6%, and the UK - 4.4%. At the same time, they are the world's main importers. The main flows of goods flow within the “big triad”: USA - Western Europe - Japan

Along with the legal trade practices are gaining strength, especially in a number of countries in Southeast Asia, criminal forms of trade, smuggling, trade in goods with counterfeit trademarks(clothes, shoes, household electrical appliances). The volume of such trade reaches 60 billion dollars per year.

In general, it can be noted that the very nature of the world market has changed. It no longer receives surplus domestic production, but pre-agreed deliveries to a specific buyer.

International trade is the totality of foreign trade of all countries of the world. International trade is a form of communication between producers of different countries, arising on the basis of the international division of labor and expresses their mutual dependence. It consists of export and import of goods. The basis of trade is international specialization. To characterize both international and foreign trade, the following indicators are used:

Trade turnover;

Commodity structure;

Geographical configuration;

Foreign trade turnover In terms of value, it is the sum of exports and imports. Foreign trade balance- this is a table where income from exports is written as a credit, and expenses for imports are written as a debit. Accordingly, a balance is formed, which can be active or passive.

Trade dynamics are the growth rates of world trade, which are increasing due to technological progress and mass production of knowledge-intensive products.

Foreign trade in its structure consists of trade finished products(including machinery, equipment, etc.), raw materials and supplies and agricultural products. In the 19th century, the main commodity flows were raw materials - as a result of trade with the colonies. The 20th century saw a fundamental change in the structure of world trade. The volume of trade in raw materials, materials and agricultural products is beginning to decline, and trade in finished products is beginning to increase.

The geographical configuration of international trade is characterized by asymmetry - the share of industrialized countries in world exports over the past 30 years has been 70-75%, developing countries - about 20% of world trade, and former socialist countries - about 10%.

Indicators reflecting a country's participation in international trade are export and import quotas - showing the share of exports and imports in GDP. The export quota is calculated as the ratio of exports of goods and services to GDP and shows what share of all products produced in the country is sold on the world market. The import quota is calculated as the ratio of imports to the volume of domestic consumption of the country, which includes the totality of national production and import stocks, and shows the share of imported goods and services in domestic consumption.

23. The essence of international trade policy, the role of GATT/WTO in regulation
international trade.

Despite the liberalization of modern externally economic activity, a significant role in the development of foreign trade and its regulation is retained by states that pursue appropriate foreign trade policies. Externally trade policy is the activity of the state aimed at developing and regulating trade relations with other countries of the world.

In addition to the foreign trade policy of the state, the foreign trade policy of other subjects of international economic relations (various unions and groupings) is also implemented. However, the role of states in the field of foreign trade policy remains significant. At the same time, the state’s foreign trade policy is closely interconnected with domestic economic policy.

The foreign trade policy of the state consists of its strategy and a set of specific methods and means of its implementation.

The strategy of foreign trade policy consists, first of all, in defining its goals and solving the main issues for the development and regulation of foreign trade. Therefore, in many countries, relevant legislative acts are adopted, related both to general issues of the country’s position in the world economy and politics, and to more specific issues of foreign trade policy.

The main task of the foreign trade policy of any sovereign is to provide favorable conditions for the effective operation of domestic business in the field of foreign trade.

Foreign trade policy is integral part foreign policy of the state as such. Therefore, it is no coincidence that some countries of the world, especially the leading developed countries with market economy, often use a wide arsenal of strictly political means of influencing countries that act as real or potential competitors in the international economic arena.

Types of foreign trade policy: 1. protectionism; 2. liberalization.

Protectionism acts as a foreign trade policy of the state, aimed at protecting the domestic market from foreign competition, and often at developing and supporting the activities of domestic businesses in foreign markets.

Liberalization, on the contrary, involves the removal of all kinds of barriers impeding the development of foreign trade.

Protectionism and liberalization in their pure form act as certain extremes of foreign trade policy, but in practice, as a rule, a certain combined, compromise version of this policy is implemented, combining elements of protectionism and liberalization.

Number of measures government regulation foreign trade is constantly growing, as more and more new products are involved in international exchange various fields economic activity. This involves the use of a wider range of means and instruments to effectively protect the national economy from negative influence external factors.

Instruments (methods) of state regulation of foreign trade are divided into tariff and non-tariff. This classification was first proposed by the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) Secretariat in the late 60s. XX century This agreement defined non-tariff restrictions (NTBs) as “any action, other than tariffs, that impedes the free flow of international trade.”

To date, a unified international classification of non-tariff instruments of state regulation of foreign trade has not yet been developed or agreed upon. There are classifications of GATT/WTO, International chamber of commerce, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), individual scientists.

UNCTAD classification of non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade: 1. para-tariff methods; 2. price control measures; 3. financial measures; 4. quantitative control measures; 5. automatic licensing measures; 6. monopolistic measures; 7. technical measures.

Thus, UNCTAD uses only eight main measures of tariff and non-tariff government regulation of foreign trade.

Tariff methods come in the form of import and (to a lesser extent) export duties.

The concept of import customs tariff (ICT) is essential for their consideration. Components of ITT: 1. systematic list of imported goods; 2. methods for determining the customs value of imported goods; 3. mechanism for introducing or canceling duties; 4. rules for determining the country of origin of goods; 5. powers of executive authorities.

ITT is based on legislative acts and customs codes adopted in various countries.

Active part of ITT - rates customs duties, which are essentially a kind of tax on the right to import foreign goods. Depending on the direction of movement of goods, duties can be import, export, or transit.

Types of duties: 1. ad valorem; 2. specific; 3. combined.

The most common ad valorem duties in international trade are set as a percentage of the value of the crossing customs border goods. In this regard, the method of estimating the cost of imported goods becomes essential. Currently, its application in many countries is regulated by the Agreement on the Valuation of Goods for Customs Purposes, concluded under the GATT

An important place in the import customs tariff system is given to the rules for determining the country of origin of goods, since import duties are differentiated for different groups of countries. In this case, the basic rates of import duties are applied to goods imported from countries in respect of which the country importing the goods has most favored nation treatment. Its essence is that the country applying the most favored nation treatment, in the event of a reduction in import duties in relation to a third country, must automatically reduce duties on the same goods and to the same level as for this third country.