The scale of competition is due to the widespread growth in the number of participants in foreign trade operations involved in international exchange under the influence of MRI, international specialization and cooperation in various fields. The internationalization of economic life expands the base of competition. Along with giant monopolies, medium, small and even the smallest firms enter the market struggle. The competition of countries with traditionally developed exports is joined by new ones (mainly from among the “new industrial countries”), which are making decisive attempts to change the situation on the world market in their favor. The active participation of governments in supporting national exporters and the formation of foreign trade operations has become the norm.

The wide spread of competition accelerates the course of its inherent processes: its forms and methods are being rapidly updated, the search for new competitive products and new markets is intensifying. Special dynamism of competition is given by scientific and technological revolution. Wherever there is competition for lowering production costs, improving quality and maximizing profits, scientific and technological revolution is not only an effective means of competition, but also its most powerful catalyst.

The use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution opens up wide opportunities for updating the product range, for prompt response to changes in market demand, and to meet the growing requirements for the quality characteristics of products. It is no coincidence that today novelty has become one of the key factors of competitiveness. We are talking mainly about market novelty products that either satisfy completely new needs and thereby form new markets (“pioneer products”), or satisfy already known needs at a higher quality level (improved products), or allow a much wider range of buyers consume goods that were previously unavailable to them (goods of reduced prices).

An analysis of world exports of industrial products shows that among the goods whose exports are growing most rapidly, goods that are rapidly updated under the influence of scientific and technological revolution prevail, namely: integrated circuits, computers, communication electronic equipment, video and sound recording (playback) equipment, textile equipment , pulp and paper equipment, railway rolling stock, household and industrial electrical equipment, aircraft engines, chemical equipment.

According to experts, companies that have successfully mastered the production of fundamentally new products, within 5-10 years after their introduction into production, profit growth rates are twice as high as those of competitors that continued to produce traditional products. The market success of new products, unlike traditional ones, can be achieved at relatively high prices, which in this case have a smaller impact on demand than on consumer properties of the product (quality, novelty, reliability, etc.). This is a convincing argument in support of the concept of the increasing role of non-price forms of competition.

Currently price competition is largely limited, but it would be a mistake to discount it. World practice gives many examples of large-scale and rapid reduction in the cost of goods (semiconductors, consumer electronics). As a rule, such a "cascade" price reduction becomes possible due to the use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, which provide a sharp reduction in production costs. But lowering prices is usually a forced, economically unprofitable measure for the commodity producer. For him, it is preferable (i.e., more profitable) to maneuver the consumer properties of the goods while maintaining prices unchanged. And here again the scientific and technological revolution comes to the rescue, with its almost inexhaustible possibilities of influencing the consumer parameters of products.

The value of price as a center around which consumer preferences fluctuated for a long time is relatively falling, giving way to such non-price parameters as quality, novelty, progressiveness and reliability of the design, compliance international standards, ease of use, design, readiness for consumption, ease of vocational training, efficiency Maintenance and so on. These parameters, forming new system consumer values, form new “epicenters” of competition, in which both individual exporting firms and entire countries acting as exporters participate.

The wider the range of consumer requirements and the higher their level, the stricter the requirements for exporters and their competitiveness. After all, a competitive product, as a rule, can only be produced by a competitive company, and such a company needs certain conditions, characterized as the competitiveness of her country.

Competitiveness- this is the real and potential ability of firms in the conditions existing for them to design, manufacture and sell goods that, in terms of price and non-price characteristics, are more attractive to consumers than the goods of their competitors.

To determine the country's competitiveness, about 340 indicators and more than 100 assessments of expert economists are used. The analysis data is grouped into 10 factors, namely:

1) economic potential and economic growth rates;

2) the efficiency of industrial production;

3) the level of development of science and technology, the pace of development of scientific and technological achievements;

4) participation in MRI;

5) dynamism and capacity of the domestic market;

6) flexibility of the financial system;

7) impact state regulation economy;

8) skill level of labor resources;

9) availability of labor resources;

10) socio-economic and domestic political situation.

The United States, Japan, Germany and Switzerland are traditionally highly competitive. At the same time, experts note not only a powerful general economic basis for the competitiveness of these countries, which is quite fully characterized by the above factors, but also an equally important structural aspect of their competitiveness. We are talking about the degree of adaptation of the economy to the evolution of world demand, the exact choice of national specialization corresponding to internal capabilities, the ability to avoid sharp and senseless competition by switching to the production of new goods or the development of new markets. This understanding of the global structure of world demand, the ability to dynamically respond to it, while actively shaping it in the right direction, is the secret of the market success of the world's leading exporters.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

TEST

on the topic International competition and forms of its manifestation

on the course World economy

Introduction 3

1. Features of manifestation international competition V

modern conditions 4

1.1. Scale of competition 4

1.2. The role of scientific and technological revolution in competition 5

1.3. Price competition 6

1.4. Competitiveness factors 7

2. Competitive advantage 9

2.1. M. Porter's Theory of Competitive Advantage 9

2.2. Sources of competitive advantage 10

Conclusion 19

References 20

INTRODUCTION

The modern world market is a complex system, constantly

dependent on supply and demand for goods and services. These processes are

influence the emergence of new needs, new technological connections, new

organizational forms of cooperation, new methods of competition.

Firms compete in the international market, not countries. At the present stage

firms' capabilities are not limited to their home country.

To understand the nature of competition, the basic unit is the industry, that is

a group of competitors that produce goods or services and directly

competing with each other.

aim control work is to consider the features of the manifestation

international competition in modern conditions. Namely, scale

competition, the role of scientific and technological revolution in competition, price competition and factors

competitiveness. These questions are presented in the first part of the quiz.

Firms must not only respond to changes in industry structure and try to

themselves to change it in their favor, but also to choose a position within the industry.

Position in the industry is determined by competitive advantage. Based on this,

the purpose of the test is also to consider the theory of competitive

advantages of M. Porter - the second part of the work.

2002 and Russia's place in it.

1. FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION IN MODERN CONDITIONS

and sharpness.

1.1. The scale of competition

Structural shifts, due to which there is an increase in production, can be

external in relation to a particular manufacturing firm and internal, if they

take place within her.

External economies of scale - lower unit costs within the firm

as a result of the growth in the scale of production in the industry as a whole. He assumes

that there is an increase in the number of firms producing the same product, then

how the size of each of them stays the same. Usually in this case the market

remains sufficiently competitive, which brings the patterns closer

trading based on this model with classical theories international trade,

suggesting the presence perfect competition. This means that exporters

can sell as many goods as they like at the current price, at which they cannot

may have an impact.

Internal economies of scale - reducing costs per unit of goods within

firms as a result of the increase in the scale of its production. He assumes that

the volume of production of goods remained the same, and the number of firms producing

him, decreased. In most cases, this leads to

imperfect competition, in which producers can influence the price

of their products and ensure an increase in sales by lowering the price.

An extreme case of internal economies of scale is pure monopoly.

A market situation in which the firm has no competitors for its

foreign trade operations involved in international exchange under the influence

MRI, international specialization and cooperation in various fields.

The internationalization of economic life expands the base of competition. Along with

giant monopolies enter into the market struggle medium, small and even

smallest firms. To the rivalry of countries with traditionally developed exports

new ones are joining, making determined attempts to change the situation

on the world market for their own benefit. The active participation of governments in

support for national exporters and the formation of foreign trade operations.

1.2. The role of scientific and technological revolution in competition

Widespread competition accelerates the flow of inherent

processes: its forms and methods are being rapidly updated, the search for new

competitive products, new markets. The special dynamism of competition

gives NTR. Wherever there is competition for cost reduction

production, quality improvement and profit maximization, scientific and technological development is not

only an effective means of competition, but also its powerful

catalyst. Active and multifaceted impact of scientific and technological revolution on the formation

conditions of competition and means of its conduct takes place at all levels

world economic relations. Such a universal presence of scientific and technological revolution is explained by

its direct connection with the process of development of the productive forces, with

the material basis of modern society.

The use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution opens up wide opportunities for renewal

product range, for prompt response to changes in the market

demand, to meet the growing demands for quality characteristics

products. Today, novelty has become one of the key factors

competitiveness.

An analysis of world exports of industrial products shows that among

goods whose exports are growing most rapidly are dominated by

goods that are rapidly updated under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, namely: integral

circuits, computers, communication electronic equipment, household and industrial

electrical equipment, aircraft engines, etc.

For companies that have successfully mastered the production of fundamentally new products, within

5-10 years after their introduction into production, the profit growth rate doubled

higher than that of competitors who continued to produce traditional products. Market

the success of new products, unlike traditional ones, can be achieved with

relatively high prices, which in this case have a smaller effect on demand,

than the consumer properties of the product. This is a persuasive argument in

support for the concept of the increasing role of non-price forms of competition.

1.3. Price competition

Today, price competition is largely limited. world

practice gives many examples of large-scale and rapid reduction in the cost of goods.

Price reduction becomes possible due to the use of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution,

providing a sharp reduction in production costs. But price cuts

usually forced, economically unprofitable for the commodity producer

event.

Shifting the focus of competition to the region non-price factors V

In a certain sense, the emergence of a large number of technically complex

products, which leads to an almost universal transformation of the concept of price as

such into a multi-element price of the consumer, reflecting the entire amount of expenses

the buyer, necessary for the full consumption of goods throughout

throughout its service life. Lying outside the price, but having a value

the basis of consumption price elements are increasingly becoming objects of competitive

struggle, which can no longer be directly attributed to the price. Price value as

center around which consumer preferences fluctuated for a long time,

falls relatively, giving way to such price parameters as quality,

novelty, progressiveness and reliability of the design, compliance with international

standards, ease of use, etc. These parameters, forming a new

system of consumer values, form new "epicenters" of competitive

The wider the range of consumer requirements and the higher their level, the tougher

requirements for exporters, for their competitiveness. After all

a competitive product can only be produced by a competitive firm,

which requires such a condition as the competitiveness of its country.

Competitiveness is the actual and potential ability of firms to

existing conditions for them to design, manufacture and market goods,

which, in terms of price and non-price characteristics, are more attractive to

consumers than the products of their competitors.

1.4. Factors of competitiveness

To determine the competitiveness of a country, about 340

indicators and more than 100 assessments of expert economists. Analysis data

grouped into 10 factors, namely:

1) economic potential and economic growth rates;

2) the efficiency of industrial production;

3) the level of development of science and technology, the pace of development of scientific and technical

achievements.

4) participation in MRI;

5) dynamism and capacity of the domestic market;

6) flexibility of the financial system;

7) the impact of state regulation of the economy;

8) skill level of labor resources;

9) availability of labor resources;

10) socio-economic and domestic political situation.

Traditionally, the United States, Japan, Germany,

Switzerland. At the same time, experts note not only a powerful general economic

the basis of the competitiveness of these countries, which is quite fully

characterized by the above factors, but no less important structural

aspect of their competitiveness. Namely: the degree of adaptation of the economy to

evolution of global demand; precise choice of national specialization,

corresponding to internal capabilities; ability to avoid acute

senseless competition, switching to the release of new products or

development of new markets. In understanding the global structure of world demand, in

the ability to dynamically respond to it, while actively shaping it

in the right direction and is the secret of the market success of the world's leading

exporters.

2. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

2.1. Theory of competitive advantages by M. Porter

One of common problems theories foreign trade- alignment of interests

national economy and the interests of firms participating in international

trade. The Theory of Competitive Advantage of an American Professor

Michael Porter is largely devoted to the issue effective use factors

production. Based on the analysis of practice in more than 100 industries and sub-sectors 10

leading industrial countries, which account for almost half of the world

exports, he concludes that international competitive advantage

operating in these sectors and sub-sectors of national firms depend on

in what macro-environment they operate in their own country. On

Based on this, he put forward the concept of "international competitiveness

The competitiveness of a country in international exchange is determined by the impact

and the relationship of six components:

Factor conditions;

Demand conditions;

The state of service and related industries;

The company's strategy in a certain competitive situation;

economic policy of the government;

Random events (war, unexpected inventions, etc.).

The combination of these six main parameters, especially the first four, which

Porter calls determinants, determines the competitive advantages of firms,

sub-sectors and countries in the world market.

Michael Porter is a supporter of the classical theory of factors that he does not

limits the original, introducing new ones, including those arising in the process

production (increasing labor productivity with a shortage of labor

resources, the introduction of compact, resource-saving technologies with

limited land, own wealth).

The determining component for the development of the company is demand. Wherein

the state of domestic demand in relation to potential opportunities

external market decisively influences the company situation. Here

important and national characteristics that affect the exit of the company beyond

countries. Porter's approach assumes the predominance of requirements

internal market for the activities of individual companies.

The third component is the state and level of development of service and

related industries and industries. Provision of appropriate equipment,

close contacts with suppliers, commercial and financial

structures.

The market strategy and organizational structure chosen by the firm,

allowing for the necessary flexibility are important prerequisites for successful incorporation

into international trade. Sufficient competition is a strong incentive

in the domestic market.

Artificial dominance through state support- negative

a decision that leads to waste and inefficient use of resources.

Theoretical premises of M. Porter served as the basis for the development of recommendations

at the state level to improve the competitiveness of foreign trade

goods in Australia, New Zealand and the USA in the 90s.

2.2. Sources of Competitive Advantage

Firms outperform their rivals if they have a strong competitive advantage.

Competitive advantage is divided into two main types: lower costs and

product differentiation. Low costs reflect the firm's ability to

develop, produce and sell a comparable product at a lower cost than

competitors. Selling the product at the same (or about the same) price as

competitors, the firm in this case receives more profit. Differentiation

is the ability to provide the customer with unique and greater value in the form of

new quantity of goods, special consumer properties or after-sales

service. Differentiation allows the firm to dictate high prices, which

equal costs with competitors, again, gives more profit.

Firms gain a competitive advantage by developing new ways

performance of activities by introducing new technologies or initial components

production. They enter the market with them, and then these are innovations.

Innovation leads to a change in leadership in competition if other competitors

either have not yet recognized the new way of doing things, or cannot or

want to change their approach.

Here are the most typical reasons for innovations that give a competitive advantage:

1. New technologies.

2. New or changed customer requests.

3. The emergence of a new segment in the industry.

4. Change in the cost or availability of production components.

5. Changes in government regulation.

The above inputs can give firms a competitive advantage if firms

they will understand their significance in time and launch a decisive offensive. In very

In many industries, such firms have held the lead for decades. They receive

advantage by being the first to exploit economies of scale, reducing costs through

intensive staff training, creating a corporate image and relationships with

customers at a time when there is no fierce competition yet, having the opportunity

choose distribution channels or by obtaining the most advantageous location of plants and

the most profitable sources of raw materials and other factors of production.

competitiveness. In its preparation, two indices were used - the index

growing competitiveness, on the basis of which the list of 80

countries of the world with the best growth prospects, and the macroeconomic

competitiveness, which determines the degree of efficiency of use

resources from the same countries.

The Growing Competitiveness Index aims to measure the ability

national economy to achieve stable growth in the average

perspective, while controlling the level of current development of the economy. This

medium term and long term: technology, government

institutions and the macroeconomic climate.

competitiveness (see Table 1)

countries of the world in 2001 and 2002.

ahead of Finland, which in 2001 occupied the 1st place in this indicator. By

high level of technology development, R&D, close cooperation between

universities and companies. The United States also scored high

for a well-developed venture capital market, leadership in the field

information and communication technologies. In the USA - quite favorable

macroeconomic climate, despite the fact that over the past two years

some macroeconomic indicators in this country deteriorated. However

less than most other developed countries in the United States

States better situation with the state budget, they have a high level

creditworthiness. However, the United States has the lowest rate of national

savings, which in the future may adversely affect the macroeconomic

climate, state institutions are not working effectively enough.

Finland, ranked 2nd, outperforms the US

activities of state institutions, is one of the world leaders in

the level of development of high technologies. However, Finland is significantly inferior to the United States

on the state of the macroeconomic climate.

ahead of many countries in terms of high technology development, while

indices of the state of the macroeconomic climate and performance efficiency

state institutions in this country have significantly decreased due to

many problems in these areas. However, Japan's ability to

innovation remains very high, which, along with improved

macroeconomic climate and improved performance

state institutions will help it improve its position in the ranking of countries

with growing competitiveness.

Greece (38th) and France (30th).

In the case of developing economies, there have been significant improvements in

stable macroeconomic climate.

The position of Argentina and Turkey, affected by the financial crisis, significantly

worsened (63rd and 69th places against 49th and 54th in 2001, respectively).

Most of the problems of the two above-mentioned countries are related to state

institutions and the macroeconomic climate. Yes, credit score

Argentina dropped from 43rd to 72nd place.

Positions of Russia in the list of countries with growing competitiveness in 2002

deteriorated somewhat: it moved from 63rd to 64th place.

Haiti, Morocco, Namibia and Tunisia. The best indicator of the "new" countries in

Tunisia - 34th, achieved thanks to effective

state institutions and a relatively favorable macroeconomic

The macroeconomic competitiveness index reveals the conditions

determining the level of development of labor productivity in 80 countries

"advanced" companies, the second - the state of the business climate in the country. At

the calculation of the macroeconomic competitiveness index uses data

on GDP per capita.

There is usually a strong relationship between the degree of "advanced" companies

and the state of the business climate in the country. However, there are exceptions. In some

countries (which include the four G7 countries -

Japan, Germany, France and Italy) the degree of "advanced" companies is high,

despite an unfavorable business climate. Governments of such

countries need to make significant changes in public policy

in order to improve the conditions for competition within the country, otherwise national

companies will be forced to relocate their activities abroad or

invest abroad.

At the same time, there are reverse examples, when, under favorable conditions,

business climate, local companies have a low level of competitiveness.

These include some developing countries and countries in transition.

economy, as well as such developed countries as Portugal, New Zealand,

Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore. In some cases, national firms are still

do not take advantage of the country's recently improved business climate and

based on traditional ways of competition. In such countries it is necessary

improve entrepreneurship, management practices and improve

level of business education. IN developed countries having a favorable

macroeconomic climate, microeconomic reforms can stimulate

export growth, contribute to solving the problem of unemployment and increase the level of

life through stable the economic growth. So, Great Britain, essentially

microeconomic competitiveness, is an example of a country that has begun

after macroeconomic consolidation to carry out microeconomic reforms.

Developing countries lag far behind developed countries in terms of

macroeconomic competitiveness. Through macroeconomic and

financial reforms, as well as thanks to foreign capital, these countries can

improve their situation, but without microeconomic reforms, their development

economy will not be stable, as there will be no incentives for export growth,

reducing unemployment and raising wages.

Argentina is a good example. Progress in the field of macroeconomics,

increased investment in infrastructure "camouflaged" the country's weakness on

microeconomic level (Argentine exports did not grow, the number

created jobs was negligible, the rate of productivity growth

competitiveness (see Table 2).

competitiveness of 10 countries of the world in 2001 and 2002.

The United States topped the list, followed by Finland. Among developed countries

significant progress in the UK, rising from 7th place in 2001 to 3rd

th in 2001, which is associated with an increase in the availability of venture capital,

the degree of protection of intellectual property rights, as well as with the growth

effectiveness of antitrust laws. From developing countries

56th place, and in 2002 - 58th.

In order to identify differences in the sources of increasing competitiveness among

countries with different levels of economic development, the authors of the report divided

GDP per capita in 2001 was below $6.8 thousand (31 countries); co

middle income - with a GDP per capita of 6.8-20 thousand dollars.

(26 countries) and with a high level - GDP per capita - more than 20 thousand dollars.

dollars (23 countries).

For low-income countries, the main ways to increase

competitiveness and the rejection of competitive advantages based on

cheap labor and natural resources are:

At the company level – improvement of the production process,

marketing research, improvement of corporate strategy (formerly

total high-tech companies);

At the general economic level – improving the business climate

by improving the quality of infrastructure, including electricity supply,

transport network.

In middle-income countries, there is a need to improve

infrastructure and improve the quality human resources. Important

improvement of conditions becomes a means of increasing competitiveness

activities on financial market what is needed to mobilize the market

capital and other resources. Need local companies to be able to

adopt the best foreign technology and produce products, quality

which would meet international standards.

For high-income countries, improving quality and efficiency is no longer

is sufficient. The main condition for the growth of competitiveness of such

countries becomes the ability national companies develop

innovative technology, create a unique design. In such countries, support

on foreign technology becomes a negative factor.

Thus, the governments of most countries in the world continue to

improve infrastructure, improve the situation in financial markets,

reduce tariffs and eliminate bureaucratic barriers. Progress in these areas

becomes real if countries are to a large extent integrated into

world economy.

For Russia, a real way to enter the global competitive space

is the gradual convergence of the quality of Russian macro- and microcompetitive

environment and entrepreneurial firms with the quality of analogues of the world market.

It is necessary to develop a national policy of international

competitiveness of Russia, formed jointly by representatives

government, business, science and public organizations. Should be defined

most competitive areas Russian business, where national

capital could enter Western transnational corporations, as well as

competitive sectors in which it is advisable to create under the auspices of

Russian capital TNCs of the Western type. It is currently possible for

energy and fuel corporations of Russia. Highly competitive firms

can be formed in the military-industrial complex by creating corporate structures

horizontal type. Finally, it is necessary to actively form companies of the “new

economy”, to develop Internet technologies with modern

competitive advantages.competitiveness in global markets

it is impossible to ensure without the involvement of the state as a subject in this process

market relations and the completion of a radical reform of Russian firms. At

it is necessary to carry out a radical technical reconstruction morally and

physically obsolete production apparatus of the country, along with

institutional reform of enterprises. Else go to a new higher

the level of labor productivity is practically unrealistic.

CONCLUSION

Modern competition as an integral attribute of the world market and as a form

market processes is characterized by unprecedented scale, dynamism

and sharpness.

The scale of competition is due to the widespread growth in the number of participants

foreign trade operations, and the special dynamism of competition gives the scientific and technological revolution.

Significant fame in substantiating the latest concepts of foreign trade

politicians who are trying to combine some of the provisions of the theories of "comparative

advantages" with the foreign trade strategy of large firms, received work

American economist M. Porter. A feature of these works is

pragmatic character, reliance on research materials on foreign trade

a significant number of countries. The decisive conclusion drawn by Porter is outwardly

rather trivial nature of the country's international competitiveness

determined primarily by the complex competitive advantages of its

leading firms. The novelty of Porter's research lies in the identification of decisive

conditions that form such competitive advantages.

National well-being largely depends on the level

competitiveness, the foundation of which is economic policy

country, expressed in the degree of "advancement" of national companies and

the state of the business climate. Political stability, crisp and clear

macroeconomic policy, market liberalization and privatization -

necessary but not sufficient conditions economic development. Reforms on

level of microeconomics are no less, and in some cases more

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1 World Economy: Textbook / Ed. A.S. Bulatov. - M .: Jurist,

1999. - 734 p.

2 Lomakin V.K. World economy: Textbook for universities. - M .: Finance,

UNITI, 1998. - 727 p.

3 International economic relations: Textbook for universities / Under

ed. V.E. Rybalkin. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2004. - 605 p.

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year. // Foreign Economic Bulletin, 2003. - No. 5. - P. 3-9.

6 Kurenkov Yu., Popov V. Competitiveness of Russia in the global

economy. // Questions of Economics, 2001. - No. 6. - P. 36-49.yy

The scale of competition is due to the widespread growth in the number of participants in foreign trade operations involved in international exchange under the influence of MRI, international specialization and cooperation in various fields. The internationalization of economic life expands the base of competition.

Special dynamism of competition is given by scientific and technological revolution. Wherever competition is unfolding for reducing production costs, improving quality and maximizing profits, scientific and technological revolution is both an effective means of competition and its most powerful catalyst.

Thor. As you know, among the goods whose exports are growing most rapidly, goods that are rapidly updated under the influence of scientific and technological revolution prevail: integrated circuits, PCs, communication electronic equipment, etc.

Price competition today is largely limited. Therefore, non-price competition comes to the fore: quality, novelty of goods, progressiveness and reliability of design, compliance with international standards, ease of use, design, efficiency of maintenance, etc. And the wider the range of consumer requirements and the higher their level, the more stringent the requirements for exporters to their competitiveness.

The international organization "European Forum on Management Problems", located in Geneva, defined the concept of competitiveness as the real and potential ability of firms, in their existing conditions, to design, produce and market goods that, in terms of price and non-price characteristics, are more attractive to consumers than the goods of their competitors. .

Country competitiveness factors

To determine the country's competitiveness, about 340 indicators and more than 100 assessments of expert economists are used. The analysis data is grouped into the following 10 factors:

1. Economic potential and growth rates of the country's economy.

2. Efficiency of industrial production.

3. The level of development of science and technology, the pace of development of scientific and technological achievements.

5. Participation of the country in MRI.

6. Dynamism and capacity of the domestic market.

7. Flexibility of the financial system.

8. The impact of state regulation on the economy.

9. The level of qualification of labor resources.

10. Security with labor resources.

11. Socio-economic and internal political situation in the country.

The United States, Japan, Germany and Switzerland are traditionally highly competitive. At the same time, the structural aspect of their competitiveness should be emphasized. We are talking about the degree of adaptation of the economies of these countries to the evolution of world demand, the exact choice of national specialization corresponding to internal capabilities, the ability to avoid intense and senseless competition by switching to the production of new goods or the development of new markets.

According to polls conducted by the International Economic Forum, which evaluate the performance of 46 countries, the United States in the 90s is recognized as the most competitive country in the world. However, it is not their partners in the G7 that are closest to the United States, but Singapore (the last three years it has been in second place), Hong Kong (Syangan) and small European states. So, from 1992 to 1997, Japan moved from 2nd to 9th place in this ranking, Germany - from 5th to 14th, France - from 15th to 19th. Russia steadily ranks last - 46th place

More on the topic 1.3. International competition and features of its manifestation in modern conditions:

1. 4. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AND PECULIARITIES OF ITS MANIFESTATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS
2. 3. Features of the transition to democracy in modern conditions
3. Features of the use of political technologies in modern conditions
4. 7.2. The global labor market and its features in modern conditions
5. 2.3. Features of the process of political socialization in the conditions of modern Russian society
6. Topic 12. Conditions and features of the development of international business in Ukraine
7. Features of international trade in comparison with the conditions of the national market are ... (specify at least two answers)

Competitiveness of the National Economy (KNE).

The world market makes very severe demands on the competitiveness of firms. But if the company's product or service is successfully sold on foreign market, and sales are growing, this is a testament to its international competitiveness.

The growing importance of the foreign economic sphere, the growth of economic interdependence of countries makes it possible to benefit from global competition. Today, the largest transnational corporations (TNCs) and entire industries (for example, telecommunications, electronics, automotive, aerospace) are developing on the basis of global competitive strategy . Briefly, its essence lies in the fact that the development of the company primarily depends on success not in the domestic, but in the foreign market. The components of this success can be expressed in the growth of foreign sales, in an increase in the number of foreign structures controlled by the company (branches, subsidiaries), in expanding its own distribution networks.

The spread of the global strategy is facilitated by the rapid development information technologies, leveling the levels of development of industrialized countries, the liberalization of markets. It should be especially noted that the reduction in cost and improvement of means of communication and telecommunications based on modern information technologies creates better opportunities for coordinating and managing firm structures on a global scale.

The development of MRI creates additional sources of economies of scale for specialized industries. This type of economy is limited today not by the possibilities of further geographical concentration of production, but ultimately by the capacity of the world market. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of the scale is the capacity of the market, the quota of control over the world market.

With development scientific and technological progress growing optimal and minimum sizes of enterprises in various industries. Therefore, without focusing on the world market, it is difficult to optimize the size of a firm and organize highly specialized industries in high-tech industries. In these industries that produce technically complex and rapidly obsolete products, it is impossible to promote efficient production only on the basis of the national market. Even such capacious markets as the market of the EU, Japan, USA.

Forecasting is the core of any trading system, in this regard, professionally made can make you very wealthy.

In electronics, technological innovations provide manufacturers with decisive advantages, enabling cost reduction and new products. Competition in this industry is fierce. The costs and prices of products are determined by the huge expenditure on R&D.

In this regard, the scale of the market is very significant: with a doubling of output, unit costs are reduced by about 25 - 30%. Economies of scale in electronics can be realized primarily in the global distribution of products. Almost all firms in this industry are both exporters and have branches in other countries.

An extreme example of a global industry is the aircraft industry. Due to very high entry barriers, huge R&D costs, the industry can only be profitable if products are distributed globally.

Thus, international (global) competition is objectively determined by the process of development of the international division of labor and other factors of production in terms of scientific and technological progress.

The forms of global competition are varied and determined by rapid changes in production, science and technology.

There is intersectoral and intrasectoral international competition. However, this division is arbitrary, since today there is a deep differentiation of industries, especially science-intensive ones, and this complicates the analysis of forms of competition.

Special forms of competition arise in connection with the development of the MCP. In the field of international competition today it is not customary to use dynamite on a competitor. Creation of strategic alliances with competitors in the form of agreements, joint ventures can be considered as special forms of competition. In addition, forms of international competition should be considered international mergers and takeovers. Although they are not always friendly.

The centers of international competition are territorially concentrated in the regions where the largest number of modern enterprises and the main export-import commodity flows are concentrated.

Today there are 3 centers of international competition: USA, Japan, Western Europe.

IN Lately there was an opinion that the 4th center of international competition - China - is rapidly being formed.

To assess the development of international competition, it is necessary to define the concept of competitiveness. Criteria, characteristics, factors of competitiveness at the level of the firm, the sector of the economy as a whole have their own specifics.

The competitiveness of a company is the ability to work with a profit for a long time, penetrating under the influence of internal and external factors.

It is much more difficult to define the concept competitiveness national economy (K.N.E.). The difficulty lies in the fact that under market economy the state is not endowed with the function of managing competitiveness, even in relation to industries (not to mention firms). The state does not manage competitiveness, but influences it through various measures (legislative, fiscal, monetary). Therefore, the concept of K.N.E. very complex, including economic, scientific and technical, organizational capabilities and the ability of national firms to successfully compete with foreign goods and services. But besides these obvious factors, at K.N.E. affects the entire system of the state and political structure of the country, the ability of the state to ensure sustainable economic growth, highly qualified work force in other words, to have a competitive society.

K.N.E. in the West, many research organizations are carried out as regional ones (Euro The concept of K.N.E. is defined by them as the real and potential ability of firms in the conditions existing for them to design, manufacture and market goods that are more attractive to consumers in terms of price and non-price characteristics, more than 300 indicators and more than 100 assessments of international experts are used to determine the NOC.The analysis data is usually grouped into 10 factors:

1. economic potential of the country and economic growth rates;

2. efficiency of industrial production;

3. the level of development of science and technology, the pace of development of scientific and technological achievements;

4. participation in the international division of labor;

5. dynamism and capacity of the domestic market;

6. flexibility of the financial system;

7. impact of government regulation of the economy;

8. skill level of labor resources;

9. availability of labor resources;

10. socio - economic and domestic political situation.

Marketing research has established that there are upper and lower limits for buyers, within which their perception of the quality of a product is directly dependent on price: for a buyer, there is a completely certain level of prices for goods and services, which he considers acceptable. This level is different different groups buyers depending on their socio-economic status and market conditions.

Improved technical characteristics of industrial products are usually the basis for charging a higher price. This indicator is an important factor for products, the use of which brings an increased effect for the consumer.

In the practice of evaluating the price characteristics of both industrial products and consumer goods, it is effective method of statistical analysis using correlation-regression dependencies, linking the price parameter with technical specifications products.

In general terms, this dependence can be represented as an equation:

where K 1 ,..., K n - technical (consumer) characteristics of the goods;

B1,..,Bn are exponents;

a 1 ,.... a n are the coefficients of the equation;

a 0 b 0 are the free terms of the equation.

The values ​​of the coefficients of each of the equations used make it possible to quantify the impact of each parameter on the market price of the product.

Correlation-regression dependencies are convenient to use with representative statistical material underlying the construction of reliable mathematical dependencies. When purchasing goods, especially technically complex household goods and products for industrial purposes, the buyer pays attention to how much it will cost him to purchase the goods and what will be the total costs of its operation (consumption price):

With the opportunity to choose among competing products, the buyer seeks to minimize his total costs, i.e.:

C consumption -> min.

At the same time, there is a well-defined relationship between product quality (performance, reliability, energy consumption, maintainability, etc.) and operating costs. As a rule, this dependence is inverse, i.e. a product of a higher technical level and quality, as a rule, is significantly more efficient in the course of its operation. Thus, the commodity producer, providing the consumer with a solution to his problems most effective way, have the right to compensate for their efforts by a higher selling price, of course, within certain limits, providing the condition T cont -> min.

But at the same time, it is necessary to convince buyers (using various means marketing communications) about the benefits that they will receive when using the offered goods. The selling price of a new product can be estimated according to the following relationship:

where: sum - the total cost of operating a new product for the entire service life;

Tcontr.n - ​​the price of consumption of goods offered by a competitor.

As another method of taking into account quality in the price of the proposed product, you can use the approach that underlies the determination of the competitiveness of the product:

To maintain an equal level of technical and economic competitiveness, the price of a new product can be determined by the following relationship:

where C cons. - the price of consumption of the basic (reference) goods;

3 exp. - the cost of operating a new product over the entire life of the product.

Conclusion

World competition is rapidly acquiring the nature of competition between civilizations - and the nightmarish meaning of this ordinary fact is only just beginning to be realized by mankind. The easiest way to understand it is by analogy with ethnic conflicts, the incitement of which is a crime of particular gravity due to their irrationality: they are difficult to extinguish, since the parties exist in different value systems and therefore cannot agree.

Participants in the competition between civilizations are divided even more deeply than the parties to an interethnic conflict. Not only do they pursue different goals in different ways, but they also fail to understand each other's values, goals, and methods. The financial expansion of the West, the ethnic expansion of China, and the religious expansion of Islam are not simply deployed on different planes; they do not accept each other as a deeply alien phenomenon, hostile not because of a different attitude to the key issue of any community development- the question of power - but because of their very way of life. Compromise is possible only in the event of a change in lifestyle, that is, the destruction of civilization as a whole.

Such competition is not simply carried out in relation to each of its participants by methods that are extra-systemic for him and therefore bear a painful and destructive character; it is uncompromising in nature and grows even in the face of apparent equality of forces and the absence of chances for anyone's significant success.

most efficient and effective strategy Russia's integration into the world economy is a combination of economic restructuring with its focus on the active growth of exports and the differentiation of its potential. The main means of achieving this goal are the general improvement of the investment climate, attraction of investments in the relevant industries, the creation of mechanisms to stimulate exports, the use of various tools foreign economic regulation in order to form viable export industries.

List of used literature

1. Demidenko I. A. Assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises // Problems and prospects for the development of enterprises. SPB., 2003.p. 370
2. Chamberlin E. Theory monopolistic competition. M.: Economics, 2003., p.256
3. Michael Porter. International competition. - M.: Intern. relations, 2005., p.896